Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
The low success rate when retrieving information through web searches could be verified virtually in all areas of knowledge, due to the large amount of information available which raises the selection complexity for relevant articles. A query consists in chosen terms to drive the search for related documents. However, if new terms could be added in order to expand the relevance of the search, then there is what is called query semantic enrichment. This paper presents a semantic enrichment model to improve the quality of results for medical articles queries. This model knows the search context by using a repository of articles which is previously subjected to Latent Semantic Analysis and is supported by the National Cancer Institute ontology and the WordNet lexical database. In this way, new terms which are semantically related to the conducted search context, could be proposed to help raising precision when retrieving relevant articles.
In this paper, vowel distributions of 3260 English monomorphemic verbs are examined to verify the claim that vowel height plays a considerable role in stress assignment in English. The claim was made by research on English nouns from a lexical database, CELEX(Baayen, Piepenbrock and Gulikers, 1995). It has found that vowel quality, especially vowel height, has a significant influence on stress location. Results of the current study provide further evidence for the claim that vowel height is related to stress location: First, lowness attracts stress; Second, a high front lax vowel, [?], is the second frequent vowel in unstressed syllables following a schwa.; Third, in stressed light syllables, a mid vowel, [?], appears most frequently while a low vowel [ae] is the most common vowel winning stress over a heavy syllable. These findings offer insights into the relations between phonetic properties of vowel phonemes and the nature of stress.
Abstract This chapter examines one of the key objections to admitting character evidence: that it is prejudicial. It also explains the concept of comparative propensity, which is used as the basis to explain the relevance and probative value of character evidence. Experimental studies provide little evidence that bad character evidence is prejudicial. While previous convictions for a similar crime do affect ratings of guilt and verdicts, the impact is generally moderate and not out of line with the probative value of criminal record. The data on real trials suggest that jurors will work out whether a defendant has previous convictions and therefore that evidential rules excluding such evidence have little impact.
In this work we present our approach to model selection for statistical parsing via boosting. The method is used to target the inefficiency of current feature selection methods, in that it allows a constant feature selection time at each iteration rather than the increasing selection time of current standard forward wrapper methods. With the aim of performing feature selection on very high dimensional data, in particular for parsing morphologically rich languages, we test the approach, which uses the multiclass AdaBoost algorithm SAMME (Zhu et al., 2006), on French data from the French Treebank, using a multilingual discriminative constituency parser (Crabbe, 2014). Current results show that the method is indeed far more efficient than a naive method, and the performance of the models produced is promising, with F-scores comparable to carefully selected manual models. We provide some perspectives to improve on these performances in future work.
The purposes of this study were to explore the preference of the Chinese undergraduate music majors (N = 27) for Chinese Xi-Qu and Western opera audiovisual examples, the reasons for preference, influence of familiarity on preference, and the relationship between preference ratings and the emotions as detected by FaceReader. The mixed research method, convergent parallel design, was used to explore this topic in depth. As Xi-Qu and opera integrate multiple art forms, eight audiovisual examples (Xi-Qu, n = 4, opera, n = 4) were selected as the stimuli to show the characteristics of the two genres. The participants watched the audiovisual examples individually and responded to a questionnaire meanwhile their facial expressions were recorded for FaceReader analysis. The semi-structured interviews were administered to collect qualitative data pertaining to participants’ general opinions about the musical examples, familiarity, reasons for preference, and the emotions encompassing when watching the musical examples. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaire. The facial expressions video files were analyzed by FaceReader. The qualitative data obtained from interviews were coded to find themes.\nThe quantitative findings suggested that the operatic examples received higher mean preference ratings than the Xi-Qu examples. The top three preferred examples were all operatic pieces while the three least preferred examples were Xi-Qu pieces. Results of one-way ANOVA showed that the difference among the preference mean ratings showed the statistical significance, F (7, 208) = 14.15, p <.01. The operatic examples also received higher familiarity ratings than Xi-Qu examples. The difference among the familiarity mean ratings also showed the statistical significance, F (7, 208) = 2.99, p <.01. The preference and familiarity ratings showed a modest but statistically significant relationship (r =.45, p <.01). A statistically significant relationship was found between the preference ratings and tempo (r =. 23, <. 01). Furthermore, singing was always among the top three most liked elements in the operatic examples, but singing was always among the top three most disliked elements in the four Xi-Qu examples despite that singing was also among the top three liked elements in two Xi-Qu examples.\nNumerical FaceReader results showed a strong negative relationship between “angry” and preference (rho = -.976, p <.01). The moderate relationship was found between “sums of negative emotions” and preference (rho =.741, p <.05). No statistically significant relationship was found between valence and preference and between arousal and preference. The results of temporal FaceReader analysis showed that the participants’ emotional response to the audiovisual examples changed with the unfolding visual and audio information.\nThe qualitative analysis revealed a model of Xi-Qu and opera preference. The model contained the factors influencing preference for Xi-Qu and opera, including personal factors, cultural and environmental factors, visual factors, musical factors, and musical response. Formal voice training was the most reliable indicator of preference for operatic examples. Familiarity gained through guided listening instead of random repetition was positively related preference for Xi-Qu examples. The unexpected findings were the influence of religion and static perspective on preference for music. Implications and recommendations were discussed, and the suggestions for future research were included.
The paper aims to evaluate the semantic - terminological effect on the use of the Latin lexicon that are shaped by a particular author, given the complete documentation of the occurrences of his lemmata (Index Thomisticus), further supplied by on-going syntactic annotation, but nevertheless requiring proper, theoretically well-founded semantic analysis and lexicographic production. We propose linking the rich theoretical tradition which has produced the Prague Dependency Treebank (PDT) and the correlated Tectogrammatical Annotation (TGA) to the objectives of the Bicultural Thomistic Lexicon (LTB). To do this, we will examine and discuss Havránek’s contribution to the shaping of standard language, especially through the distinctive, creative procedure he calls intellectualisation. At the same time, we will outline the effect determined by the use – established in all its extensions – of an expression (lexical item or noun phrase). Given that the user – Thomas Aquinas – was an author who profoundly influenced subsequent thought, the creation or codification of a terminological value of the item will be investigated.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the interactions between eye movements on valence ratings of intact, low-spatial frequency (LSF), and high-spatial frequency (HSF) filterations of emotional faces (surprised and fearful). Previous research has shown that LSFs are processed quickly and efficiently (Hughes et al., 1997; Bar et al., 2006) and they benefit processing of emotional expressions, whereas HSFs are processed more slowly and benefit facial identification (Aldora et. al, 2007; Winston, Vulleuier, & Dolan, 2003). Surprised faces tend to be more ambiguous in nature, with the likelihood that these faces will be viewed as positive or negative depends critically on whether the upper (e.g., eyes) or lower (e.g., mouth) half of the face is processed. For this reason, we hypothesized that individuals would be more likely to interpret surprise positively when fixating longer on the mouth. Participants rated intact, LSF, and HSF filtered images of surprised and fearful faces as either positive or negative while eye movements were being recorded. As predicted there was a significant difference between fixation patterns in the eyes and mouth for surprise versus fear. More importantly, longer fixation time on the mouth was associated with a more positive judgment bias for the LSF and HSF conditions. These findings suggest that valence bias may be driven, at least in part, by differential attention to lower region facial features. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015
Syntactic parsing is a key component of natural language understanding and, traditionally, has a symbolic output. Recently, a new approach for predicting syntactic structures from sentences has emerged: directly producing small and expressive \nvectors that embed in syntactic structures. In this approach, parsing produces distributed representations. In this paper, we advance the frontier of these novel predictors by using the learning capabilities of neural networks. We propose two \napproaches for predicting the embedded syntactic structures. The first approach is based on a multi-layer perceptron to learn how to map vectors representing sentences into embedded syntactic structures. The second approach exploits recurrent neural networks with long short-term memory (LSTM-RNN-DRP) to directly map sentences to these embedded structures. We show that both approaches successfully exploit word information to learn syntactic predictors and achieve a \nsignificant performance advantage over previous methods. Results on the Penn Treebank corpus are promising. With the LSTM-RNN-DRP, we improve the previous state-of-the-art method by 8.68%.
Observers’ effective engagement with music performing arts involves both cognitive and affective elements. Empathy is an important facet of how we engage in and navigate our social worlds, to which cognitive and affective elements are key. Cognitive empathic ability relies on embodiments, or neural representations that match those of the performer. In music, cognitive responses may therefore vary according to specialised musical and motor expertise. Multimodal performing arts experiences may crucially enhance the cognitive facet of empathy, particularly for observers without embodied knowledge of the observed action. Affective empathy, however, should be unaffected by specialist motor expertise or modality of presentation, according to recent research for expressive music performance. In an empathy framework, this study therefore investigates cognitive and affective responses to contemporary solo piano performance according to participants’ musical and motor expertise, and modality of presentation (audio-only, audio-visual). Musically trained pianists, musically trained non-pianists, and musically untrained individuals participated in a mixed methods study. Cognitive (action understanding – asking participants to put themselves in the performers’ shoes) and affective empathic responses (arousal and valence) were continuously self-reported. Liking and familiarity ratings were also recorded on Likert scales following each excerpt. While affective empathic responses appeared similar across expertise groups and modality of presentation, cognitive empathic responses varied according to musical, but not piano-playing motor expertise, and modality of presentation. The practical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed; directions for future research are also considered. Results suggest that effective audience development for new classical music practices should focus on engaging cognitive elements of musically untrained observers.
This paper analyzes the sequences of high vocoids (/ji, ju, wi, wu/) from a diachronic perspective, focusing on their distribution. /ju/-related phenomena have been dealt with, producing various suggestions or accounts about its underlying status, optional /j/-deletion, the position of /j/ in a syllable, co-occurrence restrictions between /j/ and its neighboring sounds, different behaviors of /ju/ and /wi/, etc. This paper does not tackle these issues directly, but instead investigates the distribution of high vocoid sequences (/ji, ju, wi, wu/) which appear in the CELEX Lexical Database, and examines how they have changed through time. The results reveal that /ju/ is very peculiar in that almost all the words with /ju/ have been added to English by continuous influx of French or Latin words, in most of which /ju/ is represented by the single letter, not by two letters. In contrast, the majority of /wi/ words are native words, and /wi/ is represented by two letters. /wu/ and /ji/ words are very few, but almost all of them are native words. It is concluded, thus, that the peculiarity of the sequence /ju/ might be related to the idiosyncratic behavior of /ju/ frequently observed in the issues mentioned above.
In assessing L2 lexical learning, especially initial learning, researchers always face the problem of whether partial word learning should be counted. Existing studies have either counted partial word learning (i.e. counted both partial and complete word learning) or have only counted complete word learning. However, it is not clear whether counting partial word learning makes a difference in capturing task-based and intra-learner lexical learning gain. Few studies have investigated this potential difference and even fewer if both productive and receptive lexical learning are considered. The present study employed differently fine-grained word rating methods to assess three Chinese EFL learner groups’ performances on four vocabulary posttests after receiving three treatment tasks: a written output task, an oral output task, and a reading task. Data analyses revealed that the use of differently fine-grained scoring methods did not necessarily affect learners’ cross-task lexical learning effects significantly, but it did make a significant difference in measuring individual learners’ lexical learning gain. The findings are discussed with reference to whether and how a less or more fine-grained scoring method should be adopted in rating lexical learning.
Infinitivus pro participio (IPP) or Ersatzinfinitiv is a linguistic phenomenon occurring in a subset of the West Germanic languages, such as Dutch, German, and Afrikaans. IPP refers to constructions with a perfect auxiliary, in which an infinitive appears instead of the expected past participle. In Afrikaans, one expects the temporal auxiliary for the perfect tense to select a past participle, cf. gebly in example (1a). However, when a verb occurring in the perfect tense selects another verb, it commonly occurs as an infinitive, cf. bly in example (1b), instead of the expected past participle, as illustrated in example (1c). (1a) Hy het stil gebly. (1b) Hy het bly praat. (1c) Hy het gebly praat. Ponelis (1979), De Vos (2001), and Zwart (2007) report that IPP appears optionally in Afrikaans. This contrasts with Dutch and German, as in those languages IPP is obligatory for certain verbs. Donaldson (1993) mentions however that IPP is triggered in most cases, such as in example (1b). Constructions with a past participle such as (1c) do occur, but Donaldson considers them non-standard Afrikaans. Apart from double infinitive constructions, there is a second construction in which IPP can be triggered. Afrikaans has a serialization pattern using the conjunction en (and) in order to express the continuous or progressive aspect of the verb, as in example (2a). Such constructions also exist in Danish (e.g. Du havde måttet sidde og lære dine lektier ‘You should have done your homework’) and English (e.g. He sits and reads), but not in Dutch nor German. If this construction is put in the perfect tense, the first main verb has optional ge-marking, so it optionally triggers IPP, while the second main verb always occurs in the infinitive, as shown for the verb staan in examples (2b-c). Both forms are considered standard Afrikaans by Ponelis (1979), Donaldson (1993), and Zwart (2007). (2a) Ons staan stil en luister. (2b) Ons het stil staan en luister. (2c) Ons het stil gestaan en luister. Compared to well-resourced languages such as English and Dutch, NLP tools for linguistic analysis in Afrikaans are still not abundant. In order to facilitate corpus-based linguistic research for Afrikaans, we are creating a treebank based on the Taalkommissie corpus. We adapted a tokenizer and a shallow parser, while using the TnT tagger to do part-ofspeech annotation. In Augustinus and Dirix (2013), we used these tools to investigate the occurrence of IPP in Afrikaans. The case study on IPP triggers in Afrikaans shows that a corpus-based study can shed a new light on the descriptive research of a linguistic phenomenon. Based on the literature, the hypothesis is that, in contrast to Dutch and German, IPP occurs optionally in Afrikaans. The corpus results, however, reveal that infinitive-selecting verbs in double infinitive constructions appear as IPP in almost 99% of the constructions under investigation. The results of the progressive constructions are more consistent with the current literature, since the IPP phenomenon optionally occurs in such constructions (i.e. in ca. 50% of the cases). Moreover, we can conclude that verbs that occur as IPP verbs in the double infinitive construction, do not occur as IPPs in the progressive construction and vice versa. Building on a corpus investigation of Dutch and German IPP constructions (Augustinus & Van Eynde, in press), we will include the Afrikaans data in a cross-linguistic typology of IPP verbs, in order to get a more accurate description of the differences and similarities regarding IPP across languages.
Reference Studies who have been using the data (in any form) are required to include the following reference: @inproceedings{Liu:2014:AED:2642937.2642969, author = {Liu, Shuang and Sun, Jun and Liu, Yang and Zhang, Yue and Wadhwa, Bimlesh and Dong, Jin Song and Wang, Xinyu}, title = {Automatic Early Defects Detection in Use Case Documents}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 29th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering}, series = {ASE '14}, year = {2014}, isbn = {978-1-4503-3013-8}, location = {Vasteras, Sweden}, pages = {785--790}, numpages = {6}, url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2642937.2642969}, doi = {10.1145/2642937.2642969}, acmid = {2642969}, publisher = {ACM}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {natural language processing, use cases}, } About the Data Overview of Data It has been reported that “More than 60% of the errors in a software product are committed during the design and less than 40% during coding.”[1] and “Finding and fixing a software problem after delivery is often 100 times more expensive than finding and fixing it during the requirements and design phase” [2]. So finding defects in an early stage of software development is of great importance. Use cases are widely used in Model-Driven Development to capture user requirements. Since the majority part of a use case document is written in natural language, it is thus highly desirable to rely on advanced natural language processing techniques to automatic the procedure of defects detection in use case documents. Natural Language Parser Zpar is a statistical muti-language parser. It has the state-of-the-art speed and accuracy for both Chinese and English on standard Penn Treebank data. Zpar provides word segmentation, part-of-speech tagging, dependency parsing and phrase structure parsing functionalities. Use Case Defect Finder (UCDF) We developed a tool (UCDF) to automatically analysis use case documents and find defects. The source code is available here. Input Use Case Documents We tested UCDF on two use case documents (for real systems). One is a stock trading system and the other is a personalized health informatics system for a reference implementation for IEEEP2407-compliant system. The stock trading system is in real use, thus the specifications of the system are confidential. We release the use case document for the personalized health informatics system, the automated guided vehicle system, the emergency monitoring system and the online shopping system. Paper Abstract Use cases, as the primary techniques in the user requirement analysis, have been widely adopted in the requirement engineering practice. As developed early, use cases also serve as the basis for function requirement development, system design and testing. Errors in the use cases could potentially lead to problems in the system design or implementation. It is thus highly desirable to detect errors in use cases. Automatically analyzing use case documents is challenging primarily because they are written in natural languages. In this work, we aim to achieve automatic defect detection in use case documents by leveraging on advanced parsing techniques. In our approach, we first parse the use case document using dependency parsing techniques. The parsing results of each use case are further processed to form an activity diagram. Lastly, we perform defect detection on the activity diagrams. To evaluate our approach, we have conducted experiments on 200+ real-world as well as academic use cases. The results show the effectiveness of our method.
Agzul Nextar ad nesleḍ inaw aflutlay n yimusnawen n tesnalsit n tmetti, I waken ad nẓer d acu I d tamuɣli- nsen, amek ara tili tutlayt tamezdayt di tmaziɣt akked tagnut n tira. Azal n usentel –agi yella-d imi atas n ubeddel I -d yeḍran di tsertit tasnalsit (aẓayeṛ, amud).Tamukris nneɣ d tagi: D acu I d tulmisin n tutlayt tamezdayt ɣer yimusnawen n tesnalsit(ismazaɣen)? D acuten i yisekkilen akked tiriɣtan ixtaren i tira n tutlayt tamezdayt? Amek i- d bnan ismazaɣen tamuɣli-nsen? Ɣef wacu I reṣṣan iskukal-nsen? Abstarct We chose to study the position of socilinguists in relation to the written language in Berber standard, because today the Amazigh language, whose use was reserved for daily communication, appropriates other areas such the audio-visual fields, teaching, scientific and political discourse, etc. Given the variation that characterizes and technological advances which it faces, the choice of a could serve as a lingua is required. Standardization is therefore urgent that any language promotion begins with the promotion of a linguistic standard (Sauzet; 2002). Therefore, it should ask the following question: What (s) (s) language (s), graphic (s) and spelling (s) advocate for linguists Berber? What types of arguments they are using to justify their choice? Key concepts: Language planning, epilinguistique speech, coding language, linguistic norm, standardization
After completing this article, readers should be able to:The word yoga is derived from the Sanskrit word yuj meaning “union.” An ancient Indian practice, yoga has been classified by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine as a mind-body medicine modality. (1) Mind-body skills, often called self-regulation skills, can help a child reframe a painful or difficult experience into one that reinforces their sense of resiliency, self-control, and confidence. (2)According to the 2007 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), which included a comprehensive survey on the use of complementary health approaches by Americans, mind-body therapies were the preferred complementary and alternative medicine practice among children with emotional, mental, or behavioral health conditions. (3) Per the 2012 NHIS, children using yoga as a therapeutic modality increased by more than 400,000 from the 2007 survey from 2.5% to 3.2%. (4) In a survey of children and adolescents with chronic pain, yoga was indicated by 32% as their first choice of complementary medicine therapy. (5)Therapeutic yoga is the practice of uniting the mind, body, and spirit through mindfulness of breathing and body postures to improve stress coping, lessen pain, and improve specific health conditions. Although not completely understood, yoga causes changes in the parasympathetic nervous system, positively affecting heart rate variability. (6) There have been no recent systematic reviews of pediatric therapeutic yoga, and this article reviews the literature to help clinicians make evidence-based recommendations regarding yoga for their patients.Yoga is a complex mind-body practice incorporating eight components, according to Pantjali’s Yoga Sutras, considered the “guidebook” for yoga as it is currently widely practiced. (7) Four of these eight essentially define the yoga methods used in the research trials cited in this review.For this systematic review of yoga as a pediatric therapeutic intervention, we searched PubMed for relevant English language articles published from January 1994 through December 2013. We identified 15 controlled studies and four systematic reviews, eliminating from consideration all uncontrolled trials and those in which yoga was not the sole treatment intervention. The previously published systematic reviews (8)(9)(10)(11) can be summarized as follows: yoga appears to be a promising complementary therapy for children and adolescents, especially for those with pain and emotional, mental, and behavioral conditions, with very few reported adverse effects. However, a lack of methodologic and statistical rigor, including results based on small sample sizes, absence of systematic randomization, and a high degree of variability between intervention methods, limits the ability to recommend yoga as a primary intervention for any particular population.For this review, 15 studies met criteria for inclusion, all evaluating yoga as an intervention compared with a control group (Table). We included all English language studies published since 1994 that examined patients younger than age 20 years, used yoga as the primary intervention, and compared outcomes with a control group. For clinical relevance, we grouped publications based on category of patient condition, with the majority primarily addressing emotional, mental, and behavioral concerns. One study evaluated adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and included measures of anxiety. Four trials investigated various metabolic parameters in adolescents. We summarize the included studies to help pediatric health practitioners counsel patients about the value of therapeutic yoga for specific conditions.One study of 14 Australian boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) tracked measures of attention before and after the boys participated in a controlled yoga intervention. (12) The boys, ages 8 to 13 years, were diagnosed by specialists and 12 of 14 were receiving stimulant medication. The study used a randomized crossover design in which boys who were initially assigned to the control group had the opportunity to cross over into the yoga group after completion of the first intervention program. Six boys were randomized to begin in the intervention group, with five crossing over after the first sessions; eight boys served as controls. The intervention consisted of 20 weekly 1-hour group yoga sessions with encouraged daily home practice. The control group met for 1 hour monthly, participating in “cooperative games and activities that involved the skills of talking and listening, turn-taking, sharing equipment, and talk time.” Outcome measures included Conners’ Parent and Teacher Rating Scales and the Test of Variables of Attention. Significant improvement on eight measures on the Conners’ Parent Ratings Scales (Oppositional, Global Index Emotional Lability, Global Index Total, Global Index Restless/Impulsive, ADHD Index, Perfectionism, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [DSM]–IV Hyperactive/Impulsive, DSM-IV Total) was noted in the intervention group, while six scales (Hyperactivity, Anxious/Shy, Social Problems, Perfectionism, DSM–IV Hyperactive/Impulsive, DSM-IV Total) significantly improved in the control group. No significant improvement was noted in either group for any of the Conners’ Teacher Ratings Scales.Several trials examined the benefits of yoga for psychosocial well-being in school populations. In one study, fourth- and fifth-grade students in two after-school programs in the South Bronx, NY, participated in a community-based trial in which children either did 1 hour of yoga weekly for 12 weeks (n = 39) or physical activities other than yoga (n = 32). (13) Participation in the yoga intervention was determined by attendance in an after-school program that historically included yoga instead of typical physical activities. Yoga classes were taught by qualified yoga instructors and included traditional yoga practice with physical postures (asanas), breathwork, meditation, and relaxation. Pre- and postintervention assessments of emotional and physical well-being were administered by the investigator as well as trained after-school program staff members. It is not clear if evaluators were blinded to intervention assignment. The assessments designed for this study were based on previously validated scales. The intervention group showed significant reductions in the use of negative behaviors in response to stressors on the Emotional Well Being Assessment and significant improvements in one-leg standing balance on the Physical Well Being Assessment compared with the control group.Another trial evaluated fourth- and fifth-grade students (n = 97) at four public elementary schools in Baltimore, MD. (14) Students at two schools served as wait-list controls (n = 46) while those at the other two schools (n = 51) participated in 45-minute yoga sessions 4 days per week for 12 weeks. Of note, the yoga intervention included a “savasana” component at the end of each session, a mindfulness meditation resting pose commonly included at the end of yoga classes. Pre- and postintervention measures of responses to social stress, the Responses to Stress Questionnaire Involuntary Engagement Scale and its component subscales for rumination, intrusive thoughts, and emotional arousal were significantly improved in the yoga versus control group.Two studies evaluated 11th- and 12th-grade students at a public high school in rural Massachusetts. In one investigation, students who registered for physical education (PE) were cluster-randomized by class in a 2-to-1 ratio of yoga and PE-as-usual. (15) Participants in the yoga group (n = 36) attended two to three yoga sessions per week (alternating weekly due to the school schedule) over 10 weeks (28 yoga sessions total). The intervention consisted of a Kripalu-based yoga program of physical postures, breathing exercises, relaxation, and meditation. Participants in the PE-as-usual class (n = 15) met for 30 to 40 minutes two to three times per week over the course of the 10-week yoga program. Pre- and postparticipation self-report questionnaires included measures of psychosocial well-being related to mood and anxiety changes. Mood and anxiety markers, as well as negative affect ratings, improved in yoga students and worsened in controls.In the other study, students were randomized to either an 11-week yoga program (n = 74) or PE program (n = 47). (16) The yoga intervention, also led by Kripalu-style-certified instructors, involved two to three classes per week (each 30–40 minutes) consisting of “simple yoga postures, breathing exercises, visualization, and games with an emphasis on fun and relaxation” as well as “development and training in the cognitive skills of mindfulness and self-awareness and a yoga-based psychological and philosophical attitude.” Students in both groups completed pre- and postintervention self-report questionnaires evaluating mood, anxiety, perceived stress, and resilience. Statistically significant improvements were noted among yoga participants versus controls in measures of anger, resilience, and fatigue/inertia.Fourth- and fifth-grade girls in two public schools near Boston, MA, were randomized to a yoga group (n = 70) or a wait-list control group (n = 85) to investigate the impact of a structured yoga intervention on stress reduction in school-age girls. (17) The yoga group met for 60 minutes after school 1 day per week for 8 weeks and completed 10 minutes of yoga homework 6 days a week. The intervention (“Mindful Awareness for Girls through Yoga”) was adapted from the principles of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, focusing on age-appropriate yoga portions of the program. The control group met one time at the beginning of the study and one time at the end. Self-esteem and self-regulation increased in both groups, while the intervention group reported greater appraisal of stress and greater frequency of coping. The author hypothesized that greater awareness of stressors in children may lead to greater perceived stress while simultaneously leading to improved coping when provided with yoga and mindfulness instruction.A prospective randomized, controlled trial in India evaluated the effect of a yoga program on reducing anxiety symptoms in adolescent girls with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). (18) A total of 72 girls (15–18 years old) from a residential college in Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India, who met the Rotterdam criteria for PCOS, were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The intervention group (n = 37) participated in 1 hour of yoga per day, 7 days per week for 12 weeks (90 sessions total), with a focus on “asanas (yoga postures), pranayama, relaxation techniques, meditation, and lectures on yogic lifestyle and stress management through yogic counseling.” The control group (n = 35) did 1 hour of physical exercise per day, 7 days per week for 12 weeks. Both groups also received 1 hour of individualized counseling. Pre- and postintervention state-trait anxiety inventory questionnaires were completed. Although changes in state anxiety (“a transitory emotional state that varies in intensity, fluctuates over time and is characterized by feelings of tension and apprehension and by heightened activity of the autonomic nervous system”) did not differ significantly between the two groups, trait anxiety (“a relatively stable individual predisposition to respond to situations perceived as threatening”) showed a statistically significant improvement in the yoga group compared with the control group.Another Indian study evaluated 98 primary school students (ages 9–12 years), with the intervention group (n = 49) participating in 45 minutes of yoga 5 days per week for 3 months and the control group (n = 49) participating in 45 minutes of PE 5 days per week for 3 months. (19) The yoga program included pranayamas, asanas, and yoga relaxation techniques. Pre- and postintervention assessments included measures of physical fitness, cognition, and self-esteem. Both groups showed improvement in all measures, although social self-esteem statistically improved more significantly in the PE group versus the yoga group.Adolescent students (mean age 16 years) in a residential summer music program in the Berkshires, MA, were assigned to a yoga group (n = 84) or control group (no yoga, n = 51). (20) The intervention group participated in 60 minutes of yoga three times weekly for 6 weeks. Yoga was led by a Kripalu-certified instructor and consisted of asanas, breathwork, and meditation. Pre- and postintervention measures included scales of anxiety and performance-related musculoskeletal disorders. Of note, music performance anxiety scores were significantly reduced in the yoga group compared with the control group.Thirty sixth-graders in a busy New York City public school were randomized to either a yoga (n = 15) or PE program (n = 15) for 50 minutes three times per week for 15 weeks. (21) The yoga program included asanas, breathwork, and relaxation led by certified yoga instructors, while the PE classes included common games and walking exercises. Physiologic responses to behavioral stressors were measured pre- and postintervention, with no significant differences found between the two groups.Twenty-five adolescents (11 to 18 years old) with IBS diagnosed by Rome I criteria were randomly assigned to either a yoga (n = 14) or wait-list control group (n = 11). (22) There were no significant differences in demographic variables between the two groups. Teens were recruited from either the local gastroenterology clinic or through the community. The yoga intervention consisted of a 1-hour instructional session, demonstration, and practice, followed by 4 weeks of daily home practice guided by a video containing “specific poses and breathing instructions selected for the purported easing and self-regulation on the abdomen and bowel.” Pre- and postintervention questionnaires in both groups measured gastrointestinal symptoms, pain, functional disability, coping, anxiety, and depression. Following the comparison trial, the wait-list control group was offered the opportunity to participate in the yoga program. Adolescents in the yoga group reported lower levels of functional disability, less use of emotion-focused avoidance, and lower anxiety following the intervention than those in the control group. In addition, when the data for the two groups were combined after the control group finished the yoga component, adolescents had significantly lower scores for gastrointestinal symptoms. Importantly, all but one of the teens reported that they planned to continue to use yoga to manage their IBS in the future.One randomized, controlled study based at Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, evaluated the impact of yoga in the treatment of eating disorders, both from metabolic and emotional perspectives. (23) A total of 50 girls and 4 boys ages 11 to 21 years receiving outpatient care for diagnosed eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and eating disorder not otherwise specified) were randomly assigned to an 8-week trial. After attrition, 24 patients participated in the yoga intervention group and 26 in the standard care (no yoga) control group. There were no significant differences in demographic variables between the two groups. One-on-one yoga instruction was led by a certified instructor, with children participating in 1 hour of yoga semiweekly for 8 consecutive weeks. Pre- and postintervention measures as well as a 1-month follow-up assessment included Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) scores; body mass index (BMI); and measures of anxiety, depression, and food preoccupation. Significantly, EDE scores decreased over time in the yoga group, while the control group showed some initial decline but then returned to baseline levels at the 1-month follow-up assessment. Food preoccupation dropped significantly after all sessions, with both groups maintaining BMI and improving in anxiety and depression measures.A total of 34 obese Korean children were randomized to yoga or control groups to compare changes in metabolic parameters. (24) After attrition, 20 children ages 13 to 15 years with BMIs greater than the 95th percentile completed 8 weeks (three times a week) of yoga (n = 10) or control programs (health education and exercise) (n = 10). The yoga program included a warm-up period, asanas, and meditation in each session. Pre- and postintervention measures of body weight and BMI significantly decreased in the yoga group but not the control group, while fat mass decreased in both groups but significantly more in the yoga intervention group.Two prospective randomized, controlled trials in the same Indian PCOS population cited previously (15) examined metabolic and hormonal parameters before and after yoga versus exercise control programs. (25)(26) In these studies, the yoga and control interventions were identical to those used in the PCOS anxiety study. One trial (yoga n = 35, control n = 36) measured pre- and postintervention fasting lipids, fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance, BMI, and other body measurements, while the other (yoga n = 37, control n = 35) evaluated endocrine parameters, including anti-müllerian hormone (AMH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, prolactin, BMI, hirsutism, and menstrual frequency. In the metabolism study, investigators found statistically significant improvements in fasting insulin, fasting blood glucose, and insulin resistance in the yoga versus control group. In the endocrine study, those participating in yoga demonstrated significant changes in AMH, LH, LH/FSH ratio, and testosterone; improved scores for hirsutism; and improved menstrual frequency compared with controls. Overall, yoga was more effective than conventional exercises in improving important metabolic and endocrine parameters in adolescent girls with PCOS.Yoga is a promising complementary therapy and stress management tool for children and adolescents, with very low reports of adverse effects. In fact, the lack of harm in all the studies reviewed, especially when compared to other therapeutic modalities for children with chronic health-care needs, should help pediatricians feel comfortable recommending yoga as a therapeutic intervention. Yoga has positive effects on psychological functioning, especially in children coping with emotional, mental, and behavioral health problems. Specifically, research has shown that educational curricula incorporating stress management programs improve academic performance, self-esteem, classroom behaviors, concentration, and emotional balance, (27) suggesting that schools may be an ideal setting to bring yoga to a heterogeneous, socioeconomically diverse sample of children. In addition, yoga has been demonstrated to positively influence metabolic and hormonal parameters. Given the increasing prevalence of obesity and metabolic dysfunction in children, coupled with the relative safety and cost-effectiveness of yoga as an intervention, more research in this population is needed. Limitations of reviewed studies include small sample sizes, high attrition rates, lack of evaluator blinding, reliance on self-report measures, and heterogeneity of intervention and control designs. Well-designed controlled trials of yoga for conditions with strong stress-modulated components are warranted. Excellent candidate conditions include asthma, IBS, inflammatory bowel diseases, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and fibromyalgia.Yoga is an increasingly used complementary therapy for children with chronic pain and stress-related conditions. Given the biologic plausibility for response, limited potential for adverse effects, and promising pilot efficacy data, pediatricians can recommend yoga as safe and potentially effective therapy for children coping with emotional, mental, and behavioral health conditions. Further, yoga is a promising intervention for children with metabolic dysfunction and chronic pain conditions. Larger well-designed trials are warranted to evaluate further the efficacy of yoga in these populations.
Words are basic structural units of language that combine with each other to form sentences. The learning strength of combinative relations between words is of key importance in sentence structure analysis. Inspired by the analogies between words and lymphocytes, a multi-word-agent autonomous learning model based on an artificial immune system is proposed to learn word combination strength. The model is constructed via Cellular Automation, and words are modeled as B cell word agents and as antigen word agents. The language network is then simulated as an immune network. Meanwhile, Spreading Activation is employed to simulate idiotypic interactions between B cells. This research provides a completely new perspective on language and words and introduces biologically inspired processes from immune systems into the proposed model. The most significant advantage of the model is the ability of continuous learning and the concise implementation method. According to the graph-based dependency parsing method, the syntax dependency tree of a sentence can be predicted based on word combination strength in a bottom-up paradigm, from pairs of smaller structures to larger structures. Therefore, the effectiveness of the model can be verified by sentence dependency parsing. The experimental results on the Penn Chinese Treebank 5.1 indicate that our model can effectively and continuously learn word combination strength.
This study aims to describe Kerincinese interference on the narrative text written by students through its kinds, grammars, and it cause. This study refers to siregar’s (2011) statement that had introduced the term of ‘linguistik interference’ on bilingualism indication that showed the contravention of linguistic norm as the effect of language contact. This study is qualitative study with descriptive method. The data was sentences contained of Kerincinese interference in narrative text written by students of SMA 3 Sungai Penuh. the source of data was 50 students selected from X by purposive sampling thecnique. The data collected by using observational technique, tapping technique and continued with taking note technique. The data gathered were identified and classified. In order to guarantee the originality of the data, the writer used constancy observational observational and discussion techniques. With the native of Kerincinese at school and at the neighborhood. The data that had been classified and identified then were interpreted and analyzed to get conclusion. The result of study showed the following points. First of all, the writer found the interference of Kerincinese in the narrative text were from all language levels. The levels that been found were in sintax, semantics, morphology and phonology levels. The reason of the dominacy dued to the high frequency of usingin daily communication. Secondly, proactive and syistemic interferences were the kinds of interferences that were found in the text. Thirdly, the cause of the interferences of Kerincinese into Indonesian language are the over comparation, the structure transfer of Kerincinese into Indonesian language, the vocabulary lacks and the influence of Kerincinese as an interlanguage becase the students are more master the Kerincinese than the Indonesian language itself. As conclusion based on study, the writer found that the interference in the narrative text written by the students SMA 3 Sungai Penuh became in all language levels. Keys word: interference, bilingualism, level language.
L’analyse des corpus oraux présente des défis particuliers lies aux caractéristiques de la langue parlée et sa transcription, notamment l’absence de ponctuation, les unités de segmentation multiples, la variabilité, les disfluences et la syntaxe souvent non-canonique. Face à ces particularités, la méthodologie d’analyse, ainsi que les outils d’annotation automatique conçus pour faciliter cette analyse, doivent être adaptés. Pourtant il est souhaitable de pouvoir comparer les résultats de l’analyse d’un corpus oral avec celles d’un corpus écrit: pour ce faire, on a besoin d’un « dénominateur commun » pour les deux types de corpus, enrichi avec de couches d’annotation supplémentaires dans le cas des corpus oraux. C’est dans cette logique que nous avons proposé dans (Christodoulides et al. 2014) l’outil DisMo, un annotateur multi-niveaux pour les corpus oraux qui fournit une analyse morphosyntaxique, une lemmatisation, et une détection des unités poly-lexicales, articulées sur deux niveaux. Dans (Christodoulides & Avanzi 2015) nous avons détaillé les choix du protocole d’annotation des disfluences et décrit un système qui fait appel à des algorithmes différents pour détecter chaque type de phénomène de disfluence. Dans cette communication nous présentons nos derniers travaux sur l’annotateur DisMo qui permettent d’ajouter deux couches d’annotation supplémentaires: une segmentation en chunks (unités syntaxiques minimales) et une analyse syntaxique de dépendance, toujours adaptés aux données orales. Cette annotation élargit le champ d’analyses possibles, influence les choix sur les couches inférieures (notamment celle des disfluences), mais en même temps relève des questions théoriques plus importantes liés au jeu d’étiquettes des chunks et des relations de dépendance. Nous avons comparé les systèmes d’annotation syntaxique proposés dans deux corpus oraux: le corpus Rhapsodie (Bawden et al.2014), qui propose sept relations et un système d’ « empilement » pour décrire les disfluences d’édition; et le corpus LOCAS-F (Martin et al. 2014) qui propose une double annotation en « séquences fonctionnelles » (Bilger & Campione 2002) et unités de rection. Nous avons confronté ces deux systèmes au jeu d’étiquettes pour l’annotation en relations de dépendance proposé dans le cadre du projet Stanford Universal Dependencies (de Marneffe et al. 2014). Nous avons aussi étudié les propositions de (Deulofeu et al. 2010), ainsi que le découpage en constituants proposé dans French Treebank (Abeillé et al. 2003). Inspirés par (Tsuruoka et al. 2009), nous modélisons le problème de l’annotation syntaxique de l’oral comme une cascade d’annotations en séquences (chunking): la première étape concerne l’annotation morphosyntaxique elle-même, la deuxième le découpage en unités minimales (chunks), tandis que les étapes suivantes produisent une série d’analyses syntaxiques possibles. L’annotation des séquences est basée sur des modèles statistiques CRF, et l’algorithme A* est appliqué pour choisir l’analyse plus probable, qui sera la proposition finale de l’annotateur. La détection des disfluences d’édition (insertions, substitutions, abandons, potentiellement combinées avec une répétition) est faite simultanément avec l’annotation syntaxique (cf. Honnibal & Johnson 2014). Un corpus d’entraînement a été construit à partir des corpus déjà annotés et corrigés, en adaptant les annotations au schéma adéquat: nous avons utilisé notamment des échantillons du corpus PFC (Phonologie du Français Contemporain – Durand et al. 2009) déjà enrichis avec une annotation morphosyntaxique (Barreca & Christodoulides 2014), et le corpus Universal Dependencies ver. 1.1 (http://hdl.handle.net/11234/LRT-1478). Dans cette communication, nous présenterons nos réflexions théoriques sur les jeux d’étiquettes, ainsi que les premiers résultats de l’application de ces nouveaux algorithmes intégrés dans DisMo sur des corpus oraux (avec des exemples des problèmes rencontrés). Notre objectif est de stimuler une discussion sur la méthodologie la plus efficace pour enrichir les grands corpus oraux français avec une annotation syntaxique (au-delà de l’annotation morphosyntaxique de tokens) qui représente de manière adéquate les particularités de l’oral.
Emociones han sido un objeto de estudio importante en Psicologia. Otro tema bien estudiado es la percepcion social. Esta tesis estudia como el de los estimulos afectivos puede modificar la respuesta emocional provocada por dichos estimulos. El objetivo principal de la tesis era investigar esta cuestion mediante diferentes metodos. Hemos empleado fotografias clasificandolas atendiendo a dos dimensiones afectivas basicas - valencia afectiva y activacion. Para operativizar la variable contenido dividimos los estimulos sociales en tres categorias (sin personas, con una persona y con dos o mas personas) y introducimos una escala de autoinforme, social, que participantes usaron para evaluar el grado de interaccion en imagenes. La parte experimental consiste en cuatro estudios. En el Experimento 1 obtuvimos la evaluacion subjetiva de 200 imagenes afectivas para disponer de una base de imagenes equiparadas en valencia afectiva, activacion y interaccion para usarlas en sucesivos experimentos. Ademas, estudiamos las relaciones entre las mencionadas dimensiones. En el Experimento 2 estudiamos respuestas perifericas: actividad electrodermica, actividad electromiografica facial y respuesta de parpadeo reflejo de sobresalto durante la observacion pasiva de imagenes. En el Experimento 3 investigamos la actividad cerebral mediante la electroencefalografia durante una tarea atencional con imagenes como distractores. En el Experimento 4 introducimos una tecnica novedosa para la captacion de los movimientos de cabeza como indicadores del estado emocional. Segun la evaluacion subjetiva (Experimento 1) las imagenes agradables se valoraron como las mas sociales. Observamos una correlacion positiva entre la escala de interaccion y las escalas de valencia afectiva y activacion solo en el caso de las imagenes agradables: cuanto mas se percibe una imagen agradable, tanto mas agradable y activadora es. La actividad electromiografica del musculo corrugador superciliar era mayor en respuesta a imagenes desagradables con una persona que a imagenes desagradables sin personas (Experimento 2). La actividad electrodermica era mayor cuando participantes vieron las imagenes desagradables con una persona que cuando vieron las imagenes desagradables sin personas y con dos o mas personas. Pensamos que la situacion a uno provoco cierto estado de incertidumbre. Para explicar este resultado recurrimos al efecto del espectador, que consiste en que los espectadores de situaciones de emergencia son mas responsables. Este efecto parece manifestarse en los patrones de la actividad periferica registrados por nosotros. La modulacion emocional de la respuesta de parpadeo no fue influida por el social. Probablemente, la base cerebral de percepcion es difusa y no puede modular directamente una respuesta tan rapida. En la tarea atencional con imagenes afectivas como estimulos distractores, las imagenes con dos o mas personas provocaron una respuesta mas rapida (Experimento 3), lo que interpretamos a la luz de la teoria de la facilitacion que postula que los humanos desempenan unas tareas mejor en presencia de otras personas gracias a un aumento de activacion. Este efecto conductual iba acompanado de la modulacion de los potenciales evocados electroencefalograficos. La latencia de las ondas N1a, P2a, P2p, N2a y N2p era mas corta y la amplitud de las ondas N2a y P3 era mayor en respuesta a imagenes con una y dos o mas personas. Es decir, el procesamiento de tales estimulos es mas rapido, pero requiere mas recursos. La dispersion espacial de los movimientos de cabeza era menor durante la vision de imagenes agradables con una y dos o mas personas que durante la vision de imagenes agradables sin personas (Experimento 4). Este hallazgo esta de acuerdo con una vision evolucionista que supone que el ambiente agradable provoca una sensacion de seguridad que puede provenir de la naturaleza de humanos. Emotions have always been an important subject of study in Psychology. Another well-studied topic is perception. This thesis studies how the content of affective stimuli can modulate different responses provoked by such stimuli. The main aim of the present work was to investigate this question using different methods. We employed photographs and classified them according to two main affective dimensions - affective valence and arousal. To operationalise the term social content, first, we divided stimuli into three categories (without people, with one person, and with two or more people) and, second, we introduced a self-report scale, social that participants used to evaluate the degree of interaction depicted in pictures. The experimental part consists of four studies. In Experiment 1 we obtained the subjective ratings of 200 pictures to build a set of pictures balanced in affective valence, arousal level and interaction, in order to use these pictures in the following experiments. We also investigated the relationships between the aforementioned dimensions. In Experiment 2 we measured peripheral variables: electrodermal activity, facial electromyography and modulation of the startle blink response during the passive observation of pictures. In Experiment 3 we investigated the brain activity using the evoked potentials of the electroencephalogram during an attentional task with pictures as background distracters. In Experiment 4 we introduced a new technique for capturing the head movements as an indicator of emotional state and predisposition to act. According to subjective evaluation (Experiment 1), pleasant pictures were evaluated as the most ones. We observed a positive correlation between the interaction ratings and the affective valence and arousal ratings only for pleasant pictures (but not for neutral and unpleasant pictures): the more a pleasant picture was, the more pleasant and arousing was considered. The electromyographic activity of the corrugator supercilii muscle was greater to unpleasant pictures with one person than to unpleasant pictures without people (Experiment 2). Electrodermal response was greater when participants watched unpleasant pictures with one person than when they watched unpleasant pictures without people and with two or more people. We think that the one-to-one situation caused a state of uncertainty, and for a possible explanation we referred to the bystander effect that consists in that in emergency situations observers are more responsible when they are alone. This effect seems to manifest itself in the physiological patterns we obtained. However, the startle blink response was not influenced by the content. A possible interpretation is that the brain underpinnings of perception are diffuse and cannot directly modulate the startle blink reflex that develops very quickly. In the attentional task pictures with two or more people provoked a faster response (Experiment 3). We interpret this result in the light of the theory of facilitation that postulates that humans perform a task better in the presence of others thanks to the increase of arousal. The data on the cerebral activity, as measured by event-related potentials, revealed that the latency of N1a, P2a, P2p, N2a and N2p was shorter and the amplitude of the N2a and P3 was larger to pictures with one person and two or more people. Thus, the processing of stimuli is faster but requires more resources. The spatial spread of head movement was lesser when viewing pleasant pictures with one and two or more people (Experiment 4). This finding is consistent with an evolutionary theory that assumes that pleasant environment causes a sense of security that might come from the nature of humans that allowed them to survive.
A long time ago now (maybe 1988?), Gerald (Gazdar) and I supervised Adam's DPhil at the University of Sussex. Adam was my age, give or take a year, having come to academia a little late, and was my first doctoral student. Adam's topic was polysemy, and I'm not really sure that much supervision was actually required, though I recall fun exchanges trying to model the subtleties of word meaning using symbolic knowledge representation techniques—an experience that was clearly enough to convince Adam later that this was a bad idea. In fact, Adam's thesis title itself was Polysemy. Much as we encourage short thesis titles, pulling off the one-word title is a tall order, requiring a unique combination of focus and coverage, breadth and depth, and, most of all, authority. Adam completely nailed it, at least from the perspective of the pre-empirical Computational Linguistics of the early 1990s.Three years later, after a spell working for dictionary publishers, Adam joined me as a research fellow, now at the University of Brighton. I had a project to explore the automatic enrichment of lexical databases to support the latest trends in language analysis, and, in particular, task-specific lexical resources. I was really pleased and excited to recruit Adam—he had lost none of his intellectual independence, a quality I particularly valued. Within a few weeks he came to me with his own plan for the research—a “detour,” as he put it, from the original workplan. I still have the e-mail, dated 6 April 1995, in which he proposed that, instead of chasing a prescriptive notion of a single lexical resource that needed to be customized to each domain, we should let the domain determine the lexicon, providing lexicographic tools to explore words, and particularly word senses, that were significant for that domain. In that e-mail, Computational Lexicography at Brighton was born.Over the next eight years or so, Computational Lexicography became a key part of our group's success, increasingly under Adam's direct leadership. The key project, WASPS, developed the WASPbench—the direct precursor of the Sketch Engine, recruiting David (Tugwell) to the team. In addition, Adam was one of the founding organizers of SENSEVAL, an initiative to bring international teams of researchers together to work in friendly competition on a pre-determined word sense disambiguation task (and which has now transformed into SEMEVAL). Together we secured funding to support the first two rounds of SENSEVAL; each round required the preparation of standardized data sets, guided by Adam's highly tuned intuitions about lexical data preparation and management. And we engaged somewhat in the European funding merry-go-round, most fondly in the CONCEDE project, working on dictionaries for Central European languages with amazing teams from the MULTEXT-EAST consortium, and with Georgian and German colleagues in the GREG project.But Adam was not entirely comfortable in academia, or at least not in a version of academia that didn't share his drive for the practical as well as the theoretical. He didn't have tenure, nor any clear route to achieve tenure, which meant that he could not apply for and hold grants in his own right (although he freely admitted he was happy not to have the associated administrative responsibilities); he set up a high quality masters program in Computational Lexicography, which ran for a couple of years, but the funding model didn't really work, and it quickly evolved into the highly successful, but independent, Lexicom workshop series, still running today; and he couldn't engage university support for developing the WASPbench as a commercial product. So in 2003, he spread his wings, left the university, and set up Lexical Computing Ltd.For many people, Lexical Computing and the Sketch Engine are what Adam is best known for. He spent eleven years tirelessly developing the company, the software, the methodology, the resources, the discipline. It was an environment in which he seemed completely at ease, sometimes the shameless promoter of his wares, sometimes the astute academic authority, often the source of practical solutions to real problems, and the instigator of new initiatives, and always the generous facilitator, educator, and friend. For me personally, though, this was a time when our friendship was more prominent than our professional relationship. We would meet for the odd drink, usually in the Constant Service pub (Adam's favorite), and chat about life, family, sometimes work, and occasional schemes for new collaborations, though the company didn't leave him very much time for that. It was one of those relaxed, undemanding friendships that just picks up whenever and wherever we find the time to meet, but remains strong nevertheless.Adam's illness was as unexpected to him as to anyone. Over the summer of 2014, he was making plans for new directions and projects. And then, there was a brief hiatus in communication before we heard the news in early November. And yet, even then, he seemed reconciled—not resigned, but resolved, calm, dignified. I was upset, angry, helpless—useless really, and feeling very selfish in my distress. I saw Adam three times after he became ill and they are all good, strong memories, and that is more to his credit than mine.The first was in his kitchen, with early spring sunshine, drinking strong coffee he had made very meticulously, watching the winter birds scavenging in the garden, just chatting about nothing in particular, and gossiping about work for a couple of hours. The second was a surprise trip to the pub—the surprise being that Adam was strong enough to get there (and back) on his own, and drink a couple of pints, too. We went to the Constant Service, as always, and it was one of our occasional “NLP group” outings, so a good crowd was there. The third was back in his kitchen, this time for work a few weeks later. Ironically, the university system that struggled to engage with Adam's practical drive is now fully signed up to demonstrating the “impact” of its research. Adam's work on Computational Lexicography at Brighton and afterwards through Lexical Computing, featured as an “Impact Case Study” in recent national evaluations, has subsequently been selected for a wider national initiative showcasing UK Computer Science research, currently in development1. Adam was happy to cooperate with this, in part to alleviate boredom, and we arranged a Skype call with a technical author for the initiative from his kitchen. Adam was in excellent form describing his work, his passion, and still full of ideas for gentle academic engagement if his “retirement” would allow it.Shortly after that meeting we heard the news of Adam's relapse and decision not to continue treatment. Like everyone else, I followed his blog, and also emailed a little privately. I arranged to go and visit again, but Adam wasn't well enough so we cancelled. Like everyone else, I waited for the inevitable blog post.Adam's funeral was in a modest church in the village of Rottingdean just along the coast from Brighton. A beautiful setting and a sunny afternoon. The church was absolutely packed—standing room only—we estimate about 250 people; family, friends, and colleagues from far and wide. A committed atheist, the service focused on fond memories of Adam from those closest to him, with just one hymn, Immortal Invisible, as all his blog readers will understand. A beautiful and fitting farewell to a man who, it seems, was to everyone a friend first, and a colleague, boss, or antagonist, second.There have been many comments on Adam's blog, on twitter, in academic forums, which say much more and so much better than I can. Some have said that Adam will be remembered for the Sketch Engine and the amazing data resources that have been built up around it. I would say that his real legacy is much more deeply intellectual than that. Adam would probably smile with satisfaction that the two things can coexist so comfortably—a rare combination of the intellectual and practitioner, a real giant of the field.Rest now in peace, Adam.RogerBrighton, June 2015
The Qur'an has been distinguished with its style which is dedicated to it and another method does not equal with it Such that distinguished with its inspiration words and its favorite combinations and sentences that the Qur'an has given a new meaning to it, Such that gives to the word something does not give to another word and applies combination for a sense then switches to hire another compound in another place So that, position requires new meanings that can not be changed. most of the time, we find that the Qur'an exit of typical form of the word and uses techniques out of linguistic criteria, techniques is different with different meanings and "alternation" is one of the most important techniques of deviation. The concept of alternation is one of the important linguistic phenomena and its main goal has been hidden in the production of new meanings through deviating from the Linguistic norm. The alternation,this means that word or phrase to be replaced instead of another word while like it and led to the its meaning and will be replaced it in context. the concept of alternation has become a stylistic phenomenon in the Quran, for the reason of its high frequency in bible verses. the Holy Quran benefited with this linguistic techniques to achieve two objectives at the same time: semantic aspect- the extent of the means- and stylistic diversity and this is the most clear stylistic characteristic of the Qur'an. therefore, we have examined this concept in holy surat " AL- Aaraf " based on the descriptive and comparative method. we have analyzed features a variety of alternation in the verbs- known as connotation- and nouns and concubine and sentence so that, it is recognized for us that the alternation in the verbs or connotation occupied more space compared with the other three species. and also has determined that its existence between two words- successor and main- and more communication is based on the synonyms and necessary. it also has been determined that context- Language or location- is one of the main pillars to find alternate and other meanings that there is in the chosen word or phrase.
Survey designers aiming to reduce respondent burden often choose to reduce the number of questions asked of the respondent. However, such a choice may result in a trade-off between respondent burden and data utility. This research investigates whether survey instructions can affect ratings of burden by manipulating the context in which the survey experience is judged. Participants were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk to complete an online survey (n=544). Two factors were manipulated in a between-groups design: actual number of questions asked (24, 42) and burden frame (screened in to an extra survey section, screened out of an extra survey section, no screener instructions). The results show a main effect of survey length whereby the objectively longer survey was associated with higher respondent burden. However, there also was a main effect of burden frame whereby being told one was screened out of a longer survey lowers ratings of burden compared to being told one was screened in. Survey instructions are able to influence respondents’ perceptions of the survey experience, regardless of the objective features of the survey, and ultimately affect respondent burden.
Emotion exerts great impacts on memory. For instance, negative emotions can enhance memory encoding or reduce retrieval-induced forgetting. In addition, congruent mood states between encoding and retrieval (e.g., negative emotions at both stages) can also improve memory performance relative to incongruent mood states (e.g., negative emotion in encoding, but positive encoding in retrieval). However, it is unclear whether mood congruency between memory retrieval and encoding increases the probability of successful retrieval or enhance the quality of retrieved memory representations. The current study directly tested these two hypotheses using a visual long-term memory recall task. In the study phase, participants remembered a sequence of colorful objects. Each object was presented on top of a gray-scale negative image from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). Participants gave a valence rating for each IAPS image for emotion induction. In the test phase, participants reconstructed the colors of the previously studied objects by continuously adjusting their colors under negative or positive emotional contexts using the same emotion induction procedure as that from the study phase. Negative IAPS images used for the negative emotional context were different from, but with matched valence as, those in the study phase. Positive images for the positive emotional context had comparable arousal levels as negative images. We found that memories encoded in negative context but retrieved in positive context (the incongruent condition) were less precise than memories encoded and retrieved both in negative context (the congruent condition). In contrast, no significant difference in the probability of successful retrieval was found between the two conditions. Follow-up experiments ruled out alternative interpretations that either negative emotion or positive emotion at the retrieval alone could account for the memory quality effects observed in the first experiment. Taken together, the present results support a resolution account for mood-congruency memory effect. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015
The article dwells on the analysis of grammatical peculiarities of personal pronouns in the work «Tuhfat-ul-khoni» by Muhammadvafoi Karminagi. The author notes that the study of the language of the historic material in question is one of the first scientific works in the field of Tajik philology. Proceeding from the information relating to M. Karminagi, one can assert that «Tuhfat-ul-khoni» includes different historic events of Manghty`s state. M. Karminagi out of the number of words illustrated more frequently replaced the following ones: banda slave‚ muhaqqar poor‚ kamina‚ instead of the first person singular man I; the words enumerated served as euphemisms of high elevation. The author of the article emphasizes that personal pronoun of man I occurs only once in the work explored; the fact being elicited during exploration of the text material. The author makes an endeavour to demonstrate the usage of the personal pronoun by the ways of statistical approach which are the following ones: a) the first person singular man I in 1 instance; the first person plural mo we in 35 instances‚ b) the second person singular tu you in 3 instances; the second person plural shumo you in 4 instances‚ c) the third person singular vay she/he/it in 4 instances‚ Yo he/she/it in 901 instances; the third person plural onon they in 1 instance‚ onho they in 33 instances‚ eshon they in 327 instances. Due to collecting examples by the ways of statistical approach in connection with the explored theme‚ he elicited some criteria of illustration of the third person singular pronouns of vay it‚ Yo it‚ those are used in reference to unanimated nouns; the author denotes that the above-mentioned grammatical peculiarities are not characteristic for Modern literary Tajik language; colloquial stratum being an exception. Adducing the results of the analysis concerned with personal pronouns in Tuhfat-ul-khoni» by Muhammadvafoi Karminagi‚ we come to the conclusion that the pronouns in question used in this literary production not always respand to linguistic norms of Modern Tajik.
Introduction: Recent evidence suggests a critical role of sleep in consolidating emotional memories. Most studies have focused on REM sleep and targeted negative vs. neutral memories, reporting inconsistent results. Here, we further explore the role of REM, NREM and sleep spindles in the encoding and consolidation of pleasant, unpleasant and neutral memories. \n \nMethods: Forty-seven (33F) healthy university students were exposed to a first set of 40 pleasant, 40 unpleasant and 40 neutral pictures at 1:00PM and to a second equivalent set at 5:00PM. During a later recognition test (5.15PM), participants saw the previous 240 pictures intermixed with 120 novel stimuli. They had to decide whether they had seen the picture before. In the Nap group (N=31), participants took a 120-min nap after the first set presentation, while in the No-Nap group (N=16), participants remained awake. Based on polysomnographic recording, participants were segregated into REM (N=14) and NoREM groups (N=17). \n \nResults: Memory discrimination (d’), arousal and valence ratings did not differ between the REM and NoREM groups, therefore their data were collapsed into a Nap group. d’ was greater for sleep relative to wake. Although the Nap and No-Nap groups better discriminated recent (15m pre-retrieval) versus delayed (4h pre-retrieval) pictures, only the Nap group showed a significantly higher d’ for recent compared to delayed emotional pictures. Overall, neutral pictures showed a greater d’ than pleasant items, but no difference relative to unpleasant stimuli. An association between N2 sleep spindles and d’ for delayed negative stimuli was also observed. \n \nConclusion: Taken together, our results indicate that daytime nap, regardless of the presence of REM sleep, facilitates the consolidation of declarative memories independent of their valence. We suggest that sleep promotes the formation of new emotional memories and that sleep spindles may critically affect their subsequent consolidation.
Tsuchiya K, Kanayama Y, Ono K, Kobara K, Koga T. Changes in subjective Quality of Life after making a Daruma doll and recreation in elderly patients with dementia. Jpn J Compr Rehabil Sci 2015; 6: 71-77.Objective: As a part of a day-care rehabilitation program, we conducted table work and recreational activities with elderly patients with dementia once a week for 12 weeks. We examined the influence of the differences in the contents and process of the activities on the subjective QOL of the patients.Methods: We used a modified version of the Affect Rating Scale (ARS) to measure the changes in subjective QOL, before and after performing the task. Subsequently, we compared the rates of each change.Results: The contents of table work were different in each session. The rate of change in ARS scores was significantly high after the 3rd session of table work using red washi, which was made with traditional methods of Japan, compared with those after the 5th and 6th sessions. The recreational activity was the same throughout the study. The 1st and 2nd trials showed a slight difference, which was lower than that observed in the 3rd to 6th session.Conclusion: Each activity related to table work may have influenced the rate of change. However, the rate of change in the recreational activity remained the same after it peaked. Thus, the characteristics of each activity influenced the subjective QOL of the elderly patients.
The Business Strategy Game is an online strategy simulation that allows us to operate an athletic footwear company against our competitors who are our other class members. Performance is measured in groups such as earnings per share, return on equity, credit rating, and image rating. The production and sales activities that we manage are performed worldwide in North America, Latin America, Europe-Africa, and Asia Pacific. Overall, we operate across twelve different market segments; four geographic segments in each category for branded footwear sales to retailers, online footwear sales direct to consumers, and for private-label sales. Our company, Fitness Shoes, will focus on a low-cost provider strategy to perform our operations. As a low-cost provider, we will focus on delivering lower overall costs than our competitors to appeal to a broader group of consumers. In order to accomplish this goal, we will have to lower or possibly eliminate any expenses that we may not need during the course of our decision schedule. We believe that the low-cost provider strategy will be the most attractive to our consumers and potential investors in order to increase our profits.
This research is located in the natural language processing (NLP) domain, at the intersection of computer science and linguistics, more specifically on multilingual lexicography and lexicology.In a first long stay in Japan from November 2001 to March 2004, we made the observation that the French-Japanese lexical resources available on the Web were almost nonexistent. Which gave birth to the Papillon project of building a multilingual lexical database with a pivot structure (Sérasset et al., 2001). Since then, progress has been made in several areas (technical, academic, social) (Mangeot, 2006), but the production of real data has made very little progress. On the other hand, reuse of lexical resources is trendy (WSD, use of open-source resources like Wiktionary or Dbpedia, fusion with ontologies, etc.). Even if they can consolidate and expand the coverage of existing resources, these experiences always start from data created manually by lexicographers.Based on this observation, we defined the following project which involves building a multilingual lexical system with focus on the French-Japanese language pair. Construction will be based on the reuse of existing resources (Franco-Japanese lexicons, Wiktionary) and automatic operations (reification of translation links, word senses disambiguation) and also on a community of volunteer contributors working on the Web. They will be asked to contribute either via serious lexical games, or directly on dictionary entries according to their level of expertise and knowledge in the field of lexicography or bilingual translation.Resources generated will be royalty free and designed to be used both by humans via bilingual dictionaries and tools for automatic language processing (analysis, machine translation, etc.).We will begin with a brief inventory of bilingual lexicography in general and focus on French- Japanese in particular. We then present recent advances in the field of construction of lexical resources online. Then, we describe in more detail the lexical system that we plan to build. We conclude with a description of the steps involved in this construction.
Retrospective symptom reports serve as an important source of information for clinical diagnosis, treatment choice and assessment of treatment effects. Previous research has shown that symptom reports, both concurrent and retrospective, are subject to various emotional and cognitive biases, leading to inaccurate (mostly exaggerated) symptom recall. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of attentional direction and focus on biased symptom reporting. Healthy participants (N=47) participated in one laboratory and three follow-up sessions. During the laboratory session, two cold pain induction trials were administered via a thermode. In one trial, participants focused attention internally (IF) on either sensory or affective components of the experience; in the other trial they were distracted from pain by a neutral video clip. Pain (pain on average, pain at the peak, and pain at the end of the trial) and affect ratings were collected after each trial, as well as during the follow-up sessions at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after the experiment. Distraction resulted in lower state NA and unpleasantness than IF during the pain episode. Average and peak pain was overall lower in distraction than in IF, but differences changed over time. While average pain remained at the same level over time, peak pain in the affective IF condition decreased in the course of 2 months. Pain at the end did not differ between conditions, but increased over time. Finally, fear of pain interacted with some of the abovementioned effects. The results are discussed in light of previous findings regarding the influence of attentional and memory processes on symptom reports.
Das Ziel dieser Diplomarbeit war die Entwicklung und Validierung von Stimuli um eine Voraussetzung der Empathieforschung zu untersuchen, und zwar die Self-Other Distinction. Hierfür wurden Videos entwickelt, in denen eine Target-Person emotionale Lebensereignisse beschreibt: entweder so, wie sie sich tatsächlich zugetragen haben (kongruente Videos), oder mit einer unerwarteten und "unüblichen" emotionalen Reaktion (inkongruente Videos). Es wurde die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass aufgrund unterschiedlicher Gefühle bei Versuchspersonen, je nachdem ob diese/r sich einfühlt oder bei den eigenen Emotionen bleibt, bei inkongruenten Videos Self-Other Distinction sichtbar wird. Emotionen wurden mithilfe eines Affect Rating Dials operationalisiert. In der Umsetzung wurden die Versuchspersonen gebeten sich einerseits in die Target-Person einzufühlen und deren Gefühlsvalenz einzuschätzen (perceivers' other-ratings) und andererseits sich selbst in diese Situation hineinzuversetzen und die eigene Gefühlsvalenz einzustufen (perceivers' self-ratings). Diese Einstufungen dienten als Grundlage der Datenanalyse (Varianzanalyse). Bei den inkongruenten Videos zeigte sich bei den Versuchspersonen eine signifikante Self-Other Distinction und somit können diese Videos als geeignete Stimuli zur Untersuchung von Self-Other Distinction im Kontext der Empathie angesehen werden.
This study was motivated by the low learning outcomes Civics grade IV-D SD Negeri 10 Sungai Sapih Padang. The purpose of this research is to improve student learning outcomes Civics class IV-D SD Negeri 10 Sungai Sapih Padang Wean using non Examples Examples learning model. This research was conducted by using a Class Action Research (PTK) which was conducted in two cycles. The data source is the class IV-D SD Negeri 10 Sungai Sapih Padang amounted to 37 people. The instrument used is the observation sheet activities of teachers, assessment of cognitive and affective ratings. Based on the results of cognitive assessment in the first cycle students with the ability to determine the percentage of completeness 73% with an average of 84.59, an increase in cycle II with the percentage of completeness 92% with an average of 87.29. The ability to understand the students in the first cycle with the percentage of completeness 57% with an average of 69.72, an increase in cycle II with the percentage of completeness 76% with an average of 76.75. Assessment affective on the first cycle students' ability to work with an average percentage of completeness 61% increase in cycle II with an average percentage of 76% completeness. Meaningful indicators in this study successfully in the implementation of learning by using learning model Examples Non-Examples going well. Based on the results of this study concluded that in learning civics through non Examples Examples learning model can improve student learning outcomes in grade IV-D SD Negeri 10 Sungai Sapih Padang. Keywords: Results of study, Civics, Non Examples Examples
У статті подано досвід укладання студентами напряму підготовки «Філологія» кваліфікації «Перекладач» Львівського державного університету безпеки життєдіяльності традиційних і комп’ютерних словників з галузі пожежної та техногенної безпеки під час практичних занять з дисципліни «Комп’ютерна лексикографія» спільно з викладачами відповідних технічних кафедр. Описано лексичну базу традиційних словників та програмне забезпечення для укладання комп’ютерних словників з цієї тематики на прикладі «Короткого українсько-англійського словника зі сфери надзвичайних ситуацій» та «Англійсько-українського словника пожежно-технічних термінів». (Modern terminology, traditional and computer lexicography among other set a practical aims to meet the needs of society by ordering, organizing and standardizing terminology, compiling dictionaries. The paper describes experience of compiling conventional and computer dictionaries by students of Lviv State University of Life Safety. The students’ major subject is English translation. Students compile unidirectional bilingual dictionaries during practical lessons on Computer Lexicography under the supervision of lecturers and instructors from the Department of Foreign Languages and Technical Translation taking into consideration advice provided by lecturers and instructors from relevant technical departments of the University. The article describes lexical database and software for compiling computer «Concise Ukrainian-English Dictionary of Emergencies» and «English-Ukrainian Dictionary of Fire and Technical Terms.» The dictionaries were compiled grounding on Ukrainian, English and Russian dictionaries, glossaries, reference books, and terminology standards. PolyDic v.1.0 was chosen as software tool to compile electronic dictionaries. It was created by experts of the Technical Committee for Scientific and Technical Terminology Standardization at Lviv Polytechnic National University. The software tool consists of two programs: PolyDic Editor – for typing, formatting and editing dictionary databases, and PolyDic Viewer – for viewing electronic dictionaries. We consider it advisable to involve in compiling computer dictionaries not only linguists and specialists in the industry for which the dictionary is written, but also students. Such type of work motivates them to use computer dictionaries, including the ones which they compiled, in further professional activities of a translator, and to research terms.)
Aquest article examina el paper del sistema educatiu en els processos d'implantació de la llengua catalana (especialment de la seva varietat normativa) i es focalitza en dues regions de parla catalana: la Catalunya i la Catalunya del Nord. S'estableixen els lligams teòrics entre les polítiques lingüístiques educatives i la implantació de varietats lingüístiques normatives, i es detallen tres esquemes sociolingüístics pertinents (adaptats de Cooper 1989, Schiffman 1996 i Baker 2011). Mitjançant aquests esquemes, es classificaran les dues situacions en qüestió per tal de comprendre-les millor. S'examinaran les dues regions per tanda: es farà una anàlisi a partir dels esquemes teòrics, tenint present dades experimentals existents pel que fa a la implantació de la normativa. L'estudi de la Catalunya del Nord és d'una importància especial, ja que el sistema educatiu d'aquesta regió no ha rebut gaire atenció per part dels investigadors. Veurem que les dues regions són molt diferents en gairebé tots els aspectes, incloent-hi el grau de la implantació i la presència de les classes de (o en) català. Tanmateix, abans de treure conclusions definitives, ens caldrà una investigació més extensa (sobretot de la situació a la Catalunya del Nord).<br/><br/>This article examines the role of the education system in processes of embedding of the Catalan language (particularly of its normative variety), and focuses on two Catalan-speaking regions: Catalonia and Northern Catalonia (in France). Theoretical links are established between language-in-education policy decisions and the embedding of linguistic norms, and three relevant sociolinguistic schema are outlined (based on Cooper 1989, Schiffman 1996 and Baker 2011). These are then used to classify and provide deeper insight into the situations under investigation. The two regions are addressed in turn: they are evaluated using the theoretical schema, and any data concerning the embedding of the norm is duly addressed and analysed. This is of particular relevance in the case of Northern Catalonia, whose education system has received relatively little academic attention. The two regions will be shown to differ on almost all fronts, from the degree of embedding to the presence of Catalan language (medium) education. However, much more research needs to be undertaken (particularly on Northern Catalonia) before any firm conclusions can be drawn.
Psychologists have studied extensively the consequences of planning for motivation and task performance, but little work has examined whether plan-making serves another function, that of helping us feel better about the yet-to-be completed task. In the present research, we examined whether making plans for completing a future task positively impacts feelings related to that task. In three studies, we tested the possibility that planning decreases negative emotions about the task planned for, and whether some types of planning are more beneficial for this than others. In Studies 1 and 2, participants were asked to nominate an important task they had yet to complete and that they had felt concerned about completing lately, and then instructed to either make a plan to complete the task using one of the specified planning types, or were not asked to make a plan. Participants then rated their feelings about the task on twenty emotions adjectives (PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988). In Study 3, participants were prompted to think about an upcoming exam, and then either (1) made a specific plan to prepare for it followed by giving affect ratings (experimental condition), or (2) rated their affect first and then made a specific plan (control condition). The results of Study 1 (N = 144) supported our hypothesis – following planning, mental simulation planners reported lower levels of negative affect than implementation intention planners and no plan controls. No differences were found for positive affect. These results were not replicated in Study 2 (N = 133) or Study 3 (N = 147), where feelings about the task did not differ depending on whether participants planned or not, or planning type. Overall, our findings did not yield consistent evidence that planning for an important future task has immediate affective benefits.
The theory of core affect posits that the neural system processes affective aspects of stimuli encountered by the organism quickly and automatically, resulting in a unified affective state described along the dimensions of valence and arousal. Core affect theory posits two functional subsystems that guide affective processing: a sensory integration and a visceramotor network. The proposed study investigates how the representation of affective dimensions depends on sensory modality, features of the task, and brain regions. A series of behavioral studies was run to develop an experimental stimulus set of silent videos and musical clips that met requirements of equating valence across stimulus types while holding arousal constant across valence categories. Valence manipulation was successful, with valence categories were equated on arousal ratings. The stimulus sets in the current study matched many of low level features between valence categories so that any difference between experimental conditions can most likely be attributed to the valence of the stimuli and not to the arousal levels or low level features of the stimuli. The fMRI study applied multiple multivariate analysis tools to analyze the fMRI data. General valence was successfully decoded from patterns of whole brain activation within participants. The successful cross-modal classification demonstrated that there is modality-general processing of valence at the whole brain level. The multidimensional scaling (MDS) results supported these conclusions by showing that a common valence dimension for visual and auditory trials as well as visual- and auditory-specific valence dimensions. The same analyses were applied to the predefined anatomical ROIs (mPFC, OFC, and STS) and revealed modality-general valence processing, evidenced by cross-modal classification and the MDS solution. Successful within-participant cross-modal classifications and unsuccessful cross-participant cross-modal classifications implies that modality-general representation of valence could be individual-specific, whereas, successful within-participant within-modal classifications and successful cross-participant within-modal classifications implies that modality-specific representations of valence might be individual-general. A first searchlight analysis was performed to localize the brain regions that were involved in modality-general valence and it identified three significant clusters: right transverse temporal gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, and right middle temporal gyrus. These searchlight results were validated with cross-modal classification and MDS. The modality-specific regions found by a second searchlight analysis were in the occipital region for visual stimuli and the temporal region for auditory stimuli, as expected. Within-modality classification confirmed that those modality-congruent areas are involved in valence processing of the corresponding modality. Interestingly, each modality’s valence was also decoded from the modality-incongruent regions. These results imply modality-specific valence valuation for both modalities in each region, because cross-modal classification was not successful in these regions and MDS did not reveal a general valence dimension in either region. In sum, the neural representation of both modality-general and modality-specific valence were found at a whole brain level as well as frontal and temporal regions, consistent with the two system approach to core affect posited by Barrett and Bliss-Moreau (2009). This conclusion was bolstered by converging methodologies.
Ignoring a visual stimulus causes it to subsequently receive more negative affective ratings than novel items or prior targets of attention. This has been taken as evidence that attentional inhibition alters the coding of stimulus-associated value to ensure that previously distracting stimuli can be effectively avoided in future encounters. Previous results have suggested that this ‘inhibitory devaluation’ effect may operate through affective associations with specific perceptual features that allow distractors to be differentiated from targets. Prior inhibition can thereby impact the affective value both of specific items that have appeared as distractors and of novel items that share a previously ignored feature. But what happens when a distractor shares the same perceptual features as a target being held in visual working memory? Recent electrophysiological evidence suggests that while the similarity may initially cause selective attention to be biased toward such task-irrelevant items, active inhibition may then be triggered to prevent them from interfering with the ongoing task. If inhibition causes affective devaluation, then such findings predict greater devaluation of task-irrelevant stimuli that share the same perceptual features as a target being held in visual working memory than those that do not. To test this, we utilized delayed-match-to-sample trials that required participants to maintain a uniquely-coloured stimulus in working memory while task-irrelevant probe arrays were presented. The probe arrays contained abstract shapes whose colour either matched or did not match that of the stimulus being held in memory. Subsequent affective-evaluation trials revealed that prior memory-matching distractors received more negative ratings than non-matching distractors or a set of previously-unseen shapes. These results converge with prior electrophysiological evidence to suggest that distractors matching the contents of visual working memory are subjected to greater levels of attentional inhibition than other task-irrelevant stimuli, and that the consequences of this inhibition include alterations in affective value. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015
Our research is motived by Boime [2005], a seminal research by the foremost art historian of our time for writing The Birth of Abstract Romanticism, Art for a New Humanity, exclusively dedicated to Khavarani?s paintings. Boime suggested that Khavarani?s painting has artistic characteristics that impart positive affects on individual?s mental state. We empirically investigate his proposition. Our data is comprised of 400 subjective surveys, carefully gathered in an art outreach in LA, in 2013. The questionnaire included both pictorial and open-ended questions. All participants visited Khavarani?s gallery, exclusively housing his paintings, and two random galleries of their choice, on the same day. The dependent variable measures the change in the viewer?s mood, comparing the mood after and before viewing objects in each gallery. The measure of mood is a six-point Likert scale, recording respondent?s affective ratings (degrees of sadness and joy) of each gallery. Our basic statistics illustrate a striking contrast between the affects of the two randomly selected galleries? content and Khavarani?s. Viewers reported a neutral affect or degrees of negative affect for the other galleries. In contrast, 70%-92% of Khavarani?s cases reported maximum?joy.? Open-ended comments show many additional affects of his paintings. Our non-parametric models, include the Friedman [both general and pairwise post-hoc], and Mann-Whitney and the Kruskal-Wallis tests. In all iterations of the non-parametric tests, the Chi-squares statistics strongly reject the null hypotheses, at 95-100% levels. Therefore, we confirm the hypothesis that Khavarani?s paintings have positive affective properties. We illustrate with a variety of basic statistics and formal tests a striking contrast between the affects of the two randomly selected galleries? content and Khavarani?s. Our tests are robust to all specifications. The size of our data enables us to treat it as parametric. Our histograms confirm that. For added rigor, we use a parametric model (GLS) for our estimations. Our results in all cases are highly stable to all our specifications. We conclude with confidence that viewers of Khavarani?s painting experienced a high degree of?joy,? in contrast to other cases. In this research we have considered related multidisciplinary literatures. Our study fills a threefold gap in those areas. Our research is also a vanguard empirical study of paintings to be housed in Khavarani?s museum in Beijing, China, late in 2015.
This paper analyses several points of interlingual dependency mismatch on the material of a parallel Czech-English dependency treebank. Particularly, the points of alignment mismatch between the valency frame arguments of the corresponding verbs are observed and described. The attention is drawn to the question whether such mismatches stem from the inherent semantic properties of the individual languages, or from the character of the used linguistic theory. Comments are made on the possible shifts in meaning. The authors use the findings to make predictions about possible machine translation implementation of the data.
We present a dependency parser for Persian, called ParsPer, developed using the graph-based parser in the Mate Tools. The parser is trained on the entire Uppsala Persian Dependency Treebank with a specific configuration that was selected by MaltParser as the best performing parsing representation. The treebank’s syntactic annotation scheme is based on Stanford Typed Dependencies with extensions for Persian. The results of the ParsPer evaluation revealed a best labeled accuracy over 82% with an unlabeled accuracy close to 87%. The parser is freely available and released as an open source tool for parsing Persian.
Multiword expressions (MWEs) present particular and distinctive semantic properties, hence their automatic extraction receives special attention from the natural language processing (NLP) and corpus linguistics community, and is still an active research area. Unfortunately, the creation of necessary resources for this task is quite rigorous and many languages suffer from the lack of these; as in the case for Turkish.
International audience
La nueva base de datos del Proyecto Nerthus, llamada The Grid, fue presentada por Martin Arista en una conferencia dictada en la Universidad de Sheffield en 2013. The Grid consiste en cinco tablas relacionadas: la base de datos lexica Nerthus, una concordancia por fragmentos, una concordancia por palabras, un indice y un indice inverso de The Dictionary of Old English Corpus. The Grid no esta basado en formas de diccionario, sino en atestiguaciones textuales. De todas las lineas de investigacion posibles que esta nueva organizacion de la base de datos ofrece, este trabajo se hace cargo de la lematizacion de las formas textuales. La razon es que un corpus morfologicamente anotado de ingles antiguo es una asignatura pendiente de esta disciplina. La informacion morfologica solo esta disponible para las letras A-G, las cuales ya han sido publicadas por el The Dictionary of Old English, pero no existe, o no es tan facil de encontrar en los diccionarios actuales para las letras H-Y. El proposito de la investigacion es proporcionar un inventario de lemas de verbos fuertes basados en la evidencia textual que viene proporcionada por el Dictionary of Old English Corpus. Respecto al Proyecto Nerthus, esta tesis intenta desarrollar un sistema de busquedas basado en sucesivas busquedas, de manera que las formas mas transparentes sean etiquetadas antes que otras formas mas opacas. La restriccion del ambito de analisis a los verbos fuertes se basa en dos razones. La primera es que el sistema de verbos fuertes en ingles antiguo desempena un papel central en la derivacion y el desarrollo del lexico. Por otra parte, los verbos fuertes, caracterizados por la apofonia, o ablaut, pueden ser buscados no solo por la terminacion flexiva, pero tambien por la vocal radical, lo que contribuye a refinar el sistema de busquedas. El punto de partida de esta investigacion es que la labor de lematizacion se puede hacer en parte automaticamente y en parte manualmente. La informacion contenida en la base de datos, junto con las funcionalidades de Filemaker, pueden maximizar la parte automatica del analisis y minimizar la revision manual. La metodologia incluye tres pasos principales: la recopilacion de un corpus de verbos fuertes que se adapte al analisis, la identificacion de las formas flexivas, y la definicion de codigos de busqueda automatica. La lista de verbos fuertes se ha tomado de la lista de referencia de verbos fuertes del Proyecto Nerthus, que se basa en las siete clases de Campbell (1987) y Hogg and Fulk (2011), y en las subclases de Krygier (1994). Para la identificacion de las formas flexivas relevantes, los verbos fuertes que no han sido derivados, han sido derivados en el infinitivo, presente de indicativo, preterito de indicativo, presente de subjuntivo, preterito de subjuntivo, e imperativo, todos ellos en singular y plural. Para las busquedas en la base de datos lexica, esta tesis propone un sistema de cuatro codigos de busqueda sucesivos que estan disenados especificamente para buscar determinadas formas verbales. Aparte del inventario de verbos fuertes, en las conclusiones se presentan resultados en dos areas. Primero, esta tesis puede responder de manera motivada la cuestion de los limites en la automatizacion en el analisis morfologico. En segundo lugar, que tesis arroja luz sobre la cuestion de la regularizacion de la ortografia caracteristica del trabajo lexicografico o normalizacion.
In this methodological article I discuss the advantages of using parsed corpora (treebanks) for historical linguistics research. I argue that even apparently simple, descriptive questions such as how often different word orders occur cannot be adequately answered without the use of treebanks, which make the underlying theoretical assumptions explicit. I demonstrate this concretely with a case study from word order in participle clauses in the New Testament.
Cet article présente le repérage des connecteurs de discours dans le corpus « French Treebank » (FTB) déjà annoté pour la morpho-syntaxe. C’est la première étape dans l’annotation discursive complète de ce corpus. Il s’agit de projeter sur le corpus les éléments répertoriés dans LexConn, lexique des connecteurs du français, et de filtrer les occurrences de ces éléments qui n’ont pas un emploi discursif mais par exemple un emploi d’adverbe de manière ou de préposition introduisant un complément sous-catégorisé. Plus de 10 000 connecteurs ont été identifiés.