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16504 papers
The article deals with the issues of genesis, content, and peculiarities of existence in the Russian manuscript tradition of the passionary compiled work "The Passion of Jesus Christ" devoted to the description of the last days of the Saviour's life on Earth. The author characterizes some structural peculiarities of the work. The first feature is the presence of thirty two chapters in the full version; at this, more than half of them originate from apocryphal legends, in particular from the so called "Gospel of Nikodim" dating back to the 2nd century AD. The second feature consists in a wide variation of repertory of the initial and finishing chapters within the work's numerous lists while the pivot (the events described in chapters 26-27 of the "Gospel of Mathew") remains stable. The authors also introduce and describe a new manuscript of the 17th century preserved in Mordovia museum of local history. The main part of this manuscript is represented by the Apocrypha "The Passion of Jesus Christ". The authors of the present article highlight the highest artistic value and historical importance of the manuscript containing ninety magnificent illustrations and including thirty one miniatures accompanying the whole passionary cycle. The analyses of graphic and orthographical features of the manuscript showed a tendency to breaking the norms while choosing one of the members of the doublet pair. The lexical system of Apocrypha consists of five main theme groups, including the lexemes connected with the concepts "man", "religion", "material culture", "time", "natural world" as well as with the inner world of a man, his appearance, and social status. The language of the work consists mainly of the low norms of the 17th-century Old Church Slavonic language with some dialectic features (okanye – using "o", chokanye – using "ch").
This study examines the stylistic constraints on the pronunciation of the FACE and GOAT lexical sets as spoken by Slovak and Czech female immigrants who permanently reside in Edinburgh, Scotland. We undertake an acoustic analysis of monosyllablic words taken from a structured interview, a reading passage, and a wordlist to compare these speakers to fluent learners of RP English living in Slovakia, specifically investigating immigrants’ acquisition of the Scottish English monophthongal variant. The results suggest that long-term immigration has a significant impact on pronunciation patterns, although more formal speech styles may trigger a reversion to instructed L2 norms.
In this paper, we tackle the problem of domain adaptation of statistical machine translation (SMT) by exploiting domain-specific data acquired by domain-focused crawling of text from the World Wide Web. We design and empirically evaluate a procedure for automatic acquisition of monolingual and parallel text and their exploitation for system training, tuning, and testing in a phrase-based SMT framework. We present a strategy for using such resources depending on their availability and quantity supported by results of a large-scale evaluation carried out for the domains of environment and labour legislation, two language pairs (English–French and English–Greek) and in both directions: into and from English. In general, machine translation systems trained and tuned on a general domain perform poorly on specific domains and we show that such systems can be adapted successfully by retuning model parameters using small amounts of parallel in-domain data, and may be further improved by using additional monolingual and parallel training data for adaptation of language and translation models. The average observed improvement in BLEU achieved is substantial at 15.30 points absolute.
In this study, we assessed language difficulties of two French-speaking aphasic patients, TM (age = 62 years) and CL (age = 65 years). On a description task, both patients presented non-fluent aphasia, as indicated by great word finding difficulties and frequent pauses in inappropriate places in the sentences. On a picture naming task, both patients produced semantic paraphasias and substitutions of phonemes. TM presented impaired frequency and length effects and CL impaired length effect. These results led us to assume that both patients presented lexical selection and phonetic deficits. In order to clearly attribute these errors affecting phonemes to phonetic difficulties, we used acoustic analyses. We focused on the analysis of voice onset time (VOT), a reliable cue of motor speech control that may be affected in patients with phonetic impairment. We assumed that patients with phonetic impairment would show a tendency to devoice voiced stop consonants and to produce VOT that fell between the voiced and voiceless categories. By contrast, in case of phonological impairment, patients' voicing errors would show no clearly-established preferential tendencies in phoneme substitutions (Blumstein et al., 1980; Nespoulous et al., 2013). In a second time, we addressed the question whether patients were still capable of phonetic and articulatory flexibility (Delvaux et al., 2013, 2014) because this would be an interesting cue for speech therapy, frequently based on repetition paradigms.Part 1 Patients' VOT durations were analyzed in a repetition task of 84 CVCV nonwords (the six stop consonants /p/, /t/, /k/ and /b/, /d/, /g/ combined with the three vowels /a/, /i/, /u/ presented in initial or intermediate position in the nonword). VOT was analyzed for each CV syllable by measuring the distance from the onset of the burst (associated with the release of the consonant) to the first periodic cycle of the following vowel (Lisker & Abramson, 1964). Part 2 Patients' phonetic flexibility was assessed through an investigation of their capacity to acquire a phonetic variant that is not usual in their mother tongue, a C[t]V[a] syllable with a long VOT (Cho & Ladefoged, 1999; paradigm from Delvaux et al., 2013, 2014). Experimental stimuli consisted in 5 C[t]V[a] syllables of respectively 20-, 40-, 60-, 80-, and 100-ms VOT. The paradigm consisted first in an AX discrimination task and then in a repetition task, both including the 5 stimuli. Results Part 1 The results of our analyses indicated that CL showed a great tendency to devoice voiced stops (48% of the voiced stops) but the mean VOT values of the correctly produced voiced stops were within the norms (mean patient VOT = -98.72 ms, average VOT for French = -100 ms, Laeufer, 1996). The patient only voiced one voiceless stop and the VOT values for the correctly produced voiceless stops were also within the norms (mean patient VOT = 35.26 ms, average VOT for French = 35 ms, Laeufer, 1996). He also presented a lack of articulatory accuracy that led him to transform stops in fricatives. These analyses suggested that CL had phonetic impairment. TM's mean VOT for voiced stops were of -64 ms, which is shorter than the average values for these stops in French (-100 ms), indicating that TM may present difficulties to maintain the voicing before the onset of the burst of the consonant. By contrast, his mean VOT values for voiceless consonants (32.22 ms) were within the norms. These results suggest that the patient presented motor difficulties with the planification of speech +contrôle moteur sur consonnes: l J, consonnes non voisées peu explosées, parfois ressemblent à des voisées. However, TM also presented a tendency to voice voiceless stops (17% of the voiceless stops) and to substitute the consonants with a different consonant including a change of place of articulation (e.g., /t/ becomes [k]; 18.48% of voiced and voiceless stops). These observations also suggest the presence of phoneme selection difficulties for this patient. Part 2 As indicated on Table 1, both CL and TM still show a capacity to acquire a non-usual phonetic variant and therefore still have a certain phonetic flexibility. Indeed, response VOT fairly matched stimulus VOT in the repetition task. Their performance did not differ from the control participants', matched in age with the patients, as indicated by the patients' Z-scores in Table 1. Only the patients' discrimination performances were low. These scores may be due to difficulties with instructions understanding. Discussion The results of the present study highlight the importance of conducting acoustic analyses in order to help distinguish between phonological and phonetic errors that both affect phonemes. Our data also show that non-fluent aphasic patients can present phonological difficulties as well, as already indicated by a few studies in the literature (Blumstein et al., 1980; Nespoulous et al., 2013; Ryalls et al., 1995). The outcomes of the second part of this study indicate that, even with motor planification of speech difficulties, our patients are still able to adapt to non-familiar linguistic variants and therefore to keep a certain articulatory flexibility. Differences between patients will be discussed with regards to their different profile, as well as about possibilities of language rehabilitation for patients with their kind of pattern.
Artikeln presenterar en ny och framväxande genre vid svenska myndigheter, nämligen värdegrunder. Värdegrundstexterna ses här som en del i en förändrad diskurs, där det blir allt viktigare att presentera den egna myndigheten positivt. I så måtto liknar värdegrunderna marknadsföringstexter, men de kan också betraktas som styrinstrument. Eftersom texterna artikulerar ett förväntat beteende, till exempel att myndigheten är effektiv och engagerad, erbjuder de ett subtilt sätt att reglera beteende hos de anställda. Artikelns fokus är värde-grundstexternas relation till klarspråksnormen. Analyser av tre värdegrundstexter visar att texterna knappast innebär begriplighetsproblem, även om de många abstrakta orden kan innebära problem. Andra problematiska aspekter med värdegrunderna är att de bidrar till att utöka myndigheternas textrepertoar, och därmed kostar arbetstid och pengar. De har också en tendens att vara kommunikativt oklara, och kan i värsta fall dölja problem, eftersom de är skrivna som påståenden (vi är effektiva) snarare än som uppmaningar (vi ska vara effektiva). Ur språkvårdsperspektiv innebär texterna en möjlighet att diskutera vilka texter som ska om-fattas av kravet på klarspråk, och kan på så sätt möjligen bidra till att begreppet klarspråk blir snävare och skarpare.Abstract:This article presents a relatively new and evolving genre at public authorities, the platform of values (värdegrund). The platform of values is presented as part of a changing discourse, where presenting the public authority in question in a positive manner is getting increasingly more important. In this respect, the platforms of values resemble marketing texts, but they are also regarded as tools for governing. Since the texts articulate an expected manner of behaviour, for example that the authority is efficient and committed, they offer a subtle way of imposing a code of conduct on employees. The main focus in the article is on the relation between plain language norms and the genre of platform of values. Textual analysis of three platforms of values reveals that there are not many problems of comprehensibility, but that the level of lexical abstraction might pose a problem for readers. There are also other problems related to the platforms of values. They increase the amount of texts and genres within the public authorities, which increases costs in time and money. They also tend to be unclear communicatively, and might gloss over problems of behaviour, since they are written in a declarative mode. From a language policy perspective, they offer an opportunity to discuss the boundaries of plain language, and possible sharpen the concept of plain language practice.
In education literature, there is a call for the development of pedagogical activities about socio-scientific issues, both for their affordance with the epistemic values of a renewed vision of science teaching (e. g. Driver, Newton, Osborne, 2000, Sadler & Zeidler, 2005), and for concerns of citizenship education (e. g. Legardez & Simonneaux, 2006). To develop high quality reasoning on such topics, fundamental knowledge on key scientific concepts together with socio-ethical beliefs, values and interests structuring the controversy must be taken into account (Oulton, Dillon, Grace, 2004, Albe, 2009). Contrary to mainstream traditional educational routines, the students are not expected to give a right or wrong answer and are required to use and confront various information sources (daily experience, the media, school knowledge, moral principles, cultural common sense, etc). From a corpus of videotaped scientific cafe-type debates about drinking water management, collected in schools in Mexico, the US and France, I analyzed the typical argumentative resources used by the students in such setting (emotions, norms and knowledge). In this presentation, the focus is on the pieces of knowledge that are co-constructed all along the activity, led by 15-17 year-old student moderators for 12-14 year-old student attendees. The emergence and evolution of two different micro-units of knowledge content (1. the use of water for the production of other goods and 2. the distinction between the cost and the price) were followed during the distinct steps of the cafe (alternation of quiz on basic knowledge, group discussion, and group and class debates on socio-scientific issues). In order to have a global temporal picture of the genesis of these pieces of knowledge, and a better understanding of moderators’ role in the process, these micro-units of content were also tracked on the video of the moderators’ training, which took place prior to the cafe. With the help of video annotation tools (Transana and ELAN), each occurrence of each micro-unit of knowledge was precisely characterized on a multimodal perspective. The coding scheme includes key lexical and structural elements, main gesture features, and the use of material resources in the pedagogical environment. The analytical tools were developed on the basis of previous literature on gesture analysis (e. g. Colletta, Ramona, Kunene, Venouil, Kaufmann, Simon, 2009, Cosnier, 2004, Kendon, 2004, McNeill, 1992, 2000) and empirical observation of the data. It serves as a basis to compare the multimodal trajectory of each micro-unit of knowledge, in different communicative contexts (quiz elucidation or debate on socio-scientific issues, linguistic and cultural environment, moderating style, type of knowledge involved). This contrastive stance leads to a discussion on whether some features of the multimodal scenario of emergence of a piece of knowledge can be considered determinant to fosters its elaboration and later reinvestment at different social levels (individual, small group, whole classroom).
Style generally means expression. According to the formalists, when the author is seeking literary text, he must have a standard language and literary norms that are beyond and alienation and defamiliarization do literary test. defamiliarization done is two ways: extra regularity and Deviation. For the first time, Jeffrey leaches divided deviation into eight parts. It contains lexical, phonetic, written, semantic, stylistic, grammatical and archaism deviation. The share of each of the deviations is different in different periods of literature and in a manner different from literary texts. It included at the beginning of tenth centuries in Indian style, to evade existing norms of the lyrics timuri and with using the deviation created contributions in the field of language. This article tries to identification of deviation types and mention of examples of the lyrics of the period.
The Legal Language of Scottish Burghs: Standardization and Lexical Bundles 1380-1560. Joanna Kopaczyk. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2013. ISBN 9780199945153, 51 [pounds sterling], 368pp. The subject-matter of this book is so distinctive and unexpected as to arouse a potential reader's interest from the start: the language of the Scottish burgh records in the period from the first use of Scots as their medium to the Reformation. Yet the fact that this topic is unusual at once points to a glaring lacuna in the historical study of the Scots language. Poetry in Early and Middle Scots has, deservedly and most rewardingly, provided extensive material which has been the basis of many excellent studies: to this extent, pre-modern Scots has been fertile soil for historical linguists. With the development of corpus linguistics, other literary genres, notably correspondence, have been opened to fruitful investigations. But though the socio-historical and linguistic interest of prose texts, particularly utilitarian ones, may be great, it is not hard to understand that the works of Dunbar should be more enticing to many researchers than the Peebles burgh records of 1499; and the enormous field of Early and Middle Scots prose writing is still under-examined. And since the field of legal writings in particular has a linguistic dimension, given the long-standing tradition of Scots law and the distinctive lexical and stylistic features associated with it, some of which survive to the present day, the surprising thing is not that we now have a full-length monograph on the topic but that we have had to wait so long for one. This is particularly true in view of the fact, amply demonstrated in the preliminary chapters of the book, that legal language as a general subject has received extensive and detailed examination; much of which is summarily discussed in this section. The present study of the legal register of Middle Scots is thus an important contribution to a flourishing branch of linguistics. The author has an established reputation as a historical linguist, with several groundbreaking works on Scots already to her credit; and the range and depth of her reading on the topic is impressively shown here. An important distinction introduced in this section is that between language standardisation and linguistic standardisation, the former being the elevation of one particular dialect, because of extra-linguistic factors such as demographic strength or social prestige, to the status of a supra-regional norm; the latter, the settling of specific phonological, orthographic and grammatical features as the norms within a dialect. Examination of linguistic standardisation in Scots, the author points out, has always focused on the Anglicisation which took place in the post-Reformation period; the linguistic standardisation which was proceeding prior to this having so far received almost no attention. Having placed her study precisely in its academic context, Kopaczyk proceeds with a historical examination of the burghs and their place in Scottish history. As often, a widespread and long-term process common to all of northern Europe, in this case the evolution of areas where the population happened to be denser than in their hinterlands to legally-defined communities with formally established privileges and responsibilities binding on the community and its individual members, is shown to have taken a distinctive form in Scotland. …
Contemporary Polish and Russian numerals. A contrastive studyNumerals have always been a matter of great interest among linguists, because since pre-Slavic times this lexical category and its inflections have undergone many changes, which has usually meant simplification. Contrastive studies of Polish and Russian numerals have shown that this grammatical category is one of the most difficult categories to acquire and master. Numerals are the only category that has undergone such profound unifications in its declension paradigm. Currently, there are many innovations regarding the grammatical forms of numerals occurring in the language use as well as in descriptive norms. Among these changes, the following are the most significant: the grammatical forms of cardinal numerals have replaced these of ordinal numerals; numeral inflections are gradually disappearing; collective numerals have dropped their inflections. What is more, difficult case inflections are being supplanted by “simple” inflections, and the initial parts of collective numerals are no longer inflected. Another tendency observed is that syntactic placements characteristic for inflected numerals are being replaced by ones characteristic for other “simple” inflections. The abovementioned innovations are present in the synthetic linguistic systems of Polish and Russian to a different extent. The changes exhibit strong analytic tendencies in both languages. These changes manifest themselves predominantly in the lack of inflection in most forms, which is characteristic for analytic languages.
Syntactic-semantic treebank for domain ontology creationThis paper focuses on the creation of a domain treebank for the purposes of compiling a domain ontology. The domain treebank is viewed as a suitable resource for extracting of semantic relations from syntactic structures. First, the steps for ontology building are considered. Then, the processing over glossaries and standards is described with regard to their syntactic annotation. The utility of deriving semantic knowledge from the Treebank is also illustrated via the basic phrases. The idea is that the domain knowledge is represented in the domain data, but via treebanking more linguistic patterns can be extracted, which to be mapped to concepts and relations in a domain ontology.
The in every standard language there are phonetic, morphologic, syntactic and lexical norms at work. In the process of standardization of a language, the rules of orthography occupy a central role. Orthography is not an independent system of rules which stands alone by and of itself. To grasp the essence of the main features and problems concerning the orthography of a language it is not enough to learn by heart the basic rules and principles, but also to respect and observe these rules and orthographic norms. The main goal of this paper is to highlight the several violations of the standard of the Albanian language committed by several television channels. Such violations concern not only the written form (subtitles), but also the spoken one. Based on the concrete observations carried out in different mass media, we can say that such violations represent not only a serious problem, but also a grave threat to Standard Albanian. In every instance, we have tried to juxtapose every possible violation with the norm and the respective rule, and we have also given the correct version according to the principles of the Albanian language.
Social nature of communication has been increasingly attracting translation theory researchers' attention. In modern information environment, the main constituents of translation theory combine nature paronimic attraction in verbal categories. Its constituents recognize the signs of a verb in paronimic attraction analyzed in this article. In translation theory foundations, the study of paronimic attraction sign expands the constituent of the Bible. In the space of artistic constituent, the Bible is the process of establishing a national origin, it expands the boundaries of a paronym and temporal language in the Caucasian languages. In this case, it is necessary to depart from the usual translation solutions and rethink many processes of translation in the text of the New Testament. An overview of the research provides the necessary background transfers, without which the aspect of terminology research can be understood. They are fixing and identifying the terms of a literary text, the Bible. A study on the formation and standardization of orthoepy, grammatical and lexical norms formed successively with the modern trends of the theory of translation. In short, if you adapt the idea of a formal division of the predicate in the typological term communication solutions, the Caucasian languages exhibit structural types of the intonation funds. An analysis of the term patronym shows that the derivatives with non-finite verb forms appositive model names label in the Turkish-Dagestani segment. Consequently, the nature of the paronyms defines the forms of the verb used in various functional-stylistic layers of the language.
ABSTRACT The research is entitled Discourse Analysis of Martin Luther King Jr.’s speech, “ I Have a Dream ” ( Addressed to the March on Washington ). It is an attempt to analyzeand explain the discourse analysis norms. The objective of this research is to identify, classify, and analyze the discourse analysis norms in Martin Luther King Jr’s Speech. The writer conducts this research by using descriptive method. In collecting data, the speech and its history were taken from the book American speech and other relevant source from internet as a source data. The data analysis was based on by Juez (2008:20) and supportedby De Beaugrande and Dressler (1986:8) and Aarts and Aarts (1982: 4).These discourse analysis norms were applied in the Martin Luther King Jr’s Speech. The theory consists of seven norms, they are: cohesion (pronoun, substitusion, ellipsis, conjuction, and lexical), coherence (mark coherence and unmark coherence), intentionality, acceptability, informatifity, situationality, and intertextuality. The result of this research shows that in the cohesion norm, there are 131 pronouns, 52 subtitusion, 1 ellipsis, 90 conjuction and 16 lexical. In coherence norm, there are 46 mark coherence and there is no unmark coherence. There are also others norms like intentionality, acceptability, informatifity, situationality, and intertextuality. This speech contains the seven norms sugested by Juez (2008:20). Keywords: Discourse Analysis, Speech, Martin L.King Jr., Norms.
Chinese Lexicon Project (Sze et al., 2014) summarized lexical decision response data of 2,500 Chinese characters. The original analysis has showed that the newest character frequency norm accounts the most variance of reaction times. The variance of these response data are analyzed in terms of the character frequency, strokes, and structures in use of the norms from Taiwan. First of all, simplified characters ranked as high frequency have greater performance on reaction times, but these characters ranked as lower frequency in traditional scripts have overestimated response points. Secondly many simplified characters are transformed from complex to simple, and strokes are substantial discrepancy between Chinese scripts. Finally, stuructre of character takes a large proportion of variance in the response data. The covariance of structure and character frequency also shows a significant trend. Our current work reveals some critical thinkings on using mega-data as the approach to study Chinese character processing.
The use of Internet panels to collect survey data is increasing because it is cost-effective, enables access to large and diverse samples quickly, takes less time than traditional methods to obtain data for analysis, and the standardization of the data collection process makes studies easy to replicate. A variety of probability-based panels have been created, including Telepanel/CentERpanel, Knowledge Networks (now GFK KnowledgePanel), the American Life Panel, the Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences panel, and the Understanding America Study panel. Despite the advantage of having a known denominator (sampling frame), the probability-based Internet panels often have low recruitment participation rates, and some have argued that there is little practical difference between opting out of a probability sample and opting into a nonprobability (convenience) Internet panel. This article provides an overview of both probability-based and convenience panels, discussing potential benefits and cautions for each method, and summarizing the approaches used to weight panel respondents in order to better represent the underlying population. Challenges of using Internet panel data are discussed, including false answers, careless responses, giving the same answer repeatedly, getting multiple surveys from the same respondent, and panelists being members of multiple panels. More is to be learned about Internet panels generally and about Web-based data collection, as well as how to evaluate data collected using mobile devices and social-media platforms.
This article is focused upon the analysis of the implementation of elements of English speech etiquette system on lexico-phraseological, grammar and intonation levels in native and non-native speech. Non-native speech manifests fewer formulas of politeness than that of native speakers, presenting, however, all kinds of phrases traditionally used in rhetorical practice. In some cases, formulas of politeness used by Russian-speaking bilinguals have different lexical and intonation patterns compared to formula used by native speakers. The level of formality and lexico-grammatical content directly influence the intonation formulas of politeness, both in native and non-native speech. The accent in the use of formulas of politeness by Russian bilinguals (as a result of language interference) is revealed in deviations from the norm associated with the use of qualitatively different phonetic, lexical and grammatical means of expression, not always consistent with communicative situation.
У статті наголошується, що, у зв’язку з розширенням міжнародних економічних зв’язків, виникла необхідність удосконалення методики навчання професійного економічного перекладу. Запропоновано елективний курс «Економічний переклад», що передбачає поглиблену підготовку перекладачів у сфері професійної комунікації. Охарактеризовано основні завдання, принципи та етапи навчання. Визначаються параметри, що характеризують сформованість перекладацьких умінь студентів. (The author of the article emphasizes that due to intense globalization, introduction of different innovations, expansion of economic connections, the interest to economy becomes an issue of primary importance. This causes the necessity to expand intercultural communication in this sphere, develop the methods of teaching economic texts translation. The author states that the students cannot successfully understand and use any terminology if it is not ordered and contrasted with the analogues of these terms in commonly used lexics and other terminological systems. The mistakes in understanding and not sufficient adequacy of a term translation can lead to essential communicative failures. The author’s position consists in stating that teaching the translation of economic texts should be based on the achievements of psycholinguistics, cognitive linguistics, text linguistics, cultural linguistics and translation studies. The author offers an elective course «Economic translation» which supposes more profound preparation of translators in the sphere of professional communication. According to the aim of the course, we have offered a series of tasks: 1) developing the students’ knowledge in the sphere of Ukrainian and English grammatical norms in the process of economic translation; 2) developing the students’ knowledge in the sphere of Ukrainian and English stylistical norms in the process of economic translation; 3) teaching the economic terminology; 4) developing the skills of conveying the meaning of the original text in the process of economic translation. Within the limits of the course we have developed the topics, which are studied according to a uniform structure. When analysing the maturity of the students’ translation skills four main parameters are taken into account: 1) knowledge of the Ukrainian/English grammatical norms; 2) knowledge of the Ukrainian/English stylistical norms; 3) knowledge of the economic terminology; 4) conveying of the original text meaning. To each of the parameters corresponds a low, average or high level. The article states that high-quality specialized translation requires the knowledge of the subject sphere, basic terminology, realia and national-cultural peculiarities. While teaching the students the translation of specialized texts the teacher should adequately choose the material, taking into account translation studies, linguistic and methodical factors.)
The cognitive and communicative processes involved in situations of unequal encounters between non-western supplicants (i.e., African immigrants and asylum seekers) and western experts in authority shall be explored in this paper through a number of case studies aimed at illustrating that the variations of English as a 'lingua franca' (ELF) whicheach contact group uses obey different linguacultural conventions entailing a detachment of ELF from the norms of English as a native language (ENL), since ELF is seen as developing from non-native speakers' processes of transfer into their English uses of their respective L1 typological, logical, textual, lexical-semantic and pragmatic structures. A number of case studies will illustrate how the lack of acknowledgement of other ELF variations-due to the fact that they are often perceived in intercultural communication as formally deviating and socio-pragmatically inappropriate may have serious consequences in contexts involving social, legal, or health matters, thus giving rise to misunderstandings that often raise ethical issues about social justice. It is therefore argued that principled pedagogic initiatives aimed at making western experts in authority aware of the mediating strategies for achieving a 'mutual accommodation' of ELF variations could, on the one hand, protect the social identities of the participants in unequal encounters and, on the other, facilitate the conveyance of the irrespective culturally-marked knowledge. This would foster effective communication in cross-cultural immigration encounters with the ultimate aim of developing a 'hybrid ELF mode' of cross-cultural specialized communication that can be acknowledged and eventually shared by both interacting groups.
Analytic tendencies in modern Polish and RussianModern Polish and Russian are characterized by some features which demonstrate an increasing level of analitism. In the process of transformation from synthetic to analytical language, a crucial role is played by prepositional units. In this research, analitism is understood in a traditional way as a morphological and syntactic phenomenon. The fact that the synthetic structure of a language may, in some conditions, turn into an analytical one, as happened in the case of Bulgarian and Macedonian, has been intriguing linguists ever since, and has made me attempt to answer the question: What is the condition of modern Polish and Russian, which are languages with a rich literary tradition and solid grammatical norms, which belong to a group of synthetic languages? The analytical tendencies in morphology include the following: a decrease in the number of cases in all inflected parts of speech; a more frequent use of uninflected nouns and adjectives; the growing importance of nouns with common gender, and, in particular, the use of forms of masculine gender to depict feminine gender; differences in expressing collectiveness in a group of nouns (using collective meaning for forms that have singular meaning; substituting case forms with prepositions; substituting case forms with subordinate clauses; substituting case forms with “helper” words. Analytical tendencies in the area of numeral functioning include: substituting inflected forms of ordinal numerals with cardinal ones; the gradual disappearing inflection of numerals; confusing the forms of noun cases after numerals; the disappearing declination of collective numerals; displacing other cases with so-called simple cases; changing the syntactical position which the numeral should be inflected in; abandoning the declination of first elements of collective numerals. During the study of analytic tendencies in morphology, it was necessary to examine personal pronouns as this part of speech seems to be the most stable as far as other forms except nominative are concerned. Having analysed the material, it can be claimed that analitism in Slavic pronouns is observed at the level of the replacement of short forms with full ones, through the use of various forms after prepositions and eliminating all the alternative forms of personal pronouns. This review of analytic tendencies has also involved studying the article and its role in analytic languages, as the article is the area of a language which should be filled while the inflection disappears. Having analysed the material, I have concluded that there is a possibility that the article may appear in Polish and Russian.The most important part of speech in analytic languages is the preposition. An increase in the number of prepositional units is said to be an essential element of syntactic transformation in 20th century Polish and Russian i.e. their ongoing transformation from synthetic into analytic languages. In accordance with this tendency, secondary prepositions are gradually replacing proper prepositions and case forms in their traditional usage. The secondary preposition has been defined as a lexical unit, not being a preposition initially but used secondarily in this function. Such a definition requires adopting a functional perspective in the description, more so because the transformation of various language units (nouns, prepositional phrases, adverbs, conjunction, phraseological nexuses) into prepositions takes place gradually and the same set can be interpreted otherwise in different contexts. This comprehensive analysis of two modern Slavonic languages shows that the number of prepositional units in both languages has grown and is still increasing.
espanolBasandonos en ejemplos especificos del espanol de Chile, proponemos que las estructuras del tipo mas perdido que el teniente Bello son instancias de una construccion intensificadora de forma comparativa, las que pueden manifestarse en tres tipos caracterizados por diferentes propiedades y correspondientes a distintas etapas de un proceso de lexicalizacion. En este proceso, las estructuras van progresivamente fijandose en la norma (en sentido coseriano), difundiendose en la comunidad de habla y perdiendo sus restricciones combinatorias. Tambien van perdiendo su efecto humoristico, junto con desligarse de su dependencia del conocimiento de mundo y de su valor comparativo original. Destacamos que la particularidad de las instancias que caracterizan especificamente al espanol de Chile se debe a la importancia que el conocimiento enciclopedico, dependiente del contexto cultural, tiene en las instancias del primer tipo, lo cual podria extrapolarse a otras variedades dialectales. Es decir, ponemos enfasis en el rol del contexto cultural como factor de diferenciacion dialectal en la fraseologia hispanica. EnglishOn the basis of examples that are specific to Chilean Spanish, we propose that structures such as mas perdido que el teniente Bello are instances of an intensifying construction of comparative form, which may occur as one of three types of instances, each characterized by different properties and corresponding to different stages of a process of lexicalization. In this process, structures are progressively fixed on the level of the ‹‹norm›› (in Coseriu´s sense); they spread in the speaking community, and lose their combinatorial constraints. They also lose their humorous effect as they detach from their dependence on worldview and their original comparative value. We note that the particularity of the instances that characterize specifically to the Chilean Spanish might be explained by the role that the encyclopedic and context-dependent knowledge plays on instances of the first type, and we argue that this explanation could be extrapolated to other dialects of Spanish. In summary, we emphasize on the role of the cultural context as an essential element of dialect differentiation in the Spanish phraseology. francaisSur la base d’exemples specifiques a l’espagnol-chilien, nous proposons l’idee selon laquelle des structures telles que « mas perdido que el teniente Bello » sont des exemples d’une construction intensifiee de forme comparee, qui peut apparaitre comme l’un des trois types d’exemple, chacune caracterisee par des proprietes differentes et correspondant a des etapes differentes du processus de lexicalisation. Nous remarquerons que la specificite des exemples qui caracterisent l’espagnol-chilien pourrait s’expliquer par le role que le savoir encyclopedique et intrinseque au contexte joue sur les exemples du premier type. Nous verrons que cette explication peut egalement etre extrapolee a d’autres dialectes espagnols.
OBJECTIVES: Whether and how patients should be told their dementia diagnosis, has been an area of much debate. While there is now recognition that early diagnosis is important for dementia care little research has looked at how dementia-related diagnostic information is actually verbally communicated. The limited previous research suggests that the absence of explicit terminology (e.g., use of the term Alzheimer's) is problematic. This paper interrogates this assumption through a conversation analysis of British naturalistic memory clinic interaction. METHOD: This paper is based on video-recordings of communication within a UK memory clinic. Appointments with 29 patients and accompanying persons were recorded, and the corpus was repeatedly listened to, in conjunction with the transcripts in order to identify the segments of talk where there was an action hearable as diagnostic delivery, that is where the clinician is evaluating the patient's condition. RESULTS: Using a conversation analytic approach this analysis suggests that diagnostic communication, which is sensitive and responsive to the patient and their carers, is not predicated on the presence or absence of particular lexical choices. There is inherent complexity regarding dementia diagnosis, especially in the 'early stages', which is produced through and reflected in diagnostic talk in clinical encounters. CONCLUSION: In the context of continuity of dementia care, diagnostic information is communicated in a way that conforms to intersubjective norms of minimizing catastrophic reactions in medical communication, and is sensitive to problems associated with 'insight' in terms of delivery and receipt or non-receipt of diagnosis.
Liaison is a phenomenon of external sandhi that involves the production of a latent coda consonant (liaisonconsonant, LC) in prevocalic contexts (e.g. [z] in des [de] + ânes [an] → des ânes [dezan], (some) donkeys,but not in des [de] + poules [pul] → des poules [depul], (some) hens. The segmental content of the LC isthus dependent on the first word but produced as the onset of the second word: [de.zan]. As a consequence,word and syllable boundaries do not align. It has been argued that this misalignment constitutes potentiallydifferent difficulties for L1 and L2 learners (Wauquier, 2009).In the early stages of L1 acquisition children typically misinterpret the LC as the lexical onset of word2,leading them to substitute the LC and to produce sequences such as [E˜zan] instead of un âne [E˜nan] (adonkey) (Wauquier & Shoemaker, 2013). These errors are unattested in adult L2 learners. Indeed althoughLC substitutions are present in adult L2 learners' productions, they can typically be attributed to the writtenform of the word ([gKAdaKbK ˜ ] for grand arbre [gKA˜taKbK]) (Thomas, 2004). At the same time L2 learnersproduce LCs without resyllabification (e.g. [dez.an] instead of [de.zan]), an error that has not been reportedin monolingual acquisition. These errors have also been interpreted as being influenced by the written form.However, to date, the vast majority of previous studies have focused on monolingual preliterate children orhighly literate adult L2 learners with primarily written exposure to French. To bridge the gap between thesetwo populations, we propose in this study a qualitative analysis of L2 learners without systematic writteninput.This presentation brings together data from two beginning groups of French: preliterate children (n = 3,L1: Swedish, age of onset of acquisition: 3;0-3;5) and adults who have had little to no formal instruction inFrench (n = 10, L1: Chinese and Bengali). All learners received predominantly oral input without systematicwritten support. Productions of un/deux+noun (cases of obligatory liaison) were elicited using a picturenamingtask.Results from both groups include productions previously reported for L2 learners (e.g. LC without resyllabification).However, both adults and children in this study also produce L1-like LC substitutions(e.g. [E˜zaKbK] or even [dølaKbK]). These and other results are discussed in the light of previous modelssuggested for L1 and L2 development of liaison as they bring into question previous assumptions aboutdiffering developmental paths for L1 and L2 learners.Thomas, A. (2004). Phonetic norm versus usage in advanced French as a second language. IRAL - InternationalReview of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 42(4), 365–382.Wauquier, S. (2009). Acquisition de la liaison en L1 et L2: stratégies phonologiques ou lexicales? Acquisitionet interaction en langue étrangère. Aile... Lia, (2), 93–130.Wauquier, S., & Shoemaker, E. M. (2013). Convergence and divergence in the acquisition of French liaisonby native and non-native speakers: A review of existing data and avenues for future research. Language,Interaction and Acquisition/Langage, Interaction et Acquisition, 4(2), 161–189.
The paper will present the structure and the norms of the SMAAV neuropsychological test (“Semantic Memory Assessment on Action Verbs”) for cognitively intact adults. The battery was designed to be used to assess the lexical retrieval skills and conceptual knowledge deterioration exploiting the semantic properties of action verbs.
Explaining why the same passage may have different rhetorical structures when conveyed in different languages remains an open question. Starting from a trilingual translation corpus, this paper aims to provide a new qualitative method for the comparison of rhetorical structures in different languages and to specify why translated texts may differ in their rhetorical structures. To achieve these aims we have carried out a contrastive analysis, comparing a corpus of parallel English, Spanish and Basque texts, using Rhetorical Structure Theory. We propose a method to describe the main linguistic differences among the rhetorical structures of the three languages in the two annotation stages (segmentation and rhetorical analysis). We show a new type of comparison that has important advantages with regard to the quantitative method usually employed: it provides an accurate measurement of inter-annotator agreement, and it pinpoints sources of disagreement among annotators. With the use of this new method, we show how translation strategies affect discourse structure.
This exploratory research proceeds from the perspective that language is ecological and dialogical. We examined variables derived from eco-dialogical coding of an episode of World of Warcraft play involving three English learners. According to the Eco-dialogical model (Zheng, 2012), second language (L2) learners need to learn to take skilled linguistic action (Cowley, 2013), a process of realizing the values of physical, sociocultural and dialogical affordances in the environment. We employed Multinomial Logistic Regression to determine which of our variables were predictors for three types of values realizing; namely, wayfinding orienting to sociocultural norms and synergized values realizing of both wayfinding and orientation to sociocultural norms. The model we developed suggested that when communicative projects collectively entailed players’ a) verbalizing with synchronized avatar action, b) attending to game rules and c) coordinating in anticipation of good future prospects, players were more likely to realize both values realizing types synergistically. In other words, players' skilled linguistic action of prospective coordination, combined with multimodal languaging and constrained by WoW game rules, together, were more likely to lead to dual values realizing. This finding suggests that dual values realizing evokes connections between real-time first-order physical movements and multimodal languaging with situation transcending practices (Linell, 2009) which are second-order rules, and other sociocultural and linguistic norms. Coupling this finding with our Eco-dialogical unit of analysis, communicative projects, we suggest that these language learners developed co-agency. We conclude that our model should be tested in future studies that seek to illuminate the contribution of a new Eco-dialogical understanding of L2 learning and the potential for learners to have high quality languaging experiences in multiplayer 3D game environments and other social semiotically rich contexts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
The objectives of this research are (1) to describe the language variations that are used by football reporter on the radio and (2) to describe the background of the occurrence of language football variation on the radio. This research belongs to descriptive qualitative. The data in this research were in the form of particular terms and sentence that were used by football reporter in the radio. The source of the data was the language used by the football reporter. The instrument in this research was the own research that is armed with a set of science concept related to the problem of the research. The data collecting technique that was used was seen method, and take note technique was the continuation technique that was used in applying see method. The data analysis technique that used in this research were unified method and then continued with selecting specific element and circuited appeal technique. The method of presenting the result of the analysis used informal presentation method. The result of this research can be seen as follows. (1) The language variations that were used by football reporter on the radio were classified into three types, they were morphological variation, lexical variation, and syntax variation. (2) The background that influenced language variations of football reporter on the radio were time, place, the situation of football match, people that involved in the speech, referred to the form and the content of speech of football reporter, referred to the intonation, way, the spirit when the message was delivered, referred to the line of spoken language, referred to the norm or rule of interacting, and the oral delivery form of football reporter on the radio.
Language resources are important for those working on computational methods to analyse and study languages. These resources are needed to help advancing the research in fields such as natural language processing, machine learning, information retrieval and text analysis in general. We describe the creation of useful resources for languages that currently lack them, taking resources for Arabic summarisation as a case study. We illustrate three different paradigms for creating language resources, namely: (1) using crowdsourcing to produce a small resource rapidly and relatively cheaply; (2) translating an existing gold-standard dataset, which is relatively easy but potentially of lower quality; and (3) using manual effort with appropriately skilled human participants to create a resource that is more expensive but of high quality. The last of these was used as a test collection for TAC-2011. An evaluation of the resources is also presented.
How do we know that a kitchen is a kitchen by looking? Here we start with the intuition that although scenes consist of visual features and objects, scene categories should reflect how we use category information. In our daily lives, rather than asking ourselves whether we are in (for example) a “beach” scene, we tend to use scene category information for actions such as navigation and search. Because we act within scenes, we test the hypothesis that scene categories arise from scene functions. We collected a large-scale scene category similarity matrix (5 million trials) by asking observers to simply decide whether two images were from the same or different categories. To serve as a noise ceiling (maximum possible correlation) for comparison among computational models, we used boostrapping to compute the correlation among observers (r=0.75). Using the actions from the American Time Use Survey, we normed these scenes by what actions could be done in each scene (1.4 million trials). We found a strong relationship between category distance and functional distance (r=0.50, or 66% of the maximum possible correlation from noise ceiling). Furthermore, the function-based model outperformed alternative models of object-based similarity (r=0.33), visual features from a convolutional neural network (r=0.39), lexical distance between category names (r=0.27), and models of simple visual features such as color histograms (r=0.09), gabor wavelets (r=0.07), and gist descriptor (r=0.11). Using hierarchical linear regression, we found that functions captured 85.5% of overall explained variance, with nearly half of the explained variance captured only by functions, implying that the predictive power of alternative models was due to their shared variance with the function-based model. These results challenge the dominant school of thought that visual features and objects are sufficient for categorization, and provide immediately testable hypotheses about the functional organization of the human visual system. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015
Assessment is a compulsory semantic component of the speech genre of a scientific review. The evaluative nature of the scientific review along with its dependence on norms of science-based ethics determines the significance of such category as assertiveness for the speech genre. Assertiveness is defined as expressed by linguistic and non-linguistic means and characterized by extra-linguistic conditionality, as a semantic-pragmatic category of statement, having a modus nature and correlated with the process of demonstrating the degree of speaker's confidence and peremptoriness to the conveyed information. A positive assessment in scientific reviews accepts both indirect and direct ways of expression and is substantially free of ethical taboos, whereas a negative assessment needs implications which allow softening the position of a reviewer. The article looks into lexical and semantic means of indirectly expressed negative assessment typical of scientific reviews.
Subject matter of the research: cognitive communicative discourse properties of a bilingual. The objective was to characterize a bilingual’s capacities of forming the types of knowledge and skills during several stages of formation of his/her competence. Methodology: in the article there were used as a methodological basis the cognitive and anthropocentric principles, competence approach, focusing on the study of the ways of formation and representation of knowledge, skills, and competencies of man in his cognitive activity. Methods of work: a conceptual analysis, dialingual analysis (identification and description of the types of interference), the competence analysis, discourse method. Results: 1) the author studied the bilingual personality as one of the types of language personality; 2) the author described in a cognitive aspect types of knowledge a bilingual acquires at various stages of formation of his/her competence; 3) identified the types of knowledge phonetic, lexical, grammatical (linguistic) and cultural at the first and second stages of a bilingual’s competence formation arising from a personality’s insufficient competence in the second language and culture of the nation of the target language; 4) clarified a bilingual’s cases of misunderstandings the connotative meanings of words and idioms in the second language; 5) proved the necessity of forming the communicative pragmatic competence, recognizing the speakers’ intentions, for regulating the communication. In conclusion it should be noted that the issue of competence building of a bilingual in the second language is one of the problems that is not completely solved. The main way to solve this issue is to take into account the need to master not only the knowledge (cognitive aspect), but discursive properties of a speech in the second language (knowledge of the speaker’s intentions, mastering the pragmatic norms, pragmatic value, the ability to model frames, to conceptualize the notion (cognitive and discursive aspects).
Guy Bertrand's « Capsules linguistiques » are broadcast daily on Radio-Canada. Each « Capsule » contains a French word or expression Bertrand considers erroneous or incorrectly used. Reviewing the literature, I found that although Bertrand is a public figure, studies of his work remain scarce. Furthermore, the transcriptions of the Capsules in published form were neither organized by theme nor by type of judgment, and contain a general bibliography rather than systematic citations. In this study, I sought to address these problems by reorganizing the prescriptive and descriptive information contained in Bertrand's work. The corpus consisted of 19 expressions employing the preposition « à », in order to analyze both lexical « errors » and syntactic « errors ». Next, I compared this information to findings in dictionaries (notably, Le Petit Robert 2014 and Le Dictionnaire québécois-français by Lionel Meney) as well as to other linguistic publications in order to also include the following: origin, etymology, semantic changes over time, other related expressions and any judgments on acceptability or register. To synthesize my findings, I established categories to answer the question of what types of errors were recurrent in our corpus. My synthesis regrouped these categories into four themes: judgments on structure; vocabulary; prescriptive or descriptive approaches; language registers. While I had predicted the presence of judgments on the influence of English and archaic terms, I had not expected the rejection of specialized terms extended to general use. Furthermore, Bertrand accepts regionalisms but generally relegates them to the familiar or popular registers. I also observed that Bertrand rejected changes to idiomatic expressions. These trends reflect a censorship of figures of speech in the standard register. For future study, it would be interesting to see which categories remain prevalent in an extended corpus of Capsules. As a point of comparison, Dire, ne pas dire… from the Académie Française website would provide insight from France. Finally, an acceptability or grammaticality judgment study with native speakers of French would provide insight as to whether the proposed alternatives reflect popular norms.
Charles E. Townsend In Memoriam Laura A. Janda Charles E. Townsend (1932–2015) was an exceptional scholar, a dedicated teacher, and a loyal friend, who we will dearly miss. Townsend the Scholar Townsend’s career as a Slavist began when he was drafted and spent a year at the Army Language School in Monterey, California, studying Russian. Upon his release from the Army, Charlie enrolled in graduate studies at Harvard, where he earned his PhD in Slavic Languages and Literatures in 1962. From Harvard, Townsend moved on to Princeton, where he served as Chair of the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures for 32 years. Townsend’s dissertation, written under the supervision of Horace Lunt, was a linguistic analysis of the 18th-century memoirs of Princess Natal’ja Borisovna Dolgorukaja, which he later published as a book. The Townsend edition of Dolgorukaja’s memoirs is now considered a pioneering document in Russian autobiographical and gender studies. The graduate program that Townsend had been hired to help build was discontinued in 1970, only to be reinstated—thanks largely to Townsend’s tenacity—in 1991. For twenty years he managed to continue a research scholar’s productivity in the absence of a graduate program. Townsend’s lifetime of achievements is remarkable in its quantity, quality, and scope. Townsend went on to author eight more books and over 50 scholarly articles addressing an impressive range of issues in Slavic phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics and exploring the form-function dynamic across the contexts of various literary and spoken registers. A dual purpose prevailed throughout his work, combining intellectual precision with pedagogical application, demonstrating the role that linguistic description can play in the language classroom. The range of languages in Townsend’s mastery provided [End Page 181] the means for his sustained commitment to contrastive analysis of languages. Townsend spent a year in Prague in 1968, and that marked the beginning of his fascination with Czech. Although he was invited by the East-Slavic Institute for a project focused on Russian, Townsend was giving lectures in Czech within three months of his arrival. That year was of course pivotal in Czech history, with both the Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact invasion, which he and his family witnessed, cementing his affinity for the Czech language and people. Townsend’s A description of spoken Prague Czech (1990) was a brave piece of scholarship, documenting the phonological, morphological, syntactic, and lexical differences between the official Czech literary language (spisovná čeština, a rather artificial code) and the language spoken in Prague (běžně mluvená pražština). Though there had been some prior descriptions of spoken Czech, none were as comprehensive or specifically targeted at the Prague norm. It is hard for people today to imagine how daring it was for an American to undertake a survey of any kind in communist Czechoslovakia in the 1980s. At that time the government saw the spoken language as an unruly force and did not approve of such research. Townsend created a book that brought to life the language of the people of Prague in a way that was impossible for local linguists of the time. A native Czech and Bohemist living in the west proclaimed “This is an amazing book. As I read it, I discovered what my mother tongue really is.” Townsend coauthored Common and comparative Slavic (1996), a book that tracked the evolution of Slavic from Indo-European and detailed the relationships among all of the Slavic languages. This volume grew from Townsend’s trove of handouts, reflecting decades of research, and has become a classic in the field. It was republished in both German (2000) and Korean (2011). A reference grammar of Czech coauthored by Townsend was published in 2000 and released in digital format by the Duke University Slavic and East European Language Resource Center in 2002, where it is available at: http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/mainframe.jsp?nLanguageID=2. To celebrate his scholarly accomplishments, and to mark his seventieth birthday and the year of his retirement from Princeton, in 2002 Townsend’s colleagues presented him with Where one’s tongue rules well: A Festschrift for Charles E. Townsend (Indiana Slavic studies, 13...
Recent evidence suggests that grammatical aspect can bias how individuals perceive criminal intentionality during discourse comprehension. Given that criminal intentionality is a common criterion for legal definitions (e.g., first-degree murder), the present study explored whether grammatical aspect may also impact legal judgments. In a series of four experiments participants were provided with a legal definition and a description of a crime in which the grammatical aspect of provocation and murder events were manipulated. Participants were asked to make a decision (first- vs. second-degree murder) and then indicate factors that impacted their decision. Findings suggest that legal judgments can be affected by grammatical aspect but the most robust effects were limited to temporal dynamics (i.e., imperfective aspect results in more murder actions than perfective aspect), which may in turn influence other representational systems (i.e., number of murder actions positively predicts perce)
This study arises from recent research within the context of a new Sicily, where the various ethnic groups inhabiting it have become EFL users who have different cultural and linguistic backgrounds and appropriate English without necessarily conforming to its grammatical and lexical norms. This phenomenon places Sicily in a complex position with regard to the construction of EFL speakers and English itself becomes the language which is used for everyday conversation and social interaction within and outside the migrant communities in Sicily. Though Sicily is not a former British colony, a high number of immigrants living there speak one of the so-called new Englishes as a result of British colonisation. In this perspective, their usage of English acquires peculiar linguistic and cultural connotations, which define the language they speak for communication as a hybrid global English, which is spoken by non-native English immigrant speakers in a variety of Anglo-English mixed with other languages and dialects. This chapter brings into focus two levels of communication that involve on the one hand, that of immigration that is to say, non-native English speakers who communicate with one another in a double mixed linguistic variety which is the sum of their native language/dialect (French, Indian, Arab, etc.) and English and, on the other hand, that of societal and cultural contacts between immigrants and Sicilians in a triple mixed linguistic variety which is the combination between each immigrant's native language/dialect, a hybrid Sicilian/Italian language and a hybrid form of English which derives from colonial and postcolonial history. Specific case-studies will support this paper to testify to the use of English as a relexified, hybridised and cannibilised language, which is adapted to the immigrants' phonological, syntactical, lexical and semantic necessities as a result of EFL practice which, apparently, subverts the binary oppositions centre/margin, self/other, national/international, local/global.
The article deals with psychological peculiarities of a language person forming in the process of foreign texts translation and interpretation. Foreign language competence comprises the level of the person’s professionalism and skills within the scope of the competence. It is stated that the processes of foreign texts translation and interpretation are characterized by the translator’s subjective vision of the language norms, as well as his intuition and lexical sensitivity, active participation in creative communication with the author. It is established that during a foreign text translation language conscience and the language personality of the reader are formed and his own language field and his picture of the world are developed.
We present evidence that individual variation in grammatical ability can be predicted by individual variation in inhibitory control. We tested 81 5-year-olds using two classic tests from linguistics and psychology (Past Tense and the Stroop). Inhibitory control was a better predicator of grammatical ability than either vocabulary or age. Our explanation is that giving the correct response in both tests requires using a common cognitive capacity to inhibit unwanted competition. The implications are that understanding the developmental trajectory of language acquisition can benefit from integrating the developmental trajectory of non-linguistic faculties, such as executive control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR], Copyright of PLoS ONE is the property of Public Library of Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.)
У статті проаналізовано норми усного наукового спонтанного висловлення у зв’язку з психолінгвальними чинниками формування спонтанного мовного потоку. При цьому актуалізовано ідеї, погляди, підходи Олександра Опанасовича Потебні щодо пояснення специфіки ословлення думки, формування судження, поняття. Відзначено діалектичність взаємозв’язку символічних і слабких мовних норм, що становлять якісну ознаку усної спонтанної мови загалом. (The article analyzes the scientific standards of spontaneous verbal expression because of psycholinguistic factors in the formation of spontaneous speech stream. The analyzed material showed that spontaneous verbal text is formed gradually, in portions, through associative connections. Talking can do pause and return to have said, repeating the expression of certain components and adjust its content and the way verbalization sense, control logic, composite, syntactic and lexical and phraseological correctness, connectivity, logical adequacy. Because of this oral scientific markers in spontaneous utterance – a significant factor in the organization of information flow language. Elements of the so-called redundancy and elements of hesitation – a situational caused by non-normative terms written practice elements that prove the spontaneity of the speech stream, psychological and emotional stress speaking in terms of formal scientific communication, which requires a correct, clear, logical design attitudes, opinions senders. Such phenomena study began relatively recently. In order to make sweeping generalizations, need comprehensive, typological studies of spontaneous oral language in different genre and discursive conditions. This will clarify regulatory features of this genre and stylistic variety. Modified arguments and ideas, opinions, attitudes Olexandr Potebnia to explain specific verbalization opinion forming judgments, concepts. Attention to this theoretic material due to the fact that this year marks the philological community 180 years from the birth of the philosopher and Slavist. His work always in the circle of attention of philologists and still in need of updating, the promotion is in Ukrainian linguistics, for the scientist made his time Kharkiv philological school. Noted dialectical relationship and weaknesses of symbolic language rules that make quality a sign of spontaneous oral language in general. More analysis of symbolic language communication standards regulations. Much attention is given to the weak representation of language norms in oral scientific spontaneous utterance.)
At every level of the language (phonetic, lexical, morphological and syntactic), Mateiu Caragiale's prose and poetry display features of the standard norm of the epoch (often dialectal) as well as to the dominant norm of the epoch, the author oscillating permanently between the two of them. To adequately interpret the language peculiarities of the author's works, one needs to distinguish clearly between the epoch norm (the literary norm of a certain period, subsequently turned into archaism) and the dominant norm.
All editions of the Slovene Normative Guide incorporate in some way the rules of standard pronunciation. Initially, it was only common to provide the pronunciation of some of the more problematic (morphological) categories. The last three editions of the orthographic dictionary, however, which through incorporation of large amount of lexical and other supplementary data come close to a general monolingual dictionary, can in their capacity to offer a comprehensive account of the pronunciation norm be rightly viewed as the authoritative guides on contemporary standard pronunciation. On the other hand, the currently still growing online database Slovar pravopisnih težav (Engl. Dictionary of Orthographic Difficulties) at www.fran. si again involuntarily distances itself from assuming the role of the authoritative body on standard pronunciation seeing that the level of its informativeness is qualitatively different due to its being first and foremost an advisory body on the level of written (and not necessarily also spoken) language. In the process of re-editing of the Slovene standardization manual sev eral problem areas in pronunciation standardization have become apparent. These are mainly due to the fact that no comprehensive theoretical analysis of the contemporary data is in fact available, which will probably have a general impact on the compilation of future (be it general or specialized) dictionaries as well. The central part of the article therefore reconsiders the concept of pronunciation standardization and offers a number of valuable suggestions for a reliable representation of the contemporary pronunciation norm which would be further useful for the compilers of a variety of language manuals, notably 1) a preliminary analysis of written and spoken communications which typically involve the use of standard pronunciation; 2) construction of a reliable and balanced specialized speech corpus; 3) compilation of problem areas and language users' dilemmas with a set of already proposed solutions; 4) survey research of standard pronunciation; and 5) the formalization of a consultative body of researchers, experts and practitioners.
The aim of this study was to analyse the psycholinguistic variables of the attributes and concepts involved in the recall of a concept. One hundred and twenty adults (18�40 years old) participated. A lexical recall task was administered by presenting a successive list of defining attributes. Forty concepts from different semantic categories were used. The attributes were obtained empirically from local Semantic Features Production Norms. The influence of the characteristics and attributes of the concepts on the number of participants who accessed the name of the concept and the correct guess trend was analysed. Significant values for Age of Acquisition, Presence of Distinctive Attributes and Presence of Taxonomic Attributes were observed. Results show that concepts which are acquired earliest are more easily recalled; presenting taxonomic categories narrows the search and the presence of distinctive attributes allow differentiating between such concepts within a category.
1 The functions of communication at workPerhaps one of the most challenging aspects in teaching specialized languages is the establishment of the types of words and expressions that occur. Research has shown that new words enter the general and specialised vocabulary of English as technology pushes humanity forwards. According to their frequency and range, we may have field specific lexical items (a very limited number), lexical items also belonging to more than one ESP fields, multi-word sense segments or compounds appear. Polysemes and homonyms, function words and general service words evolve. As technology pushes society forwards, new and sometimes unexpected discourses are created.Hymes (1962) puts forward an account of the factors that must be taken into consideration when trying to describe what happens when people use language: where the exchange takes place - the setting refers to the concrete physical circumstance in which communication takes place, e.g. conference rooms, workshops, etc. The scene refers to psychological and cultural circumstances of the communicative situation, e.g. inviting, advising, pleading, and instructing. Ends are the conventionally recognised and expected outcome of an exchange, as well as personal goals that each of the participants tries to accomplish. Keys refer to the tone, manner in which a particular message is conveyed. He also mentioned the choice of channel, as well as norms of interpretation, and norms of interaction, followed by the genre that has to be recognised, e.g. e-mails, internal regulations, articles, technical specifications, price lists, advertisements, etc.Professional contexts are often characterized in terms of how interactions occur, as well as the behaviour and language one is expected to find. Crowther and Green proposed a definition that specifically designates the discourse of engineering as having the following characteristics: One could talk about the discourse of engineering: a world view on engineering which has emerged and has been sustained through bodies... The discourse produces engineers through training; the embodied engineers then practise the discourse of engineering in their working (Crowther, & Green 2004:137). Any approach to the discourse of engineering should take into account such issues as: who the language users are, what kind of language they use in their professional surroundings and how effective communication skills influence professional success.The general objectives of communication in our professional lives are believed to be:· to persuade; a car maker displaying a model of a new car and the politician urging his audience to vote for him have the same objective of persuading others;· to provide information; a science teacher demonstrating an experiment, the bank announcing a reduction in interest rates and the finance minister, presenting the budget are all providing information;· To maintain socio-professional relations;· To express our emotions.According to Camp and Satterwhite (2002) there are four main purposes of communication:· To inquire - to find out information in various ways;· To inform - to disseminate information using channels of communication that are available;· To persuade - to influence people and cause them to change their minds;· To develop goodwill - to form and maintain cordial relationships with people around you.Cultural and technological forces are now (re)shaping the world. It is becoming more and more evident that in the light of the new developments and the broad access to information, communication has a central place in the orderly functioning of society in general. Professional communication in multidisciplinary teams requires the presence of specialists with expertise in various fields, working on joint projects in the field of production, services, etc. Furthermore, what is required is the presence of interactional skills, rapport building, the ability to ask for and give detailed information and clarifications. …
Розглядаються питання, які стосуються перекладу газетних текстів з французької мови на російську, визначається статус мови преси, аналізуються різні класифікація відомих лінгвістів щодо типів текстів публіцистичної спрямованості. Вивчаються прийоми і способи перекладу газетно-журнальної публіцистики, проводиться порів- няльна характеристика мови французької і російської преси. Визначаються основні особливості стилю періодики: її інформативність, експресивно-емоційний характер, використання розмовної, ненормативної лексики, скорочених слів, алюзії, а також залучення реальних політичних і громадських подій. Детально розглядається питання вживання фразеологізмів, прислів’їв, приказок, інших стилістичних прийомів. Визначається поняття «фразеологізм» і досліджуються його види, а також вивчаються окрім фразеологізмів, які вказані в словниках, окказіональні фразеологізми. (The article considers the problems of newspaper texts translation from French into Russian that are characterized by definite lexical and grammatical structures, typical only for press language expressions and formulas understandable for native speakers, but are not always explainable from the viewpoint of language norms. The French press language status is determined, which is part of the journalistic style, the analysis of the approaches to the language study is carried on. Different classifications of journalistic text types offered by well-known linguists are analyzed. On the basis of the text classification in L.S. Barhudarov edition the approach in solution of tasks put in the article is determined: to define the peculiarities of journalistic style. The methods and ways of translation of newspaper and magazine texts are examined; the comparative analysis of French and Russian press is conducted. The basic features of the style of the periodic press are determined: its informativeness, expressively emotional character, the use of colloquial and substandard vocabulary, abbreviated words, and allusion. The typical feature of press texts is the coverage of real political and meaningful for public events. The problem of the use of phraseological units, proverbs, sayings and other stylistic devices is examined in detail. The notion «phraseological unit» is determined here and its types are investigated profoundly. Besides phraseological units indicated in dictionaries the author analyses nonce phraseological units.)
The research objective is to disclose the subject matter of speech therapy work focused on fluidity speech formation of preschool age children, suffering stutter. Stutter is a difficult disorder of articulation organs such that the tempo-rhythmical organisation of statements is distressed that leads to defects and failures of dialogue system, negatively influences on individual development of the child; more specifically it generates the mental stratifications, specific features of emotional-volitional sphere, and causes undesirable qualities of character such as shyness, indecision, isolation, negativism. The author notes that the problem of early stutter correction among junior preschool-aged children considered as topical and immediate issue. Methods. Concerning the clinical, physiological, psychological and psychologic-pedagogical positions, the author summarizes theoretical framework; an experimentally-practical approbation of an author's method of speech fluidity and stutter abolition of preschool children is described. Stage-by-stage process of correction, spontaneous and non-convulsive speech formation: 1. restraint mode application in order to decrease incorrect verbal output; 2. training exercises to long phonatory and speech expiration; 3. development of coordination and movements rhythm helping to pronounce words and phrases; 4. formation of situational speech, at first consisted of short sentences, then passing to long ones; 5. training to coherent text statements. The research demonstrates data analyses of postexperimental diagnostic examination of stuttering preschool children, proving the efficiency of the author’s applied method. Scientific novelty. The research findings demonstrate a specific approach to correction and stutter abolition of preschool children. Proposed author’s approach consists of complementary to each other directions of speech therapy work which are combines in the following way: coherent speech formation corresponding to age norms; the assistance in development of lexical and grammatical means of language; development of communicative skills. Practical significance. The identified methodological recommendations while correction-pedagogical process can be used for formation of communicative children readiness to school training and gaining experience of positive interaction with people around them. Timely measures aimed at speech acquisition of stuttering preschool children can warn possible deviations in mental development and prevent many difficulties due to their social adaptation. It is especially underlined that the guarantee of successful speech therapy work on stutter correction should be aimed at active interaction of experts with teachers of preschool educational institutions and parents.
Cooperation is central to human existence, forming the bedrock of everyday social relationships and larger societal structures. Thus, understanding the psychological underpinnings of cooperation is of both scientific and practical importance. Recent work using a dual-process framework suggests that intuitive processing can promote cooperation while deliberative processing can undermine it. Here we add to this line of research by more specifically identifying deliberative and intuitive processes that affect cooperation. To do so, we applied automated text analysis using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software to investigate the association between behavior in one-shot anonymous economic cooperation games and the presence inhibition (a deliberative process) and positive emotion (an intuitive process) in free-response narratives written after (Study 1, N = 4,218) or during (Study 2, N = 236) the decision-making process. Consistent with previous results, across both studies )
‘Islamic moderation’ has received a great deal of academic and media attention both in the West and in the East. Yet, the denotation of the very term still remains abundantly paradoxical as different regions and contexts provide different sheds of meanings. In the western scholarship, Islamic moderation is concerned with liberal social norms, hermeneutics, political pluralism, democratic process, organizational affinities, and views of state legitimacy over the monopoly of violence, some kind of adaptation, willingness to cooperate or compromise. However, it is by no means exhaustive as its definition in Islamic scholarship provides some unlike constituents. To define moderation, Muslim scholars, firstly explores to lexical meanings of its Arabic substitute “wasatiyyahâ€. Secondly, they explore the textual meanings of the word “wasatiyyah†used in the orthodox text i.e the Quran and traditions (Sunnah) of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). According to them, moderation is a best suited, justly balanced or middle position between two extremes i.e. extremism and laxity. Their use of the term, is contextualized in terms of counter-extremism, modest socio-religious behaviour and temperate legal position. This research finds out a considerable textual and contextual difference in the use of the term ‘Islamic moderation’ between the East and the West. Hence, this study aims to explore the lack of integration between both scholarships in this issue.Â
Abstract The tension in the sixteenth century between Christian institutions, viewed as corrupt, and the Scriptures, taken to be the unsullied source of spiritual renewal, gives rise to an energetic biblical erudition intended to transmit this clarity--an effort that ironically ends up obscuring that supposedly limpid source. Spinoza subjects the Book to norms of reason that distinguish sharply between the intended meaning (sensus) and truth (veritas). The truth of the text, for Erasmus, is either above it (in a philosophy of the revelation) or below (in lexical, historical and grammatical knowledge). In the seventeenth century, the logic of Port-Royal sunders the text into pre-existent concepts or ideas, and signifiants, or phonetic signs that are meaningless in themselves. The distinction between metaphor (and musicality) and strict meaning (stripped of rhetoric and affect) makes translation a battlefield between beauty and truth. The remainder of the chapter gives a detailed account and assessment of the two major seventeenth-century biblical translators: Sacy, whose focus is the intended meaning of the Author (the spirit of God); and Simon, who treats the text as an object. The text itself must first be "established," and then its obscurities elucidated by compared versions and an abundant critical apparatus.
Referring to the data collected during his work on the Dictionary of Dostoyevsky’s Language, the author substantiates the writer’s conscious use of linguistic means such as repetition, violation of lexical combinability, the use of words of a certain lexico-semantic group, etc., classified by many critics of the writer’s creative work as negligence of the word or a violation of the stylistic norms of the Russian language. The author of the article puts forward some explanations of the motivation behind the use of the aforementioned means and repetitions.