Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
The development of the technique of laser printing opens new ways for the writing of concordances to Latin texts, by means of electronic data processing. It is indeed possible to obtain as good a quality of printing as with traditional typography, even for a very important number of characters, which is always the case with concordances. A first step to obtaining perfection in the format of the final document consists in collecting data carefully and programming the software so as to provide scholars with a tool that will really facilitate their researches. Although the cutting out of the “useful context” is a very difficult problem to solve when using computers, as many data (punctuation, capital letters, diacritic signs...) as possible can be collected from the very beginning. These data will then make the text provided for each keyword more comprehensible. The programming must obviously be improved to take all the collected data into account. The reader of a concordance produced in such a way will have at his disposal a text easy to read not only because of its typographic quality, but also because of all its information on reference, punctuation, lemma, manuscript tradition; also he will be able to find in appendices pertinent frequency lists, lists of names and all sorts of lexical, morphological, syntactical information according to the work involved in the data collecting and programming.
Concerning Medieval French, text-processing has to handle two major problems: first the under-developed state of linguistic knowledge of scholars; secondly the very large variations in forms and spellings occurring throughout the manuscripts. In order to extract and provide lexicographical and grammatical information from many yet undescribed texts, our research group has decided to devise an expert system which would help identify and parse the text-words and would be linked to an open relational database. The design of our expert system is outlined here: we especially outline the initial knowledge base and the nature of the different sets of rules we will make use of. Some examples describe how the system will operate and the types of advantages that are expected from its use. Finally the paper lists the studies and published work which in the last years have provided the groundwork for this project.
Two programs are presented for the scan-display of high-resolution images using the Apple II+ and Apple IIe. The first program permits the user to move a rectangular aperture about the video screen to reveal different portions of a stationary image. The second program scrolls an image vertically within a horizontal window, giving rise to the impression of an object moving behind a stationary slit. These programs should be useful in the study of anorthoscopic perception, motion perception, perceptual integration of successively displayed information and other topics in visual perception.
Two experiments analyzed the effectiveness of goal statements in aiding recall of self-generated as opposed to experimenter-imposed command names. Subjects were presented with a series of before-after pairs representing the computer states before and after a command was executed. In Experiment 1, during study, one group of subjects generated a command name in response to each pair; a second group generated a goal statement describing the goal to be accomplished in addition to generating a command name. During recall, half of each group was required to recall the name, whereas the other half was required to describe the goal before attempting to recall the name. In Experiment 2, during study, command names (and goals for those subjects in the goal condition) were imposed by the experimenter rather than generated by the subject. Subjects who generated goals and names recalled more command names than did those who generated only names or who received imposed goals and/or names. Generation of an appropriate goal at study improved encoding by helping subjects to select more appropriate command names; generation of an appropriate goal at test improved retrieval for appropriate names only, presumably by activating a relevant subset of names. Even in the relatively simple task of naming and remembering command names, having an appropriate model of the domain through the use of specific goal statements substantially improved performance.
The article introduces an experimental system which produces multilingual semantic translations from relatively short texts from a given context.
Two FORTRAN IV programs are described which facilitate multivariate jackknife analyses.
Abstract: Apparent similarities between linguistic processes involved in second‐language acquisition and in the nativization of norms in non‐native varieties of English have led many researchers to interpret nativization as merely the fossilization at a societal level of an interlanguage of native speaker varieties of English [e.g. Platt, John and Weber, H. (1980) English in Singapore and Malaysia—Status: Features: Functions; and Selinker, L. (1972) International Review of Applied Linguistics, 10, 209–231]. This paper presents evidence to the contrary from the output of one such process, lexical transfer, in the nativization of Malaysian English. The paper presents an historical summary from the colonial era of the sociolinguistic context of Malaysian English, focusing on the domains of English and Malay in Malaysia, and on the relative socioeconomic and political status of Malaysia's major ethnic populations. Analyzed within this context, data presented from English language newspapers and ESL textbooks demonstrate that transfer from Malay to standard Malaysian English does not result from ‘interference’ leading to fossilization. Rather, it is a creative process reflecting a high degree of bilingual proficiency in Malay and English, by which English is acculturated in a sociolinguistic context unique to Malaysia (e.g. ethnicity, identity and status.)
FROM ACADEMIC TO POPULAR WRITINGS: THE CIRCULATION OF A PARTICULAR PICTURE OF URBAN LIFE: THE « CONGESTION OF THE PARIS STREETS » IN THE 17TH CENTURY The theme of the congestion of the Paris streets constitutes a stereotyped representation of urban life to be found in all sorts of documents, ranging from scholarly writings to chap books. In this article, we will look at a set of texts from the: 17th century. We intend to try and determine the conditions of the circulation of this theme, and the characteristics of this picture of urban life in the " bibliothèque bleue ". We will base our study on the analysis of some of the semantic networks around the notion of " congestion ". The lexical analysis shows that these texts were fairly similar when they were produced. But in a literary atmosphere in which classicism is of overall importance, any text which does not conform to the linguistic norm or which is not written by a recognized " author " is liable to be disparaged. On the other hand, one could say that the " livrets bleus " found a wider audience than schorlarly writings and offer pictures of urban life which can be interpreted at many levels of understanding.
Women in different phases of the menstrual cycle were compared to each other and to men in their responses to a social interaction stimulus: a videotape depicting a female nurse interacting with a hospitalized patient. Sex differences and cycle-phase differences were found for both affective and cognitive dimensions. Premenstrual women reported feeling more dominant, energetic, indifferent, negative, and somewhat more tense than women menstruating or women in the intermenstrual cycle phase. However, they did not differ from men in their affective ratings. Premenstrual women evaluated the nurse as less attractive than did men and they attributed greater responsibility for the nurse's behavior to the patient than men and intermenstrual women. Women in all groups evaluated the nurse as nicer and more pleasant, interesting, concerned and self-assured than did men. All women also felt more friendly toward the nurse and reported that they would be more comfortable asking her questions than the men did. The implications of these findings are discussed.
This study was designed to determine if dress style of a school psychologist consultant affects ratings given to that consultant by consultees. Subjects were 109 female elementary education teachers. Subjects viewed one of six videotapes of a consultation session. In three videotapes a female consultant was attired in professional, unprofessional and inappropriate attire, respectively and in the other three videotapes a male consultant was dressed in similar fashions. Subjects rated consultant effectiveness on the Consultant Observational Assessment Form (COAF). A factor analysis of the COAF indicated that the scale measures five consultant variables: (a) Interpersonal Skill, (b) Information Gathering Skill, (c) Concern for Consultee Feelings, (d) Clarification of Communication, and (e) Designating Responsibility for Follow-Up. An analysis of variance was performed on each of the five factors. No significant results were found, indicating that dress style did not affect ratings of consultants by consultees. Of interest was the finding that items added to the scale to determine the validity of the dress style manipulation resulted in significant differences between dress styles. Therefore, subjects noted the difference in consultant dress style but did not use this variable in rating the consultant. Several hypotheses are offered to explain why this variable had a negligible effect on consultee ratings of consultants.
728 LANGUAGE, VOLUME 62, NUMBER 3 (1986) tonacan, and Gulf Coast/Tabascan influence in the Mayan Late Classic is discussed. Besides the standard index, which is very complete (over six pages long), there are indices of hieroglyphic texts, hieroglyphic signs and compounds, and linguistic forms cited in the paper. My only criticism is that more illustrated examples should accompany the discussions of hieroglyphs, to help the reader follow the arguments. Otherwise, the monograph is very successful. A carefully constructed methodology has resulted in a real contribution to understanding both the cultural and the linguistic history of Eastern Meso-America. [Bruce Love, UCLA.] Designing a computerized lexicon for linguistic purposes. By Erik Akkerman, Pieter Masereeuw, and Willem Meus. (ASCOT report no. 1; Costerus, n.s., 51.) Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1985. Pp. 80. /25.00 [Distrib. in the US by Humanities Press; $15.00.] The first stage of development of a 'lexical database and analysing system' called Automatic] S[canning system for] Cforpus-] 0[riented] Tfasks], under development at the University of Amsterdam is reported here. ASCOT's purpose is to look up words from an English text in a lexicon, and attach category labels to them. Text which has been analyzed by this method can then serve as input to further syntactic analysis programs. Rather than develop their own special-purpose lexicon and syntactic feature system, the authors have chosen to adapt a commercially available dictionary. The second (and major) section of this report compares the virtues and flaws, from a computational point of view, of two dictionaries: the Longman dictionary of contemporary English and the Oxfordadvanced learner's dictionary. These two were chosen by virtue of being available on computer tape, while providing relatively complete categorial and sub-categorial information about lexical entries. After detailed comparison, it was found that the Longman dictionary is more computationally tractable: its syntactic coding is less erratic, the categories distinguished are more useful, and the structure of the lexical entries is simpler. Further sections of the report discuss problems encountered in the analysis of the Longman tape, the coding system adopted as the output ofthe analyser, and (briefly) the handling of morphology. Appendices contain examples of the Longman and Oxford coding systems. This work should be of interest not only to scholars concerned with adapting commercially available dictionaries for computational purposes —a group which is growing rapidly, because ofthe expense ofconstructing a large special -purpose lexicon from scratch—but also to general lexicographers, whether or not they are ultimately interested in machine applications. This is because the attempt to extract information from a lexicon by computer provides the best possible test of the degree of consistency and rigor with which principles of lexical entry structure and content have been applied. [Susanna Cumming, UCLA.] Psycholinguistics: The experimental study of language. By Gary D. Prideaux. New York: Guilford Press, 1985. Pp. viii, 312. Cloth $35.00, paper $15.95. As the title shows, P's handbook is not just an ordinary introduction to psycholinguistics: the viewpoint is that ofan experimental linguist. Exercises at the end of each chapter, as well as a set often laboratory exercises (211-76) listed after the conclusions, make the book particularly useful for the undergraduate student. An introductory chapter (1-37) quite naturally defines linguistics as an empirical science. However, this may be only part of the truth for readers who, unlike P, accept the existence of both autonomous and causal linguistics. Thus Esa Itkonen has argued (Causality in linguistic theory, 1983; see my review in Studies in language 10:1, 1986) that autonomous linguistics exists, and that it is non-empirical. However, P's intention was to write a book without too many polemics. The introduction is followed by a short exploration (39-69) of the concepts of comprehension, production, and acquisition of language. The bulk of the book is devoted to an outline of recent developments and current issues in the rapidly evolving domains of linguistics and psycholinguistics. Three chapters here deal respectively with morphology, syntax, and semantics. About thirty pages (71-97) consider 'experi-...
Demand characteristics may influence claims that the color pink inhibits muscle strength whereas blue increases muscle strength. In Experiment 1, undergraduates (N = 59; 30 women, 29 men) were told either that the experimenters thought pink would increase and blue decrease strength or that blue would increase muscle strength and pink decrease muscle strength. A hand dynamometer assessed grip strength as subjects stared at each of 8 differently colored panels. Results indicated that men viewing the pink or orange panels had higher grip strength under pink-strengthen than under pink-weaken instructions. The reverse relationship was found for men viewing a green panel. For women, the pink-weaken instructions resulted in a higher grip strength than did the pink-strengthen instructions, regardless of actual color present. In Experiment 2, women in a no-instruction control condition had lower grip strength than women given the pink-weaken instructions. For men, the control (no-instruction) condition resulted in higher grip strength than the pink-weaken condition. Results of both studies suggest that men followed overt demand characteristics but that women reacted with increased intensity to any suggestion that a stereotypically feminine pink is associated with weakness.
728 LANGUAGE, VOLUME 62, NUMBER 3 (1986) tonacan, and Gulf Coast/Tabascan influence in the Mayan Late Classic is discussed. Besides the standard index, which is very complete (over six pages long), there are indices of hieroglyphic texts, hieroglyphic signs and compounds, and linguistic forms cited in the paper. My only criticism is that more illustrated examples should accompany the discussions of hieroglyphs, to help the reader follow the arguments. Otherwise, the monograph is very successful. A carefully constructed methodology has resulted in a real contribution to understanding both the cultural and the linguistic history of Eastern Meso-America. [Bruce Love, UCLA.] Designing a computerized lexicon for linguistic purposes. By Erik Akkerman, Pieter Masereeuw, and Willem Meus. (ASCOT report no. 1; Costerus, n.s., 51.) Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1985. Pp. 80. /25.00 [Distrib. in the US by Humanities Press; $15.00.] The first stage of development of a 'lexical database and analysing system' called Automatic] S[canning system for] Cforpus-] 0[riented] Tfasks], under development at the University of Amsterdam is reported here. ASCOT's purpose is to look up words from an English text in a lexicon, and attach category labels to them. Text which has been analyzed by this method can then serve as input to further syntactic analysis programs. Rather than develop their own special-purpose lexicon and syntactic feature system, the authors have chosen to adapt a commercially available dictionary. The second (and major) section of this report compares the virtues and flaws, from a computational point of view, of two dictionaries: the Longman dictionary of contemporary English and the Oxfordadvanced learner's dictionary. These two were chosen by virtue of being available on computer tape, while providing relatively complete categorial and sub-categorial information about lexical entries. After detailed comparison, it was found that the Longman dictionary is more computationally tractable: its syntactic coding is less erratic, the categories distinguished are more useful, and the structure of the lexical entries is simpler. Further sections of the report discuss problems encountered in the analysis of the Longman tape, the coding system adopted as the output ofthe analyser, and (briefly) the handling of morphology. Appendices contain examples of the Longman and Oxford coding systems. This work should be of interest not only to scholars concerned with adapting commercially available dictionaries for computational purposes —a group which is growing rapidly, because ofthe expense ofconstructing a large special -purpose lexicon from scratch—but also to general lexicographers, whether or not they are ultimately interested in machine applications. This is because the attempt to extract information from a lexicon by computer provides the best possible test of the degree of consistency and rigor with which principles of lexical entry structure and content have been applied. [Susanna Cumming, UCLA.] Psycholinguistics: The experimental study of language. By Gary D. Prideaux. New York: Guilford Press, 1985. Pp. viii, 312. Cloth $35.00, paper $15.95. As the title shows, P's handbook is not just an ordinary introduction to psycholinguistics: the viewpoint is that ofan experimental linguist. Exercises at the end of each chapter, as well as a set often laboratory exercises (211-76) listed after the conclusions, make the book particularly useful for the undergraduate student. An introductory chapter (1-37) quite naturally defines linguistics as an empirical science. However, this may be only part of the truth for readers who, unlike P, accept the existence of both autonomous and causal linguistics. Thus Esa Itkonen has argued (Causality in linguistic theory, 1983; see my review in Studies in language 10:1, 1986) that autonomous linguistics exists, and that it is non-empirical. However, P's intention was to write a book without too many polemics. The introduction is followed by a short exploration (39-69) of the concepts of comprehension, production, and acquisition of language. The bulk of the book is devoted to an outline of recent developments and current issues in the rapidly evolving domains of linguistics and psycholinguistics. Three chapters here deal respectively with morphology, syntax, and semantics. About thirty pages (71-97) consider 'experi- BOOK NOTICES 729 mental morphology'. The discussion of the inflectional and derivational paradigms is very illuminating and includes a number of brilliant surveys. Unfortunately, however...
The specific binding to platelet membranes (B~,) of 3H-clonidine, an alpha-2 agonist, and 3H-yohimbine, an alpha-2 antagonist, was measured in nine drug-free male schizophrenic patients and repeated after 2 weeks of chlorpromazine (CPZ) treatment. Patients with a lower pretreatment B,~,~ for 3H-clonidine showed a significantly smaller change in B~,~ after treatment, less improvement in their clinical state, as indicated by the change in the Global Assessment Scale (GAS), and a lower posttreatment GAS. Also, they had a significantly higher score for negative symptoms on the Affect Rating Scale both before and after treatment. These findings suggest that schizophrenic patients with relatively subsensitive platelet alpha-2-adrenergic receptors, as measured by 3H-clonidine binding, tend to have more negative symptoms and a diminished alpha receptor binding response and diminished clinical response to CPZ. There were no clinical correlations to 3Hyohimbine binding.
In spite of the rapidly increasing body of research within the past 20 years concerning the effects on pupil achievement of certain teaching skills, there is considerable skepticism regarding the impact of this research on classroom practice. This skepticism is frequently based on the assumption that teachers are unaware of and indifferent to the research literature. A questionnaire study was conducted among 141 elementary and junior high special education teachers to evaluate the degree of their agreement with the findings of research conducted primarily in regular classrooms. Results of the study showed special education teachers to be in agreement with classroom research on teaching skills. Teacher behaviors positively correlated with pupil achievement were rated significantly higher than behaviors negatively correlated with achievement. The predominant influence on teacher ratings was the district in which the teacher was employed. Possible explanations of this effect are discussed. Student grade level and type of class (resource, self-contained) also affected teacher ratings, but only as joint effects with district. There were several significant differences between groups of teachers on individual items. Teacher age or years of teaching experience did not affect ratings. Results of this study have several implications for the role of IHE's in preservice and inservice education.
Using the materials and general procedure described by Rock and Gutman (1981), 160 subjects were required to attend selectively to a series of 10 red or green outlines of two overlapping contours. Immediately afterwards, six groups of 20 subjects were administered various kinds of recognition tests involving attended, unattended, or new figures, and two groups of 20 were asked to provide affect ratings of the test stimuli. Consistent with the findings of Rock and Gutman in 1981, attended outlines were selected as old more often than unattended or new ones. Although some data in a single-stimulus condition suggested that the unattended forms were "discriminated negatively," this effect was not replicated with forced-choice testing. Over-all, there was little evidence that, on unattended forms, subjects were significantly more accurate, differentially confident or displayed more liking than on new ones. These results are interpreted as supporting the view that attention is required for the cognitive representation of form.
Four experiments on the effects on performance of extended time periods without sleep and on the effects of limited sleep, that is, naps, within such periods are reviewed. The performance measures included subjective measures and measures of performance on attention/persistence, continuous-production, precision, and cognitive tasks. Repeated periods of sleep deprivation did not result in decreased effects: Older subjects tended to be more vulnerable to sleep-loss decrements, and three different schedules of 4 h of sleep within a 60-h sleep-deprivation period had limited differential ameliorative effects.