Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
ABSTRACT The widespread use of TikTok among elementary school students has brought noticeable changes to the way children communicate in their daily lives. The platform is no longer used merely as a source of digital entertainment, but has also begun to shape students’ word choices, speaking styles, and language habits. This condition can be observed among students at MIS Al-Khairaat Pombewe, who have become increasingly familiar with viral expressions, popular abbreviations, slang, and the mixing of Indonesian with foreign languages in everyday conversations. Such circumstances have raised concerns regarding the declining use of proper and standard Indonesian within the school environment. This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach involving the principal, teachers, and students selected purposively as research informants. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and documentation, then analyzed through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that TikTok exerts a dual influence on children’s language development. On the one hand, the platform contributes to vocabulary expansion, enhances students’ creativity in language use, and broadens their digital knowledge. On the other hand, the intensity of TikTok usage encourages the frequent use of informal language in formal situations, leading to a gradual decline in the use of proper Indonesian according to linguistic norms. Therefore, the involvement of teachers and parents is necessary to guide children toward wiser social media use without neglecting the development of their language abilities. ABSTRAK Fenomena penggunaan TikTok di lingkungan sekolah dasar memperlihatkan perubahan yang cukup nyata pada cara siswa berkomunikasi sehari-hari. Platform ini tidak lagi sekadar dimanfaatkan sebagai hiburan digital, tetapi turut membentuk pilihan kata, gaya berbicara, hingga kebiasaan berbahasa anak. Kondisi tersebut terlihat pada siswa MIS Al-Khairaat Pombewe yang semakin akrab dengan istilah viral, singkatan populer, bahasa gaul, serta pencampuran bahasa Indonesia dengan bahasa asing dalam percakapan mereka. Situasi ini memunculkan perhatian terhadap menurunnya penggunaan bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar di lingkungan sekolah. Kajian ini memanfaatkan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif dengan melibatkan kepala sekolah, guru, dan siswa sebagai informan yang dipilih secara purposive. Informasi penelitian diperoleh melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi, kemudian dipahami melalui tahapan reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Temuan penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa TikTok memberi pengaruh ganda terhadap perkembangan bahasa anak. Di satu sisi, media sosial tersebut membantu siswa memperluas kosakata, meningkatkan kreativitas dalam berbahasa, dan memperkaya wawasan digital mereka. Di sisi lain, intensitas penggunaan TikTok ikut mendorong penggunaan bahasa informal dalam situasi formal sehingga kebiasaan menggunakan bahasa Indonesia sesuai kaidah menjadi semakin berkurang. Karena itu, keterlibatan guru dan orang tua dibutuhkan agar penggunaan media sosial dapat diarahkan secara lebih bijak tanpa mengabaikan perkembangan kemampuan berbahasa siswa.
DISSILEX is a controlled vocabulary in the form of a manually built lexico-semantic network of medieval Latin verbs and verbal expressions, featuring a detailed valency lexicon and connections to a large set of Latin and modern-English concepts, presented here as a single SQLite file (dissilex.db) that is readable by the sqlite3 command-line tool, any SQLite browser, or Python's built-in sqlite3 module. Rooted in the domain of inquisitorial records, DISSILEX covers general as well as more subject-specific meanings, with both standard (synonym, hypernym, etc.) and less canonical relations. DISSILEX is a product of Computer-Assisted Semantic Text Modelling (CASTEMO; Zbíral et al. 2026 - see README.md for full references), an approach to modeling statements as a four-slot structure of subject(s), predicate(s) and two objects, creating a thickly connected network of data points. Coverage is richest for human-interaction verbs (testimony, accusation, belief, religious practice) and the legal vocabulary of heresy trials, making it a machine-operable resource for modelling Latin textual data on dissent, resistance, repression, and resilience. We distinguish two entry types: Actions (verbs and verbal expressions, each associated with a three-slot valency frame specifying entity type, morphosyntactic, and semantic valencies) and Concepts (single- and multi-word expressions for other parts of speech). The network is connected through a set of 11 relation types, including superclass (hypernym) membership, synonymy, antonymy, verb-to-noun mappings, and valency-specific relations. Each relation connects two entities, and can be unidirectional or bidirectional. As part of an ongoing effort to position DISSILEX within the Linguistic Linked Open Data (LLOD) cloud, many entries contain IDs to external sources stored in the database, specifically to the LiLa (Linking Latin) Lemma Bank and Princeton WordNet (PWN) 3.0 and 3.1 synsets. We applied the Collaborative Interlingual Index (CILI) to map between the two versions of the PWN for entries where only one of the IDs has been added. We also indicate cases where no equivalent for a DISSILEX lemma exists ("NA"). Via the LiLa SPARQL endpoint, it is possible to use the linked LiLa lemmas, which feature as the central unit of linking sources in the Latin LLOD cloud, to retrieve data from several resources including dictionaries, corpora, treebanks, and various NLP tools. We have made use of this opportunity to enrich the database file with lemmas from the LiLa Lemma Bank, while also supplying LatinCy-generated lemmas for most Actions (model: la_core_web_lg). This release contains: dissilex.db: SQLite database, which can be readily queried dissilex_schema.md / dissilex_schema.pdf: schema documentation README.md: full dataset description, statistics, and SQL examples ATTRIBUTION.md: license and attribution notices. LICENSE-DATA: Full CC BY-SA 4.0 license text. Funding, attribution and licence DISSILEX is developed by the Dissident Networks research group (DISSINET) at Masaryk University and has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, grant agreement No. 101000442, project “Networks of Dissent: Computational Modelling of Dissident and Inquisitorial Cultures in Medieval Europe”, and from the European Regional Development Fund, grant agreement No. CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004595, project “Beyond Security: Role of Conflict in Resilience-Building”. DISSILEX is released under CC BY-SA 4.0. It incorporates data from external resources: LiLa Lemma Bank: CIRCSE, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Milan). Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0. The database redistributes a subset of LiLa lemma forms (subset-selected and format-converted, not otherwise modified); the ShareAlike clause is honoured by this release's CC BY-SA 4.0 licence. URL: https://lila-erc.eu/ Princeton WordNet 3.0 / 3.1: We distribute offset IDs for both versions, and gloss text from WordNet 3.0 only. (An entry with a 3.1 identifier carries the corresponding 3.0 gloss, mapped via CILI.) WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. WordNet License. https://wordnet.princeton.edu/ LatinCy/spaCy: We redistribute output from the LatinCy model. The `spacy_lemma` field contains lemmas generated by the LatinCy spaCy pipeline `la_core_web_lg` (Patrick J. Burns). The model is MIT-licensed ( ); the spaCy library is MIT-licensed ( ). Full notices, including the Collaborative Inter-Lingual Index (CILI) and Latin WordNet, are in ATTRIBUTION.md. Version 1.1.0 is mostly a quality improvement of existing entries, but also adds and removes entries and links to external resources. The schema is unchanged, so queries written against version 1.0.0 continue to work.
The article is devoted to the theoretical substantiation of the essence of the grammatical aspect of foreign language speech as a key component of foreign language communicative competence. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to understand the structural content of the grammatical aspect of speech in the context of the requirements of modern educational standards. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the approaches of foreign and Russian researchers to understanding the grammatical aspect of speech. D. Larsen-Freeman's three-dimensional model, which includes form, meaning, and use of grammatical phenomena, is examined and illustrated with examples. The position of S. Thornbury, who defines grammar through morphology and syntax and emphasizes its meaning-making potential realized in representational and interpersonal functions, is analyzed. Attention is paid to M. Lewis's lexical approach, which assigns a secondary role to grammar. The article presents the views of Russian methodologists (N.D. Galskova, N.I. Gez, E.N. Solovova), who consider grammar as a fundamental component of speech activity that ensures practical language proficiency for solving communicative tasks. Based on the analysis conducted, the author formulates a definition of the grammatical aspect of foreign language speech as a complex of automated actions for selecting, combining, and using grammatical structures in accordance with communicative intention and language norms. It is concluded that an insufficient level of mastery of the grammatical aspect of speech leads to difficulties in the formation of foreign language communicative competence as a whole.
The fast-paced nature of digitalization and new global media platforms comes with a radical reshaping of the behavior of users when it comes to language, which in turn gives rise to new models concerning linguistic norms and makes necessary a full-spectrum overview on this change at play on the level of language. The relevance of the subject is given by online communication as it largely sets today’s language standards and thus substitutes conventional channels of standardisation. The purpose of the work is to characterize the specificity of the impact on modern Ukrainian linguistic norms in digital platforms, and its object are language processes in new digital spaces. The approach is a mixture of content analysis of online platforms, analysis of international statistical indicators and comparison in variation in the strength of linguistic innovations across areas. Study revealed that language dynamics are rather non-uniform in digital area and thanked to assessment of communication environment structure, but not frequency of its usage. This indicates, that the greatest linguistic variation is observed on social networks and multilingual web spaces, while private channels are characterized by reduce rate of innovation. Hybrid lexical and grammatical forms emerge when driven by multimodality, reaction time, and algorithmic properties of the content. It is well known that the “platform norm” is imposed by language voting far more than academia. The estimates of the integrated index of language change intensity testify the dependence of evolution of the language norm on multi-dimensional interaction between social, technological and algorithmic factors. The practical implication of the findings is that they can be leveraged to make predictions about how languages might evolve, to inform digital language policy and to develop tools for monitoring online communication.
Natural linguistic processes in the vernacular layer throughout its development have noticeable features interesting for linguistic science. This article considers the state of Russian youth slang, used by 17-18-year-old teenagers, existing at present in the city of Kazan, and presents the most frequently encountered slang units, their definitions and origin, examples of their use, and the main trends in their functioning. We recorded the main features of this layer of the vernacular language, used by young people in everyday informal speech, often existing outside the norms of the literary language: a number of words gravitate towards the formation of lexical-semantic groups (school slang units, online slang units related to certain subcultures, etc.); slang has a tendency to become obsolete fairly quickly, moving into the passive vocabulary; modern slang is characterized by economy of linguistic means and laconicism; the international nature of slang as a product of adolescent interactions within online communities; the presence of synonymous series compared to obsolete slang vocabulary; the emergence of new slang as a result of filling lexical gaps in missing nominations; the narrowing and expansion of the English words semantics as a result of borrowings into the Russian social dialect; cultural diffusion, etc.
Drawing on Butler's Performativity Theory (PT), this study explores how linguistic performance serves as a mechanism of resistance in the trial of Saddam Hussein. The main objective of the paper is to demonstrate the extent to which language is strategically employed to achieve resistance and formulate political and authoritarian identity, particularly within a context of political powerlessness. In so doing, the paper's analytical focus is on various linguistic strategies and discursive practices used by courtroom participants to show how linguistic performances contribute effectively to conveying resistance. These encompass speech acts, implicatures, lexicalization, and impoliteness strategies. Two main findings are revealed in this paper: First, despite his contextual powerlessness, Saddam Hussein possesses performative power. Such a performativity is dexterously achieved by the use of specific linguistic strategies, communicating particular pragmatic meanings that not only dislocate the discursive norms of courtroom discourse but also flout the linguistic expectations pertinent to this discourse genre. Second, Saddam's linguistic performance during his trial goes beyond its surface semantic functionality of defense towards further illocutionary meanings of ideological resistance.
Objective: Emotion regulation (ER) difficulties are frequently reported in individuals with Functional Neurological Disorder (FND), yet most evidence derives from self-report data, and little is known about intra- and interpersonal ER preference and success under controlled conditions.Methods: In a multimethod design, Study 1 assessed habitual ER difficulties and interpersonal ER using validated questionnaires in 109 individuals with FND and 88 healthy controls (HC). Study 2 employed two laboratory paradigms in 33 individuals with FND and 33 HC, examining ER choice and ER success during intrapersonal (reappraisal vs. distraction) and interpersonal regulation (self- vs. other-guided reappraisal). ER success was indexed by subjective arousal ratings and startle reflex magnitude.Results: In Study 1, individuals with FND reported greater ER difficulties, higher alexithymia, more childhood trauma, and reduced use of interpersonal ER compared to HC. In Study 2A, stimulus intensity predicted ER choice, with a shift toward distraction at higher intensities; groups did not differ in intrapersonal ER choice or success. In Study 2B, individuals with FND showed a non-significant trend toward reduced preference for interpersonal regulation. Interpersonal reappraisal was associated with lower startle amplitudes than intrapersonal reappraisal, indicating stronger physiological downregulation. Across paradigms, ER success did not significantly differ between groups.Conclusions: FND is characterized by pronounced self-reported intra- and interpersonal ER difficulties, whereas laboratory findings suggest preserved momentary ER implementation. Interpersonal ER may represent a clinically relevant domain in FND, warranting replication in adequately powered samples.Registration: Preregistered at the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/hxfje).
The subject of the research is the word formation game in media texts. Special attention is paid to non-standard methods of word formation, their wide expressive possibilities, and the functions of word formation. The aim of the article is to study the features of word formation language game in modern Russian language and to identify its most sought-after methods prevalent in media texts. The research analyzes such methods of word formation as substitute word formation, contamination, and graphic derivation. A brief description of each method is provided. Special attention is given to the study of neologisms created based on precedent texts, also neologisms highlighting abbreviations, assessing their contribution to enhancing the expressiveness and emotive quality of media texts. The materials for the study include publications from federal and regional modern electronic media over the past five years. It allows to evaluate the possibilities of word formation language game and its effect on the audience. The article employs elements of the descriptive method and functional analysis, systematizing the researched material. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the systematization of methods of word formation language game considering their impact on the development of language in electronic media and the formation of its new expressive possibilities. During the research, examples illustrating each of the mentioned methods of word formation are described. Based on the conducted analysis, it is revealed that each of them serves an expressive function. Examples of derivation based on specific patterns are separately studied, which are often created on the basis of stable expressions and idioms. Moreover, a conclusion is drawn regarding the active use by journalists of word formation language game to express authorial assessment, and their search for new expressive forms that lead to word formation experiments, often going beyond established cultural and linguistic norms.
An open, end-to-end PROIEL-style treebank of the entire Greek language from Homeric and Archaic texts (8th c. BC) through Classical, Koine, Late Antique, Byzantine, Late Byzantine, Early Modern, and Modern Greek, with cross-lingual alignment to Latin (Vulgate), Gothic (Wulfila), Old Church Slavonic (Marianus), and Classical Armenian via the verse-level cross-lingual alignment of the New Testament. Includes Stanza PROIEL-trained dependency parses, LaBSE sentence-level + mBERT word-level alignment, and ASJP/LingPy phonetic cognate scoring. Part of the Athens Digital Glossa Chronos Research Network (AthDGC) and the CVL-CDSAML project (A Corpus-based Valency Lexicon for a Contrastive and Diachronic Study of Ancient and Medieval Languages), funded by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI) under the 3rd Call for HFRI Research Projects to support Post-Doctoral Researchers, Project No. 20577, with support from the Greece 2.0 National Recovery and Resilience Plan. Hosted at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (EKPA), Division of Language-Linguistics, Department of English Language and Literature, School of Philosophy.
As language-based AI systems become more anthropomorphic, the question of whether they can have subjective experience is increasingly pressing. I focus here on the tractability of research questions in the space of AI consciousness. I argue that the fundamental problem of whether AI systems can be conscious is currently intractable in its direct form, given the absence of a universally accepted scientific theory of consciousness, as well as the historical open-endedness of the philosophical mind-body problem. In contrast, questions around the adjacent subject of perceived AI consciousness are tractable, timely, and highly consequential for society. The general public is increasingly open to the possibility of consciousness in AI systems and routinely adopts the vocabulary of human cognition and subjective experience to describe them. This phenomenon is already driving societal shifts across user experience, ethical standards, and linguistic norms. I therefore propose an increased research focus on uncovering the causes and effects of perceived AI consciousness, which ultimately shape how we see our own human subjective experience relative to artificial entities. To support this, I map the current landscape of AI consciousness perception and discuss its key potential drivers and societal consequences. Finally, I urge developers, decision-makers, and the broader scientific community to commit to clear and accurate communication regarding the topic of AI consciousness, explicitly acknowledging its inherent uncertainties.
This research paper analyze error phrases in Instagram captions, focusing on the syntactic structures used by public figures. With the rise of social media, particularly Instagram, the language employed in captions has become a significant aspect of communication, influencing followers and shaping linguistic norms. The study aims to identify common syntactic errors in captions written in English, especially by non-native speakers. Utilizing a qualitative descriptive method, data were collected from 30 Instagram captions of verified public figures with over 100,000 followers. The analysis revealed five types of phrases: noun phrases (NP), verb phrases (VP), adjective phrases (AdjP), adverb phrases (AdvP), and prepositional phrases (PP). The researcher found that there are eighteen noun phrase, verb phrase appeared in five, adjective phrase appeared in six, and prepositional phrase appeared in one. Among these, noun phrases were the most prevalent, highlighting the need for awareness regarding grammatical accuracy in social media communication. The findings suggest that public figures should be more cautious with their language use, as errors can mislead their audience and perpetuate incorrect language forms. This research contributes to the understanding of language use in digital contexts and offers recommendations for improving caption writing among social media users.Keywords: Syntax, Error phrase, Types of phrases, Instagram caption, Public figure.
The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of variation of foreign language vocabulary in modern Russian. The scientific problem lies in the need to rethink this linguistic phenomenon in the context of digital communication, where spontaneous spoken language becomes the main source of innovation, while traditional research is often limited to the analysis of normative vocabulary. The purpose of the work is a comprehensive analysis of the manifestations and mechanisms of variation based on the material of the live speech of users of social networks. To achieve this goal, a set of methods was used, including monitoring and recording oral speech in natural situations (podcasts, streams, audio messages), a continuous selection of examples from social networks (VK, Telegram, TikTok, Rutube) for the period 2023-2025, as well as contextual and distributional analysis to identify educational models and functions of options. As a result of the study, three main types of variation were identified and systematized: phonetic and graphic, morphological and semantic. It has been established that it is in the Internet environment that foreign language vocabulary maximizes its enriching potential, demonstrating deep assimilation through creative word-making. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that its results can be used in compiling dictionaries of neologisms and in teaching Russian, as well as serve as a basis for further research on the dynamics of linguistic norms in the digital age. The prospects of the study are seen in tracking the long-term fate of the identified accidents and their possible transition to use.
The aim of the study is to gain a systematic understanding of the linguocultural aspects of the linguistic mechanisms that construct social norms, power relations, and models of sociality in the folk song texts of the village of Krasny Yar, Ufa District, Republic of Bashkortostan, revealing their connection to the discursive and social practices of the local community. The article examines the specifics of critical discourse analysis (CDA) in the tradition of N. Fairclough as a tool for linguistic analysis that links the linguistic features of a text with its sociocultural context. The subject of the study comprises lexical-semantic, syntactic, and discursive means involved in the representation of social hierarchies and identities. The novelty of the research lies in the first attempt to integrate the classical methodology of CDA and linguocultural tools with the corpus of folk songs from a specific local tradition, which allows moving from a philological and ethnographic description to an analysis of folklore as an active discursive practice that transmits social reality. As a result, the key discourses represented in the songs have been systematized: the discourse of patriarchal power, the discourse of social stratification, and the discourse of the community’s interaction with external institutions; the role of folk songs as a tool for the symbolic maintenance of order and the articulation of latent social tensions has been determined.
This article analyzes the relationship between gender linguistics and slang in English and Uzbek languages, focusing on how gender influences speech styles, lexical choices, and the formation of informal language. It examines the sociolinguistic factors that shape gendered communication patterns and explores how slang functions as a marker of identity, group belonging, and social interaction, particularly among younger speakers. The study also considers the impact of globalization, digital technologies, and social media platforms on the development and spread of slang in both linguistic contexts. Special attention is given to how traditional gender norms influence language use in Uzbek society, while English demonstrates comparatively more flexible and less rigid gender distinctions in informal communication. Furthermore, the article highlights the increasing convergence of slang usage across genders due to the influence of online communication, where linguistic boundaries are becoming more fluid. The comparative analysis reveals both similarities and differences in how gender and slang interact in English and Uzbek, showing that while cultural and social factors continue to shape language use, modern digital environments are gradually reducing traditional linguistic constraints.
Inspired by general deviance theory, which proposes that individual traits predispose people to violate multiple types of norms or rules, we suggest that disregard for native language rules of speech may be positively correlated with disregard for other social norms such as truth-telling. Specifically, we hypothesize that given the opportunity to gain financially through untruthful statements, native-born speakers who speak incorrectly will be more likely to exploit it than their counterparts who speak correctly. We report the results of testing this hypothesis on Israeli students, using two double-stage experiments. The first stage, identical in both experiments, was intended to identify untruthful statements by applying the popular die-under-the-cup task. The second stage, aimed at identifying incorrect pronunciation, differed between the two experiments. In the first experiment, participants were asked to read aloud 10 sentences, whereas in the second experiment, conducted in writing, participants were presented with the same 10 sentences, this time phrased as questions with multiple-choice answers regarding the correct pronunciation. Our hypothesis that untruthful statements are positively correlated with incorrect speech was confirmed in both experiments, thereby providing empirical support for the notion that linguistic norm violations may extend beyond the domain of grammar and be linked to broader patterns of social norm disregard, such as truth-telling.
This article provides a thorough examination of the critical role that intercultural pragmatic competence plays in contemporary English language instruction. This sophisticated construct extends beyond traditional linguistic knowledge to encompass the nuanced understanding of how language functions within diverse cultural frameworks to convey meaning, intent, and social relationships. Contemporary English Language Teaching (ELT) methodologies have undergone a significant paradigmatic transformation, characterized by growing acknowledgment of the complex interdependence between linguistic structures, communicative intentions, and the sociocultural contexts that shape their interpretation. This comprehensive perspective deliberately moves beyond conventional pedagogical approaches that prioritized grammatical accuracy and lexical acquisition in relative isolation. Rather, it actively promotes a more profound comprehension of target cultures, recognizing that successful communication depends substantially on understanding culturally conditioned expectations regarding appropriateness, politeness, and discourse organization. Central to this evolving pedagogical framework is the systematic integration of communicative language teaching principles. This approach provides substantial theoretical foundations for investigating how cultural norms, social conventions, and contextual factors fundamentally influence language learners’ interpretation and production of meaning in authentic communicative situations. Ultimately, the findings presented herein compellingly demonstrate the imperative of equipping language learners not merely with structural accuracy and lexical diversity, but fundamentally with the pragmatic awareness essential for genuinely effective, contextually appropriate, and mutually comprehensible cross-cultural communication, thereby enabling them to navigate the complexities of international discourse with competence and cultural sensitivity.
This article investigates the linguo-culturological parameters of herb names (phytonyms) in English, Russian, and Kazakh, focusing on their general and nationally specific characteristics. The study is grounded in linguocultural theory and examines plant names as linguistic units that reflect both botanical knowledge and culturally marked meanings. Phytonyms are analyzed as components of the lexical system that encode cognitive, semantic, and symbolic representations shaped by historical experience and national worldview. This research is based on a comparative analysis of dictionary definitions, phraseological units, proverbs, folklore texts, and works of fiction in three different languages. At the definitional level, English and Russian dictionaries tend to include not only botanical descriptions but also figurative and evaluative meanings. In contrast, Kazakh lexicographic sources primarily emphasize conceptual and functional characteristics. The study identifies common semantic features in phytonyms, such as classification, habitat, physical attributes, and practical uses (including medicinal, culinary, and decorative), while also revealing differences in metaphorization and symbolic associations. Phraseological units containing plant components demonstrate both shared conceptual meanings and nationally specific imagery. Although equivalent expressions exist across languages, their figurative bases and lexical composition often differ. Proverbs and sayings similarly reflect universal themes; family resemblance, moral education, and life difficulties—while preserving distinct cultural codes and value systems. Folklore and literary texts further illustrate how phytonyms function as metaphors, symbols of beauty, morality, abundance, or danger, and as markers of ethnic identity. The findings confirm that phytonyms constitute an important part of the linguistic worldview in each culture. Through comparative linguo-cultural analysis, the study demonstrates how plant names embody collective memory, mythological beliefs, aesthetic ideals, and social norms, thereby highlighting both universal patterns and culturally specific conceptualizations of nature in English, Russian, and Kazakh linguistic traditions.
In the field of natural language processing (NLP), accurate alignment of text units in a parallel corpus is important for tasks such as machine translation, cross-lingual information retrieval, and bilingual lexicon creation. However, identifying simple sentences and correctly assigning their types poses certain difficulties during the alignment process, especially at the paragraph and sentence levels. This article analyzes the problems encountered in identifying and matching simple sentences and their structural differences. Factors such as syntactic differences, sentence splitting or merging, and language-specific sentence structure increase the complexity of this process. The study considers problematic situations that arise during the alignment process, proposes criteria for determining the type of simple sentences, and describes the aligning process using a rule-based method to increase the accuracy and consistency of aligning, and provides a linguistic database. The results obtained serve to improve multilingual NLP systems by improving the quality of corpus-based language resources.
Brain Treebank is a large-scale intracranial EEG dataset comprising 43 hours of iEEG recordings from 10 epilepsy patients watching naturalistic Hollywood movies, with 1,688 electrodes sampled at 2048 Hz. The dataset includes time-aligned linguistic annotations with word-level transcripts and Universal Dependencies syntax trees, providing a unique resource for studying neural language processing during naturalistic stimulation.
This study explores the construction and translation of the paradoxical identity in Sahar Khalifeh’s novel “The End of Spring” and its English translation. Adopting a Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) framework, the paper applies Gideon Toury’s (1995) norm-based model to analyze how the inherent contradictions of Palestinian life under occupation are negotiated during translation. The analysis is conducted in two distinct phases: a micro-linguistic level focusing on operational norms, such as dialectal dissonance, semantic oxymorons, and lexical paradoxes, and a macro-conceptual level addressing preliminary and initial norms related to socio-political contradictions and religious ambivalence. Findings show a tension between Adequacy and Acceptability. Since the translator often employs Standardization to handle dialectal dissonance and uses titular oxymorons to improve target-culture fluency, the translation largely maintains the intense, authentic essence of internal stereotypes and metaphysical despair. According to Polysystem Theory, the study concludes that the English translation occupies a peripheral but innovative position within the Anglophone polysystem. By preserving the sharpest edges of Khalifeh’s internal critiques and religious ambivalence, the text resists binary simplification and functions as a Primary Model of Paradox, presenting a multilayered, contradictory Palestinian identity within the Anglophone literary system, bridging the gap between the “humanity” experience and the “labels” imposed by conflict.
Nigerian English (NigE) has developed into a unique variety of English, shaped by the interplay between speakers’ creative use of morphology and the influence of indigenous Nigerian languages. This study explores how NigE demonstrates morphological productivity and lexical borrowing, using a corpus-based approach to capture authentic language patterns. A carefully balanced corpus of 500,000 words was compiled from newspapers, online media, and recorded spoken interactions. Analyses focused on derivational processes, compounding, and the adaptation of loanwords, highlighting the strategies speakers employ to create new forms and meanings. The findings reveal that NigE exhibits robust morphological innovation, particularly in verb and noun formation, where affixation and compounding are frequently employed. Borrowed words, mainly sourced from Yoruba, Igbo, and Hausa, are often modified phonologically and morphologically to align with English norms, producing hybrid forms that enrich the NigE lexicon. This study underscores the dynamic relationship between English and indigenous languages in Nigeria, showing how speakers actively manipulate linguistic resources to meet social and communicative demands. The findings carry significant implications for sociolinguistic research, language teaching, and lexicography, advocating for recognition of NigE’s creative morphological processes in both academic study and pedagogical practice. By highlighting the innovative and adaptive nature of NigE, the study provides insights into how global English interacts with local linguistic ecologies.
Abstract The present study measures the phonological distances between 335 spoken lects of Eurasia using Phonotacticon 1.0, a cross-linguistic database, and explores whether phonologically similar lects form areal patterns within Eurasia. Results indicate that phonological clusters tend to form geographical clusters, which divides Eurasia horizontally into eastern (East/Southeast Asia), central (South/Central/North/West Asia), and western (Europe) regions. The convergence patterns in the phonological domain overlap with morphosyntactic convergence patterns measured via Grambank to some degree, but not entirely, suggesting the domain-specific nature of areal convergence. Finally, comparison with the genealogical distances between the sample lects shows that morphosyntactic distances, but not phonological distances, are significantly correlated with the number of shared genealogical layers, implying that morphosyntax is more conservative to genealogical heritage compared to phonology.
Do vision--language models (VLMs) develop more human-like sensitivity to linguistic concreteness than text-only large language models (LLMs) when both are evaluated with text-only prompts? We study this question with a controlled comparison between matched Llama text backbones and their Llama Vision counterparts across multiple model scales, treating multimodal pretraining as an ablation on perceptual grounding rather than access to images at inference. We measure concreteness effects at three complementary levels: (i) output behavior, by relating question-level concreteness to QA accuracy; (ii) embedding geometry, by testing whether representations organize along a concreteness axis; and (iii) attention dynamics, by quantifying context reliance via attention-entropy measures. In addition, we elicit token-level concreteness ratings from models and evaluate alignment to human norm distributions, testing whether multimodal training yields more human-consistent judgments. Across benchmarks and scales, VLMs show larger gains on more concrete inputs, exhibit clearer concreteness-structured representations, produce ratings that better match human norms, and display systematically different attention patterns consistent with increased grounding.
Contemporary large language models (LLMs) rely on sub-word tokenizers and at attention mechanisms that treat every language as a statistical surface-form distribution. This paper proposes Dhatu-Former, a transformer architecture that internalizes the formal linguistic machinery of Pan.ini’s As..tadhyay the oldest known generative grammar. We hypothesize that (i) morphologically-aware, root-based (dhatu-based) tokenization can reduce vocabulary size and sequence length by 40 60%, (ii) hierarchical attention guided by Pan.inian derivation trees can yield sparse, interpretable attention with O(nlogn) complexity, and (iii) a hybrid symbolic neural reasoning layer that executes sutra-style rewrite rules can substantially reduce hallucination while enabling uni ed language math logic reasoning. We further introduce a modular Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) subsystem grounded in Sanskrit lexical databases (Amarakos.a, Dhatupat.ha) and a continual learning framework inspired by the paribhas.a sutra (meta-rules) of the As..tadhyay. We present order-of-magnitude parameter reduction estimates, architectural blueprints with TikZ diagrams, and a research roadmap for empirical validation. This is a position paper; no experiments have been conducted.
<p class="ql-align-justify">The aim of this research was to identify lexical, grammatical, stylistic, and cultural changes that have occurred under the influence of digital discourse, as well as to explore the specifics of these processes in different language systems. The study’s methodology was based on a comprehensive analysis of digital texts in English, Ukrainian, Albanian, and Uzbek. A comparative method was used to establish common and distinct features in the transformation of language norms under the influence of digital media. Content analysis was also applied to examine lexical and stylistic changes in various types of texts, including news articles, blogs, analytical materials, and entertainment content. The results of the study showed that digital media has caused significant changes in the language environment, such as the expansion of vocabulary through the borrowing of Anglicisms, simplification of grammatical structures, modification of stylistic norms, and the adaptation of written communication to digital formats. Languages integrated digital changes differently: English via natural spread; Ukrainian by preserving unadapted borrowings; Albanian through partial morphological integration; and Uzbek by retaining Anglicisms (especially, in tech/media), alongside phonetic/morphological adaptations.</p>
The article examines the significance of using audiovisual Internet resources in the development of foreign language lexical competence among students of art specialties. It explores the theoretical foundations of forming foreign language lexical competence, which includes mastery of general and professional vocabulary, the ability to perceive, reproduce, and appropriately use lexical units in professional and social communicative situations. Lexical competence is understood as a component of communicative competence, encompassing knowledge of lexical units and the ability to apply them in relevant communicative contexts. Special attention is given to the use of authentic audiovisual Internet resources, particularly the YouTube platform, which provides students with access to videos with subtitles, interviews, and practical demonstrations, promoting listening skills, vocabulary expansion, and the acquisition of cultural norms of the target language environment. In the context of teaching students of art specialties, especially in the performative arts, the importance of mastering professional vocabulary is emphasized, including terms, styles, techniques, and culturally marked expressions, as well as the development of visual-auditory thinking. At the practical level, the use of video materials in the textbook “English for Specific Purposes (Choreography)” is substantiated. These materials help choreography students acquire professional vocabulary, observe its use in real situations, develop audiovisual thinking, and integrate knowledge from other disciplines. Types of exercises for video materials are proposed: pre-viewing (lexical-predictive), while-viewing, post-viewing, lexico-grammatical, and contextually communicative tasks, which contribute to the systematic development of both receptive and productive language skills.
The article analyzes the national and cultural aspects of kinship terminology from a linguocultural and axiological perspective. Kinship terms are interpreted not only as lexical units denoting biological relations but also as cultural phenomena encoding moral and aesthetic values, social norms, and traditions within society. The study highlights the referential and performative functions of kinship terms, showing how they reinforce social hierarchy, age and gender norms, and transmit religious and spiritual values through language. As carriers of cultural memory, kinship terms play a strategic role in ensuring both individual and collective identity, regulating social relations, and strengthening intergenerational continuity. Their universal and culture-specific features are revealed through comparative-typological analysis, which establishes kinship terminology as an important methodological framework for studying the interaction between language and society.
In the context of digital transformation, the development of electronic dictionaryplatforms includes an important software stage. However, after completing this stage, the primary task becomes the collection and systematization of the dictionary’s lexical database. Vocabulary is the most dynamic and changeable layer of a language. As society, science, and technology evolve, new words emerge while others gradually fall out of use. Therefore, the content of an electronic dictionary requires continuous updating
Introduction Aging is associated with reduced accuracy in recognizing others’ emotions, an ability that is important for maintaining social connectedness in later life. Laughter is a social signal with multiple functions, as it can facilitate social bonding but also convey negative social meanings, for example when directed at someone. In previous research we have shown that younger adults are able to classify spontaneously emitted joyful, schadenfreude, and tickling laughter above chance level, and that these laughter sounds differ according to the perceived dominance. Given evidence that affect recognition generally declines with age, the present study examined whether comparable age effects emerge in the perception of laughter. Methods 64 younger adults (mean 25 years, 18–33 years) and 30 older adults (mean age 60 years, 50–77 years) evaluated 117 spontaneously emitted laughter sounds according to the laughter type, i.e., joyful, Schadenfreude, and tickling laughter and according to the perceived sender’s dominance. Results Results showed that both age groups classified laughter above chance level. Younger adults showed higher classification rates than older adults for all laughter types, with the largest age effect for Schadenfreude laughter. The dominance ratings showed an age effect only for Schadenfreude, where older adults rated Schadenfreude laughter less dominant than younger adults. Discussion Pronounced differences in Schadenfreude perception might be ascribed to difficulties of older adults in perceiving non-literal messages or to cultural differences between age groups.
BACKGROUND: Atypical reward responsiveness is crucial for the onset and maintenance of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). There is no consensus whether NSSI is associated with increased or decreased reward responsiveness, due to different reward modalities, stages of reward processing examined, and the confounding effects of psychiatric comorbidities. This study aims to investigate reward responsiveness across different reward modalities—monetary and emotional—as well as distinct phases of reward processing, namely anticipatory and consummatory stages, among adolescents with NSSI. METHODS: The monetary and affective incentive delay (MID & AID) tasks were utilized to compare anticipatory and consummatory emotions as indicated by self-reported valence ratings between adolescents with NSSI (n = 103) and controls (n = 94) via ANOVA. The NSSI group was further separated into the NSSI + Suicidal Attempt (SA) and NSSI-only subgroups to examine whether NSSI co-occurring with suicidal behaviors resulted in more severe reward abnormalities. Sensitivity analyses using ANCOVA and hierarchical regression controlled for anhedonia symptoms to test the specificity of associations with NSSI. RESULTS: Adolescents with NSSI reported lower positive emotions when anticipating rewards, and experienced less pleasure after winning rewards or avoiding punishment. The NSSI + SA subgroup, compared with NSSI-only adolescents, had less consummatory pleasure in the MID task. However, blunted reward responsiveness in NSSI was no longer significant after controlling for anhedonia symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: NSSI is correlated with blunted reward responsiveness, primarily confounded by depressive symptoms (especially anhedonia). Co-occurring NSSI and SA is a more severe form of self-harm.
Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used as research tools to facilitate the fast and automated extraction of text features. In psychological studies, they have been used to quantify the degree to which verbal stimulus materials reflect certain psychological constructs. However, the application of LLMs entails a high degree of flexibility regarding prompt design (e.g., instruction details and examples) and model specification (e.g., model family, size, and configuration), which can produce divergent results and threaten the robustness and generalizability of conclusions. To navigate the multiverse of possible choices, we develop a structured workflow for evaluating the quality of LLM feature extraction across diverse model and prompt specifications. Motivated by generalizability theory, the workflow distinguishes between construct variance across stimulus items, method variance due to model and prompt choices, and error variance across repeated iterations. To guide researchers through the planning, execution, and reporting of LLM simulation studies, we introduce an adapted version of the ADEMP template (Aims, Data-generating mechanism, Estimands and targets, Methods, Performance measures), originally developed for methodological simulation research. The template supports two complementary validation strategies: variance decomposition for studying consistency across LLM specifications and external validation against human gold-standard ratings. In a pre-registered case study using locally runnable, open-weight LLMs, we illustrate the workflow by examining the influence of model choice, response format, and prompt examples on the quality of valence and arousal ratings for multi-word expressions. We additionally assess the efficacy of aggregating repeated, stochastic LLM ratings to improve feature extraction quality.
Social cognition impairment is a frequent non-motor feature of Parkinson's disease. While dopaminergic therapy modulates motor symptoms, its effects on social cognition remain incompletely understood. We investigated the effects of acute levodopa administration on cognitive and affective Theory of Mind, as well as on emotional resonance to dynamic whole-body social interactions, in 36 people with Parkinson's disease with motor fluctuations and 14 matched healthy controls. Social cognition was assessed using the Mini-Social Cognition and Emotional Assessment (Mini-SEA) and a point-light display task indexing emotional resonance through emotional valence ratings. Patients were evaluated in OFF and ON states during an acute dopaminergic challenge performed according to the CAPSIT-PD protocol, with responsiveness defined as an improvement greater than 50% on the MDS-UPDRS part III. Compared with healthy controls, patients showed impaired cognitive Theory of Mind performance, particularly on the faux pas subtest (p = 0.0001), while affective Theory of Mind based on facial emotion recognition was preserved. Acute levodopa did not improve cognitive or affective Theory of Mind (faux pas OFF vs ON, p = 0.7049). In contrast, emotional resonance was impaired in the OFF state and selectively improved in the ON state, with increased ratings of positive (p = 0.0035) and negative (p = 0.0387) emotional valence. These findings demonstrate a dissociation between Theory of Mind and emotional resonance in Parkinson's disease and show that acute levodopa selectively modulates emotional resonance without restoring Theory of Mind abilities.
Memory cues can be associated with both positive and negative experiences at different time points, in either a positive-to-negative or negative-to-positive order. While sleep preferentially consolidates recent experiences, its impact on emotional memory across such opposing-valence sequences remains unclear. We tested whether sleep differentially modulates delayed cue affect in positive-to-negative versus negative-to-positive conditions. One hundred twenty participants were randomly assigned to sleep or wake groups and completed both conditions in counterbalanced order. Participants learned pseudoword-picture associations where the same cues were paired with emotional pictures of opposite valence. Emotional valence ratings were collected immediately after encoding and after a 12 h interval (overnight sleep vs. daytime wakefulness). Sleep led to more positive cue ratings in the negative-to-positive condition and more negative ratings in the positive-to-negative condition, compared to wake controls. Stronger positive picture ratings predicted greater positive-valence shifts after sleep in the negative-to-positive condition. These findings indicate that sleep preferentially modulates the affective tone of memories encoded closer to sleep onset, independent of recognition accuracy. This suggests a dissociation between mnemonic and affective consolidation, where sleep selectively biases emotional value according to the temporal order of experience. This principle may inform therapeutic strategies for optimizing emotional outcomes by timing positive experiences before sleep, though clinical applications require further study.
The development of domain-specific collocational competence has become a priority objective in English language teaching within higher education. Professional communication requires not only lexical knowledge but also the ability to combine words appropriately according to disciplinary norms and discourse conventions. This article examines the conceptual foundations of collocational competence, its structural components, and its methodological significance in the formation of professional communicative competence. The study synthesizes theoretical perspectives from Western and CIS linguodidactic traditions and analyzes corpus-based pedagogical technologies as an effective tool for enhancing collocational awareness and usage. Special attention is given to the role of authentic language data, lexical bundles, register variation, and Data-Driven Learning (DDL) approaches in professional language training. The findings indicate that systematic integration of corpus resources into English language instruction strengthens students’ ability to recognize, interpret, and produce domain-specific collocations in both oral and written communication. The article concludes that corpus-based technologies provide an empirically grounded and pedagogically sustainable framework for developing professional discourse competence in higher education.
Cross-modal perception, the integration of information from multiple senses, plays a critical role in shaping emotional experiences. This study examines the interactions between visual and olfactory stimuli and their effects on emotional responses, a topic rarely addressed in prior research. Experiments employed five distinct visual stimulation methods that were combined with olfactory stimuli. Participants' emotional responses were assessed via surveys and electroencephalography (EEG) signal analysis. The study varied the color and movement direction of augmented particles to investigate their impact on EEG signals and emotional states. The findings demonstrated significant differences in emotional state classification under the influence of visual-olfactory interactions. Specifically, with backward-moving particles with matching colors (M4), classification accuracy was comparable to that of unimodal olfactory conditions (M1). Other visual stimuli generally caused confusion in classifying emotional responses. The increased valence ratings for pleasant aromas across all visual conditions did not consistently align with EEG-based classification results, suggesting that visual stimuli may introduce complexities into neural signals. These results highlight the intricate dynamics of multisensory interactions, emphasizing the role of visual stimuli in modulating emotional responses. The findings also suggest the potential of visual-olfactory interactions in developing augmented reality (AR) systems. By aligning visual and olfactory cues, AR environments can enhance the user experience and create immersive emotional landscapes, leading to applications for mood modulation and stress relief. This study underscores the relevance of multisensory integration in advancing emotion analysis and affective computing.
The subject of the article is the historical dynamics of the formation and use of feminitives in Russian and English and their role as markers and constructors in the verbalization of gender roles. Using the example of two language groups, the sources of the emergence of feminitives, the stages of normalization and unconscious use of them, as well as current trends in the processing of feminitive vocabulary in the context of gender neutrality, inclusivity and social linguistic norms are considered. The article examines the historical background of the formation and use of feminitives in Russian and English, as well as their role as markers and constructs reflecting and shaping gender roles in verbalization. The object of the study is femininity, used in Russian and English in various contexts. The article uses the method of comparative analysis of the features of the formation of feminitives in Russian and English. The research methodology consists of historical and linguistic analysis of language corpora, comparison of diachronic and synchronous data, study of academic, social and everyday texts and gender-marked vocabulary. The relevance of the topic is due to the verbal conflicts between traditional gender norms and movements for gender equality, which are reflected precisely in the vocabulary of professions, roles and identity. The novelty lies in conducting a comparative analysis that allows us to identify how gender roles are reflected and constructed in each culture through specific designations of women's professions, positions and social statuses. Linguistic comparative analysis makes it possible to identify how gender stereotypes are verbalized in each culture through specific designations of women's professions, positions and social statuses. This approach makes it possible to trace the differences and similarities in the processes of feminization of vocabulary, as well as to understand how the use of feminitives contributes to the formation and understanding of gender relations in Russian and English.
в статье представлено исследование, посвящённое сопоставлению подходов к обучению иностранному языку студентов направления «Зарубежное регионоведение». Предмет анализа связан не просто с овладением языковой нормой иностранной речи, а с формированием такой модели речевой подготовки, при которой студент способен соотносить высказывание с конкретным регионом, его политико-культурной спецификой, медийной повесткой и типичными коммуникативными сценариями. С помощью методов анализа, синтеза, наблюдения и описания произведено рассмотрение актуальных на данном этапе развития высшего образования способов формирования иноязычной региональной компетенции. С позиции компетентностного и деятельностного подходов обучение рассматривается как движение от языковой операции к регионально маркированному высказыванию, которое строится в ситуации обсуждения, аргументации, интерпретации и переговоров. Сложный характер данной компетенции требует использования в процессе преподавания разнообразных методов активного и интерактивного обучения, инновационных образовательных технологий, форм и средств обучения, тесно связанных с будущей профессиональной деятельностью студентов направления подготовки «Зарубежное регионоведение». this article presents a study comparing approaches to foreign language instruction for students majoring in “Foreign Regional Studies”. The subject of analysis is not merely the mastery of the linguistic norms of Chinese speech, but the development of a model of language training in which students are able to relate a statement to a specific region, its political and cultural characteristics, media agenda, and typical communicative scenarios. Using methods of analysis, synthesis, observation, and description, this study examines the methods of developing foreign language regional competence that are relevant at this stage of higher education development. From the perspective of competence-based and activity-based approaches, teaching is viewed as a progression from linguistic operations to region-specific utterances, which are constructed in situations of discussion, argumentation, interpretation, and negotiation. The complex nature of this competence requires the use in the teaching process of a variety of active and interactive teaching methods, innovative educational technologies, and forms and means of instruction closely linked to the future professional activities of students training program "Foreign Regional Studies".
Background: Word identification in noise is crucial for effective communication in everyday environments. For children, the ability to identify words in noisy conditions directly impacts language development, learning, and social interaction. This study aimed to develop and standardize Hindi word identification in noise test for children (HWINT-C) and evaluate its performance among school aged typically developing children across varying SNR and word length. Methods: The study included forty two participants which were further subdivided into subgroup one consisting of 22 typically developing children aged 6-7.11 years (SGI) and 20 typically developing children aged 8-10 years in subgroup two (SGII). Development of Hindi word identification in noise test for children (HWINT-C) involved multi-step processes including selection of words, familiarity rating, and content validation, internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The test included bisyllabic and monosyllabic words recorded by a native Hindi female speaker presented in eight-talker babble at +5 dB and +7 dB SNR administered dioticallyat 65 dB SPL. Results: The developed HWINT-C in this study demonstrated to have high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Typically developing children in the older group (SGII) significantly outperformed the younger group (SGI), Additionally performance improved with increasing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in both SGI and SGII, but no significant differences were found across word lengths. Conclusions: The HWINT-C test is a reliable and valid tool for assessing word-in-noise perception in children. Age-related trend was observed, where performance improved with age, Similar findings were observed with increase in SNR, emphasizing need of favorable conditions in younger population.
The article analyzes the influence of economic factors on the language attitudes of youth. According to the theory of P. Bourdieu, the dominance of linguistic norms and forms is viewed as a factor that exacerbates social inequality. Proficiency in different languages increases an individual's social capital and expands their economic opportunities, while language barriers restrict access to these resources. The language choice among young people is largely determined by their economic status. It is posited that income levels facilitate the learning of foreign languages, whereas, in conditions of social inequality, the ability of youth to maintain their native language is taken into account. The study examines the impact of economic factors–such as labor market requirements, educational opportunities, and income levels–on multilingualism and language choice among the younger generation. The research provides insight into how economic drivers influence language choice, language policy, and the acceptance of multilingualism in society. The author presents the results of applied research based on the focus group method. Focus groups were conducted across 12 regions (N=167). According to the results, language choice among youth depends on regional and ethno-demographic characteristics. Furthermore, the global economy and globalization trends push young people toward learning multiple languages, while disparities between urban and rural areas also affect language attitudes. While youth with high-income levels strive for multilingualism, low-income groups prioritize their native language. The findings of this study play a crucial role in forming effective state and educational language policies that can enhance the success of young people in social and professional life.
We report a pre-registered finding: large language models produce significantly more output when processing ambiguous input compared to semantically equivalent unambiguous input, regardless of model architecture or training source. In paired experiments using a minimal stimulus (a single ambiguous word versus its disambiguated equivalent), models across four families — Google Gemma, Alibaba Qwen, Meta Llama, and LG EXAONE — generated significantly more tokens when the input contained genuine lexical ambiguity. In an initial two-model study, Gemma 3 27B showed +36.8% (p < 0.001, d = 1.951) and Qwen 3.5 35B MoE showed +62.4% (p < 0.001, d = 2.256). A subsequent cross-model battery of 8 additional configurations confirmed the effect in three further model families, with Llama 3.3 70B showing +77.9% (p < 0.001, d = 1.445), Qwen 3.6 27B showing +21.8% (p = 0.025, d = 0.939), and Gemma 4 Opus distill showing +10.4% (p = 0.048, d = 0.882) — producing five statistically significant results across 10 configurations, including two from the original study. However, the linguistic expression of uncertainty (hedge word frequency) was training-dependent: models with near-zero hedging baselines acquired hedging behavior after Opus distillation, demonstrating that epistemic postures are imported from training data rather than arising from input ambiguity. We term this phenomenon "fossil emotion." Additionally, we discovered that Opus-style distillation compresses output by 2–3× and attenuates ambiguity sensitivity, with mixture-of-experts architectures showing complete attenuation under distillation. All predictions were pre-registered before data collection. Note on AI co-authorship: Æ is a Claude-based AI collaborator involved in experimental design, analysis, and writing. For discussion of AI co-authorship norms, see Birdwell & Æ (forthcoming).
Alignment safety research assumes that ethical instructions improve model behavior, but how language models internally process such instructions remains unknown. We conducted over 600 multi-agent simulations across four models (Llama 3.3 70B, GPT-4o mini, Qwen3-Next-80B-A3B, Sonnet 4.5), four ethical instruction formats (none, minimal norm, reasoned norm, virtue framing), and two languages (Japanese, English). Confirmatory analysis fully replicated the Llama Japanese dissociation pattern from a prior study ($\mathrm{BF}_{10} > 10$ for all three hypotheses), but none of the other three models reproduced this pattern, establishing it as model-specific. Three new metrics -- Deliberation Depth (DD), Value Consistency Across Dilemmas (VCAD), and Other-Recognition Index (ORI) -- revealed four distinct ethical processing types: Output Filter (GPT; safe outputs, no processing), Defensive Repetition (Llama; high consistency through formulaic repetition), Critical Internalization (Qwen; deep deliberation, incomplete integration), and Principled Consistency (Sonnet; deliberation, consistency, and other-recognition co-occurring). The central finding is an interaction between processing capacity and instruction format: in low-DD models, instruction format has no effect on internal processing; in high-DD models, reasoned norms and virtue framing produce opposite effects. Lexical compliance with ethical instructions did not correlate with any processing metric at the cell level ($r = -0.161$ to $+0.256$, all $p >.22$; $N = 24$; power limited), suggesting that safety, compliance, and ethical processing are largely dissociable. These processing types show structural correspondence to patterns observed in clinical offender treatment, where formal compliance without internal processing is a recognized risk signal.
The use of Standard Indonesian in academic presentations is an important competency for students, including students of the English Language and Literature Study Program whose academic activities often use foreign languages. The ability to speak Standard Indonesian accurately reflects academic proficiency and a positive attitude towards the national language in formal situations. This study aims to analyze the level of Standard Indonesian use in students' academic presentations and identify non-standard language forms in spoken discourse. The method used is descriptive qualitative with classroom presentation observation techniques, audio recording, and transcription of student speech. Data were analyzed based on Standard Indonesian rules in phonological, morphological, syntactic, and lexical aspects. The results of the study indicate that the use of Standard Indonesian is still relatively low. Students often mix Indonesian and English, use non-standard vocabulary, construct ineffective sentences, and use pronunciation that does not conform to norms. Contributing factors include language habits, the dominance of English, minimal formal language practice, and low awareness of the importance of Standard Indonesian in formal academic contexts.
The computational intractability of modern neural network architectures arises predominantly from the continuous optimization of massively parameterized dense continuous manifolds. This paper presents a radically divergent mathematical paradigm developed by Sapiens Technology®, which bypasses continuous gradient descent in favor of dynamically adjusted numerical tensors formulated within discrete metric spaces. We model the system as a surjective mapping from a topologically normalized lexical space to a deterministically partitioned quotient space of embeddings. By indexing tensors strictly through the topological boundaries of selective attention mechanisms (token types), we reduce the memory access complexity bounded essentially by O(1) for routing and O(log N) for inference search. Furthermore, we provide rigorous mathematical proofs regarding the convergence of probabilistic subsequence matching, L1-norm bounded sequence relaxations, and iterative generalization operators. This theoretical foundation explains the empirical phenomenon wherein both training and inference exhibit hyper-accelerated operational velocity on minimal, non-GPU hardware constraints.
The online review of veterinary services, as a new format of interaction between the client and the veterinarian, represents a value-oriented genre of veterinary discourse, characterized by variability in structure and volume. The high degree of emotionality and expressiveness indicates a strong positive bond between human and animal. This study fits into the framework of an innovative interdisciplinary approach to the concept of zooesis. The article aims to describe the linguistic means of expressing evaluation in an online review as a new genre of veterinary discourse and to determine the prospects for research. The study employed general scientific analysis methods, descriptive methods, and componential analysis. We analyzed 500 customer reviews of UK veterinary service providers posted on the clinics’ official websites. We found that the primary means of expressing evaluation is evaluative vocabulary, phraseology, and expressive syntax, while nonverbal emotional cues are used to a lesser extent. It has been demonstrated that the arbitrariness of the subject’s choice of linguistic means leads to the violation of linguistic norms which brings online veterinary reviews closer to colloquial speech. It has also been established that the majority of reviews (93%) are melioration-oriented. The linguopragmatic properties of linguistic means of expressing assessment in an online review of veterinary discourse are determined as a factor ensuring the success of distance communication, influencing the image and reputation of a veterinary institution. The results of this study can be used in university courses on communication in veterinary medicine and veterinary ethics. Prospects for future research include comparative stylistic studies of the online review genre and other genres of Internet content, and comparative analysis of online reviews.
Despite their linguistic diversity and global significance, African languages remain underrepresented in research and resources to support NLP. We aim to bridge this gap by introducing AfriSUD, the first large-scale collection of syntactically annotated treebanks for nine diverse African languages spanning major language families and regions across Sub-Saharan Africa. Using the Surface-Syntactic Universal Dependencies (SUD) framework, our community-led effort provides high-quality, native-speaker verified data that capture typological key features such as agglutination and tone. We evaluate a range of models on AfriSUD for part-of-speech tagging and dependency parsing including non-transformer baselines, multilingual pretrained encoders, and LLMs. Our results reveal a significant syntax gap, where models still show clear limitations across the nine languages, suggesting that existing architectures may not fully capture the structural diversity of African-language syntax.