Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
Lexical semantic information plays an important role in supervised dependency parsing. In this paper, we add lexical semantic features to the feature set of a parser, obtaining improvements on the Penn Chinese Treebank. We extract semantic categories of words from HowNet, and use them as semantic information of words. Moreover, we investigate the method to compute semantic similarity between Chinese compound words, and obtain semantic information of words which did not record in HowNet. Our experiments show that unlabeled attachment scores can increase by 1.29%.
In this paper, we propose a baseline messagelevel sentiment classification method, as developed for SemEval-2015 Task 10, Subtask B. This system leverages both hand-crafted features and message-level embedding features, and uses an SVM classifier for messagelevel sentiment classification. In pre-training the embedding features, we use one million randomly-selected tweets. We present results over SemEval-2015 Task 10, Subtask B, as well as the Stanford Sentiment Treebank. Our experiments show the effectiveness of our method over both datasets.
Abstract This article measures the productivity index of the Old English suffixes -cund, -ful, and -isc as well as the prefix ful- and checks the results against the diachronic evolution of the affixes. The frameworks brought to the discussion include Type frequency measurement, as well as productivity indexes proposed by Baayen (1992, 1993, 2009) and Trips (2009). The sources are both textual (The Dictionary of Old English Corpus) and lexicographical (the lexical database of Old English Nerthus). The conclusion drawn is that Baayen's (1992, 1993, 2002) index of Global Productivity provides the most consistent results with the diachronic evolution of the affixes.
This paper presents a novel technique for empty category (EC) detection using distributed word representations. A joint model is learned from the labeled data to map both the distributed representations of the contexts of ECs and EC types to a low dimensional space. In the testing phase, the context of possible EC positions will be projected into the same space for empty category detection. Experiments on Chinese Treebank prove the effectiveness of the proposed method. We improve the precision by about 6 points on a subset of Chinese Treebank, which is a new state-ofthe-art performance on CTB.
News websites give their users the opportunity to participate in discussions about published articles, by writing comments. Typically, these comments are unstructured making it hard to understand the flow of user discussions. Thus, there is a need for organizing comments to help users to (1) gain more insights about news topics, and (2) have an easy access to comments that trigger their interests. In this work, we address the above problem by organizing comments around the entities and the aspects they discuss. More specifically, we propose an approach for entity and aspect extraction from user comments through the following contributions. First, we extend traditional Named-Entity Recognition approaches, using coreference resolution and external knowledge bases, to detect more occurrences of entities in comments. Second, we exploit part-of-speech tag, dependency tag, and lexical databases to extract explicit and implicit aspects around discussed entities. Third, we evaluate our entity and aspect extraction approach, on manually annotated data, showing that it highly increases precision and recall compared to baseline approaches.
We propose and evaluate the use of an affective-semantic model to expand the affective lexica of German, Greek, English, Spanish and Portuguese. Motivated by the assumption that semantic similarity implies affective similarity, we use word level semantic similarity scores as semantic features to estimate their corresponding affective scores. Various context-based semantic similarity metrics are investigated using contextual features that include both words and character n-grams. The model produces continuous affective ratings in three dimensions (valence, arousal and dominance) for all five languages, achieving consistent performance. We achieve classification accuracy (valence polarity task) between 85% and 91% for all five languages. For morphologically rich languages the proposed use of character n-grams is shown to improve performance.
Songs heard between the ages of 15 and 24 should be remembered better and have a stronger relationship to autobiographical memories when compared with music from other phases of life (“reminiscence bump effect”). Additionally, the proportion of music-evoked autobiographical memories (MEAMs) is at a maximum in these years of early adolescence and then declines up to the age of 60. In our study we tried both to replicate these important findings based on a German sample and to further investigate the influence of the affective characteristics of the songs on the frequency of participants’ autobiographical memories. In Experiment 1 a group of adults ( N = 48, M age = 67.1 years) listened to excerpts from 80, number-one, popular music hits from 1930 to 2010 and gave written self-reports on MEAMs. In Experiment 2 the affective characteristics were rated by another group of adults ( N = 22, M age = 66 years) and were used to predict the frequency of MEAMs. As a main result of Experiment 1, we confirmed the reminiscence bump and decline effect with a small effect size for the ratings of feelings evoked by the song and with a medium effect size for the song recognition performance of those songs released during the participants’ age range of 15 to 24 years. The total number of MEAMs was only marginally influenced by a memory bump and decline effect, and participants showed a significant proportion of MEAMs up to the fifth decade. Experiment 2 revealed that the affective ratings of the songs were unequally distributed over the two-dimensional emotion space unlike the average rate of MEAMs which was nearly equally distributed. In contrast to previous research, we therefore conclude that popular songs can be associated with autobiographical memory over five decades of life – independent of the affective character of the music.
This paper proposes neural networks for integrating compositional and non-compositional sentiment in the process of sentiment composition, a type of semantic composition that optimizes a sentiment objective. We enable individual composition operations in a recursive process to possess the capability of choosing and merging information from these two types of sources. We propose our models in neural network frameworks with structures, in which the merging parameters can be learned in a principled way to optimize a well-defined objective. We conduct experiments on the Stanford Sentiment Treebank and show that the proposed models achieve better results over the model that lacks this ability.
Text-based sentiment analysis is a growing research field in affective computing, driven by both commercial applications and academic interest. Continuous dimensional representations, such as valence-arousal (VA) space, can represent the affective state more precisely than discrete effective representations. In building dimensional sentiment applications, affective lexicons with valence-arousal ratings are useful resources but are still very rare. Therefore, recent studies have investigated the automatic development of VA lexicons using linear regression techniques. One of the major limitations of linear regression is the under-fitting problem which can cause a poor fit between the algorithm and the training data. To tackle this problem, this study proposes the use of a locally weighted linear regression (LWLR) model to predict the valence-arousal ratings of affective words. The locally weighted method performs a regression around the point of interest using only training data that are "local" to that point, and thus can reduce the impact of noise from unrelated training data. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieved better performance for VA word prediction.
The goal of this work is to bring semantics into the tasks of text recognition and retrieval in natural images. Although text recognition and retrieval have received a lot of attention in recent years, previous works have focused on recognizing or retrieving exactly the same word used as a query, without taking the semantics into consideration. In this paper, we ask the following question: can we predict semantic concepts directly from a word image, without explicitly trying to transcribe the word image or its characters at any point? For this goal we propose a convolutional neural network (CNN) with a weighted ranking loss objective that ensures that the concepts relevant to the query image are ranked ahead of those that are not relevant. This can also be interpreted as learning a Euclidean space where word images and concepts are jointly embedded. This model is learned in an end-to-end manner, from image pixels to semantic concepts, using a dataset of synthetically generated word images and concepts mined from a lexical database (WordNet). Our results show that, despite the complexity of the task, word images and concepts can indeed be associated with a high degree of accuracy.
This paper describes the submitted discourse parsing system of the natural language group of Soochow University (SoNLP-DP) to the CoNLL 2015 shared task. Our System classifies discourse relations into explicit and non-explicit relations and uses a pipeline platform to conduct every subtask to form an end-toend shallow discourse parser in the Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB). Our system is evaluated on the CoNLL-2015 Shared Task closed track and achieves the 18.51% in F1-measure on the official blind test set.
We show that Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) supertags can improve Telugu dependency parsing. In this process, we first extract a CCG lexicon from the dependency treebank. Using both the CCG lexicon and the dependency treebank, we create a CCG treebank using a chart parser. Exploring different morphological features of Telugu, we develop a supertagger using maximum entropy models. We provide CCG supertags as features to the Telugu dependency parser (MST parser). We get an improvement of 1.8% in the unlabelled attachment score and 2.2% in the labelled attachment score. Our results show that CCG supertags improve the MST parser, especially on verbal arguments for which it has weak rates of recovery.
Abstract: We present the multiplicative recurrent neural network as a general model for compositional meaning in language, and evaluate it on the task of fine-grained sentiment analysis. We establish a connection to the previously investigated matrix-space models for compositionality, and show they are special cases of the multiplicative recurrent net. Our experiments show that these models perform comparably or better than Elman-type additive recurrent neural networks and outperform matrix-space models on a standard fine-grained sentiment analysis corpus. Furthermore, they yield comparable results to structural deep models on the recently published Stanford Sentiment Treebank without the need for generating parse trees.
We introduce an approach to train lexicalized parsers using bilingual corpora\nobtained by merging harmonized treebanks of different languages, producing\nparsers that can analyze sentences in either of the learned languages, or even\nsentences that mix both. We test the approach on the Universal Dependency\nTreebanks, training with MaltParser and MaltOptimizer. The results show that\nthese bilingual parsers are more than competitive, as most combinations not\nonly preserve accuracy, but some even achieve significant improvements over the\ncorresponding monolingual parsers. Preliminary experiments also show the\napproach to be promising on texts with code-switching and when more languages\nare added.\n
Context: Sentences are rich in redundancy, and therefore, their identification is often facilitated by the context. The use of phrases introduces limited contextual cues into the process of identification and facilitates the evocation of words. Thus, there is a need to develop phrase recognition test to assess identification abilities. Aims: To develop and validate phrase recognition test in Kannada language for assessing speech recognition in noise. Settings and Design: Normative research design was utilized. Subjects and Methods: A total of 70 phrases in Kannada language were constructed and 67 of them were selected based on familiarity rating. Ten participants each in two groups were involved for the list equivalency and validation. Statistical Analysis Used: Repeated measure of analysis of variance was utilized for the lists equivalency and standardization. Results: Sixty-seven phrases were shortlisted from 70 phrases through familiarity rating. These phrases were embedded in different 5 signal to noise ratios (SNRs) (−9 dB SNR to −1 dB SNR in steps of 2 dB). Analysis of results showed 50% recognition score at ~−5 dB SNR. In addition, the phrases that were too easy and too difficult were eliminated. From the remaining phrases, five lists of 10 phrases each were constructed and compared for their equal intelligibility in noise. The results revealed no significant differences across the phrase lists. Conclusions: The homogenous five lists of the Kannada phrase recognition test will be useful to assess identification ability of the listeners and hearing aid benefit.
The main subject of this article is the linguistic norm and its (in)variants with regard to evaluation of lingual expressions. The article tries to show various German and Polish conceptions of linguistic norms and to point to their reference to lingual errors/mistakes and interference. Functional norm, usus, feel for language and their importance for language standardization are also discussed in the article, together with the relativity of linguistic norm.
Dutch is a pluricentric language: in Europe, it is spoken in two different countries (the Netherlands in the north and Flanders, Belgium, in the south) with differing linguistic norms. Vismans investigates what happens when the northern and southern Dutch address systems meet. His data come from in-depth radio interviews between Dutch journalists and Flemish academics. In a qualitative analysis, he tracks the development of the relationship between the two speakers and their use of address forms, as well as other markers of (in)formality. The analysis also takes into account other possible factors affecting the interaction (age, gender, residence in the other country) and pays special attention to speakers’ commentary on the variation between familiar and formal second-person pronouns.
Studies of language of contemporary advertising prove the validity of assertions about the ability of advertising to form the taste of the language community. Sometimes ads are ahead of already existing norms of language, creating new images and models of verbal communication in the search for maximum efficiency of impact. The analysis of the most striking and noticeable trends of morphological level in the language of advertising is concentrated in the area of lexico-grammatical status of the nominal parts of speech: the development of the quantitative category in abstract noun word forms and making relative adjectives to be qualitative ones. Besides, in the area of the verbal lexical units one can observe expanding of verbal paradigms owing to new mandatory forms. The manifestation and activation of grammatical processes in the advertising text reflects not only the expansion of the arsenal of means of expression, but also the serious grammatical shifts that can be regarded as a means forming the stylistic unity of the advertising text. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5s2p204
he article deals with the specific features of the German language on the Bavarian dialect lexical level. The dialect is remarkable for its innovations and variety of linguistic forms on all levels of its system. The notion “Bavarian dialect” and its correlation with literary Ger-man language is being researched. The comparative analysis reveals the facts of deviation from the standards of the literary German language, especially in vocabulary and semantics.The Bavarian dialect system is constantly changing, as any language system. We can an-alyze it from the point of view of two states: synchronic and diachronic. The first state is relatively more stable and functioning of the language units is rather regular. But this system condition is balanced only to some extent. At every step of its development, the system col-lects innovations at all levels of its structure: from phonological up to discursive. When their number starts to grow, the language system may change making all the new language units a new norm. A new step of its evolution begins. The aim of the article is to show the inner process of the language system self-development.
Стаття присвячена основним аспектам перекладу медичної термінології на українську мову. Розглядаються домінантні шляхи утворення медичних термінів та особливості їх відтворення українською мовою. Наведено приклади та проаналізовано найуживаніші способи перекладу лексики наукового медичного дискурсу. (The article is dedicated to the basic aspects of medical terminology translation into Ukrainian. In the research paper the main aspects of such language concepts as «discourse», «academic discourse» and «medical terminology» are analyzed and identified; the structural and semantic aspects of borrowed medical terminology are determined; dominant ways of medical terms formation and peculiarities of their rendering into Ukrainian are examined; the examples and the most common ways of scientific vocabulary of medical discourse translation are illustrated. It is stated, that in the process of medical terms translation it is important to find out the interconnection between term and context, which is the only way to render lexical meaning. In the article great attention is paid to the compound medical terms rendering that is one of the most controversial sides of medical English-Ukrainian translation. It is defined that according to the translation situation and/or to the textual genre, it is necessary to take into account the different register levels and possible changes in vocabulary. It is important to remember that translation of borrowed medical terms demands from translator sufficient level of knowledge in this sphere and also following the strict norms of Ukrainian language. According to the investigation done, meaning of borrowed suffixes and prefixes in medical discourse coincide in both languages. Hence the main techniques of their translation into Ukrainian are either transliteration, or finding functional equivalent.)
The translation of corporate publicity material,(TCPM for short), as a pragmatic text, calls for guidance of relevant theo-ry since someword-for-wordtranslation is far from adequate to achieve its purpose. International exchange and communicationin the Southern areas of Jiangsu Province are developing fast and of important value. Therefore, the present study attempts to con-duct the research on in the lights ofFunctional EquivalenceandSkopos Theory. In the proposed translation strategy, the studygives due attention to the TCPM's unique aspect, which has both vocative and informative function. Thus the translator shall taketarget language and its culture norms into consideration so as to make the translated text readable. To achieve the desired effect ofthe translated text, the translator shall free themselves from theFormal Equivalenceand rigid translation, and take efforts toadapt to target reader's cultural background and language norm, thus improving translsted texts at lexical, syntactic, and textuallevels.
Abstract This chapter concludes that Negritude allowed black poets to be full participants of the “aesthetic regime.” This “aesthetic regime” is a lyric regime, and the poetry of Negritude establishes itself solidly as a text-based (rather than oral) movement. Negritude poets not only adopted typographic innovations introduced by other writers; they also developed their own way of harnessing the resistant force that the printed word harbors in its material being. The poets of Negritude in this sense raced textuality. They drew on the complex specificities of the irracialization under modern capitalism to exert pressure on thematic, lexical prosodic, typographical, and rhetorical norms. Moreover, the Negritude poem offers the promise of an identity that can be performed but will never resolve into essence, the promise of an identity that acts like a resistant force of “materiality as it plays itself out in/as the work of art.”
Increasingly audacious steps in advertising are made to affect the customer and to encourage them to buy the advertised goods. Advertising is highly important in gaining a foothold in the business environment. Usually, the advertising texts fail to meet the norms of the standard Lithuanian language. The aim of this article is to compare the language of the advertising booklets of two pharmacies.The linguistic analysis of the advertising booklets of Camelia and Euro Pharmacy for March 2014 showed that in terms of language errors the booklets of the two pharmacies were similar, and the character of the errors was identical in both cases. The advertising booklets of both pharmacies contained lexical, syntactic, morphological, and logical errors. The advertising booklet of the Camelia pharmacy presents 121 items, which advertising descriptions contain 55.3% of language errors. The advertising booklet of the EuroPharmacy presents advertising descriptions of 103 items, where language errors comprise 57.2%. The majority of the errors detected in the advertising booklets of the two pharmacies are lexical (Camelia – 33.8%, and Euro Pharmacy – 37.3%) or syntactic (Camelia – 27.9%, and Euro Pharmacy – 37.3%). Both publications contain nearly equal numbers of lexical errors (Camelia – 17.6%, and Euro Pharmacy – 18.7%). The greatest difference was observed in the number of morphological errors (Camelia – 20.7%, and Euro Pharmacy – 5.7%).In addition to that, the name of the Camelia pharmacy is in conflict with the norms of both Lithuanian and Latin languages.
This article aims to compare three distinct grammatical and conversational patterns of code-switching, which it tentatively links to three different South African ethnoracial labels: White, Coloured and Black. It forms a continuation of a previous article in which correlations were established between Afrikaans-English code-switching patterns and White and Coloured ethnicities. The typological framework used is derived from Muysken, and the hypotheses are based on his predictions as to which type of grammatical CS (i.e. insertional, alternational, congruent lexicalisation) will dominate in which linguistic and sociolinguistic settings. Apart from strengthening the idea of a correlation between patterns of language variation and ethnicity in general, the article explores the theoretical possibility of specific social factors overriding linguistic constraints in determining the grammatical form of CS patterns. In this regard, it will be shown that – on account of specific social factors underlying ethnicity – CS between two typologically unrelated languages, namely Sesotho and English, can exhibit more marks of congruent lexicalization than CS between two typologically related languages, namely Afrikaans and English, while – from the point of view of linguistic constraints – insertional/alternational CS would be expected in the former language pair and congruent lexicalization in the latter. That finding will be placed against the background of different pragmatic norms regulating the conversational use of CS within the Black Sesotho-speaking community (which we will describe as ‘language mixing’ in Auer’s sense) and within the Afrikaans speech community (which in the case of Whites we will describe as tending more towards ‘language alternation’ in Auer’s sense, and in the case of Coloureds as occupying an intermediate position between language alternation and language mixing). The summary of findings on grammatical and conversational CS patterns across ethnic samples will finally be placed against the background of ethnicity and its specific definition in the South African context.
The paper is about the modern nicknames of the residents of Perm Land of the 20th-early 21st centuries. Russian as well as Komi-Permyak and Tatar anthroponomy which is motivated by the lexemes of thematic group “Animals” is analyzed. The lexicalsemantic groups which are topical for Perm nicknames are determined (“Names of the animals and their kinds”, “Names of the regions of the animals”, “Names of the young animals”, “Nicknames of the animals”, “Names and nicknames of the animals which are the personages of the folklore / author’s works”, “Names of the groups of the animals”, “Onomatopoeia (imitations of the sounds producing by the animals”, “Words to beckon the animals”). Types and kinds of the nicknames are identified: 1) from the point of view of spontaneity / consciousness of appearance: natural and artificial nominations which are proposed to distinguish from the standpoint of language (in the linguistic opposition “norm” / “usage”) and from the standpoint of onomastics (in the extra-linguistic opposition “own” / “alien”); 2) by the subject of the nomination: “auto-nicknames” and “allo-nicknames”; 3) by the Extension: individual (family; social-group, at-school, youth, teacher’s, nicknames of adults) and collective (family, family-tribal, “family-group”; socialgroup; territorial). The factors which determine language tools of derivation of the nicknames of this group are revealed: language which is a source of the nomination, motivation of nomination (structural, phonetic, lexical, semantic, multiple), evaluation, social conditions, territorial conditions, temporal conditions. Structurally, the central (not formally distorted), transitional (derivative) and peripheral (occasional, barbarism) lexemes of this group are identified. Multiplicity of characteristics and properties of the animals which motivate the nicknames is noted. The perspectives of research of the modern Perm nicknames in lingualcultural and cognitive aspects are defined.
The aim of this study was to analyse the psycholinguistic variables of the attributes and concepts involved in the recall of a concept. One hundred and twenty adults (18–40 years old) participated. A lexical recall task was administered by presenting a successive list of defining attributes. Forty concepts from different semantic categories were used. The attributes were obtained empirically from local Semantic Features Production Norms. The influence of the characteristics and attributes of the concepts on the number of participants who accessed the name of the concept and the correct guess trend was analysed. Significant values for Age of Acquisition, Presence of Distinctive Attributes and Presence of Taxonomic Attributes were observed. Results show that concepts which are acquired earliest are more easily recalled; presenting taxonomic categories narrows the search and the presence of distinctive attributes allow differentiating between such concepts within a category.
ABSTRACT This skripsiwas made as a requirement to obtain bachelor Degree in English in Sam Ratulangi University. This research is entitled “Discourse analysis of King George VI Speech”With God’s Help, We shall Prevail”(First Radio Address, Britania. September 3, 1939)”. It is an attempt to analyze and explain the discourse analysis norms in King George VI speech. There are three steps to finish this research. First step is preparation,the writer reads some books about language, linguistics, and discourse analysis to find out the relevant theories.Second step is data collection, the writer finds King George VI speech and reads it for several times to have a deep understanding. Third step is data analysis,The data arecollected, identified, classified and analyzed. The method used in this research is taken from Alba-Juez (2008:20) and supported the theory by De Beaugrande and Dressler (1986:8) and Aarts and Aarts (1982: 4). The theory consists of seven norms, they are: Cohesion: pronoun, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, lexical, Coherence: mark coherence, and unmark coherence, Intentionality, Acceptability, Informatifity, Situationality, and Intertextuality. The result of this research shows that in cohesion there are 50 pronouns, 7 subtitusion, no elipsis, 34 conjuction, 10 lexical. In this speech, there are 21 mark coherence and there is no unmark coherence. There are also the norms like intentionality is focused on user or producer by expressing a disappointment and sadness. Acceptabilityhas a generally acceptable meaning, according to the history of the text of this speech is received, the king get a warm welcome from the people and members of the royal. Informatifity is can provide full information,can be known through historical conditions occurred. Situationalityhas a relationship with the surrounding circumstances, refers to the situation of war. And intertextualityrefer to the agreement as a protector of the independence of Poland. Keywords: discourse analysis, speech, seven norms, King George VI
У статті розглядається проблема визначення поняття «семи» як компонента значення слів, подано їхню типологію в сучасній лінгвістичній літературі. Досліджено особливості семного складу лексичних одиниць на позначення добра в англійській мові та з’ясовано його характер. (The article deals with the problem of definition of «seme» as a word meanings’ component and their typology in modern linguistic literature. The peculiarities of the seme stock of lexical units denoting good in English as well as its character are analyzed together with the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of semes. The study shows that the seme stock of the nouns denoting good in Modern English can be divided into 6 subsets, reflecting diverse shades of their meanings. The order and organization of semes in the seme stock under study is hierarchical. The obtained matrix gives an opportunity to investigate the seme stock as the unity of semantic features that possesses a definite structure. In the course of our analysis the semes which make up the meanings of the lexical units have been divided into polyfunctional and monofunctional according to frequency of their appearance in the lexical meanings of the nouns denoting good. Lexical units denoting good occupy an important place within the lexical system of any language because this notion belongs to the moral values, indicating moral norms, assessment, ideal, valuable orientation and moral qualities of the personality. Present understanding of good is inseparably connected with processes taking place in the social and political spheres of life, and leading to changes in the consciousness and mental perception of an individual. Thus, good is considered to be anthropocentric and socio-pragmatic notion referring to a person and serving to satisfy his/her social and everyday needs.)
The article deals with the issues of genesis, content, and peculiarities of existence in the Russian manuscript tradition of the passionary compiled work “The Passion of Jesus Christ” devoted to the description of the last days of the Saviour’s life on Earth. The author characterizes some structural peculiarities of the work. The first feature is the presence of thirty two chapters in the full version; at this, more than half of them originate from apocryphal legends, in particular from the so called “Gospel of Nikodim” dating back to the 2 n d century AD. The second feature consists in a wide variation of repertory of the initial and finishing chapters within the work’s numerous lists while the pivot (the events described in chapters 26-27 of the “Gospel of Mathew”) remains stable. The authors also introduce and describe a new manuscript of the 17 t h century preserved in Mordovia museum of local history. The main part of this manuscript is represented by the Apocrypha “The Passion of Jesus Christ”. The authors of the present article highlight the highest artistic value and historical importance of the manuscript containing ninety magnificent illustrations and including thirty one miniatures accompanying the whole passionary cycle. The analyses of graphic and orthographical features of the manuscript showed a tendency to breaking the norms while choosing one of the members of the doublet pair. The lexical system of Apocrypha consists of five main theme groups, including the lexemes connected with the concepts “man”, “religion”, “material culture”, “time”, “natural world” as well as with the inner world of a man, his appearance, and social status. The language of the work consists mainly of the low norms of the 17 th-century Old Church Slavonic language with some dialectic features (okanye using “o”, chokanye using “ch”).
In the field of translation theory, owing to the new functional paradigm with its antropocentrism in the investigations, not only the approaches to the translation per se have changed, but also the scope of issues concerned with researches of this multidimensional and multifaceted phenomenon within the multicultural spaces through the prism of cognition has expanded. Subject. The cognitive aspects of translation and cognitive aspects of strategies in translation continue to give rise to new debates and, at this point, there is an inevitable necessity to apply the interdisciplinary approach within the framework of semiotics, pragmatics, semantics, sociolinguistics, etc. in the research of the central categories of translation theory, such as equivalence, in the light of modern cognitive paradigm. Since it is widely accepted that cognitive spaces are marked by cultural-specific differences, a comparative analysis of Spanish and Russian lexicological data can reveal and demonstrate two-dimensional national specificity of Spanish language which is manifested in non-equivalent and background lexical units and which imposes international and intervariant pragmatic restrictions on their choice and use in different types of communicative and pragmatic situations in accordance with communicative and pragmatic norms of the Spanish language and its variants. The objective of this article is to consider the functioning of non-equivalent lexical units in the cognitive space of translation, making a special reference to the Spanish-Russian language combination. Results. This article suggests strategies of conveying the precise meaning of these units at the moment of transferring and adequately restoring the sense as a fundamental condition of efficient communication. Methods of semantic and comparative analysis are used in this study. The practical value of the research is to use the results for fundamental studies within the field of translation theory and translation teaching.
The Slavic branch of the Balto-Slavic sub-family of Indo-European languages underwent rapid divergence as a result of the spatial expansion of its speakers from Central-East Europe, in early medieval times. This expansion–mainly to East Europe and the northern Balkans–resulted in the incorporation of genetic components from numerous autochthonous populations into the Slavic gene pools. Here, we characterize genetic variation in all extant ethnic groups speaking Balto-Slavic languages by analyzing mitochondrial DNA (n = 6,876), Y-chromosomes (n = 6,079) and genome-wide SNP profiles (n = 296), within the context of other European populations. We also reassess the phylogeny of Slavic languages within the Balto-Slavic branch of Indo-European. We find that genetic distances among Balto-Slavic populations, based on autosomal and Y-chromosomal loci, show a high correlation (0.9) both with each other and with geography, but a slightly lower correlation (0.7) with mitochondrial DNA and linguis)
Common walnut (Juglans regia L) is an economically important species cultivated worldwide for its wood and nuts. It is generally accepted that J. regia survived and grew spontaneously in almost completely isolated stands in its Asian native range after the Last Glacial Maximum. Despite its natural geographic isolation, J. regia evolved over many centuries under the influence of human management and exploitation. We evaluated the hypothesis that the current distribution of natural genetic resources of common walnut in Asia is, at least in part, the product of ancient anthropogenic dispersal, human cultural interactions, and afforestation. Genetic analysis combined with ethno-linguistic and historical data indicated that ancient trade routes such as the Persian Royal Road and Silk Road enabled long-distance dispersal of J. regia from Iran and Trans-Caucasus to Central Asia, and from Western to Eastern China. Ancient commerce also disrupted the local spatial genetic structure of autochth)
Globalization of business and competitiveness in manufacturing has forced companies to improve their manufacturing facilities to respond to market requirements. Machine tool evaluation involves an essential decision using imprecise and vague information, and plays a major role to improve the productivity and flexibility in manufacturing. The aim of this study is to present an integrated approach for decision-making in machine tool selection. This paper is focused on the integration of a consistent fuzzy AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) and a fuzzy COmplex PRoportional ASsessment (COPRAS) for multi-attribute decision-making in selecting the most suitable machine tool. In this method, the fuzzy linguistic reference relation is integrated into AHP to handle the imprecise and vague information, and to simplify the data collection for the pair-wise comparison matrix of the AHP which determines the weights of attributes. The output of the fuzzy AHP is imported into the fuzzy COPRAS method f)
Does it matter if you speak with a regional accent? Speaking immediately reveals something of one’s own social and cultural identity, be it consciously or unconsciously. Perceiving accents involves not only reconstructing such imprints but also augmenting them with particular attitudes and stereotypes. Even though we know much about attitudes and stereotypes that are transmitted by, e.g. skin color, names or physical attractiveness, we do not yet have satisfactory answers how accent perception affects human behavior. How do people act in economically relevant contexts when they are confronted with regional accents? This paper reports a laboratory experiment where we address this question. Participants in our experiment conduct cognitive tests where they can choose to either cooperate or compete with a randomly matched male opponent identified only via his rendering of a standardized text in either a regional accent or standard accent. We find a strong connection between the linguistic)
Number representations change through education, although it is currently unclear whether and how language could impact the magnitude representation that we share with other species. The most prominent view is that language does not play any role in modulating the core numeric representation involved in the contrast of quantities. Nevertheless, possible cultural hints on the numerical magnitude representation are currently on discussion focus. In fact, the acquisition of number words provides linguistic input that the quantity system may not ignore. Bilingualism offers a window to the study of this question, especially in bilinguals where the two number wording systems imply also two different numerical systems, such as in Basque-Spanish bilinguals. The present study evidences linguistic prints in the core number representational system through the analysis of EEG oscillatory activity during a simple number comparison task. Gamma band synchronization appears when Basque-Spanish biling)
Combined with neural language models, distributed word representations achieve significant advantages in computational linguistics and text mining. Most existing models estimate distributed word vectors from large-scale data in an unsupervised fashion, which, however, do not take rich linguistic knowledge into consideration. Linguistic knowledge can be represented as either link-based knowledge or preference-based knowledge, and we propose knowledge regularized word representation models (KRWR) to incorporate these prior knowledge for learning distributed word representations. Experiment results demonstrate that our estimated word representation achieves better performance in task of semantic relatedness ranking. This indicates that our methods can efficiently encode both prior knowledge from knowledge bases and statistical knowledge from large-scale text corpora into a unified word representation model, which will benefit many tasks in text mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR], Copyright o)
Aims: To assess the association of social determinants on the performance of health systems around the world. Methods: A transnational ecological study was conducted with an observation level focused on the country. In order to research on the strength of the association between the annual maternal and child mortality in 154 countries and social determinants: corruption, democratization, income inequality and cultural fragmentation, we used a mixed linear regression model for repeated measures with random intercepts and a conglomerate-based geographical analysis, between 2000 and 2010. Results: Health determinants with a significant association on child mortality(<1year): higher access to water (βa Quartile 4(Q4) vs Quartile 1(Q1) = -6,14; 95%CI: -11,63 to -0,73), sanitation systems, (Q4 vs Q1 = -25,58; 95%CI: -31,91 to -19,25), % measles vaccination coverage (Q4 vs Q1 = -7.35; 95%CI: -10,18 to -4,52), % of births attended by a healthcare professional (Q4 vs Q1 = -7,91; 95%CI: -11,)
Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a multifactorial disease, where the host genetics play a significant role in determining the disease outcome. The immunological role of anti-inflammatory cytokine, Interleukin 10 (IL10), has been well-documented in parasite infections and considered as a key regulatory cytokine for VL. Although VL patients in India display high level of IL10 in blood serum, no genetic study has been conducted to assess the VL susceptibility / resistance. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the role of IL10 variations in Indian VL; and to estimate the distribution of disease associated allele in diverse Indian populations. Methodology: All the exons and exon-intron boundaries of IL10 were sequenced in 184 VL patients along with 172 ethnically matched controls from VL endemic region of India. Result and Discussion: Our analysis revealed four variations; rs1518111 (2195 A>G, intron), rs1554286 (2607 C>T, intron), rs3024496 (4976 T>C, 3’ UTR) an)
It is tempting to treat frequency trends from the Google Books data sets as indicators of the “true” popularity of various words and phrases. Doing so allows us to draw quantitatively strong conclusions about the evolution of cultural perception of a given topic, such as time or gender. However, the Google Books corpus suffers from a number of limitations which make it an obscure mask of cultural popularity. A primary issue is that the corpus is in effect a library, containing one of each book. A single, prolific author is thereby able to noticeably insert new phrases into the Google Books lexicon, whether the author is widely read or not. With this understood, the Google Books corpus remains an important data set to be considered more lexicon-like than text-like. Here, we show that a distinct problematic feature arises from the inclusion of scientific texts, which have become an increasingly substantive portion of the corpus throughout the 1900s. The result is a surge of phrases typi)
Recent South Americans have been described as presenting high regional cranial morphological diversity when compared to other regions of the world. This high diversity is in accordance with linguistic and some of the molecular data currently available for the continent, but the origin of this diversity has not been satisfactorily explained yet. Here we explore if this high morphological variation was already present among early groups in South America, in order to refine our knowledge about the timing and origins of the modern morphological diversity. Between-group (Fst estimates) and within-group variances (trace of within-group covariance matrix) of the only two early American population samples available to date (Lagoa Santa and Sabana de Bogotá) were estimated based on linear craniometric measurements and compared to modern human cranial series representing six regions of the world, including the Americas. The results show that early Americans present moderate within-group diversi)
We report on a study that aimed to improve an existing tone label prediction algorithm for Sesotho, an official language of South Africa. Tone is an important prosodic feature of Sesotho, since speakers use tone to distinguish meaning. In order to implement tone in a Text-to-Speech system for Sesotho, a tone modeling algorithm must receive as input the tone labels of the syllables of each word. Then it can predict the appropriate intonation of the word. Since Sesotho does not mark tone labels in orthography, the labels have to be predicted according to the tonal rules of the language. The existing tone label prediction algorithm has two drawbacks, namely it implements three tonal rules only and is restricted to the clitic phrase domain. In our study, we developed an algorithm that implements four additional tonal rules and addresses all parts of speech. The results show that the latter algorithm significantly improves the existing one by increasing the number of matched tone labels.
Background: Writing is a sequential motor action based on sensorimotor integration in visuospatial and linguistic functional domains. To test the hypothesis of lateralized circuitry concerning spatial and language components involved in such action, we employed an fMRI paradigm including writing and drawing with each hand. In this way, writing-related contributions of dorsal and ventral premotor regions in each hemisphere were assessed, together with effects in wider distributed circuitry. Given a right-hemisphere dominance for spatial action, right dorsal premotor cortex dominance was expected in left-hand writing while dominance of the left ventral premotor cortex was expected during right-hand writing. Methods: Sixteen healthy right-handed subjects were scanned during audition-guided writing of short sentences and simple figure drawing without visual feedback. Tapping with a pencil served as a basic control task for the two higher-order motor conditions. Activation differences we)
The contrast between regular and irregular inflectional morphology has been useful in investigating the functional and neural architecture of language. However, most studies have examined the regular/irregular distinction in non-agglutinative Indo-European languages (primarily English) with relatively simple morphology. Additionally, the majority of research has focused on verbal rather than nominal inflectional morphology. The present study attempts to address these gaps by introducing both plural and past tense production tasks in Hungarian, an agglutinative non-Indo-European language with complex morphology. Here we report results on these tasks from healthy Hungarian native-speaking adults, in whom we examine regular and irregular nominal and verbal inflection in a within-subjects design. Regular and irregular nouns and verbs were stem on frequency, word length, and phonological structure, and both accuracy and response times were acquired. The results revealed that the regular/ir)