Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
Contents: B.B. Kachru, Ladislav Zgusta: Illinois Years. - Bibliography of Publications by Ladislav Zgusta. - B.B. Kachru, Introduction. - I: Contextualizing Culture: D. Bartholomew, Otomi Culture from Dictionary Illustrative Sentences. - P. Corbin, Un Film, Deux Linguistes et Quelques Dictionnaires. Un Regard Particulier sur Simple Mortel de Pierre Jolivet. - J.A. Fishman, Dictionaries as Culturally Constructed and as Culture-Constructing: Reciprocity View as Seen from Yiddish Sources. - F.J. Hausmann, Allusions Litteraires et Citations Historiques Dans le Tresor de la Langue Francaise. - L.F. Lara, Towards a Theory of the Cultural Dictionary. - W.P. Lehmann, Spindle or the Distaff. - Y. Malkiel, Principal Categories of Learned Words. - E.A. Nida, Lexical Cosmetics. - II: Lexicography in Historical Context: F. Karttunen, Roots of Sixteenth-Century Mesoamerican Lexicography. - T.B.I. Creamer, Current State of Chinese Lexicography. - D.A. Kibbee, 'New Historiography', History of French and 'Le Bon Usage' in Nicot's Dictionary (1606). - N. Dinh-Hoa, On Chi-nam Ngoc-am Giai-nghia: An Early Chinese-Vietnamese Dictionary. - G. Stein, Chaucer and Lydgate in Palsgrave's Lesclarcissement. - III: Ideology, Norms and Language Use: M.A. Ezquerra,Political Considerations on Spanish Dictionaries. - D.M.T.Cr. Farina, Marrism and Soviet Lexicography. - C. Marello, Florence like Athens and Italian like Greek: An Ideologically Biased Theme in the Forewords of Some Italian Thesauri of the 19th Century. - A. Wierzbicka, Dictionaries and Ideologies: Three Examples from Eastern Europe. - R.D. Zorc, Philippine Regionalism versus Nationalism and the Lexicographer. - IV: Pluricentricity and Ethnocentricism: J. Algeo, British and American Biases in English Dictionaries. - C.W. Kim, One Language, Two Ideologies, and Two Dictionaries: Case of Korean. - B. Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, Worldview and Verbal Senses. - C. Poirier, De la Soumission a la Prise de Parole: Le Cheminement de la Lexicographie au Quebec. - J. Whitcut, Taking it for Granted: Some Cultural Preconceptions in English Dictionaries. - V: Dictionaries across Languages and Cultures: Y. Kachru, Lexical Exponents of Cultural Contact: Speech Act Verbs in Hindi-English Dictionaries. - R.J. Steiner, Bilingual Dictionary in Cross-Cultural Contexts. - VI: Language Dynamics vs. Prescriptivism: A.P. Cowie, Learner's Dictionary in a Changing Cultural Perspective. - R.H. Gouws, Dictionaries and the Dynamics of Language Change. - F.E. Knowles, Dictionaries for the People or for People? - VII: Language Learner as the Consumer: G.M. Dalgish, Learners' Dictionaries: Keeping the Learner in Mind. - VIII: Structuring Semantics: F.F.M. Dolezal, Dictionary as Philosophy: Reconstructing the Meaning of Our Father. - M. Ritchie Key, Meaning as Derived from Word Formation in South American Indian Languages. - J.P. Louw, How Many Meanings to a Word? - IX: Ethical Issues and Lexicologists' Biases: D.L. Gold, When Religion Intrudes into Etymology (On The Word: Dictionary that Reveals the Hebrew Source of English). - T. McArthur, Culture-Bound and Trapped by Technology: Centuries of Bias in the Making of Wordbooks. - X: Terminology across Cultures: Z. Polacek, Amharic Lexicography and the Dynamics of Sociopolitical Terminology. - G.O. Richter, Grammatical Indications in Chinese Monolingual Dictionaries. - XI: Afterword: B.B. Kachru, Directions and Challenges.
Video cameras provide a simple, noninvasive method for monitoring a subject’s eye movements. An important concept is that of the resolution of the system, which is the smallest eye movement that can be reliably detected. While hardware systems are available that estimate direction of gaze in real time from a video image of the pupil, such systems must limit image processing to attain real-time performance and are limited to a resolution of about 10 arc minutes. Two ways to improve resolution are discussed. The first is to improve the image processing algorithms that are used to derive an estimate. Offline analysis of the data can improve resolution by at least one order of magnitude for images of the pupil. A second avenue by which to improve resolution is to increase the optical gain of the imaging setup (i.e., the amount of image motion produced by a given eye rotation). Ophthalmoscopic imaging of retinal blood vessels provides increased optical gain and improved immunity to small head movements but requires a highly sensitive camera. The large number of images involved in a typical experiment imposes great demands on the storage, handling, and processing of data. A major bottleneck had been the real-time digitization and storage of large amounts of video imagery, but recent developments in video compression hardware have made this problem tractable at a reasonable cost. Images of both the retina and the pupil can be analyzed successfully using a basic toolbox of image-processing routines (filtering, correlation, thresholding, etc.), which are, for the most part, well suited to implementation on vectorizing supercomputers.
892 LANGUAGE, VOLUME 73, NUMBER 4 (1997) tural performances to convey that cultures are achieved and performed and to underline the agency of women as users of language. The agency of women is undermined in subtle ways. Monica Macaulay and Colleen Brice (449-61) show how women portrayed in a 1991 syntax textbook become indirect objects rather than significant actors. Rae A. Moses (542-48) documents that obituaries of men stress their public roles, while those of women feature their private relations. Mary Bucholtz (50-61), one of several authors to note that women are not central to internet or television discourse, shows that even on the shopping channel, where one might expect women to have more authority, corporate interests control their language. However, as Yukako Sunaoshi shows (678-90), the private role can be a source of power, as with the Japanese female manager who transferred the traditional language and control of the mother to the workplace. The papers illustrate a wide range of dimensions of linguistic performance along ethnic, political, and social lines. D. Letticia Galindo (220-31) advocates documenting the many performances of Chicano voices, whether as storytellers, healers, evangelists, or shapers of ethnic identity. Elizabeth Noll (563-8) shows how women's performances of political discourse can leave them apparently expressing an objectionable social code at the same time that they challenge it. Pamela A. Saunders (621-30) argues that gossip among older women performs a group management function that transfers information and reinforces social norms. Anita Taylor and Judi Beinstein Miller (729-44) analyze language associated with femininity and masculinity to show how expectations limit the behavior of both genders and handicap cultural achievement. Several essays comment on the relation of women to language learning, not only as performers of language but also as teachers. Claire Kramsch and LrNDA von Hoene (378-87) discuss the paradox of trying to convey native speaking ability to second language learners who have not found their voice in the new language. Leanne Hinton (304-12) argues that women have been particularly effective in restoring Native American languages because differences in teaching style, e.g. the ability to draw people out, create superior results. The above remarks are necessarily briefand highly selective. They do not do justice to the range of cultural issues, gay and lesbian issues, or power and status issues ably articulated from a variety of perspectives in this rich volume. They do provide an initial sampler of a stimulating collection of essays that should be read thoughtfully and absorbed over a period of time. [Glenn Frankenfield, University ofMaine at Farmington.] Language processing in Spanish. Ed. by Manuel Carreiras, José E. GarcíaAlbea, and Nuria Sebastián-Galles. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1996. Pp. xviii, 365. Cloth $59.95. This volume is testimony to the invigoration of Spanish psycholinguistics in the past decade and a half. Because Spanish is different in many respects from English (e.g. richer morphology, shallower orthography ), the primary language in which psycholinguistic research has been conducted, such a development is important linguistically. This is illustrated nicely in the first chapter (1-19), in which Sebastian-Galles discusses the relationship between structural and metrical levels in speech perception: Spanish speakers use both levels. French speakers ignore stress; and English speakers rely primarily on stress. In Ch. 2 (21-59), Rosa M. Sánchez-Casas argues from both Spanish and English data that access proposals based on limiting the set of candidates by length of input string may be universal, but those based on syllable structure are not. José J. Cañas and María Teresa Baio devote Ch. 3 (61-87) to showing that priming effects in lexical decision are jointly produced by several processes. Although shallow orthography might lead us to think Spanish would not be read lexically, in Ch. 4 (89-118), Francisco Valle-Arroyo demonstrates that Spanish readers, like English readers, use both lexical and nonlexical paths to reading. In Ch. 5 (119-43), Jesús Alegría examines lip-reading in French deafchildren, aided by cued speech, as a main source of phonological systems very similar to those of normal hearing children. The next two chapters debate the role of...
“On-line communities” (and especially MUDs—“multiuser domains”) are a popular, growing Internet phenomenon. This paper provides an overview of a project designed to provide a careful characterization of what “life” is like in LambdaMOO—a classic social MUD—for most, or at least many, members. A “convergent-methodologies” approach embracing qualitative and quantitative, subjective and objective methods was used to generate a large and rich database on this on-line community in terms of four general categories: (1) users and use, (2) sociality, (3) identity, and (4) spatiality. The evidence thus far appears to debunk some of the more provocative claims of widespread MUD addiction and rampant identity fragmentation on line. While supporting the primary importance of sociality in the MUD, the results also demonstrate the strong prevalence of personal, one-on-one social interactions over larger social gatherings. Finally, some close correspondences between patterns of spatial behavior and spatial cognition “in real life” and in LambdaMOO were found.
Research based on treebanks is ongoing for many natural language applications. However, the work involved in building a large-scale treebank is laborious and time-consuming. Thus, speeding up the process of building a treebank has become an important task. This paper proposes two versions of probabilistic chunkers to aid the development of a bracketed corpus. The basic version partitions part-of-speech sequences into chunk sequences, which form a partially bracketed corpus. Applying the chunking action recursively, the recursive version generates a fully bracketed corpus. Rather than using a treebank as a training corpus, a corpus, which is tagged with part-of-speech information only, is used. The experimental results show that the probabilistic chunker has a correct rate of more than 94% in producing a partially bracketed corpus and also gives very encouraging results in generating a fully bracketed corpus. These two versions of chunkers are simple but effective and can also be applied to many natural language applications.
Norm and variation in the lexical structure of Italian medical language: Illustrations from two Centuries
This paper discusses the encoding of proper names using the TEI Guidelines, describing the practice of the Women Writers Project at Brown University, and the CELT Project at University College, Cork. We argue that such encoding may be necessary to enable historical and literary research, and that the specific approach taken will depend on the needs of the project and the audience to be served. Because the TEI Guidelines provide a fairly flexible system for the encoding of proper names, we conclude that projects may need to collaborate to determine more specific constraints, to ensure consistency of approach and compatibility of data.
A procedure that processes a corpus of text and produces numeric vectors containing information about its meanings for each word is presented. This procedure is applied to a large corpus of natural language text taken from Usenet, and the resulting vectors are examined to determine what information is contained within them. These vectors provide the coordinates in a high-dimensional space in which word relationships can be analyzed. Analyses of both vector similarity and multidimensional scaling demonstrate that there is significant semantic information carried in the vectors. A comparison of vector similarity with human reaction times in a single-word priming experiment is presented. These vectors provide the basis for a representational model of semantic memory, hyperspace analogue to language (HAL).
This paper outlines specific methodologies for conducting research via computer networks. We discuss advantages of Internet experimentation over previous modes of telecommunication-facilitated research and characterize features of studies that can benefit from Internet access and those which are unlikely to. We point out pitfalls and suggest a range of potential solutions in terms of specific practical techniques for managing the design, dissemination, and collection of Internet materials. We also discuss techniques for minimizing attrition and for adapting to recalcitrance presented by “hacker” vandalism.
Abstract High-functioning autistic, specifically language-impaired, and normal children were administered word fluency tasks in which they were required to provide the names of animals and the names of vehicles. The exemplars provided by each subject for each category were assigned prototypicality ratings according to the norms of Uyeda and Mandler (1980). The autistic children provided less prototypic exemplars than did the language-impaired children or language-matched normals. The results support the notion that autistic children have a semantic processing impairment and that part of the basis for this impairment may lie at the level of organization within lexical categories.
The Shakespeare Clinic has developed 51 computer tests of Shakespeare play authorship and 14 of poem authorship, and applied them to 37 claimed “true Shakespeares,” to 27 plays of the Shakespeare Apocrypha, and to several poems of unknown or disputed authorship. No claimant, and none of the apocryphal plays or poems, matched Shakespeare. Two plays and one poem from the Shakespeare Canon,Titus Andronicus, Henry VI, Part 3, and “A Lover's Complaint,” do not match the others.
The Kagan Matching Familiar Figures Test of Impulsivity/Reflectivity was modified to allow computer control of stimulus presentation and data acquisition via IBM-compatible systems. The comparability of computer administration and traditional hand administration was examined in a split-half study with a sample of 58 students (ages, 18–39 years). Analyses of variance revealed no significant differences between the administration techniques for latency and a small but significant difference for accuracy. Correlations between the two administration techniques were .61 for latency and .40 for error scores. Internal consistency coefficients for computer administration exceeded those for hand administration on both latency and accuracy. These data compare favorably with results reported by others and suggest that computer administration offers a viable alternative to traditional hand administration of the MFFT in research applications.
Literature instructors are using hypertext to enhance their teaching in a broad variety of ways that includes putting course materials on the WWW; creating online tutorials; using annotated hypertexts in addition to or in lieu of print texts; having students write hypertexts; examining the medium of hypertext as a literary and cultural theme; and studying hypertext fiction in the context of traditional literature classes. The article describes examples of each of these uses of hypertext in teaching literature and provides sources of further examples of and information on using hypertext as a teaching tool in literature classes.
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FinneyJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research52:1 (16-30)1 Feb 2009Age 17 Language and Reading Outcomes in Late-Talking Toddlers: Support for a Dimensional Perspective on Language DelayLeslie RescorlaPerspectives on Language Learning and Education15:3 (93-100)1 Oct 2008Early Language Delay and Risk for Language ImpairmentErica M. Ellis and Donna J. ThalPerspectives on Language Learning and Education15:3 (119-126)1 Oct 2008Language Outcomes of Late Talking Toddlers at Preschool and BeyondElizabeth M. Roos and Susan Ellis WeismerPerspectives on School-Based Issues9:2 (57-65)1 Jun 2008Feasibility of Computer-Administered Language AssessmentAmanda C. Brandone, Roberta Michnick Golinkoff and Kathy Hirsh-PasekJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research51:2 (394-407)1 Apr 2008Language Outcomes of 7-Year-Old Children With or Without a History of Late Language Emergence at 24 MonthsMabel L. Rice, Catherine L. Taylor and Stephen R. ZubrickJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research50:6 (1562-1592)1 Dec 2007Late Language Emergence at 24 Months: An Epidemiological Study of Prevalence, Predictors, and CovariatesStephen R. Zubrick, Catherine L. Taylor, Mabel L. Rice and David W. SlegersContemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders34:Fall (118-133)1 Oct 2007Issues in Research on Children With Early Language DelayIrina Tsybina and Alice Eriks-BrophyJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research49:5 (984-1000)1 Oct 2006Individual Differences in the Onset of Tense Marking: A Growth-Curve AnalysisPamela A. Hadley and Janet K. HoltJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research49:5 (955-969)1 Oct 2006The Relationship Between Phonological Memory, Receptive Vocabulary, and Fast Mapping in Young Children With Specific Language ImpairmentShelley GrayJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research48:6 (1452-1467)1 Dec 2005Word Learning by Preschoolers With Specific Language ImpairmentShelley GrayAmerican Journal of Speech-Language Pathology14:2 (156-163)1 May 2005Concurrent Validity of the Language Development Survey: Associations With the MacArthur—Bates Communicative Development InventoriesLeslie Rescorla, Nan Bernstein Ratner, Peter Jusczyk and Anne Marie JusczykJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research48:2 (459-472)1 Apr 2005Age 13 Language and Reading Outcomes in Late-Talking ToddlersLeslie RescorlaAmerican Journal of Speech-Language Pathology14:1 (40-51)1 Feb 2005Utility of the MacArthur—Bates Communicative Development Inventory in Identifying Language Abilities of Late-Talking and Typically Developing ToddlersJohn Heilmann, Susan Ellis Weismer, Julia Evans and Christine HollarLanguage, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools36:1 (5-16)1 Jan 2005Semantic Deficits in Children With Language ImpairmentsTim Brackenbury and Clifton PyeAmerican Journal of Speech-Language Pathology13:4 (291-303)1 Nov 2004Relations Among Maternal, Child, and Demographic Factors and the Persistence of Preschool Language ImpairmentKaren M. LaParo, Laura Justice, Lori E. Skibbe and Robert C. PiantaJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research46:6 (1283-1296)1 Dec 2003The Stability of Primary Language DisorderJ. Bruce Tomblin, Xuyang Zhang, Paula Buckwalter and Marlea O'BrienJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research46:3 (544-560)1 Jun 2003Outcomes of Early Language DelayPhilip S. Dale, Thomas S. Price, Dorothy V. M. Bishop and Robert PlominAmerican Journal of Speech-Language Pathology12:2 (131-143)1 May 2003Qualitative Research and Speech-Language PathologyJack S. Damico and Nina N. Simmons-MackieLanguage, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools34:2 (138-153)1 Apr 2003A Prospective Longitudinal Study of Phonological Development in Late TalkersA. Lynn Williams and Mary ElbertAmerican Journal of Speech-Language Pathology12:1 (28-39)1 Feb 2003Phonological Profiles of 2-Year-Olds With Delayed Language DevelopmentCecyle Perry Carson, Thomas Klee, David K. Carson and Linda K. HimeJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research45:6 (1219-1231)1 Dec 2002Nominal Versus Verbal Morpheme Use in Late Talkers at Ages 3 and 4Leslie Rescorla and Julie RobertsAmerican Journal of Speech-Language Pathology11:4 (417-433)1 Nov 2002Typical and Atypical Language Development in Infants and Toddlers Adopted From Eastern EuropeSharon Glennen and M. Gay MastersAmerican Journal of Speech-Language Pathology11:4 (381-394)1 Nov 2002Expressive Vocabulary of German-English Bilingual ToddlersDörte A. Junker and Ida J. StockmanJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research45:2 (360-371)1 Apr 2002Language and Reading Outcomes to Age 9 in Late-Talking ToddlersLeslie RescorlaAmerican Journal of Speech-Language Pathology10:4 (358-369)1 Nov 2001Children With a History of Expressive Vocabulary DelayLuigi Girolametto, Megan Wiigs, Ron Smyth, Elaine Weitzman and Patsy Steig PearceJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research44:4 (873-885)1 Aug 2001Language Development and Symbolic Play in Children With and Without Familial Risk for DyslexiaPaula Lyytinen, Anna-Maija Poikkeus, Marja-Leena Laakso, Kenneth Eklund and Heikki LyytinenJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research42:5 (1234-1248)1 Oct 1999Effects of Treatment on Linguistic and Social Skills in Toddlers With Delayed Language DevelopmentShari Brand Robertson and Susan Ellis WeismerAmerican Journal of Speech-Language Pathology8:3 (273-286)1 Aug 1999Sentence Recast Use by Parents of Children With Typical Language and Children With Specific Language ImpairmentMarc E. Fey, Tracy E. Krulik, Diane Frome Loeb and Kerry Proctor-WilliamsAmerican Journal of Speech-Language Pathology8:3 (249-260)1 Aug 1999A Comparison of Early Literacy Skills in Children With Specific Language Impairment and Their Typically Developing PeersDonna M. Boudreau and Natalie L. HedbergJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research42:2 (482-496)1 Apr 1999Validity of a Parent Report Measure of Vocabulary and Syntax for Preschool Children With Language ImpairmentDonna J. Thal, Laureen O'Hanlon, Mary Clemmons and LaShon FralinAmerican Journal of Speech-Language Pathology8:1 (11-22)1 Feb 1999Potential Advantages of Introducing Specific Language Impairment to FamiliesC. Melanie Schuele and Pamela A. HadleyJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research41:6 (1412-1431)1 Dec 1998Tense Over TimeMabel L. Rice, Kenneth Wexler and Scott HershbergerJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research41:6 (1384-1397)1 Dec 1998Early Verb-Related Vulnerability Among Children With Specific Language ImpairmentPamela A. HadleyAmerican Journal of Speech-Language Pathology7:4 (46-56)1 Nov 1998Expressive Vocabulary Development and Word Combinations of Spanish-English Bilingual ToddlersJanet L. PattersonJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research41:3 (627-641)1 Jun 1998Concurrent and Predictive Validity of an Early Language Screening ProgramThomas Klee, David K. Carson, William J. Gavin, Lisa Hall, Amy Kent and Shaily ReeceLanguage, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools29:2 (76-84)1 Apr 1998A Clinical Synthesis of the "Late Talker" LiteratureDonna J. KellyAmerican Journal of Speech-Language Pathology7:1 (23-32)1 Feb 1998Recommending Intervention for Toddlers With Specific Language Learning DifficultiesLesley B. Olswang, Barbara Rodriguez and Geralyn TimlerJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research40:5 (990-1001)1 Oct 1997Look Who's TalkingRomy V. Spitz, Paula Tallal, Judy Flax and April A. BenasichJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research40:5 (1037-1047)1 Oct 1997Reading and Metaphonological Outcomes in Late TalkersRhea Paul, Candace Murray, Kathleen Clancy and David AndrewsPerspectives on Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech and Language Disorders7:1 (18-25)1 May 1997Early Language Acquisition and InterventionDiane Frome LoebAmerican Journal of Speech-Language Pathology6:2 (40-49)1 May 1997Understanding Language DelayRhea PaulAmerican Journal of Speech-Language Pathology6:2 (34-39)1 May 1997When Is "Watch and See" Warranted? A Response to Paul's 1996 Article, "Clinical Implications of the Natural History of Slow Expressive Language Development"Anne van Kleeck, Ronald B. Gillam and Barbara DavisAmerican Journal of Speech-Language Pathology6:2 May 1997Early Intervention With Early Childhood F. and Journal of Speech-Language Pathology6:2 May the E. of Speech, Language, and Hearing Dec Development in Late TalkersRhea Paul, Lisa Taylor and of Speech, Language, and Hearing Dec for Toddlers With Expressive Vocabulary Girolametto, Patsy Steig and Elaine Journal of Speech-Language Nov or to Speech, and Hearing Services in of Speech, Language, and Literacy and C. Melanie Schuele to Dec 13, Dec in May 1996 of of language disorders in & 1996 American
A new instrument was designed to provide a practical clinical measure for assessing children's pain intensity and pain affect. The pocket size measure includes a Coloured Analogue Scale (CAS) to assess intensity and a facial affective scale to assess the aversive component of pain. Both scales have numerical ratings on the back, so that the person administering it can quickly note the numbers that represent a child's pain. This study was conducted to determine the validity of the new instrument by evaluating the psychophysical properties of the intensity scale and by evaluating the discriminant validity of the intensity and affective scales. Since visual analogue scales (VAS) are valid and reliable measures for assessing children's pain, children's ability to use the new analog scale was compared with their performance on a VAS. Children's ability to rate pain affect using an affective scale, in which the 9 faces on a Facial Affective Scale (FAS) are presented in an ordered sequence from least to most distressed, was compared to their performance on the original FAS, in which the same faces were presented in a random order. Using a parallel groups design, 104 children (5-16 years; 60 female, 44 male; 51 healthy and 53 with recurrent headaches) were randomized into two groups: CAS or VAS. Children used the assigned scale to complete a calibration task, in which they rated the sizes of 7 circles varying in area (491, 804, 1385, 2923, 3848, 5675 and 7854 mm2). The psychophysical function relating perceived circle size to actual physical size was determined for the CAS and VAS. Children's CAS and VAS responses on the calibration task yielded similar mathematical relationships: psi cas = 0.035I0.87, psi vas = 0.027I0.89, where psi = perceived magnitude and I = stimulus intensity. The R2 values were 0.921 and 0.922 for the CAS and VAS groups, respectively. Analyses of covariance revealed no significant differences in the characteristics of these relationships, i.e., R2, slope, or y intercept, by scale type. Children used the same scale to complete the Children's Pain Inventory (CPI), in which they rated the intensity and affect of 16 painful events (varying in nature and extent of tissue damage). Children's CAS and VAS responses on the CPI were similar. Analyses of covariance indicated that there were no differences in either intensity or affective ratings by scale type. However, the mean number of painful events experienced by children increased significantly with age (P = 0.0001). Intensity ratings decreased significantly with age (P = 0.002), but affective ratings did not vary with age. The new instrument has equivalent psychometric properties to a 165 mm VAS. However, the CAS was rated as easier to administer and score than the VAS, so it may be more practical for routine clinical use. Since the CAS has fulfilled the first two criteria for a pain measure (psychophysical properties and discriminant validity), it is ethical to proceed with the formal definitive test for construct validity, in which children from various clinical populations use the CAS scale to assess their own pain.
For many people, there is a discrepancy between perceived and desired physical appearance. Attempts have been made to quantify this discrepancy as a measure of body-image disturbance: however, the use of measurement scales which are not population-specific may bias the assessment. To investigate whether ratings of body-images were affected by the scale employed, 57 male and 40 female adolescents were tested using both adult and adolescent body-figure silhouette scales. Significant between-scale differences were found, with adolescents displaying consistently lower body-image ratings when viewing adult as opposed to adolescent scales. In addition, between-sex differences in discrepancy scores and correlations between discrepancy scores and another measure of body satisfaction were significantly influenced by the scale employed. The results confirm the need for population-specific measurement scales and the implementation of standardised assessment procedures.
The purpose of this article is to analyse those contexts in which the indicative simple and compound perfect (sang I have sung) move away from their systematic values and assume different time value in verb tenses which belong to the indicative as well as the subjunctive. This work is based on the materials for the study of the linguistic norm of learned people, which were gathered according to the outlines established in the Proyecto de estudio coordinado de la norma linguistica culta del espanol hablado en las principales ciudades del mundo hispanico (the Project of coordinated study of the linguistic norm used by the learned). [2] GRACIA PINERO PINERO 312
After presenting a novel O(n3) parsing algorithm for dependency grammar, we develop three contrasting ways to stochasticize it. We propose (a) a lexical affinity model where words struggle to modify each other, (b) a sense tagging model where words fluctuate randomly in their selectional preferences, and (c) a generative model where the speaker fleshes out each word's syntactic and conceptual structure without regard to the implications for the hearer. We also give preliminary empirical results from evaluating the three models' parsing performance on annotated Wall Street Journal training text (derived from the Penn Treebank). In these results, the generative model performs significantly better than the others, and does about equally well at assigning part-of-speech tags.
Examined children's ratings of attitudes and behavioral intentions toward a boy presented, on videotape, with or without symptoms of Tourette syndrome (TS). Effects of information about TS on these ratings were investigated as well as the influence of gender and grade. Children in Grades 3 and 5 were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: No TS, TS, or TS/information. On the attitude measure, children rated the peer presented with TS less positively than they did the peer presented without TS. On behavioral intention measures, no significant differences were found between conditions. Information about TS did not affect ratings. Implications of these findings as well as limitations of the study are discussed.
Abstract JBR, a classic case of a category-specific disorder for living things reported by Warrington and Shallice (Brain 1984; 107: 829-54), was reassessed to establish whether differences in concept familiarity could account for his disorder. JBR's ability to name and define living and non-living things deteriorated with decreasing levels of familiarity, but was significantly more impaired for living things in the low familiarity range; no category-specific effect was apparent for highly familiar items. Possible confounding effects arising from the greater visual complexlty and visual similarity of living things could not account for the findings. Further investigations showed that JBR's disorder for living things could not be explained in terms of a specific loss of visual feature knowledge. Normal controls also showed a disparity between their naming of living and non-living things rated equivalently for familiarity, indicating that JBR's category disorder was not necessarily pathological in nature. It is suggested that concept familiarity remains the best predictor of performance, but that present measures, which rate only the frequency of experience, appear to be relatively insensitive to differences in the familiarity of less common living and non-living things. In future, familiarity ratings which include the quality of experience might provide a more sensitive measure.
This study explored the nature of the relationship between attention available at learning and subsequent implicit and explicit memory performance. One hundred neurologically normal subjects rated their liking of target words on a five-point scale. Half of the subjects completed the word-rating task in a full attention condition and the other half performed the task in a divided attention condition. Following administration of the word-rating task, all subjects completed five memory tests, three implicit (category association, tachistoscopic identification, and perceptual clarification) and two explicit (semantic-cued recall and graphemic-cued recall), each bearing on a different subset of the list of previously presented target words. The results revealed that subjects in the divided attention condition performed significantly more poorly than subjects in the full attention condition on the explicit memory measures. In contrast, there were no significant group differences in performance on the implicit memory measures. These findings suggest that the attention to an episode that is necessary to produce later explicit memory may differ from that necessary to produce unconscious influences. The relationship between implicit memory, neurologic injury and automatic processes is discussed.
As we move into the next millennium, we are already seeing economic and marketing shifts—the move toward supply-dominated economies and the loosening of constraints on commerce across geopolitical boundaries—that are gaining momentum worldwide. These shifts will demand that marketers create and leverage the power of the brand to realize anything more than commodity margins. Failing to do so will force marketers to seek lowest-cost provider status, to compete against other goods or services primarily on price, and to realize no more than commodity margins.Accordingly, this paper provides recommendations for leveraging brands based on Young & Rubicam’s BrandAsset® Valuator project, the largest worldwide survey of consumer brand perceptions to date.Additionally, implications from this project are discussed for communications research, market studies, strategic planning, and global branding. Specifically, communications research should incorporate leading indicators (i.e., brand differentiation and relevance) rather than such traditional lagging indicators as knowledge levels and affective ratings. Also, market studies should include brands over and above direct category competitors to uncover new brand-building opportunities. Ideally, strategic planning efforts should take the brand’s current health and developmental level into account. Finally, globalization is desirable to the extent that a brand’s differentiation can be made relevant in each of the markets of interest.
Depuis quelques années l’annotation automatique de corpus est devenue une activité à part entière en informatique linguistique. Nous faisons le point sur un gros corpus anglais complètement annoté pour la syntaxe, le Penn Treebank, ainsi que sur deux outils d’étiquetage morphosyntaxique automatique disponibles pour le français: le taggeur de Xerox et le taggeur de l’INaLF.
Three groups of informants--two in California, one in Atlanta--recalled their experiences of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake shortly after the event and again 11/2 years later. The Californians' recalls of their own earthquake experiences were virtually perfect. Even their recalls of hearing the news of an earthquake-related event were very good: much higher than Atlantan recalls of hearing about the quake itself. Atlantans who had relatives in the affected area remembered significantly more than those who did not. These data show that personal involvement in the quake led to greatly improved recall, but do not show why. Many Californian informants reported low levels of stress/arousal during the event; arousal ratings were not significantly correlated with recall. The authors suggest that repeated narrative rehearsals may have played an important role.
In Data-Oriented Parsing (DOP), an annotated language corpus is used as a stochastic grammar. The most probable analysis of a new input sentence is constructed by combining sub-analyses from the corpus in the most probable way. This approach has been succesfully used for syntactic analysis, using corpora with syntactic annotations such as the Penn Treebank. If a corpus with semantically annotated sentences is used, the same approach can also generate the most probable semantic interpretation of an input sentence. The present paper explains this semantic interpretation method, and summarizes the results of a preliminary experiment. Semantic annotations were added to the syntactic annotations of most of the sentences of the ATIS corpus. A data-oriented semantic interpretation algorithm was succesfully tested on this semantically enriched corpus.
This work attempted to define the impact of panel experience on olfactory memory performance by comparing scores in an odor recognition task obtained from a highly trained descriptive panel (17 subjects) and a naive one (33 subjects with no experience in sensory analysis). During the inspection phase, 16 odorants were presented monadically to subjects for familiarity rating and a written description. The recognition session was planned 7 days later with 32 odorants (including the 16 of the target set). Subjects also described the odor of the stimuli. The memory performance of each panel was estimated by the mean value of individual d' (index of detectability). Training of the descriptive panel did not enhance the olfactory memory ability, which strengthened the well-established idea that odor memory is closely linked to personal experience of the subject with the stimuli. However, odor recognition performances were improved by a precise and consistent answer at the encoding task: for both groups, subjects performed better when stimuli were precisely labeled and consistently used. Trained subjects were more accurate when describing than naive ones, whatever the degree of familiarity. Panel experience allowed trained subjects to verbalize their perception especially accurately when stimuli were familiar.
This paper presents an efficient algorithm for retrieving from a database of trees, all trees that match a given query tree appro,imately, that is, within a certain error tolerance. It has natural language processing applications in searching for matches in example-based translation systems, and retrieval from lexical databases containing entries of complex feature structures. The algorithm has been implemented on SparcStations, and for large randomly generated synthetic tree databases (some having tens of thousands of trees) it can associatively search [or trees with a small error, in a matter of tenths of a second to few seconds.
Evaluative conditioning refers to the observation that the mere paired presentation of a neutral stimulus (CS) with a liked or disliked stimulus (US) may result in the neutral stimulus itself acquiring positive or negative valence. In most studies, the CS is an autonomous, invariant stimulus, and the subject directly experiences both CS and US. In this experiment, we investigated whether evaluative conditioning can be extended to a situation wherein the CS is no more than an invariant element of a complex, variable stimulus configuration, and wherein the subject experiences the CS–US co-occurrences indirectly, i.e. by observing a socius who is exposed to the CS–US pairings and facially expresses either liking or disliking the US. During acquisition, subjects watched video-taped sequences of an actor drinking a glass containing a liquid and facially expressing either liking or disliking the drink. The stimulus element which was systematically paired with the actor's facial expression of liking or disliking, was whether the glass contained a ‘foot’ or no ‘foot’ (CS), while other characteristics of the scenes were systematically varied and paired equally often with an expression of like and dislike. Next, valence ratings were obtained for pictures in which the CS element (foot/no foot) was embedded. A clear observational evaluative learning effect could be demonstrated when the feature CS was embedded in objects identical to those presented during learning, but not when it was embedded in new objects. These data demonstrate the possibility of vicarious evaluative conditioning of an embedded stimulus element, but probably at a lower level of abstraction than intended.
The Role of Illustrative Examples in Productive Dictionary Use Hilary Nesd Introduction One of the distinguishing features of learners' dictionaries is an abundance of illustrative examples, and lexicographers and reviewers write convincingly of the value of dictionary examples as aids to successful language production. Cowie (1989), for example, claims that a wellconstructed example in a learners' dictionary can show the learnerwriter acceptable complementation patterns, collocations, and native stylistic norms. Other lexicographers, such as Landau (1984, 166), Marello (1987, 226-27), Creamer (1987, 243) and Drysdale (1987) extol the value of examples in a similar vein, implying that, without the benefit of dictionary examples, learner-writers would make many more mistakes. Studies show, however, that learners' dictionaries often fail to provide the information that learners need to avoid producing errors (Huang [1985], Nesi [1987], Meara and English [1988]). Learners have also been found to seriously misinterpret the grammatical, collocational and semantic information learners' dictionaries do provide (Nesi and Meara [1993]). Perhaps the lexicographers' views derive from a consideration ofwhat should happen when a skilled dictionary user consults a skillfully chosen example. Such views may not take into account what does happen when ordinary dictionary users, with a tendency to misread dictionary entries, consult examples that do not adequately reflect all the lexical features that they need to know. The small amount of evidence available from testing and observing learner use ofdictionary examples is far less positive about their usefulness. Black (1986) found no significant difference between com- ____________Illustrative Examples in Productive Dictionary Use_________199 prehension test scores for words defined with examples and words defined without examples, and although Miller and Gildea (1985) found that native-speaker children produced more acceptable sentences when they had access to examples, they decided to draw no definite conclusions from their study (1987, 90). Miller and Gildea's research method had run into problems because, when their subjects were asked to write sentences with the aid of examples, many simply reproduced the examples they had been given. Black's study is also somewhat unreliable because subjects often seemed to have simply guessed the correct multiple choice answer. Both studies also ignored the possibility that subjects might already have known some of the look-up words. The task set in the study is a computer-based version of the productive task devised by Miller and Gildea (1985, 1987). Using a program written by Paul Meara at University College Swansea, I was able to regulate the quantity of dictionary information that appeared on the screen and record not only the sentences produced by each subject, but also the extent to which subjects accessed dictionary information and the length of time spent reading that information. Subjects were prevented from simply repeating example sentences from the dictionary entry, because they were required to include both the target word and a given high frequency word in the sentences they produced. They were also allowed to choose whether or not to access dictionary information before writing each sentence. This made it less likely that subjects would look up words they already knew well; instead, look up was likely to be motivated by inadequate productive knowledge of the target words. The study The best type of EFL dictionary entry is, presumably, one that can be quickly absorbed and put to effective practical use. The two research questions posed for this study therefore concerned these two attributes of the dictionary entry: 1.Do definitions with examples take longer to read than definitions without examples? 2.Are definitions with examples more helpful in productive dictionary use than definitions without examples? Eighteen target words were chosen for the experiment from the 200____ Hilary Nesi middle bands of Nation's "University Word List" (Nation 1990). The words were enlighten, err, gravity, incorporate, intersect, perpetrate, retard, rudimentary, symptom, version, agitate, civic, clarify, collide, compute, controversy, interact, and interlude. A pilot study suggested that the majority of subjects would be unlikely to know these words. Two versions of the test were prepared using entries taken from the second version of the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary Englüh (LDOCE). In each version, example sentences and phrases for half the target words were removed. In version A, examples for the first...
Most dementias in old age are characterized by a progressive course with interindividual variability in pattern and rate of progression. Developing a system for staging such dementia poses a challenge in capturing this variability in a system that will afford comparisons among individuals and predictions of future change. Several core questions underlie the development of such systems: (1) Is there a definable order in which abilities are lost? (2) Which skills and functions should be considered essential for the staging of dementia and what is their relative weight? (3) Can the different skills be captured within one staging system? (4) How is the whole range of function captured, and are the differences between stages clearly defined? (5) Which populations can be rated with each staging system? The determination of this last question is based on understanding which other medical conditions may interfere with the course of dementia and how prior characteristics, such as education, affect ratings on specific scales for the staging of dementia. Several systems for staging dementia in older adults are described. These include the Clinical Dementia Rating, the Global Deterioration Scale/Brief Cognitive Rating Scale/Functional Assessment Staging System, the Six Clinical Phases of Cognitive Decline, the Hierarchic Dementia Scale, and the Functional Capacity Scale. Some aspects of the utility of these systems are reviewed, and the issues for further research are discussed.
We used TACT computer software to teach Joseph Conrad's novel Heart of Darkness to BA (Hops) students at the University of Luton in England. Conrad's novel is one of the texts used in the ‘Language and New Literatures’ modules (units). In these modules we combine analytical approaches to literary texts with linguistic methods. We used TACT to reinforce the understanding of the text of Heart of Darkness achieved through such a combination of methods. An exposure to the computer-based approaches to the text described in this article made the students' interaction with the text a more complex and rewarding experience.
A method for assessing affect states among older people with Alzheimer's disease was developed for use in a study designed to evaluate a special care unit for such residents of a nursing home. The 6-item Philadelphia Geriatric Center Affect Rating Scale was designed for the use of research and other staff in assessing positive affect (pleasure, interest, contentment) and negative affect (sadness, worry/anxiety, and anger) by direct observation of facial expression, body movement, and other cues that do not depend on self-report, among 253 demented and 43 nondemented residents. Each affect scale was highly reliable, expressed in estimated portions of a 10-minute observation period when the affect expression occurred. Validity estimates were affirmative in showing discriminant correlations between the positive states and various independent measures of social and other outwardly engaged behavior and between negative states and other measures of depression, anger, anxiety, and withdrawal. Limited support for the two-factor dimensionality of the affect ratings was obtained, although positive and negative affect were correlated, rather than independent. Some hope is offered that the preference and aversions of Alzheimer patients may be better understood by observations of their emotional behaviors and that such methods may lead to a better ability to judge institutional quality.
Starting from the accepted premise that Marlowe influenced the young Shakespeare, a selection of strongly contextual words characteristic of Tamburlaine are shown to be reflected in Shakespeare's early history plays. Principal components analysis confirms this. A very similar configuration, however, results when the selected Marlowe-preferred words are non-contextual common words. This feature can not be explained by influence in its conventional sense, particularly when the Shakespeare plays closest to Marlowe are those that share with Marlowe a dearth of selected Shakespeare-preferred common words.
The CELEX lexical database includes a list of Dutch syllables and their frequencies, based on syllabification of isolated word forms. In connected speech, however, sentence-level phonological rules can modify the syllables and their token frequencies. In order to estimate the changes syllables may undergo in connected speech, an empirical investigation was carried out. A large Dutch text corpus (TROUW) was transcribed, processed by word level rules, and syllabified. The resulting lexeme syllables were evaluated by comparing them to the CELEX lexical database for Dutch. Then additional phonological sentence-level rules were applied to the TROUW corpus, and the frequencies of the resulting connected speech syllables were compared with those of the lexeme syllables from TROUW. The overall correlation between lexeme and speech syllables was very high. However, speech syllables generally had more complex CV structures than lexeme syllables. Implications of the results for research involving syllables are discussed. With respect to the notion of a mental syllabary (a store for precompiled articulatory programs for syllables, see Levelt & Wheeldon, 1994) this study revealed an interesting statistical result. The calculation of the cumulative syllable frequencies showed that 85% of the syllable tokens in Dutch can be covered by the 500 most frequent syllable types, which makes the idea of a syllabary very attractive.
In this developmental study, idiom understanding was examined in Australian students from Grades 5 and 8 (n = 50 per group; mean ages = 10.7 and 13.8, respectively). Twenty-four idioms with familiarity ratings ranging from high to low (as judged by Australian adolescents) were each presented in a brief story context. The students read each story and selected the best interpretation of the idiom from a set of four answer choices. Results indicated that performance on the task improved as a function of increasing grade level and that idiom familiarity was significantly correlated to idiom understanding for both groups of students. These results, which were consistent with a previous study of American students of comparable educational levels (Nippold & Taylor, 1995), provide further support for the "language experience" hypothesis of figurative language development. In replicating the previous developmental study, evidence of external validity is provided.
Word familiarity is an important factor in word recognition and lexical access for hearing individuals. Subjective word familiarity ratings are hypothesized to reflect experience with words irrespective of the modality (i.e., spoken or written) through which exposure has taken place, and to provide an estimate of the size of the mental lexicon. To investigate how word familiarity is related to lipreading proficiency, 450 printed words were presented for rating on a seven-point scale to 50 deaf and 50 hearing participants. Preliminary results revealed that the deaf participants produced lower mean familiarity ratings than did the hearing participants, for high-, medium-, and low-familiarity words (hearing means= 6.7, 4.8, 3.0; deaf means= 6.0, 3.8, 2.6). Among the deaf participants, correlations between established familiarity ratings and individuals’ ratings were reliably higher for excellent than for good lipreaders, a possible indication that perceptual experience influences the structure of the lexicon. At the same time, the performance of the excellent lipreaders provides support for the hypothesis that lexical organization does not depend on the perceptual input modality (i.e., vision versus hearing). [Work supported by NIH Grant No. DC00695.]
This paper presents relevant issues that have been considered in the design and development of a general purpose lemmatiser/tagger for Basque (EUSLEM). The lemmatiser/tagger is conceived as a basic tool for other linguistic applications. It uses the lexical database and the morphological analyser previously developed and implemented. We will describe the components used in the development of the lemmatiser/tagger and, finally, we will point out possible further applications of this tool. 1. Introduction An automatic lemmatiser/tagger is a basic tool for applications such as automatic indexation, documental databases, syntactic and semantic analysis, analysis of text corpora, etc. Its job is to give the correct lemma of a text-word, as well as its grammatical category. This project is being carried out by two entities: a group of the Computer Science Faculty of The Basque Country University and UZEI (1), an association that works on Basque terminology and lexicography. It's not the fi...
When determining whether a particular transition is more characteristic of one group than of another, two things are required: an index associated with the transition of interest and a statistical test that can determine whether group membership systematically affects values for that index. Here the familiar parametrict test is compared with a test based on sampled permutations. Indices considered are the odds and log odds ratio, Yule’sQ, Wampold’s (1989) transformed kappa, and phi. The odds and log odds ratio are monotonically increasing functions of Yule’sQ and so give similar results. Yule’sQ and phi are essentially rank order invariant and usually give similar results. Transformed kappa, however, rank orders subjects somewhat differently than the others; moreover, it appears somewhat biased. With respect to the tests, when subjects are 20 or more it does not matter much whether sampled permutation or parametrict tests are used; both yield essentially the same result. However, when subjects are fewer than 20, or whenever there is any other reason to think that parametric assumptions may not be met, permutation tests are recommended. A computer program that effects such tests is described.
Le recensement de 1991 a indiqué qu’après des années de baisse progressive, le nombre de galloisants se stabilise à 18 % de la population totale. Mais ce chiffre est trompeur car le gallois parlé par la jeune génération se distingue d’une façon importante de celui parlé par les gens plus âgés en ce qui concerne la syntaxe, la morphologie, les domaines linguistiques et le degré de standardisation. Le contact avec l’anglais et le fait que les locuteurs du gallois comme langue seconde se font plus nombreux que ceux qui l’ont comme langue maternelle rend concevable l’idée que le gallois se trouve devant une mutation de ses normes grammaticales et lexicales.
Our sample consisted of 420 children who were making normal progress in learning to read (35 girls and 35 boys at each of the ages from 7 to 12 years inclusive, from a variety of schools in Sydney). They were given a set of 30 exception words, 30 nonwords, and 30 regular words to read aloud. As predicted by a dual-route account of learning to read, the correlations between regular word and exception word reading accuracy and between regular word and nonword reading accuracy were higher than the correlation between exception word and nonword reading accuracy; also as predicted by this account, regular word reading accuracy was higher than exception word and nonword reading accuracy.We present our data as age-related norms which can be used in conjunction with our materials to assess how well children in this age range who appear to have reading difficulties are acquiring the lexical and nonlexical reading procedures as they learn to read.
Covariance structure analysis is a statistical technique in which a theoretical model, or a covariance structure, is constructed, and the covariances predicted by the theoretical model are compared with those of the observed data. The adequacy of the model in reproducing the sample covariances is reflected by estimates of the parameters of the model and measures indicating the goodness of fit. Covariance structure analysis is frequently used for analyzing data obtained in nonexperimental or quasiexperimental research, but is seldom employed in experimental research. In this paper, the applicability of this technique in experimental research is discussed and illustrated by covariance structure analysis studies in which two models for word translation—the symmetrical model and the asymmetrical model—are described, refined, and contrasted.
Some recent studies in computational linguistics have aimed to take advantage of various cues presented by punctuation marks. This short survey is intended to summarise these research efforts and additionally, to outline a current perspective for the usage and functions of punctuation marks. We conclude by presenting an information-based framework for punctuation, influenced by treatments of several related phenomena in computational linguistics.
Since treebanks have become available to researchers a wide variety of techniques has been used to make broad coverage parsing systems. This makes quantitative evaluation very important, but the current evaluation methods have a number of drawbacks such as arbitrary choices in the treebank and the difficulty in measuring statistical significance. We suggest a more detailed method for testing a parsing system using constituent boundaries, with a number of measures that give more information than current measures, and evaluate the quality of the test. We also show that statistical significance cannot be calculated in a straightforward way, and suggest a calculation method for the case of Bracket Recall.
Abstract Against the background of the synergetic approach to language some hypotheses about the relation between word length and morpheme length are discussed. First of all, Menzerath's law on the word‐morpheme level is given. On the basis of this law, a function is derived which reflects the dependence of the number of graphemes of a word on its number of morphemes. Furthermore, the influence of morpheme length on the number of graphemes of words containing morphemes of this length is analysed. It is shown that this relation is not just proportional. The results of statistical tests which were realised with the help of the CELEX lexical database are given. They show that all of these hypotheses can for the present be accepted as valid for the languages English, German and Dutch.