Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
This study explored the relationship of mindfulness trait with the early and late stages of affective processing, by examining the two corresponding ERP components, P2 and LPP, collected from twenty-two male Chinese participants with a wide range of meditation experiences. Multiple regression analyses was performed on the mindfulness scores, as measured by CAMS-R, with the subjective affective ratings and ERP data collected during an emotion processing task. The results showed that increased mindfulness scores predicted increased valence ratings of negative stimuli (less negative), as well as increased P2 amplitudes at the frontocentral location for positive compared to negative stimuli. Based on these findings, a plausible mechanism of mindfulness in reducing negativity bias was discussed. Moreover, our results replicated previous findings on the age-related increase of P2 amplitudes at the frontal sites for positive compared to neutral stimuli. Since the locations at which P2 amplitudes were found as associated with age and mindfulness differed, as did the emotional contents of the stimuli being compared, indicating that the effect of age did not confound our findings on mindfulness and the two factors might operate on early affective processing from distinct sources and mechanisms.
Стаття присвячена основним аспектам перекладу медичної термінології на українську мову. Розглядаються домінантні шляхи утворення медичних термінів та особливості їх відтворення українською мовою. Наведено приклади та проаналізовано найуживаніші способи перекладу лексики наукового медичного дискурсу. (The article is dedicated to the basic aspects of medical terminology translation into Ukrainian. In the research paper the main aspects of such language concepts as «discourse», «academic discourse» and «medical terminology» are analyzed and identified; the structural and semantic aspects of borrowed medical terminology are determined; dominant ways of medical terms formation and peculiarities of their rendering into Ukrainian are examined; the examples and the most common ways of scientific vocabulary of medical discourse translation are illustrated. It is stated, that in the process of medical terms translation it is important to find out the interconnection between term and context, which is the only way to render lexical meaning. In the article great attention is paid to the compound medical terms rendering that is one of the most controversial sides of medical English-Ukrainian translation. It is defined that according to the translation situation and/or to the textual genre, it is necessary to take into account the different register levels and possible changes in vocabulary. It is important to remember that translation of borrowed medical terms demands from translator sufficient level of knowledge in this sphere and also following the strict norms of Ukrainian language. According to the investigation done, meaning of borrowed suffixes and prefixes in medical discourse coincide in both languages. Hence the main techniques of their translation into Ukrainian are either transliteration, or finding functional equivalent.)
The Language Hoax: Why the World Looks the Same in Any Language John H. McWhorter (2014) New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 208. ISBN 978-0-19-936158-8After works like Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of 'Pure' Standard English and The Power of Babel: A Natural History of Language, the volume under review continues the author's work first and foremost aimed at educating the general public about issues related to language and linguistics, a highly important task as I have noted on other occasions. This time it is a manifesto, as the author states in the first sentence of the Introduction: a manifesto which takes issue with the recent rise of Neo-Whorfianism and especially its popularized version divulgated by the media. After all, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis according to which the language we speak shapes the way we perceive the world seems quite appealing and is, at first sight, also politically correct. In McWhorter's words: 'Under Whorfianism, everybody is interesting and everybody matters' (p. xvi). At the same time, it is also dangerous as it suggests that humans are not mentally alike. McWhorter's aim is to show that the 'idea of languages as pairs of glasses does not hold water in the way that we may, understandably, wish it did' (p. xvii). According to him, language is, indeed, a lens - but not upon distinct humanities but humanity in general - and languages are fascinating in their own right.The Introduction (pp. ix-xx) introduces the reader to the questions at hand: What is (Neo-) Whorfianism all about? What are the stakes? What is this book about? To some extent, I have outlined that in the preceding.In Chapter 1, 'Studies Have Shown' (pp. 3-29), McWhorter conscientiously revises recent Neo-Whorfian research which shows that language does have an effect on thought. However, this effect cannot be deemed anything but the like of insignificant milliseconds in hitting buttons during laboratory reaction tests gauging to what extent, for instance, speakers of Russian with lexical items for both 'dark blue' and 'light blue' are more sensitive to shades of blue than speakers of languages which lack this distinction. Thence, concluding that a tribe whose languages lacks numbers is bad at maths (the case of the Brazilian Piraha extensively reported upon by the media in 2004) is akin to considering that a 'tribe without cars doesn't drive' (p. 16) or 'Legless Tribe [is] Incapable of Walking Because They Have No Words for Walk' (p. 21). Rather than language shaping the way we see the world, it is culture and language-external realities which have an impact on language, for instance in the form of specific terminology such as Japanese honorifics.In order to save Whorfianism, we might fancy 'Having It Both Ways?' which is precisely the title of Chapter 2 (pp. 30-58). Unfortunately, that doesn't work either. There just is no intrinsic necessity for language A to develop, say, evidential markers, while language B, spoken in a very similar environment, does not. As McWhorter puts it: 'Worldwide, chance is, itself, the only real pattern evident in the link between languages and what their speakers are like' (p. 45). Or that bubbles (or frills or ornaments) just happen to pop up somewhere in the soup.A central point made by the author in Chapter 3, 'An Interregnum on Culture' (pp. 59-72), is that sociohistorical conditions have affected language structure throughout human history: witness, for example, the fact that languages massively acquired at some point in history as L2 such as English, Mandarin Chinese, Persian, Swahili, and Indonesian tend to be less complex than what is the norm for human language.The author returns to the currently much-debated concept of linguistic complexity in the next chapter, 'Dissing the Chinese' (pp. 73-103). As it happens, Whorfian studies have compared a limited set of grammatical features of 'National Geographic' languages with English. For the reasons elaborated in the previous chapter, the outcome is that those languages seemingly encode reality in a more elaborate or exotic way than English. …
Prior research with four-part analogies suggests that people can detect that a novel word pair (e.g., "beaver:dam") maps analogically onto a pair in memory (e.g., "robin:nest") despite being unable to retrieve the pair from memory that is driving that detection. The present study demonstrates that the same type of detection during retrieval failure can occur when a story is used at test to illustrate a common aphorism that failed to be retrieved from an earlier list (e.g., "The squeaky wheel gets the grease" or "A watched pot never boils"). Given that prior research has suggested that analogy is related to insight, the present study also examined if such analogical detection during retrieval failure is related to the sense of presque vu, which is a term used to describe the subjective sense of an impending insight or discovery. Reports of presque vu during retrieval failure were associated with higher familiarity ratings. Participants were most likely to report presque vu after failing to identify the aphorism on the first attempt but before succeeding on the second attempt (relative to succeeding on the first attempt or failing altogether on both attempts). Additionally, instances of successful identification on the second attempt after a failed first attempt were more likely when presque vu was reported than when it was not. These patterns suggest that reports of presque vu may indicate impending retrieval of as yet unretrieved relevant information. However, instances of successful second attempt identification after initial failure occurred too infrequently to fully examine whether analogical resemblance to an unretrieved studied aphorism interacted with these patterns.
The purpose of this study was to reveal the effects of Westernized arrangements of traditional Korean folk music on music familiarity and preference. Two separate labs in one intact class were assigned to one of two treatment groups of either listening to traditional Korean folk songs ( n = 18) or listening to Western arrangements of the same Korean folk songs ( n = 22); a second intact class served as a control group with no listening ( n = 20). Before and after the listening treatment session, pre- and posttests were administered that included 12 music excerpts of current popular, Western classical, and traditional Korean music. Results showed that participants who listened to traditional folk songs demonstrated significant increases in both familiarity and preference ratings; however, those who listened to Westernized folk songs showed increases only in familiarity ratings but not preference ratings for the same Korean songs in traditional versions. An analysis of participants’ open-ended responses showed that affective–positive responses were used most frequently when explaining preference for traditional versions of Korean folk songs (28.1%) among the traditional Korean listening group; structural–negative reasons (47.8%) were the most frequent among the Westernized listening group.
BACKGROUND: Adaptive emotional responses are important in interpersonal relationships. We investigated self-reported emotional experience, physiological reactivity, and micro-facial expressivity in relation to the social nature of stimuli in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ). METHOD: Galvanic skin response (GSR) and facial electromyography (fEMG) were recorded in medicated outpatients with SZ and demographically matched healthy controls (CO) while they viewed social and non-social images from the International Affective Pictures System. Participants rated the valence and arousal, and selected a label for experienced emotions. Symptom severity in the SZ and psychometric schizotypy in CO were assessed. RESULTS: The two groups did not differ in their labeling of the emotions evoked by the stimuli, but individuals with SZ were more positive in their valence ratings. Although self-reported arousal was similar in both groups, mean GSR was greater in SZ, suggesting differential awareness, or calibration of internal states. Both groups reported social images to be more arousing than non-social images but their physiological responses to non-social vs. social images were different. Self-reported arousal to neutral social images was correlated with positive symptoms in SZ. Negative symptoms in SZ and disorganized schizotypy in CO were associated with reduced mean fEMG. Greater corrugator mean fEMG activity for positive images in SZ indicates valence-incongruent facial expressions. CONCLUSION: The patterns of emotional responses differed between the two groups. While both groups were in broad agreement in self-reported arousal and emotion labels, their mean GSR, and fEMG correlates of emotion diverged in relation to the social nature of the stimuli and clinical measures. Importantly, these results suggest disrupted self awareness of internal states in SZ and underscore the complexities of emotion processing in health and disease.
We present a novel approach for the identification of multiword expressions (MWEs). The methodology extracts a large set of recurring syntactic fragments from a given treebank using a Tree-Kernel method. Differently from previous studies, the expressions underlying these fragments are arbitrarily long and can include intervening gaps. In the initial study we use these fragments to identify MWEs as a parsing task (in a supervised manner) as proposed by Here we obtain a small improvement over previous results. In the second part, we compare various association measures in reranking the expressions underlying these fragments in an unsupervised fashion. We show how a newly defined measure (Log Inside Ratio) based on statistical parsing techniques is able to outperform classical association measures in the French data.
In this article we consider a multilevel first-order autoregressive [AR(1)] model with random intercepts, random autoregression, and random innovation variance (i.e., the level 1 residual variance). Including random innovation variance is an important extension of the multilevel AR(1) model for two reasons. First, between-person differences in innovation variance are important from a substantive point of view, in that they capture differences in sensitivity and/or exposure to unmeasured internal and external factors that influence the process. Second, using simulation methods we show that modeling the innovation variance as fixed across individuals, when it should be modeled as a random effect, leads to biased parameter estimates. Additionally, we use simulation methods to compare maximum likelihood estimation to Bayesian estimation of the multilevel AR(1) model and investigate the trade-off between the number of individuals and the number of time points. We provide an empirical illustration by applying the extended multilevel AR(1) model to daily positive affect ratings from 89 married women over the course of 42 consecutive days.
This paper addresses Chinese discourse segmentation based on punctuation mark. Particularly, we propose various kinds of lexical, syntactic, position and punctuation features to train classifiers for Chinese discourse segmentation. Experimental results on CDTB (Chinese Discourse Treebank) show that our method based on punctuation mark is appropriate for Chinese discourse segmentation with 89.2% in accuracy.
Psychologists have used experimental methods to study language for more than a century. However, only with the recent availability of large-scale linguistic databases has a more complete picture begun to emerge of how language is actually used, and what information is available as input to language acquisition. Analyses of such "big data" have resulted in reappraisals of key assumptions about the nature of language. As an example, we focus on corpus-based research that has shed new light on the arbitrariness of the sign: the longstanding assumption that the relationship between the sound of a word and its meaning is arbitrary. The results reveal a systematic relationship between the sound of a word and its meaning, which is stronger for early acquired words. Moreover, the analyses further uncover a systematic relationship between words and their lexical categories-nouns and verbs sound differently from each other-affecting how we learn new words and use them in sentences. Together, these results point to a division of labor between arbitrariness and systematicity in sound-meaning mappings. We conclude by arguing in favor of including "big data" analyses into the language scientist's methodological toolbox.
This paper investigates the relation between the number of full valency frames (we do not distinguish between complements and optional adjuncts, both are taken into account) of a verb and the number of its synonyms. It is shown that for Czech verbs from the Prague Dependency Treebank it holds “the greater the full valency of a verb, the more synonyms the verb has”.
See http://clld.org
Quantifying image quality through subjective evaluation is very critical to image quality evaluation. Using the image quality ruler method, an average score per stimulus can be easily obtained in the unit of Just Noticeable Differences (JNDs). However, it requires a large number of subjects, since pure averaging does not consider the different judging quality of different subjects. In this paper, we propose an image quality evaluation framework using the image quality ruler method with a statistical model. By incorporating this model, we consider the quality score, the expertise of the subjects, and the difficulty of image rating task as three hidden variables. Then we use expectation-maximization (EM) to estimate these hidden variables. From our experimental results, we show that our method provides reliable results without using a large number of subjects. Preliminary results also demonstrate that the estimates of the parameters can guide us to better distribute the valuable human resources used to conduct psychophysical experiments.
Alexithymia is believed to involve deficits in emotion processing and imagery ability. Previous findings suggest that it is especially related to deficits in processing the arousal dimension of emotion, and that discordance may exist between self-report and physiological responses to emotional stimuli in alexithymia. The current study used a well-established emotional imagery paradigm to examine emotion processing deficits and discordance in participants (N = 86) selected based on their extreme scores on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20. Physiological (skin conductance, heart rate, and corrugator and zygomaticus electromyographic responses) and self-report (valence, arousal ratings) responses were monitored during imagery of anger, fear, joy, and neutral scenes and emotionally neutral high arousal (action) scenes. Results from regression analyses indicated that alexithymia was largely unrelated to responses on valence-based measures (facial electromyography, valence ratings), but that it was related to arousal-based measures. Specifically, alexithymia was related to higher heart rate during neutral and lower heart rate during fear imagery. Alexithymia did not predict differential responses to action versus neutral imagery, suggesting specificity of deficits to emotional contexts. Evidence for discordance between physiological responses and self-report in alexithymia was obtained from within-person analyses using multilevel modeling. Results are consistent with the idea that alexithymic deficits are specific to processing emotional arousal, and suggest difficulties with parasympathetic control and emotion regulation. Alexithymia is also associated with discordance between self-reported emotional experience and physiological response to emotion, consistent with prior evidence.
The article introduces two internet sources designated to the study of Older Czech language (13th to 18th centuries); both have been designed and run by The Department of Language Development at The Institute of the Czech Language at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. The first source, Vokabulář webový [Web Vocabulary] (http://vokabular.ujc.cas.cz), makes texts, images and audio materials available to the study of Older Czech language. The accessible materials are, primarily, both modern and historical dictionaries, amongst which the most salient is the, gradually growing, Elektronický slovník staré češtiny [Electronic Old-Czech Vocabulary] that treats Old-Czech lexicon from the dawn of Czech language to the end of the 15th century. Furthermore, Vokabulář includes electronic editions of the works originating in the period from the 13th century to the beginning of the 19th century, presented both as continuous texts and in the corpus version; digitalized copies of Older-Czech grammar books; basic scientific literature; audiobooks of Older-Czech texts; and software tools utilized for the work with historical texts. The second source is Lexikální databáze hu-manistické a barokní češtiny [Lexical Database of Humanistic and Baroque Czech] (http://madla.ujc.cas.cz). It records the Czech vocabulary of the 16th to 18th centuries based on the excerption of the authentic contemporary texts (both old prints and manuscripts): Lexical database illustrates the Czech vocabulary with direct quotations, including stating the source. Thus, Lexical Database partly substitutes the missing Czech vocabulary of the mentioned period.
For a resource poor language like Hindi, it becomes very difficult to bracket a noun sequence using approaches which are only based on corpus or lexical database. For semantic knowledge, power of both type of resources is needed to be combined. Therefore, affinity in between two nouns is preferred to be measured using backoff association which is the combination of lexical and conceptual association. Also, syntax is important for this task. But syntactic rules do not work for the compound nouns which is a special case of noun sequences and it may also occur as the sub-sequence. Using hybrid approach, accuracy of 86.33% has been obtained.
In the article the author makes an attempt to classify radiodiscourse in according to the existing classifications of discourses. Being a type of oral discourse of mass media it possesses its certain characteristics such as unprepared nature of official speech, tendencies to deterioration of a linguistic norm and an intimate manner of speaking. Moreover, clearly defined roles, specified place and context of communication, chronotope, certain typical discursive formulae allow to define radiodiscourse as an institutional discourse. However, extralinguistic conditions in which radiocommunication takes place bring about such peculiarities of radiodiscourse as distance and mediation, mass nature of audience, omnitude, high information rate, direct connection to time, in particular irreversibility, linearity, continuity. Though radiodiscourse has universal characteristics of both oral mediaand institutional discourses, the named peculiarities make it possible to distinguish it in discourse diversity, where it has a certain quite independent position.
We examine the nature of phonological and semantic similarity\nin early language learning. We consider how the use of this\ninformation might change over the course of development. To\nthis end, we represent the lexicon as either a phonological or\nsemantic network and model the growth of this network. Constructing\nnormative vocabularies from the Communicative Development\nInventory norms, we utilize a preferential attachment\ngrowth algorithm. We predict and quantify the words\nwhich will be learned next, comparing the two network representations.\nWe consider the effect of age, total vocabulary size\nand language ability as measured through CDI percentile. Our\nfindings suggest that the semantic representation does not outperform\nthe baseline bag-of-words model, whereas the phonological\nrepresentation conditionally does. More generally, we\nshow that the network representation influences the ability of\na model to capture vocabulary growth. We further offer a\nmethod of analysis for testing representational assumptions in\nnetwork models.
How does a child's vocabulary production change over time? Past research has often focused on characterizing population statistics of vocabulary growth. In this work, we develop models that attempt to predict when a specific word will be learned by a particular child. The models are based on two qualitatively different sources of information: a representation describing the child (age, sex, and quantifiers of vocabulary skill) and a representation describing the specific words a child knows. Using longitudinal data from children aged 15-36 months collected at the University of Colorado, we constructed logistic regression models to predict each month whether a word would be learned in the coming month. Models based on either the child representation or the word representation outperform a baseline model that utilizes population acquisition norms. Although the child- and word-representation models perform comparably, an ensemble that averages the predictions of the two separate models obtains significantly higher accuracy, indicating that the two sources of information are complementary. Through the exploration of such models, we gain an understanding of the factors that influence language learning, and this understanding should inform cognitive theories of development. On a practical level, these models may support the development of interventions to boost language acquisition.
Moral choices are the result of an interplay between emotion and cognition [1,2]: emotions usually elicit deontological choices while cognition leads people to make utilitarian choices.Accordingly, patients with emotional deficits give more utilitarian responses compared to healthy controls [3][4][5][6][7].Recently, studies have shown that this response pattern is present also in individuals with alexithymia [8,9].Alexithymia describes a subclinical condition characterized by affect dysregulation and it comprises an affective dimension, the level of subjective emotional experience, and a cognitive dimension, referring to the cognitive control of emotions [10].The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of alexithymia on "moral decision making", taking these two dimensions into account.To this end, we recruited 22 alexithymic participants and 22 non-alexithymic controls, and asked them to perform a moral decision-making task, which consisted in choosing between two solutions of a dilemma and in rating the valence of emotions and arousal elicited by the decision [11].While participants performed the task, their skin conductance was measured.No differences emerged between alexithymic participants and controls in the percentage of utilitarian answers and decision time.However, alexithymic participants rated as significantly less unpleasant the emotions associated with the decision.Moreover, valence and arousal ratings significantly correlated with the affective component of alexithymia.No significant differences in skin conductance between the two groups were observed.In conclusion, alexithymia seems to influence emotions rising from the moral decision but not the decision itself.In addition, the affective components of alexithymia seems to play an important role in the evaluation of the affective reactions to moral decisions.
L’etiquetage morpho-syntaxique est une tâche fondamentale du Traitement Automatique de la Langue, sur laquelle reposent souvent des traitements plus complexes tels que l’extraction d’information ou la traduction automatique. L’etiquetage en domaine de specialite est limite par la disponibilite d’outils et de corpus annotes specifiques au domaine. Dans cet article, nous presentons le developpement d’un corpus clinique du francais annote morpho-syntaxiquement a l’aide d’un jeu d’etiquettes issus des guides d’annotation French Treebank et Multitag. L’analyse de ce corpus nous permet de caracteriser le domaine clinique et de degager les points cles pour l’adaptation d’outils d’analyse morpho-syntaxique a ce domaine. Nous montrons egalement les limites d’un outil entraine sur un corpus journalistique applique au domaine clinique. En perspective de ce travail, nous envisageons une application du corpus clinique annote pour ameliorer l’etiquetage morpho-syntaxique des documents cliniques en francais.
The article is devoted to the conceptual analysis of Orthodontic Terminology. According to the basic positions of Cognitive Linguistics the concepts are nominated on the basis of the ideas about them and develop in the course of practical human activity. The category of Space is the main one for all sections of Orthodontics. On the basis of this fact, the main spatual (dimentional) components were observed, which are the main components of the conceptual framework and are more often find their linguistic objectification: the place, the form, the size. These components are very important in the Orthodontics consepts formation, because of the need in accurate diagnosis and treatment methods. The article investigates the traditional ways of term formation: morphological, lexical-semantic, syntactic and mixed.
Existing models of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) are broad and do not provide information about how to improve existing interventions. The purpose of the current study is to extend the empirical application of a disgust model of FSD (de Jong, van Overveld, & Borg, 2013) to a population of young women reporting difficulties with sexual desire and/or arousal and related distress. Sixty college-aged females participated in the study and were placed into two groups based upon their reports of sexual functioning and sexual distress: a control group (i.e., no sexual difficulties or distress) and a clinical group (i.e., difficulties with sexual desire and/or arousal and accompanying distress). Participants were attached to physiological equipment and shown images displaying neutral, positive, disgusting, and erotic content. It was hypothesized that the clinical group would show more evidence of disgust (via affective and autonomic responses) than the control group. Consistent with hypotheses, no group differences were found in any of the affective or autonomic measures during presentation of the neutral, positive, or disgust images. Group differences during presentation of the erotic images (i.e., in facial EMG, heart rate, and self-report affective ratings) and follow-up analyses provided preliminary evidence for generalizing the disgust model of female sexual dysfunction beyond disorders of sexual pain, at least among some women. Exploratory analyses implicated a relationship between a history of sexual victimization and self-report disgust ratings of erotic images. Future research should further explore these relationships in order to shed more light on how disgust-based mechanisms impact the onset and maintenance of female sexual dysfunction.
Theory of Mind (ToM) has repeatedly been defined as the ability to understand that others believe their own things based on their own subjective interpretations and experiences, and that their thoughts are determined independently from your own. In this study, we wanted to see if individual differences in ToM are capable of causing different perceptions of an individual's interactions with human like robotics and highlight whether or not individual differences in ToM account for different levels of how individuals experience what is called the "Uncanny Valley phenomenon" and to see whether or not having a fully developed theory of mind is essential to the perception of the interaction. This was assessed by inquiring whether or not individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) perceive robotics and artificially intelligent technology in the same ways that typically developed individuals do; we focused on the growing use of social robotics in ASD therapies. Studies have indicated that differences of ToM exist between individuals with ASD and those who are typically developed. Comparably, we were also curious to see if differences in empathy levels also accounted for differences in ToM and thus a difference in the perceptions of human like robotics. A robotic image rating survey was administered to a group of University of central Florida students, as well as 2 surveys - the Autism Spectrum Quotient (ASQ) and the Basic Empathy Scale (BES), which helped optimize a measurement for theory of mind. Although the results of this study did not support the claim that individuals with ASD do not experience the uncanny valley differently than typically developed individuals, there were significant enough results to conclude that different levels of empathy may account for individual differences in the uncanny valley. People with low empathy seemed to have experienced less of an uncanny valley feeling, while people with higher recorded empathy showed to experience more of an uncanny valley sensitivity.
The Syntax of Dutch (SoD) is a descriptive and detailed grammar of Dutch, that provides data for many issues raised in linguistic theory. We present the results of a pilot project that investigated the possibility of enriching the online version of the text with links to queries that provide relevant results from syntactically annotated corpora.
We investigate in this paper the degree of overlap between synonym sets of translated word pairs across three languages: French, English and Romanian. We use for this purpose a French Synonym Dictionary, a Romanian Synonym Dictionary, Princeton’s WordNet and Google Translate API. We build a database containing pairs of (translated) words from the three languages, along with their corresponding synonym sets. We use it in order to gain insight into the synonym overlap for each language pair, and thus, into their degree of common concept lexicalization, by various queries. While the overall percentage of common synonyms is (expectedly) quite small (averaging ~6% across all language pairs), the percentage of hard synonyms pairs (pairs that have at least one common synonym), reaching ~62%, is significant. This is encouraging for further use of this special kind of word translated pairs in tasks such as automatic enhancement of lexical databases (such as WordNet) for less resourced languages such as Romanian, based on corresponding English versions of these lexical databases. Another interesting query topic was obtaining distributions of hard synonym pairs, function of their part of speech: hard synonyms were most frequent among verbs for English, and among adjectives for Romanian and French.
According to the cognitive model of panic disorder (PD), panic attacks are triggered and maintained by catastrophic misappraisals of bodily sensations. Clinically, PD is associated with impaired cognitive emotion regulation strategies involving cognitive reappraisal. To investigate the neural correlates and time course of cognitive reappraisal in patients with PD, event-related potentials were recorded from patients with PD and demographically matched control group during passive viewing of affective images under three conditions: (a) neutral pictures preceded by neutral descriptions, (b) unpleasant pictures preceded by negative descriptions, and (c) unpleasant pictures preceded by neutral descriptions. The late positive potential (LPP), an event-related potential component sensitive to cognitive change strategies, was examined as an index of cognitive reappraisal. Consistent with previous results, the unpleasant pictures preceded by negative descriptions had decreased valence ratings, increased arousal ratings, and increased LPP amplitudes compared with the unpleasant pictures preceded by neutral descriptions in the control group. In contrast, no reliable effect of description condition was observed for valence ratings in the PD group. The patients demonstrated differing response patterns from the control participants, with higher arousal ratings and larger LPPs during the 1000-2000 ms window when unpleasant pictures were preceded by a neutral description than when unpleasant pictures were preceded by a negative description. The present study suggests that emotion regulation is impaired in patients with PD. These findings describe the first electrophysiological correlates of abnormal cognitive reappraisal in patients with PD.
In this work we suggest a novel Text Categorization (TC) scenario, motivated by an ad-hoc industrial need to assign documents to a set of predefined categories, while labeled training data for the categories is not available. The scenario is applicable in many industrial settings and is interesting from the academic perspective. We present a new dataset geared for the main characteristics of the scenario, and utilize it to investigate the name-based TC approach, which uses the category names as its only input and does not require training data. We evaluate and analyze the performance of state-of-the-art methods for this dataset to identify the shortcomings of these methods for our scenario, and suggest ways for overcoming these shortcomings. We utilize statistical correlation measured over a target corpus for improving the state-of-the-art, and offer a different classification scheme based on the characteristics of the setting. We evaluate our improvements and adaptations and show superior performance of our suggested method.
The article deals with the issues of genesis, content, and peculiarities of existence in the Russian manuscript tradition of the passionary compiled work “The Passion of Jesus Christ” devoted to the description of the last days of the Saviour’s life on Earth. The author characterizes some structural peculiarities of the work. The first feature is the presence of thirty two chapters in the full version; at this, more than half of them originate from apocryphal legends, in particular from the so called “Gospel of Nikodim” dating back to the 2 n d century AD. The second feature consists in a wide variation of repertory of the initial and finishing chapters within the work’s numerous lists while the pivot (the events described in chapters 26-27 of the “Gospel of Mathew”) remains stable. The authors also introduce and describe a new manuscript of the 17 t h century preserved in Mordovia museum of local history. The main part of this manuscript is represented by the Apocrypha “The Passion of Jesus Christ”. The authors of the present article highlight the highest artistic value and historical importance of the manuscript containing ninety magnificent illustrations and including thirty one miniatures accompanying the whole passionary cycle. The analyses of graphic and orthographical features of the manuscript showed a tendency to breaking the norms while choosing one of the members of the doublet pair. The lexical system of Apocrypha consists of five main theme groups, including the lexemes connected with the concepts “man”, “religion”, “material culture”, “time”, “natural world” as well as with the inner world of a man, his appearance, and social status. The language of the work consists mainly of the low norms of the 17 th-century Old Church Slavonic language with some dialectic features (okanye using “o”, chokanye using “ch”).
The present study explores how minority schoolchildren in multilingual peer group interactions act upon dominant educational and linguistic ideologies as they organize their everyday emerging peer culture. The data draw from ethnographies combined with detailed analysis (CA) of video recordings in two primary monolingual school settings in Sweden. Bakhtin’s processual view of how linguistic norms are used for overcoming the heteroglossia of language is used as a framework for understanding how monolingualism is talked-into-being in multilingual peer groups. As will be demonstrated, the children recurrently participate in corrective practices in which they playfully exploit multiple linguistic resources (syntactic, lexical and phonetic features) and the turn structure of varied activities (conflicts, accusations, insults, classroom discourse) to play with and consolidate a collective critical view of not-knowing correct Swedish. Moreover, they transform faulty talk (repeating structural elements, recycling arguments, using parodic imitations, joint laughter, code-switching) to display their language competence, assert powerful positions and strengthen alliances in the peer group. It is argued that such forms of playful heteroglossic peer group practices are highly ambiguous and paradoxically tend to enforce power hierarchies and values associated with different social languages and codes, thus co-constructing the monolingual ideology.
Speech perception depends on long-term representations that reflect regularities of the native language. However, listeners rapidly adapt when speech acoustics deviate from these regularities due to talker idiosyncrasies such as foreign accents and dialects. To better understand these dual aspects of speech perception, we probe native English listeners' baseline perceptual weighting of 2 acoustic dimensions (spectral quality and vowel duration) toward vowel categorization and examine how they subsequently adapt to an "artificial accent" that deviates from English norms in the correlation between the 2 dimensions. At baseline, listeners rely relatively more on spectral quality than vowel duration to signal vowel category, but duration nonetheless contributes. Upon encountering an "artificial accent" in which the spectral-duration correlation is perturbed relative to English language norms, listeners rapidly down-weight reliance on duration. Listeners exhibit this type of short-term statistical learning even in the context of nonwords, confirming that lexical information is not necessary to this form of adaptive plasticity in speech perception. Moreover, learning generalizes to both novel lexical contexts and acoustically distinct altered voices. These findings are discussed in the context of a mechanistic proposal for how supervised learning may contribute to this type of adaptive plasticity in speech perception.
Abstract This study explores the extent to which first language (L1) versus second language (L2) use and attachments to native versus majority language and culture influence the proficiency in the L2 Dutch among the Turkish-Dutch bilinguals. The community under investigation is of particular significance because it represents the largest non-Western ethnic group in the Netherlands and it has often been discussed in the context of the group members’ ethnic and linguistic attachments as opposed to their perceived unwillingness to adopt the cultural norms of the Dutch society. What makes this immigration setting interesting is that the shift from tolerance to startling levels of restrictiveness in policies of cultural and linguistic integration has nowhere been as fast as in the Netherlands. Data are collected from the first generation Turkish immigrants (n = 45) who migrated to the Netherlands after the age of 15 and lived there for 10 years or longer and native Dutch speakers (n = 39) via an elicited speech task, a lexical naming/recognition task and a sociolinguistic background questionnaire. The first set of analyses reveals several links between the individual variables (i.e., L1 use in the family and with friends, L2 use at work, level of education, length of residence and cultural preference) and different aspects of L2 proficiency. However, the effect sizes of these correlations are weak to moderate. The second set of analyses applies a discriminant analysis where proficiency in the L2 has been established as one integrated score. In this analysis, only preferred language emerges as the best predictor of language development.
У статті наголошується, що, у зв’язку з розширенням міжнародних економічних зв’язків, виникла необхідність удосконалення методики навчання професійного економічного перекладу. Запропоновано елективний курс «Економічний переклад», що передбачає поглиблену підготовку перекладачів у сфері професійної комунікації. Охарактеризовано основні завдання, принципи та етапи навчання. Визначаються параметри, що характеризують сформованість перекладацьких умінь студентів. (The author of the article emphasizes that due to intense globalization, introduction of different innovations, expansion of economic connections, the interest to economy becomes an issue of primary importance. This causes the necessity to expand intercultural communication in this sphere, develop the methods of teaching economic texts translation. The author states that the students cannot successfully understand and use any terminology if it is not ordered and contrasted with the analogues of these terms in commonly used lexics and other terminological systems. The mistakes in understanding and not sufficient adequacy of a term translation can lead to essential communicative failures. The author’s position consists in stating that teaching the translation of economic texts should be based on the achievements of psycholinguistics, cognitive linguistics, text linguistics, cultural linguistics and translation studies. The author offers an elective course «Economic translation» which supposes more profound preparation of translators in the sphere of professional communication. According to the aim of the course, we have offered a series of tasks: 1) developing the students’ knowledge in the sphere of Ukrainian and English grammatical norms in the process of economic translation; 2) developing the students’ knowledge in the sphere of Ukrainian and English stylistical norms in the process of economic translation; 3) teaching the economic terminology; 4) developing the skills of conveying the meaning of the original text in the process of economic translation. Within the limits of the course we have developed the topics, which are studied according to a uniform structure. When analysing the maturity of the students’ translation skills four main parameters are taken into account: 1) knowledge of the Ukrainian/English grammatical norms; 2) knowledge of the Ukrainian/English stylistical norms; 3) knowledge of the economic terminology; 4) conveying of the original text meaning. To each of the parameters corresponds a low, average or high level. The article states that high-quality specialized translation requires the knowledge of the subject sphere, basic terminology, realia and national-cultural peculiarities. While teaching the students the translation of specialized texts the teacher should adequately choose the material, taking into account translation studies, linguistic and methodical factors.)
Abstract The Article aims to describe that social criticism not only can be yelled through protest, but also through the lyrics of the song. Social criticism lyrics of the song, in general, addressed to the government, state officials, and Indonesia politicians. The issues discussed in this paper is the social behavior of state officials and politicians in the Orde Baru and Era Reformasi, as well as the vocabulary used by the composer to encode the events that occurred at that time. The data of this paper were collected through listening methods using downloading technique and recording. The data were analyzed with the theory of dynamic model of meaning (Kecskes, 2007), which states that a person’s knowledge of the world may be encoded in the lexical item as a mixture of general knowledge associated with the provision concept, the wordspecific semantic properties (lexicalization knowledge of the world), and culture-specific conceptual properties. It is something new because during the analysis of social criticism lyrics of the song are dominated by semiotic theory and discourse theory. This paper found four types of behavior of state officials encoded in the lyrics of social criticism, namely (a) the behavior of enriching themselves by corruption the country money, (b) behavior of justifying a variety of ways to get the desired positions, (c) the behavior of being dared to violate religious norms to get the treasure, and (d) the behavior of being happy to commit fornication. Keywords: social critics, behavior, encode, song lyrics, state officials Abstrak Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bahwa kritik sosial tidak hanya dapat dilakukan melalui demonstrasi, tetapi dapat juga dilakukan melalui lirik lagu. Lirik lagu kritik sosial, pada umumnya, ditujukan kepada pemerintah, pejabat negara, dan para politisi Indonesia. Masalah yang dibahas dalam tulisan ini adalah perilaku sosial para pejabat negara dan para politisi pada masa Orde Baru dan Era Reformasi, serta kosakata yang digunakan oleh pencipta lagu untuk menyandikan berbagai peristiwa yang terjadi pada masa itu. Data tulisan ini dikumpulkan melalui metode simak dengan teknik pengunduhan dan teknik pencatatan. Data dianalisis dengan Teori Model Makna Dinamis. Hal itu merupakan sesuatu yang baru karena selama ini analisis lirik lagu kritik sosial didominasi oleh teori semiotik dan teori wacana. Temuan tulisan yaitu empat jenis perilaku pejabat negara yang tersandi dalam lirik lagu kritik sosial, yakni (a) perilaku memperkaya diri dengan cara mengorupsi uang negara, (b) perilaku menghalalkan berbagai cara untuk mendapatkan jabatan yang dinginkan,(c) perilaku berani melanggar norma agama demi mendapatkan harta, dan (d) senang melakukan perbuatan zina. Kata kunci: kritik sosial, perilaku, tersandi, lirik lagu, pejabat negara
1explore the fi rst-person experience of auditory hallucinations (also known as voices) in a community sample using a qualitative survey approach. Auditory hallucinations are common in psychiatric disorders, especially schizophrenia. During the past 10 years, researchers have learned that auditory hallucinations also occur in a small but notable proportion of the general population without the need for clinical care. However, very little is known about these individuals, and even less is known about their experience of hallucinations. Woods and colleagues’ study 1 gives a unique insight into the raw phenomenology of auditory hallucinations, undistorted by the clinical symptoms (eg, delusional interpretations) and cognitive compromise (eg, language disorders) that often accompany schizophrenia. Importantly, the fi ndings of the study show new and surprising themes that direct attention beyond the immediate scope and remit of speech, and towards a more global and integrated experience. In the past 30 years, studies have been constructed with preconceived ideas about auditory hallucinations being composed of abnormal language processes or misattributed inner speech, such that language and speech have become common constitutive elements of any investigations. This language-centric approach has shaped interrogative questions about these experiences, and clinicians often ask questions such as “Do you hear voices in your head? What do they say?” Thus, verbal and lexical characteristics have become the norm in descriptions of the dimensional forms and features of auditory hallucinations (eg, verbalisation, speech content, replays of conversations, and complexity of utterances), and as targets in dialogue-based forms of clinical interventions. Language and speech are important in some hallucinations, especially those related to schizophrenia. However, the fact that non-verbal auditory hallucinations are also common is often forgotten; for example, they occur in roughly 40% of individuals with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders 2 and a substantial
The term âpoetic grammarâ refers to the formal patterns that distinguish poetic registers from other modes of speech: for example, patterns in meter and rhyme schemes. For many poetic traditions, function is also a distinguishing feature: epic poetry is a vehicle for heroic lore, for instance, and liturgical hymns convey entreaties to gods. Thus, poetic genres are characterized in terms of patterns in sound or typical topics; connections between form and function are most often left unexplored. My dissertation examines relationships between traditional formal âstructuring devicesâ and the quite heterogeneous functions of a selection of hymns from the Rig Veda, the most ancient of Indic liturgical texts and one of considerable self-conscious poetic intricacy. Working in the traditions of interdisciplinary poetics pioneered by such figures as Roman Jakobson and Mikhail Bakhtin, and building on the insights of historical linguistics, I will explore how the phonological, grammatical and lexical patterns that comprise formal structuring devices are used to shape a discourse, and to further specific rhetorical goals of the Rigvedic poet Vasiá¹£á¹ha, among other speakers.Most Rigvedic hymns are embedded within ritual contexts; the poets are the primary speakers, and gods, patrons and ritual officiants the usual addressees. In addition, dialogue hymns present conversations between divine and human consorts and spouses. Structuring devices connect passages that affirm the norms of poetic grammar with variations that counter or distort them, creating a double-voiced discourse (i.e. âheteroglossiaâ) that helps certain speakers, whose lack of divinity, lower class, or disfavored gender puts them at a disadvantage with their interlocutor, gain control of ritual interactions. This dissertation will thus connect the formal conventions of Rigvedic poetics to poet-patron power dynamics, negotiations across the human-divine power differential, and changing gender roles in ritualâall relatively new lines of inquiry.
The paper describes an ongoing experiment consisting in the attempt to quantify word-order proper- ties of three Indo-European languages (Czech, English and German). The statistics are collected from the syntacti- cally annotated treebanks available for all three languages. The treebanks are searched by means of a universal query tool PML-TQ. The search concentrates on the mutual or- der of a verb and its complements (subject, object(s)) and the statistics are calculated for all permutations of the three elements. The results for all three languages are compared and a measure expressing the degree of word order free- dom is suggested in the final section of the paper. This study constitutes a motivation for formal modeling of natural language processing methods.
Accurate dependency parsing requires large treebanks, which are only available for a few languages. We propose a method that takes advantage of shared structure across languages to build a mature parser using less training data. We propose a model for learning a shared “univer-sal ” parser that operates over an inter-lingual continuous representation of lan-guage, along with language-specific map-ping components. Compared with super-vised learning, our methods give a con-sistent 8-10 % improvement across several treebanks in low-resource simulations. 1
We propose a model of Tibetan syntactic parsing which is based on Tibetan syl lables instead of Tibetan words, change Tibetan syntactic Treebank use algorith m of labeling.
Recent research reveals an age-related increase in positive autobiographical memory retrieval using a number of positivity measures, including valence ratings and positive word use. It is currently unclear whether the positivity shift in each of these measures co-occurs, or if age uniquely influences multiple components of autobiographical memory retrieval. The current study examined the correspondence between valence ratings and emotional word use in young and older adults' autobiographical memories. Positive word use in narratives was associated with valence ratings only in young adults' narratives. Older adults' narratives contained a consistent level of positive word use regardless of valence rating, suggesting that positive words and concepts may be chronically accessible to older adults during memory retrieval, regardless of subjective valence. Although a relation between negative word use in narratives and negative valence ratings was apparent in both young and older adults, it was stronger in older adults' narratives. These findings confirm that older adults do vary their word use in accordance with subjective valence, but they do so in a way that is different from young adults. The results also point to a potential dissociation between age-related changes in subjective valence and in positive word use.
The main goal of this research is to build a sentiment analysis system which automatically determines user opinions of the Stanford Sentiment Treebank in terms of three sentiments such as positive, negative, and neutral. Firstly, sentiment sentences are POS tagged and parsed to dependency structures. All nodes of the Treebank and their polarities are automatically extracted from the Treebank. We train two Support Vector Machines models. One is for a node level classification and the other is for a sentence level. We have tried various type of features such as word lexicons, POS tags, Sentiment lexicons, head-modifier relations, and sibling relations. Though we acquired 74.2% in accuracy on the test set for 3 class node level classification and 67.0% for 3 class sentence level classification, our experimental results for 2 class classification are comparable to those of the state of art system using the same corpus.