Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
The specific binding to platelet membranes (B~,) of 3H-clonidine, an alpha-2 agonist, and 3H-yohimbine, an alpha-2 antagonist, was measured in nine drug-free male schizophrenic patients and repeated after 2 weeks of chlorpromazine (CPZ) treatment. Patients with a lower pretreatment B,~,~ for 3H-clonidine showed a significantly smaller change in B~,~ after treatment, less improvement in their clinical state, as indicated by the change in the Global Assessment Scale (GAS), and a lower posttreatment GAS. Also, they had a significantly higher score for negative symptoms on the Affect Rating Scale both before and after treatment. These findings suggest that schizophrenic patients with relatively subsensitive platelet alpha-2-adrenergic receptors, as measured by 3H-clonidine binding, tend to have more negative symptoms and a diminished alpha receptor binding response and diminished clinical response to CPZ. There were no clinical correlations to 3Hyohimbine binding.
A review of literature about effects of encounter group training on state affect suggests that positive affect increases and negative affect decreases during training. Volunteer subjects were assigned randomly to encounter groups and were administered the Affect Rating Scale before, during, and subsequent to the groups. Results generally support the hypothesis.
[examines] the notion of error itself from a sociolinguistic perspective demonstrate that the assessment of what counts as an error is affected by data collection methodology, in particular by the way in which adult linguistic norms are established will draw on a longitudinal study of Samoan child language what is an error / a sociolinguistic sketch of Samoan / overall course of development / acquisition of two phonological registers / acquisition of word order / relating sociolinguistics to language acquisition (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
An instrumental cigarette smoke monitor (CSM) system designed for human smoking studies has been developed and validated using a smoking machine as a human surrogate. The cigarette holder contains both smoke-mixing and flow-measurement orifices and a smoke-concentration sensor. Smoke flow through the holder and smoke concentration in the holder are determined simultaneously. The two signals are multiplied electronically and the product signal integrated. The integrated response is directly proportional to the amount of particulate matter collected immediately downstream of the holder, regardless of cigarette type or the particular way in which the cigarette is smoked. The CSM is sufficiently sensitive to quantitatively determine the amount of smoke TPM generated from cigarettes in the 1-mg Federal Trade Commission tar-delivery category.
Abstract Student dormitory advisors (n = 16) made trait/situation attributions to themselves and also identified three friends and three acquaintances. Friends (n = 41) and acquaintances (n = 43) then made attributions to themselves along with attributions and familiarity ratings of the advisors who identified them. The actor‐observer effect was obtained for situational but not for trait attributions, both when advisors' self‐attributions were compared to attributions made about them by friends and acquaintances (common target) and when the latter's self attributions were compared to their target attributions (common rater). Among friends and acquaintances, target familiarity was positively related to trait attributions and was negatively related to uncertainty attributions. Also, familiarity was positively related to the validity of situational but not of trait attributions. It was concluded that familiarity appears to influence the process of attribution, but differentially for dispositional vs. situational attributions and for actor‐observer differences vs. observer variations in attributions. Moreover, increased information about the actor as a result of greater familiarity may lead to both more accurate and more favorable attributions.
Abstract The effects and aftereffects of noise on human performance and affective state were investigated in two experiments. In the first, 48 undergraduate university students completed five paper-and-pencil performance tests in a noisy (85 dBA) and/or quiet (45 dBA) environment. In the second experiment, 24 students completed two mood-and four environment-rating scales under the same conditions as in experiment 1. There were statistically reliable noise effects and aftereffects on the subjects’ affective ratings but none on their performance.
This paper presents an overview of the Natural Language Technology Project which is being carried out at the University of Nijmegen since the end of 1982. A sketch of the project's main goals is followed by a description of the state-of-the-art as of March 1984. The principles underlying the design of the various linguistic modules (morphological and syntactic parsers, morphological and syntactic generators, a large lexical database, an object-oriented knowledge representation system based on LISP) are explained. An integrated design is proposed for a natural language dialogue system sharing many components with an "author system", i.e., with a software tool capable of assisting authors in preparing and editing documents on the basis of built-in linguistic knowledge.
To detect position on a video tape recorder (VTR) monitor screen, two different types of apparatus were developed. One was a light pen, and the other was an instrument similar to an X-Y tracker. These were designed to work with the Apple II computer. Their circuit diagrams are presented.
It was hypothesised that the effect of outgroup members' speech style on attitudes toward them varies according to observers' norms for ingroup vs. outgroup speech. Further, ethnocentrism and exposure to outgroup members were not only expected to affect attitudes directly, but to control speech norms, which themselves underlie intergroup perceptions. This may be particularly important in bicultural contexts where increased exposure to outgroup members makes speech style crucial to attitude formation. Language norms, ethnocentrism, attitudes toward Hispanics and Spanish language, and exposure to Hispanics were measured among 13-year-old Anglophone students in a school containing a Spanish bilingual programme. Subjects responded to speech samples containing Standard English, and syntactic, phonemic and lexical intrusions from Spanish. These varieties had differential effects on normative judgements and evaluations of the speaker. Further, measures of speech norms were shown to have adequate internal and test-retest reliability. More ethnocentric subjects and, in particular, those with less contact with Hispanics showed negative attitudes towards Hispanics generally, and toward the speakers specifically. These relationships were partially mediated by speech norms, although both intergroup contact and speech norms made significant independent contributions to the prediction of outgroup attitudes. Thus, individual differences in speech norms are important to understanding the effect of speech on intergroup attitudes.
An experiment assessed the effect of subliminally embedded, visual material on an auditory detection task. 22 women and 19 men were presented tachistoscopically with words designated as “emotional” or “neutral” on the basis of prior GSRs and a Word Rating List under four conditions: (a) Unembedded Neutral, (b) Embedded Neutral, (c) Unembedded Emotional, and (d) Embedded Emotional. On each trial subjects made forced choices concerning the presence or absence of an auditory tone (1000 Hz) at threshold level; hits and false alarm rates were used to compute non-parametric indices for sensitivity (A′) and response bias (B″). While over-all analyses of variance yielded no significant differences, further examination of the data suggests the presence of subliminally “receptive” and “non-receptive” subpopulations.
The present study tested effects of subject anticipatory interpersonal trust, therapist age, and interview structure on satisfaction with therapist and on mood states. Male college students (N = 120), dichotomized as low-trust and high-trust subjects on Rotter's Interpersonal Trust Scale (ITS), were assigned to listen to one of two simulated initial interview audiotapes characterized by low or high interview structure. Half of each group saw a photo of an older "therapist"; the remainder, a younger "therapist." Eight cells contained 15 independent subjects each. Subjects reported reactions on the Profile of Mood States, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and a Therapist Rating Scale. Analyses were performed on full sample and extreme groups scores: The latter compared upper and lower thirds (ITS scores) of subjects to increase statistical sensitivity. Anticipatory trust, alone, did not affect ratings of satisfaction with therapist. Only anger, of seven mood states, distinguished trust groups regardless of interview structure; low trusters reported greater anger (p <.05). Under the low-structure condition, low-trust extreme group subjects reported greater state anxiety, depression, and confusion (p <.05). Anticipatory trust was found to correlate negatively with trait anxiety (p <.001). Overall, subjects reported greater satisfaction with the older therapist (p <.01) and when the interview structure was low (p <.05). In conclusion, low-trusters appear to be slightly more mood reactive than high-trusters, particularly in low-structure conditions. The discrepancy, found under some conditions, between mood disturbance and satisfaction with the therapist may result either from rationalization in rating satisfaction or from dishonest self-reports. Reports of less mood disturbance under high structure conditions suggest preoccupation with cognitions. Preference for the older therapist possibly originates in transference or in estimate of expertise based on age. Subject anticipation of exploitation by the younger therapist was apparently evoked by interview conditions rather than subject trust level and suggests a transference reaction. Results suggest an initial advantage for older therapists: Their subjects may be more tolerant of discomfort-producing therapist behavior. Training of young therapists in interview techniques which produce a relaxed, open style may be most conducive to engaging the client in therapy.
Abstract A sample drawn from the population of Tucson, Arizona, rated slides of forest scenes for scenic quality and acceptability for recreation. The scenes showed ponderosa pine areas that were unburned or had had light or severe fire 1 to 5 years previously. Participants also read brochures about fire effects, and took a post test that measured both fire knowledge and attitude. Their ratings of the slides indicated that scenic quality was improved by light fires but diminished by severe burns. Acceptability ratings for recreation differed with the kind of recreation contemplated, with camping showing the greatest sensitivity to fire effects. With slight variation by type of presentation, the brochures increased respondents' knowledge and tolerance of fire but did not affect ratings of scenic or recreational quality. Overall, respondents supported prescribed burning.
An experiment assessed the effect of subliminally embedded, visual material on an auditory detection task. 22 women and 19 men were presented tachistoscopically with words designated as "emotional" or "neutral" on the basis of prior GSRs and a Word Rating List under four conditions: (a) Unembedded Neutral, (b) Embedded Neutral, (c) Unembedded Emotional, and (d) Embedded Emotional. On each trial subjects made forced choices concerning the presence or absence of an auditory tone (1000 Hz) at threshold level; hits and false alarm rates were used to compute non-parametric indices for sensitivity (A') and response bias (B"). While over-all analyses of variance yielded no significant differences, further examination of the data suggests the presence of subliminally "receptive" and "non-receptive" subpopulations.
The ACLTRANS ANSI FORTRAN IV program transforms the 300 adjectives on the Adjective Check List (Gough, 1950. 1960) into 37 raw and T-standard psychological scales. This program has three advantages over scoring based ob theAdjective Check List Manual (Gough & Heilbrun, 1965, 1980, 1983): ease and speed of computing the raw scale scores; exact partialing of number of adjectives checked from standardized scale scores; and choice of parameter norms for standardization. By using the ACLTRANS program, the researcher can be confident of quick and accurate scoring, as well as appropriate standardization.
Ratings of associative strength between members of pairs of categorically related words were obtained for children from Grades 3,4,6, and 8 and for college adults. Correlations of ratings were high among the five grade levels, indicating that associative relations are an early form of semantic representation that change minimally in development.
Various methods of assessing color vision are discussed. The anomaloscope is concluded to be the best of these, but it is not widely used because of complexity and cost considerations. The design of a portable, solid-state anomaloscope that uses tristate light-emitting diodes is described. This device has many of the desirable features of the standard Nagel-type anomaloscope and can be constructed at a fraction of the price.
For classifying wine amphoras used at the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Empire (the so-called Dressel 2–4), we present a typological approach which combines a classification algorithm with the archeological reasoning. At the first step, clusters contain only nuclei based on the different production areas. To assign a corpus of artifacts to them, it is divided for each cluster into a context (artifacts which certainly do not belong to the cluster) and a residue. For each cluster, we built characteristic definitions with logical discriminant function of morphological attributes. Each definition cuts the residue in two classes: one containing the artifacts assigned to the cluster by the definition and the complementary one in the residue. Assignment and choices of cluster definitions and context remain with the archeological expert, who submits those typological constructions to a validation process founded on archeological knowledge. Such an approach focuses on a very common situation in human sciences: the construction of a cognitive typology beginning with a partially clustered set. Clustering must be done with descriptive attributes, without knowing if they can be connected with the wanted cluster.
Summary The following were investigated in a series of studies on 366 college students: (a) individual differences associated with horoscope reading habits, (b) the reliability and validity of daily and monthly horoscope forecasts and astrologically based personality descriptions, and (c) the effects of knowing the zodiac sign on the perception of the usefulness of horoscope forecasts and on the accuracy of astrologically based personality descriptions. Results indicate that females were more likely to read their horoscopes. Although locus of control was unrelated to horoscope reading habits, Neuroticism on the EPI was closely related. Daily and monthly forecasts were shown to be unreliable and invalid. Astrologically based personality descriptions were found to have some reliability. Knowledge of zodiac sign was found to affect ratings of horoscope usefulness and accuracy of astrologically based personality descriptions. Such personality descriptions, even when not identified by zodiac sign, were shown to have some validity, at least in the eyes of readers. These results are explained by familiarity effects and by the “Barnum effect.”