This dissertation brings to light the Spanish translation, until now unknown, by the Spanish humanist Juan Gines de Sepulveda, of the satirical dialogue Palinurus. This is also called Dialogus de Felicitate et Miseria. Although it was often attributed to the Greek author of the second century, Lucian, and was included in many of his editions, its true author is the Italian humanist of the fifteenth century, Maffeo Vegio. The dissertation is divided into two main parts. The first part includes an overall view of the lucianesque dialogue in the sixteenth century in Spain, including the influence Lucian had in the Renaissance. It also covers the different problems of authorship of the Palinurus, the various editions of this work, attributed to both Lucian and Vegio. In continuation there is a bibliographical study of the Spanish translation, Palinuro, and a discussion of its true attribution to Gines de Sepulveda in relationship also to his other literary works. The second part of the dissertation includes two editions of the Palinuro: a paleographic edition and a critical one with linguistic and historical annotations. The editions are preceded by an introductory study which includes a philological analysis of the text as well as a stylistic study of the rhetorical use of "bimembraciones". In this study it was found that the language used by the author corresponded to the linguistic norms of the sixteenth century although with some remnants of medieval usage. An analysis of the language revealed an extremely rich vocabulary, in which the author himself introduced some new words to the Spanish language. The internal evidence of the richness of the language in addition to the fact that the Biblioteca de la Academia considers this dialogue as "autografo" of Sepulveda, confirms this writer as the true author of the Palinuro.