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16504 papers
Reviews the book, Language and Disadvantage: Studies in Language Disability and Remediation 5 by John R. Edwards (1979). This book is an attempt to bring various aspects of the study of language to bear on the study of language disability. This book views the speech of the disadvantaged as primarily a sociolinguistic, as opposed to a psychological question. Thus, disadvantage in general is characterized as a result of social forces that cause the victims to adopt cultural and linguistic norms that are different from those of middle-class society. In sum, the author presents an honest appraisal of an important social issue. He has picked out the most relevant research and summarized it lucidly and fairly, organizing and presenting the whole in such a way that it is an effective tool in the educational campaign he advocates. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
The term “grammar” is ambiguous. This essay explores the meanings of the term in general and concentrates on its relevance to Modem Hebrew. The gap between the lexical meanings and the speakers' knowledge of grammaticality is demonstrated as being a result of the close linkage between Biblical Hebrew grammar and Modem Hebrew norms.
A discussion of the development of a method for the analysis of salivary activity is presented. Results gained using this new method are compared with those obtained using a whole-mouth spitting technique. The application of the new method in real-world situations is indicated. Norms are presented for measures of salivary flow, pH, and salivary ion concentration based on experimental studies of a female working population.
A new mathematical procedure (BIDALGO) is suggested for application to the psychological testing field. BIDALGO, similar to past adaptive testing methods, is compared both with MMPI short-form efforts and applications in the educational testing literature. A comparison is also made between linear regression models used in past efforts and the Bayesian decision models used in BIDALGO. The requirements for an MMPI application are delineated, emphasizing branching procedures for specific scales and difficulties expected in achieving code-type congruence. Work in progress of applying BIDALGO to the depression scale and the full MMPI is also described.
236 LANGUAGE, VOLUME 57, NUMBER 1 (1981) a syntactic rule that changes a pronoun into its corresponding reflexive, and a semantic rule that assigns coreferentiality between the reflexive and its antecedent. Carl Kerschner, using generative semantic theory as a model, discusses copula realization in Spanish. Mariza Pimenta-Bueno uses an analysis of the Portuguese clitic se to provide evidence for lexical redundancy rules as distinct from transformational rules. John Robert Schmitz studies the occurrence of certain classes of adjectives with ser, estar, and estar -ndo. Finally, Jacob Orstein and Guadalupe ValdesFallis offer a state-of-the-art paper which attempts to report on the various activities of researchers dealing with Spanish of the Southwest. [T. D. Terrell, University ofCalifornia, Irvine.] The acquisition and use of Spanish and English as first and second languages: Selected papers from the 12th Annual Convention of Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Mexico City, April 4-9, 1978. Ed. by Roger W. Andersen. Washington, DC: Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, 1979. Pp. 181. $6.50. All twelve articles in this collection—one of the more interesting volumes to have appeared in recent years—are good; and some are very good. In spite of the title, all deal with aspects of second (not first) language acquisition. John Shumann reviews studies done on the acquisition of negation in English, focusing particularly on the so-called preverbal negation stage. Rose Nash discusses the incorrect use of false cognates by Puerto Ricans when speaking English: 'Some type (Sp. tipo) was acting silly in a bar.' Roger Andersen investigates the relationship between first-language transfer and second-language overgeneralization. William Flink shows how a factor analysis can be used profitably to determine various learner strategies in second-language acquisition. (The techniques are very interesting, but it is unfortunate that some researchers are still using translation of sentences as a measure of achievement.) Betty Mace-Matluck's paper on the order of acquisition of English morphemes is similar to previous studies, but differs crucially in that the language backgrounds of the subjects were (in addition to Spanish) Cantonese, Tagalog, and Ilokano. Her results agree essentially with earlier studies, but she suggests that some of the variation may well be caused by first-language background. Anna Chamot looks at the acquisition of English by a child bilingual in Spanish and French, focusing principally on the strategies of simplification and language transfer. David Turner, in his study of adult Spanish speakers acquiring English, tests Stephen Krashen's Monitor Model and concludes that his data are consistent with it: subjects show little practical effect of formal language instruction, but considerable improvement on grammar tests which presumably tap learned rules and encourage monitoring. Sandra Plann reports on the acquisition of Spanish gender, number, and verb-subject agreement by students in the Culver City Spanish Immersion Program. Although the program achieved its goal of effective communication in Spanish with native speakers, neither number and gender agreement in the noun phrase nor subject-verb agreement was completely acquired by the students; furthermore, no trend of improvement was found across the six years of the program. She concludes: 'perhaps in light of the limited interaction with native speakers of the target language, the goal of native-like proficiency in an immersion program is an unrealistic one.' A more realistic goal is ability to communicate ideas and feelings clearly tonative speakers ofthe secondlanguage. José Galván and Russell Campbell examine the communication strategies employed by children in this same language program. Susan Gonzo and Mario Saltarelli look at immigrant languages, Spanish in this case, and propose a Monitoring Principle (different from Krashen's Monitor Model) to explain drift away from standard-language norms, as evidenced in the speech of generations following the original immigrants. Eugene Garcia and Robin Aquilera look at language-switching during mother-child interactions; they conclude that language switching is comparatively rare, and that when it does occur, 'it may serve a very meaningful function related to conversational clarification and possible language teaching.' [T. D. Terrell, University of California, Irvine.]...
An inexpensive and easy-to-bulid input/output interface capable of driving the electromechanical loads (relays, solenoids, dc motors, etc.) and incandescent lamps is described. The interface hardware is based on the Commodore VIC-20 microcomputer. The design is adaptable to most 8-bit microcomputers.
The 1980 meeting of users/owners of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) computer equipment is discussed.
DIACRITICS: One source of continuity in your critical and theoretical work over the past twenty years has been your unwavering attention to the performance of the reader. In your recent work, however, one also senses that the framework within which you envisage the reading process has been shifting, that it is more clearly predicated on a model of the relation between a text and the understanding that this text engenders. It is as if the text contains a paradigm of the reader's transformative praxis. While you still insist on the way in which a knowledgeable reader will understand certain elements in a text (ranging from lexical items through cliches, quotations, and sound combinations to syntactic structures), you no longer speak of the super-reader; and rather than staking claims on the potential normative value of a set of reader responses, you insist on the over-determination of the reading process by the text. We would like to know how, in your own mind, you have come to your current emphasis on the process of mimesis cancellation, on the praxis of semiosis, and so forth. Do you envisage your recent books as a significant break with your earlier work, or simply a revision or theoretical extension? M. RIFFATERRE: My present work is a continuation of my earlier research, without any break I am aware of. At first I concentrated on the heuristic reading stage (the microcontextual determination of the points that fix the reader's attention). What I called the super-reader was never anything like a real reader or his substitute, nor was it a reading norm. I meant a technique for spotting the segments of the text that drew most reader response. My next step was naturally to investigate how the network of these activated segments guides and orients the hermeneutic reading stage. The constraints imposed on the reader's possible interpretations soon looked to me like being thwarted, regularly though temporarily, by indirection of meaning, by inappropriateness, and in general by ungrammaticalities I classify as catachresis. I recognized that these blocks (especially poetic obscurity) were affecting the mimesis in many distinct ways, but that looked at from another angle they all served the same function. This single, all-transforming function had to be the semiosis. My breakthrough was the concept of descriptive system: it explains how metonyms are changed into metaphors, and how one marking can by itself transform all the system's components simultaneously into a code for the representation of something other than its natural referents. DIACRITICS: What value or function do you ascribe to the distinction of theory from practice in your work? Would you claim that your theory, just as much as your reading praxis, is imposed by the poetic text? M. RIFFATERRE: Certainly. My theory is indeed imposed by the text. Theory must propose a model that accounts as economically as possible for
This paper describes the opportunities offered by the application of commercially available, inexpensive microcomputers to computer-assisted administration of standard psychometric procedures. The rationale underlying this application and the requirements of software design are discussed. A project based upon the APPLE microcomputer is described, together with an example of the software being developed. Preliminary work and planned development and evaluation are reported.
Computer technology provides a powerful high-resolution tool for the analysis and understanding of the electroencephalogram (EEG). A system of user-interactive graphics-based computer programs analyzing the power spectral density (PSD), coherence, and phase-angle relationships of the EEG is described, along with the mathematical algorithms used. The analytic variables inherent in coherence analysis are reviewed. These variables include choices of sampling parameters, auto- and cross-spectral algorithms, smoothing techniques, and use of the γ2(f) or γ(f) value for coherence. These variables in the analysis itself have a net interactive effect on the calculated results that often makes comparability of data across studies impossible. Thus, it is proposed that studies include a graph showing the authors’ derived coherence values for a set of standard test signals to enhance scientific communication.
The specific EEG manifestations of epilepsy, seizures, and interictal spikes and sharp waves occur at unpredictable times and at variable frequencies. To obtain an adequate diagnosis, it is often necessary to record the EEG for several hours or several days. A computer system was developed to perform data reduction and quantification by continuously monitoring seizures and automatically recognizing interictal spikes and sharp waves. The past 2 min of EEG are kept on the computer disk at every instant. When an epileptic seizure occurs or when a spike is detected, a sample of EEG, including a section preceding the event itself, is written on the EEG polygraph and on magnetic tape. A continuous recording is thus replaced by samples of varying lengths, containing only the important aspects of the EEG, reducing considerably the original data. After the monitoring session, the spatial and temporal distributions of the interictal activity are presented in a quantified form on the terminal. The seizures are recorded on digital tape and are available for several types of processing. The patient is also monitored by a video system; EEG and video are synchronized by a time-of-day clock to allow electroclinical correlations.
In order to compare the relative strengths of sex-role stereotypes and situational cues in the perception and evaluation of leadership, this study investigated the visibility (identifiability) and perception of male and female leaders as a function of group sex composition, level of performance, and rater sex. Through videotapes, 451 introductory psychology students viewed same or mixed-sex three-person groups working interactively on a brain-storming problem. Situational cues (positioning, quantity of verbal participation, quality of verbal inputs) were used to define a male or female as occupying a leadership role, and subjects were asked to indicate whom they believed the group leader was, to evaluate members on leadership and personal attributes, and to rate the group's atmosphere and satisfaction. It was hypothesized that males and females would be equally visible as leaders in groups composed of all same-sex followers or mixed-sex groups composed of one same and one opposite-sex follower. Due to sex-role expectancies, visibility was expected to decrease for female leaders dealing with groups composed of all male followers. Female leaders were expected to receive lower personal evaluations on ratings of leadership attributes. High group performance was expected to lead to more favorable evaluations of all group members, but lower visibility for female leaders of mixed or opposite-sex followers. While rater sex was not expected to affect leader designation, it was hypothesized that female raters would give more favorable personal evaluations of all stimulus persons and of group atmosphere. Results indicated that under these conditions, the person established as the leader through situational cues was seen as the group leader regardless of the sex of the followers that the leader interacted with, the performance level attributed to the group, or the sex of the observer making the judgment. Designated leaders were identified as the leader of the group between 88 and 100 percent of the time, indicating that the techniques used to establish leadership were successful in creating a situation of high leader salience. Results were interpreted as an indication that sex stereotypes may affect evaluations of individuals about whom little is known but sex, but not affect ratings of those for whom relevant behavioral data are available. The variables of leader sex and follower sex had no significant effects on leader evaluations, but did interact on the measures of satisfaction with leader, willingness to work with the group viewed, and expected future performance of the group. On the measure of satisfaction with leader, the sex of the highest-participating follower but not the lowest influenced judgments, making the two types of mixed-sex groups more similar to one of the same-sex groups (specifically the one in which the sex of the highest-participating follower was the same) than they were to each other. Performance level had significant effects on most leader evaluation measures, with leaders of high-performing groups being rated more leader-like, more dominant, more intelligent, and as possessing more task-oriented attributes. High-performance also enhanced ratings of followers, particularly for higher-participating followers. Rater sex did not affect leader designation, but it was found that female raters gave more favorable evaluations of leadership, dominance, and task-oriented attributes.
A pool of 200 males, aged 18-22 and enrolled in introductory psychology at Purdue University, were screened on the Eysenck Personality Inventory - Neuroticism Scale and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Forty of these males, falling within one standard deviation of the norm on both screening measures, were assigned to one of four groups--recorded control (RC), induced affect (IA), induced positive affect (IPA), or induced negative affect (INA). Subjects in each group participated in three sessions, one session during which experimental rationale was explained and informed consent obtained and two experimental sessions. During both experimental sessions, each subject was recorded for electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (EKG) during 20 minutes of baseline and 30 minutes (five six-minute phases) of experimental intervention. During baseline and experimental phases, all subjects reclined on a hospital bed, the head of which was in a semi-upright position, with their eyes gently closed. They were asked to maintain a state of relaxed alertness during baseline. During the five six-minute phases of experimental intervention in each session, subjects in group RC were read the Constitution by the experimenter, while subjects in the experimental groups (IA, IPA, and INA) underwent two phases of induction of emotional arousal, alternated with three phases of relaxation. During arousal phases, the experimenter facilitated subjects' self-induction of arousal through use of standard induced affect instructions. Because investigation of physiological concomitants of positive and negative emotions was of interest, subjects in one experimental group received instructions for induction of positive affect while subjects in another experimental group received instructions for induction of negative affect. A third experimental group received standard induced (non-specific) affect instructions, which allowed them to develop either positive or negative emotions. Theta (3-7 cps) and alpha (8-13 cps) activity was filtered electronically from raw EEG activity as it was recorded on paper by a Lafayette Instruments polygraph, and seconds per minute of occurrence of each was counted by electronic counters and recorded from a visual display by the polygraph operator. EKG was recorded on paper simultaneously with EEG and was counted manually after experimentation by the experimenter and one other rater. At the end of each phase, baseline and experimental, each subject completed a state measure of affective arousal, the Affect Rating Scale - Now, which consists of five components--potent positive, potent negative, weak negative, weak positive, and relax. Results obtained indicated a tendency for subjects undergoing affective arousal, negative or positive, to produce increased theta EEG activity, relative to baseline and alternated relaxation phases, concomitant with elevated heart-rate and self report of strong emotional arousal. The strongest effects were obtained for subjects in group INA. Results obtained with alpha EEG activity were less clear but suggestive of increased alpha activity during the final arousal phase relative to the preceding relaxation phase in the final experimental session for both positive and negative arousal. No strong consistent progressive change over relaxation or arousal phases was observed for physiological or self-report indices. Results obtained do not support activation theories of emotional arousal but do offer tentative support for Lacey's contention that EEG synchronization following cardiovascular system activation provides a mechanism for organismic physiological homeostasis. Also, the results of this study offer tentative support for Schachter's theory that the cognitive component of emotional arousal is largely responsible for discrimination of positive and negative emotional states. More detailed investigation is necessary before more substantive conclusions can be drawn.
Summary Thirty male and female undergraduates judged pictures of 32 mythological hybrid (part-human, part-animal) figures on three dimensions: human-ness/animality, unpleasantness, and incongruity. Winged humans were judged more human than erect animal-headed, human-bodied hybrids, which were in turn judged more human than hybrids which were neither erect nor bipedal. Humanness/animality ratings of the figures correlated +.83 with incongruity ratings and +.56 with unpleasantness ratings, while incongruity ratings correlated +.70 with unpleasantness ratings. Factor analyses of each set of ratings are reported. Ss asserted that humanness/animality ratings were especially influenced by such factors as the relative extent and number of a hybrid's human and animal body regions; the humanness/animality of a hybrid's head; the number of species which contribute components to a hybrid; replacement of a single midline body region by two bilaterally symmetrical body regions, and vice versa; and a hybrid's incongruity and unpleasantness. Evidence bearing upon Ss' assertions regarding the principles which presumably affect ratings on each dimension is considered.
Imagery has had an important role in cognitive behavior therapy. One largely untested assumption has been that vivid imagery is necessary for adequate emotional arousal and successful treatment outcome. This study explored the assumed connection between imagery vividness and emotional arousal. It was hypothesized that imagery vividness was not related to degree of emotional arousal and that another individual difference dimension, typical use/non-use of imagery, was a more salient factor. In the first session, sixty five volunteer subjects answered several questionnaires, including the revised Betts Questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery as a measure of imagery vividness, and the Individual Differences Questionnaire as a measure of typical use of imagery. In the second session subjects were asked to visualize one neutral and two negatively-toned scenes. Relaxation instructions were given before each imaging phase. Heart rate and skin resistance were recorded during relaxation and imaging. Subjects also reported on their affective state during each phase by filling out the Affect Rating Scale. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and multiple regression procedures. Consistent with prior research, it was found that negative imagery produced greater arousal than did neutral imagery. The effect was found for self-reported emotional arousal only; physiological measures showed non-significant trends in the expected direction. The two individual difference dimensions of imagery (vividness and typical use/non-use) were found to be unrelated to degree of arousal as measured by self-report and physiological response. Implications for Paivio's conceptualization of imagery and directions for future research with therapy outcome were discussed.
An “intelligent” program was developed on a microcomputer to help students improve their logical reasoning skills. The program is based on the popular two-person game of “Mastermind” and provides feedback for less than optimal performance. In addition to playing the game with a student, the program checks to see if he or she is using all available information. If not, the program indicates the information that is being overlooked. High performance at successive levels of difficulty produces reliable improvement on equivalent forms of standardized tests of logical thinking skills.
Prior research using the method of adjusted learning has focused on the method’s potential relative to the standard list learning method for minimizing retention differences among items. Concomitantly, there is less overlearning of individual items with the adjusted learning method. Although prior research has reported a retention difference favoring the standard list learning method, our research demonstrates that the magnitude of this difference can be surprisingly large. The results presented here from 11 experiments show retention to be more than 100% greater after standard list learning than after adjusted learning.
FORM FREQUENCY VARIABILITY IN A CORPUS P. L. is studying the distribution of the frequency of a word in a corpus divided into several fragments. Contrary to current work in this field, he proposes to use the formulae of the hypergeometric distribution, choosing the whole corpus as the norm of the fragments. These choices lead to the calculation of a probabilistic index valid for the whole range of frequencies. The calculation of this index for every form in the vocabulary enables us to define two complementary subsets of forms: that of specific forms and that of basic forms, and to attribute to each fragment its own lexical specifications.
The layout of the isogloss routes suggests a complex transition area with transitions between the East and West Midlands as well as between the North and the South. And so it is. But it is essentially a transition-area between the Core North and the Core South, with the frontiers of minor speech-areas super-imposed on that bilateral division.
The era of microprocessors provides an opportunity for examination and restructuring of university-level education in psychology. Computers may aid in the development of environments based upon sustained and deepening inquiry on the part of students from their earliest contact with psychology. We have been developing a computerized system for the exercise of skills in psychological inquiry appropriate both as a teaching tool for beginning undergraduates and for the research of permanent and visiting professors. In this paper we discuss our philosophy, some aspects of the organizational and human factors problems involved, and issues of hardware and software design.
Our discussion has shown not only that there is a good deal of uncertainty in the present state of the law concerning the problem that we posed, but also that, even if currently recommended legislation were to make the recently enacted copyright law fully applicable to it, a number of open questions would remain.
ABSTRACT Language has long been recognized as an important marker of ethnic identity. The identification is usually made in terms of some specific language or dialect, the use of which coincides more or less well with the boundaries of some particular ethnic group. This relationship obtains perfectly in present-day East Sutherland (Scotland), where the East Sutherland Gaelic mother tongue is almost the sole marker of fisherfolk ethnic identity. It can be shown, however, that this is only a very recent development and that the long-standing linguistic component of fisherfolk ethnicity is rather a lag in linguistic behavior vis-à-vis the rest of the population. The lag has taken four different forms over the past century or so, but the presence of such a lag is itself the actual ethnic marker. (Language and ethnicity, linguistic norms, language maintenance and shift; Scotland, Scottish Gaelic.)
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between cognitive complexity, attitudinal affect, and dispersion of affect scores (N = 102 male business administration undergraduates). Models of automobiles and toothpaste brands were the content domains studied. Analysis using Pearson product-moment correlation supported the hypothesis that cognitive complex Ss had a lower level of affect and greater dispersion of affect scores than did simpler Ss.
This article explores the question of why competent evaluators award the ratings they do to college students' expository essays. Essays were rewritten to be stronger or weaker in four categories: content, organization, sentence structure, and mechanics. Twelve evaluators first used a 4-point holistic rating scale to judge the essays' quality. Then they rated whether each of the four rewriting categories in each rewritten essay was strong or weak (perceptions). Analyses of variance revealed content and organization to affect ratings most (p <.001). Mechanics and sentence structure had smaller effects, which differed when measured by the actual rewriting versus by the perceptions. Mechanics and sentence structure were significant in their interaction with organization (p <.001 andp <.01, respectively).
The Tempest
The statistical features and general characteristics of an integrated statistical package, BC TRY, are reported. The BC TRY system of cluster and factor analysis includes many of the same descriptive and multivariate statistical analyses accomplished by the best of the packages reviewed by Berk (1977), as well as some unique routines, and it provides the user with exceptional flexibility.
This paper discusses a methodology for psychological instrumentation in which requirements common to a spectrum of experiments are defined and implemented in a microcomputer system. The microcomputer may either stand alone or be used as an intelligent front end to a larger computer. In either case, experiments are described in a high-level implementation language. The advantages of this approach include reduced hardware and maintenance costs, increased reliability, and smoother operation by research personnel. A tutorial example is given of the design and construction of one such system used to present visual stimuli, including text, graphics, and simple animation, on a movable array of video monitors. Displays are produced by a Z80 microcomputer in response to commands from a larger host computer, in this case a PDP Lab/8e. Illustrations are given of three studies in progress; comparisons are made with special-purpose equipment built earlier. The microcomputer system is preferable from both a cost and management point of view.