Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
In verbal fluency (VF) tests, subjects articulate words in a specified category during a short test period (typically 60 s). Verbal fluency tests are widely used to study language development and to evaluate memory retrieval in neuropsychiatric disorders. Performance is usually measured as the total number of correct words retrieved. Here, we describe the properties of a computerized VF (C-VF) test that tallies correct words and repetitions while providing additional lexical measures of word frequency, syllable count, and typicality. In addition, the C-VF permits (1) the analysis of the rate of responding over time, and (2) the analysis of the semantic relationships between words using a new method, Explicit Semantic Analysis (ESA), as well as the established semantic clustering and switching measures developed by Troyer et al. (1997). In Experiment 1, we gathered normative data from 180 subjects ranging in age from 18 to 82 years in semantic (“animals”) and phonemic (letter “F”) cond)
Visual crowding—the inability to see an object when it is surrounded by flankers in the periphery—does not block semantic activation: unrecognizable words due to visual crowding still generated robust semantic priming in subsequent lexical decision tasks. Based on the previous finding, the current study further explored whether unrecognizable crowded words can be temporally integrated into a phrase. By showing one word at a time, we presented Chinese four-word idioms with either a congruent or incongruent ending word in order to examine whether the three preceding crowded words can be temporally integrated to form a semantic context so as to affect the processing of the ending word. Results from both behavioral () and Event-Related Potential ( and ) measures showed congruency effect in only the non-crowded condition, which does not support the existence of unconscious multi-word integration. Aside from four-word idioms, we also found that two-word (modifier + adjective combination) in)
This study, drawing on insights from the Appraisal framework, the parameter-based approach to evaluation and corpus linguistics, investigates the evaluative language used in customer review texts. The primary goal of this investigation is to develop a framework of evaluation that can be used to account adequately for evaluative expressions in customer review texts, and the ultimate goal is to support the argument that the modelling and theorising of evaluation is context-specific. Based on the investigation into a corpus compiled of review texts retrieved from www.amazon.co.uk, this study proposes a data-driven, parameter-based and appraisal-informed framework of evaluation which comprises four parameters—Quality, Satisfactoriness, Recommendability and Worthiness. Since these parameters are not thought-up, but are generalised from real data, it is arguable that the proposed framework of evaluation is certainly valid and thus can be used to describe and analyse evaluative language used in this particular context. This in turn indicates that the description and theorising of evaluation is indeed highly dependent on the discourse type that is under examination.
This research investigates how audiovisual translation deals with norm-related linguistic variation in the bi-centric Dutch language area (including both the Netherlands and the northern part of Belgium, Flanders). Next to the official standard language that is shared by both Flanders and the Netherlands (General Standard Dutch), both areas have their own phonological, lexical and grammatical features, which are widely used within that area, but do not have the status of standard language. Previous research has demonstrated that this specific language situation in the Dutch language area is reflected in the subtitling practice on Flemish television (e.g. Remael 2008). We want to investigate how Flemish subtitlers deal with this language variation, and how their linguistic choices are affected by differing contexts. Some recent studies on linguistic variation in Flemish subtitling (e.g. Derudder 2014) have provided a first indication that those subtitles do not exclusively contain General Dutch variants. The present study examines (i) whether Flemish subtitlers prefer non-standard variants (frequently used in Flanders, but not accepted) rather than General Standard Dutch variants (used and accepted in Flanders and the Netherlands), and (ii) whether they more often use non-standard lexical items than non-standard grammatical items. Furthermore, we explain the subtitlers’ linguistic behavior through the parameters program genre and source language. To achieve this goal, we gathered two sets (lexical and grammatical) of norm-related linguistic variables and extracted them from the SoNaR-corpus (Hoste et al. 2010). Using correspondence analysis (Plevoets 2008), we measured linguistic distances between the parameters and their interactions and visualized them in a two-dimensional plot. The results reveal significant differences between interlingual and intralingual subtitles, between subtitles of different program genres, and differences in the use of (non-standard) lexical and grammatical items. Based on these results, we can conclude that Flemish subtitlers’ linguistic behavior is very context-dependent. References Derudder, G. 2014. Intralinguale ondertiteling van tussentaal. Unpublished Master’s dissertation. Ghent University. Hoste, V., Schuurman, I., Calzolari, N., Choukri, K., Maegaard, B., Mariani, J., Odijk, J., Piperidis, S., Rosner, M., & Tapias, D. 2010. Interacting semantic layers of annotation in SoNaR, a reference corpus of contemporary written Dutch. Paris, France: European Language Resources Association (ELRA). Plevoets, K. 2008. Tussen spreek-en standaardtaal: een corpusgebaseerd onderzoek naar de situationele, regionale en sociale verspreiding van enkele morfo-syntactische verschijnselen uit het gesproken Belgisch-Nederlands. Remael, A., De Houwer, A. & R. Vandekerckhove 2008. Intralingual open subtitling in Flanders: audiovisual translation, linguistic variation and audience needs. JosTrans 10, 76-105
In this paper, a system for semantic textual similarity, which participated in Task-1 in SemEval 2016 (monolingual and crosslingual sub-tasks) is described.The system contains a preprocessing step that simplifies text using PPDB 2.0 and detects negations.Also, six lexical similarity functions were constructed using string matching, word embedding and synonyms-antonyms relations in WordNet.These lexical similarity functions are projected to sentence level using a new method called Polarized Soft Cardinality that supports negative similarities between words to model opposites.We also introduce a novel L 2 -norm "cardinality" for vector space representations.The system extracts a set of 660 features from each pair of text snippets using the proposed cardinality measures.From this set, a subset of 12 features was selected in a supervised manner.These features are combined by SVR and, alternatively, by using the arithmetic mean to produce similarity predictions.Our team ranked second in the crosslingual sub-task and got close to the best official results in the monolingual sub-task.
In many British or American post-colonial settings, English is still recognized as an official or semi-official language and plays a (more or less) important part in education, administration and the media. Due to the pervasiveness of English in these territories, second language varieties of English have developed. These varieties have undergone nativization, i.e. “systematic changes in […] formal features at all linguistic levels” (Lowenberg,1986: 1), as a result of “new ethnographic and other cultural ecologies” (Mufwene, 1993: 195). In other words, they are marked by a number of innovations. While innovations in such varieties have been described at many linguistic levels (e.g. phonology (Fuchs, 2014), morphology (Biermeier, 2009), tense and aspect (Werner, 2013)), the lexis-grammar interface has been argued to be particularly prone to innovation (Bauer, 2002; Schneider, 2007). Verb-complementation figures prominently in this regard with reported innovations such as new prepositional verbs (e.g.discuss about), or new light verb constructions (e.g. give a look) (e.g. Mukherjee, 2010). Such lexico-grammatical features are of particular interest to the study of nativization because “they operate way below the level of linguistic awareness” (Schneider, 2007: 187) and are therefore likely highly revealing of underlying and unconscious processes of acquisition and hence nativization. Interestingly, it seems that many such innovations were once described as specific to one variety but are in fact shared by several varieties (Nesselhauf, 2009). Such similarities are often referred to as ‘Angloversals’ (Mair, 2003) and suggest that universal cognitive processes (e.g. analogy or simplification) may be at play in innovative features. Against this backdrop, this contribution examines the complementation of the high-frequency verb make in British English and three second language varieties of English, namely Hong Kong, Indian and Singapore English on the basis of corpus data (The International Corpus of English (Greenbaum & Nelson, 1996)). This study is rooted within a Construction Grammar framework (Goldberg, 1995; 2006), which is particularly well-suited for this analysis as it captures the lexis-grammar interface by positing a continuum in degree of abstraction of constructions that ranges from schematic, i.e. abstract, constructions (e.g. the ditransitive construction [Xsubj V Yobj1 Zobj2]) to (partially) substantive, i.e. lexical, constructions (e.g. [Xsubj jog <someone’s> memory]) (Goldberg, 2006). Taking advantage of this continuum of abstraction, a three-pronged approach is taken to the patterning of make: (1) at the highest level of abstraction, the distribution of make across schematic constructions is compared across varieties; (2) at an intermediate level, the different lexically-bound patterns of these schematic constructions are identified and compared across varieties (e.g. [Xsubj make Yobj Vinf], [Xsubj make Yobj Vto-inf] for the causative construction); (3) at a more substantive level, the collocates of make in certain slots of the most frequent constructions (e.g. the verb-slot in the causative construction) are contrasted across varieties. Descriptively, the different innovative patterns are thus identified and compared at each level, and in a second step, an attempt is made at explaining these innovative features, thereby hopefully shedding some further light on processes of nativization in L2 settings. References Bauer, L. (2002). An Introduction to International Varieties of English. Edinburgh: EUP. Biermeier, T. (2009). Word-formation in New Englishes. Properties and trends. In Hoffmann, T. & L. Siebers (eds.), World Englishes – Problems, Properties and Prospects. Selected Papers from the 13th IAWE Conference. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 331-349. Fuchs, R. (2014). Integrating variability in loudness and duration in a multidimensional model of speech rhythm: Evidence from Indian English and British English. In Campbell N., D. Gibbon, & D. Hirst (eds.), Social and Linguistic Speech Prosody. Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Speech Prosody. Dublin, 290-294. Goldberg, A. E. (1995). Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. Chicago IL: The University Press of Chicago. Goldberg, A. E. (2006). Constructions at Work: The Nature of Generalizations in English. Oxford: OUP. Greenbaum, S. & G. Nelson. (1996). The International Corpus of English (ICE) Project. World Englishes 15(1), 3-15. Lowenberg, P. H. (1986). Non-native varieties of English: nativization, norms, and implications. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 8(1), 1-18. Mair, C. (2003). Kreolismen und verbales Identitätsmanagement im geschriebenen jamaikanischen Englisch. In E. Vogel, A. Napp, and W. Lutterer (eds.) Zwischen Ausgrenzung und Hybridisierung, Würzburg: Ergon, 79-96. Mufwene, S. S. (1993). African substratum: Possibility and evidence: A discussion of Alleyne’s and Hancock’s papers. In Mufwene S. S. (ed.), Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 192-208. Mukherjee, J. (2010). Corpus-based insights into verb complementational innovations in Indian English. In Lenz A. N. & A. Plewnia (eds.), Grammar between norm and variation. Frankfurt a.m.: Peter Lang, 219-241. Nesselhauf, N. (2009). Co-selection phenomena across new englishes: parallels (and differences) to foreign learner varieties. English World-Wide 30(1), 1-26. Schneider, E. W. (2007). Postcolonial English: Varieties around the world. Cambridge, UK: CUP. Werner, V. (2013). Temporal adverbials and the present perfect/past tense alternation. English World-Wide 34(2), 202-240.
The Singapore constitution has often been described and analysed as secular but in a qualified manner. This, I argue, is because commentators have applied the dominant paradigm of secular constitutionalism as (institutional) separation in examining Singapore’s constitutional practice. Singapore defies this constitutional model because of its close entanglement with religion. In this article, I apply two different analytical models to better capture and evaluate Singapore’s secular constitution. Specifically, I argue that the political discourse in Singapore has centred upon the ideal of neutrality and equal treatment of all religions. This conforms to a model that I call secular constitutionalism as equality. However, the legal jurisprudence shows a divergent approach whereby secular law, norms, and authority are prioritized, often lexically, over religious ones.
This paper combines an empirical argument about the lexical semantics of might with a preliminary description and theoretical account of a novel variety of implicatures. Empirically, I introduce the DISMISSIVE AGREEMENT paradigm, which shows that might semantically encodes nothing stronger than nonzero probability. Theoretically, I derive the fact that might often seems to suggest something stronger from the pragmatic norm that cooperative speakers will make claims that are strong enough to be relevant to the Question Under Discussion, which gives rise to LOWER BOUND IMPLICATURES.
The article deals with two most important aspects of linguistic ecology – interlingual and translingual. The first aspect is connected with culture of speech, stylistics and rhetoric and includes analysis of violations of norms in speech – stylistic, lexical, grammatical – and their possible correction. The second aspect is studied in connection with the problems of adequacy of translation of fiction as a unity of “ecosystems” in contact of languages and cultures. Liguoecological approach allowed to study the role of language as an instrument of supporting community, functioning in certain situations of communication which are presented by pupils’ and students’ speech. Rhetorical, stylistic and aspects of culture of speech in the sphere of linguoecology have been examined from the point of view of the norm of any speech activity.
<p>Formulaic language is a typical feature of textbooks materials used in EFL classes. EFL students are not engaged in the process of recognizing how naturally occurring speech takes place and is carried on. EFL learners in their helpless attempts to converse with others may tend to memorize formulaic fixed expressions and sometimes whole conversations. Following a conversation analysis approach, the present study explores the significance of involving Saudi EFL learners in understanding the flow and structure of spontaneous and interactive conversation. A sample of an excerpt taken from a conversation of an American TV talk show was recorded and transcribed. Practices of interactional competence such as conversational organization, situational characteristics, lexical choices, linguistics devices, and other conventions of speech behavior are identified and then discussed in details. This CA approach is, therefore, meant to serve as a model of salient interactive practices and norms that present the conversational system of actual everyday talk. The purpose is to raise EFL learners’ awareness of the socio-cultural features of real-world communication and enhance their interactional skills necessary to boost their communicative competencies.</p>
It has been frequently noted in the literature that content words need to consist of at least three letters; this observation is commonly dubbed 'three letter rule.' However, a survey of the CELEX database (Baayen et al. 1995) shows that there are (nearly) no content words in English and German that begin with two or more consonant letters and end in a single vowel letter. Words such as [bruː] are not spelt < bru > but < brew > with an additional letter. These findings cannot be accounted for by the three letter rule but they are explicable within a supra-segmental theory of graphematics that includes graphematic feet and graphematic weight: a well-formed graphematic word consists of at least one graphematic foot that in turn consists of at least one heavy graphematic syllable. This paper offers a data-based survey in order to answer the question whether there is a suprasegmental minimality constraint for monosyllabic graphematic words in English and German. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Halliday’s concept of ‘anti-language’ has been applied to a number of African Urban Youth Languages (AUYLs) in recent literature. Halliday described the concept of antilanguage as a language generated by an ‘anti-society’ which is set up as a conscious alternative to established societal norms. Anti-language, then, is a conscious alternative to the language of the wider society and it distinguishes itself primarily through relexicalization (the principle of same grammar, different vocabulary) and metaphor. Halliday states that in an anti-language, metaphor goes ‘all the way up and down the system’ – that an anti-society is a metaphorical variant of society, an anti-language is a metaphor for an everyday language, and the language itself employs metaphorical variants to distinguish it, including phonological metaphors, grammatical metaphors (morphological, lexical, and syntactic) and semantic metaphors. This article presents natural speech data from a multi-sited research project in South Africa, in order to analyze the use of metaphor in tsotsitaal – the South African AUYL used amongst peers in South Africa’s townships. The analysis considers how metaphor is used at three different levels – the level of lexical items; phrases; and social structure. Processes of innovation and creativity will be described, and the article will evaluate the use of the term anti-language to describe tsotsitaal (and, by implication, other AUYLs). The?ndings suggest that the term is a useful one to understand the metaphorical processes in AUYLs, but that it needs to be cautiously applied.
What determines consonant doubling in English? This question is pursued by using a large lexical database to establish systematic correlations between spelling, phonology and morphology. The main insights are: Consonant doubling is most regular at morpheme boundaries. It can be described in graphemic terms alone, i.e. without reference to phonology. In monomorphemic words, consonant doubling depends mostly on the word ending. Certain endings correlate with double consonants (e.g. <er> as in <summer>), while others correlate with single consonants (e.g. <it> as in <visit>). What is more, it is the graphemic form of the word ending that determines the presence or absence of double consonants: The word endings <-ic> and <-ick>, for example, are homophonous, but the former almost always occurs with single consonants (e.g. <panic>), the latter with double consonants (e.g. <derrick>). That makes graphemic word endings peculiar entities: Like suffixes, they are recurring and they have distributional properties—but unlike suffixes, they have no morphosyntactic or semantic function. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Translation is both a social and cultural phenomenon, it can neither exist outside a social community and it is within society, nor it can be viewed as a medium of cross-cultural fertilization. This paper aims to investigate the difficulties that a translator may face when dealing with legal texts such as marriage and divorce contracts. These difficulties can be classified according to the present paper into syntactic, semantic, and cultural. The syntactic difficulties include word order, syntactic arrangement, unusual sentence structure, the use of model verbs in English, and difference in legal system. As to the semantic difficulties, they involve lack of established terminology, finding functional and lexical equivalence, word for word translation, synonymous and antonymous words, wordiness and redundancy, loan words, neologism, and paraphrasing. Concerning the cultural difficulties they relate to differences in traditions and norms religion and social terminology as well as faiths and doctrines.This paper falls into two parts: part one is theoretical and tackles the definition and significance of legal translation characteristics of legal texts the techniques used in legal translation and types of legal texts; whereas part two is practical and deals with the general difficulties of legal texts with special reference to marriage and divorce contracts It shows the syntactic, semantic and cultural analysis of different forms of marriage and divorce contracts that are translated from Arabic into English. It has been found that translating such legal documents as marriage and divorce contracts pose great difficulties that are due to the differences in legal systems of the two languages. In addition, cultural differences play a major role in mistranslating some terms, for example the words, لا ق ط ن ا ئ ب ة نو ن ي ب غر ى ص أو بر ى ك مهر لا. The difficulties may arise from the lack of equivalence in both the source and target languages; therefore the translation will be inadequate and inaccurate. Finally, the paper proposes an alternative translation, which sounds more adequate, accurate and equivalent than the given one.
The neural networks associated with socio-affective (empathy, compassion) and socio-cognitive processes (mentalizing/Theory of Mind) have been well-characterized over the last years. The goal of the present talk is twofold: (1) To explore the separability of these functions during online social understanding on a subjective, behavioral and on a neural level and (2) to investigate the embedding of the related neural substrates in large-scale task-free neural networks. To this end, we acquired resting state as well as behavioral and neuroimaging data (fMRI) during a social video task in a large sample of participants (N = 178). The videos were short autobiographical narrations of emotionally negative and neutral events that allowed for asking Theory of Mind questions about the thoughts of the narrators and factual reasoning questions about the content of the stories, thereby allowing for independent assessment of socio-affective and socio-cognitive processing. Linking the phenomenological with the neural level, participants reported increased negative affect after emotional stories, which covaried with activity strength in the meta-analytically defined “empathy network”, but not with activity in the “Theory of Mind network”. Vice versa, performance in answering the Theory of Mind questions correlated with “Theory of Mind network”, but not “empathy network” activity. Interestingly, neither behavioral markers of social affect and mentalizing (i.e. emotional valence ratings and Theory of Mind performance) nor activity in the two respective neural networks correlated with each other. Furthermore, resting state functional connectivity to task activation based seed regions for empathy and Theory of Mind yielded distinct networks that strongly overlapped with the respective task activations and correspond to the well-described default mode network (Theory of Mind seeds) and the salience or central executive network (empathy). The data strongly argue for dissociable and independent socio-affective and -cognitive functions that are embedded in large-scale task-unrelated neural circuits.
The pol-nkjp1m-pargram-dev structure bank was created using POLFIE: an LFG grammar of Polish. This structure bank contains sentences from the NKJP1M subcorpus of NKJP which were not included in Skladnica treebank. The pol-nkjp1m-pargram-dev structure bank can be accessed via INESS treebanking system in two ways: • use the direct link: http://clarino.uib.no/iness/lfg-sentences?&treebank=pol-nkjp1m-pargram-dev • go to http://iness.uib.no --> choose Treebank Selection in the menu on the left-hand side --> choose POLFIE in Treebank Collections --> choose pol-nkjp1m-pargram-dev
Natural language parsing is known to potentially produce a high number of syntactic interpretations for a sentence. Some of them may contain multiword expressions (MWEs) and achieving them faster than compositional alternatives proved efficient in symbolic parsing (see below). We propose to apply this strategy to symbolic LTAG (Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar) parsing using an architecture adaptable to probabilistic parsing. We are particularly interested in LTAGs because, according to (Abeille and Schabes 1989), they show several advantages with respect to parsing MWEs. Firstly, unification constraints on feature structures attached to tree nodes allow one to naturally express dependencies between arguments at different depths in the elementary trees (as in NP 0 vider DET sac 'to express one's secret thoughts', where the determiner DET embedded in the direct object must agree in person and number with the subject NP 0). Secondly, the so-called extended domain of locality offers a natural framework for representing two different kinds of discontinuities. Namely, discontinuities coming from the internal structure of a MWE are directly visible in elementary trees and are handled in parsing mostly by substitution. Disconti-nuities coming from insertion of modifiers (e.g. a bunch of NP, a whole bunch of NP) are invisible in elementary trees but are handled in parsing by adjunction. Consider the sentence in example (1). (1) Acid rains in Ghana are equally grim. When it is being scanned by a left-to-right parser, two competing interpretations are syntactically valid for the first 4 words. One of them considers rains as a verb whose subject is acid while, according to the other, rains is the head noun of the NN compound acid rains. Our objective is to propose a parsing strategy which would promote the latter interpretation due the fact that it contains a known MWE. More precisely, the parser should: (i) trivially, admit only grammar-compliant analyses of a sentence, (ii) achieve MWE-oriented interpretations more rapidly than potential compositional interpretations, (iii) eliminate no grammar-compliant interpretations. Note that all these conditions could rather easily be met for sentence (1) in a pre-processing-based approach in which potential MWEs are identified prior to parsing and conflated into word-with-spaces tokens. Such an approach might however lead to a parsing failure in the case of sentence (2) if the two initial tokens are wrongly merged into a nominal compound in the pre-parsing step. In order to avoid errors of this kind, MWE identification and parsing should be performed jointly. (2) Hunger strikes the civilians since 2001. Seminal works, such as (Finkel and Manning 2009, Green et al. 2011, 2013, Constant et al. 2013), show that the results of probabilis-tic MWE identification and/or parsing are improved when both tasks are performed simultaneously. (Wehrli et al. 2010) point out that such an improvement (also within further parsing-based applications, e.g. machine translation) occurs in symbolic parsing (here: in a Chomskian grammar-based approach) when the knowledge about a potential occurrence of MWEs guides the parsing process. Our goal is to apply a similar strategy to the one in (Wehrli et al. 2010), i.e. to systematically promote MWE-oriented interpretations, within LTAG parsing 1 We additionally wish to design the parser architecture in such a way that corpus-based probabilities about MWE contexts can be 1 The parsing algorithm should of course abstract away from the way the input LTAG grammar was obtained (manually crafted, generated from a metagram-mar, or learned from a treebank).
Abstract:Family quality of life is affected when one member shows high support needs. Variables such as social support and sense of coherence appear to mediate the impact of care on quality of life. In the present study we analyzed the support perceived by caregivers, the meaning given to care, and the changes experienced in quality of life after assuming the role of caregiver. Participants consisted of 50 family members of individuals with mental illness who responded to a questionnaire to analyze the experience of caring and the perceived supports and quality of life. Although the results indicate that caregivers spend many hours performing care tasks, for a substantial percentage the quality of the relationship has improved after being caregiver. On average, the different dimensions of quality of life experienced a significant decline when dealing with care giving tasks. However, previous rela-tionship quality with the person receiving care, the handling of this task, or the existence of personal care time, affect ratings on quality of life.Keywords: Family quality of life, Social support; Sense of Coherence, Mental IllnessResumen:La calidad de vida de las familias se ve afectada cuando uno de sus miembros presenta elevadas necesidades de apoyo. Variables como el apoyo social y el sentido de coherencia parecen mediar en el impacto del cuidado sobre la calidad de vida. En el presente estudio analizamos los apoyos percibidos por los cuidadores, el significado otorgado al cuidado y los cambios experimentados en la calidad de vida tras asumir el rol de cuidador. Los participantes han consistido en 50 familiares de personas con enfermedad mental, a quienes se les ha aplicado un cuestionario para analizar la experiencia de cuidar, los apoyos y la calidad de vida. Aunque los resultados indican que los cuidadores invierten muchas horas a las tareas de cuidado, para un porcentaje sustancial la relación ha mejorado tras asumir las tareas de cuidador. En promedio, diferentes dimensiones de calidad de vida experimentan un descenso significativo al tener que hacer frente a las tareas de cuidado. No obstante, la calidad de la relación mantenida previamente con la persona cuidada, la manejabilidad de esta tarea, o la existencia de tiempos para el cuidado personal, afectan a las valoraciones de la calidad de vida.Palabras clave: Calidad de vida familiar, Apoyo social, Sentido de coherencia, Enfermedad mental
One consequence of ignoring visual objects in our environment is that we subsequently like those objects less; a stimulus-devaluation effect linked to attentional inhibition. While such 'inhibitory devaluation' has been well studied using perceptual tasks, little is known about the affective consequences of inhibition at later stages of representation. In the present experiment we combined behavioral and electrophysiological measures to examine inhibitory devaluation of items maintained in visual working memory (VWM). We specifically used the contralateral delay activity (CDA) event-related potential to investigate the immediate consequences of ignoring objects stored in VWM and whether changes in CDA amplitude are associated with the subsequent devaluation of ignored objects. Each trial of the experiment consisted of two tasks: a VWM test and a stimulus affective rating. Participants memorized three colored squares located on one side of a lateralized memory array. During the retention interval, a retro-cue was presented specifying with 100% validity that their memory of the cued item would be tested, and that the two un-cued items could be ignored. We found significant devaluation of un-cued stimuli relative to cued stimuli. Moreover, individual differences in the magnitude of devaluation were correlated with post retro-cue CDA amplitude (r=-.60), and with an earlier negative-going potential that resembled the latency and scalp distribution of an attention-related N2pc component time-locked to the retro-cue (r=-.59). However, differences in stimulus devaluation did not correlate with components prior to the retro-cue. Together, these electrophysiological results converge with our recent demonstration that the affective consequences of inhibition are the same for items represented solely in visual working memory as they are for sensory stimuli appearing in the external environment. More broadly, these results add to the growing literature comparing internal and external attentional mechanisms by demonstrating that attentional inhibition leads to the devaluation of distracting stimuli within both domains. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2016
Natural language processing (NLP) refers to the study of systems performing natural language related tasks in an automatic manner, that is, without human supervision or interference. This thesis work considers NLP problems related to morphology analysis, that is, the description of internal structure of words. Acquiring knowledge of morphology is necessary in order for applications, such as search engines, machine translators, and speech recognizers, to successfully address rare and previously unseen word forms. In particular, we focus on two widely applied morphological analysis tasks, namely, morphological tagging and segmentation. In morphological tagging, the aim is to assign words in sentential contexts with word class labels describing their morphological properties. Meanwhile, morphological segmentation considers describing the inner word structure by splitting word forms into their smallest meaning-bearing units, morphemes. \nIn the scope of this thesis, we approach the morphological tagging and segmentation problems using statistical, data-driven machine learning methodology. Using this approach, the processing systems are learned (estimated) based on training data prepared manually by a human expert. In particular, we focus on the highly influential conditional random field (CRF) model proposed for sequence tagging and segmentation in the early 2000s. \nAs the first main contribution, the thesis discusses data-driven morphological segmentation employing the CRF model. A particular emphasis is placed on the semi-supervised learning setting, in which the available data consists of a small number of annotated segmentation examples and a large amount of unannotated raw word forms. The provided empirical evaluation on six languages shows that the proposed semi-supervised CRF-based approach is highly successful in the considered morphological segmentation task compared to earlier methods. In particular, the performed error analysis shows that closed class phenomena, such as suffixation of English and Finnish, can be learned already from a small number of annotated examples in a supervised manner. Meanwhile, open morpheme class phenomena, such as compounding of Finnish, can be learned by additionally exploiting the large unannotated word list using the semi-supervised approach. \nAs the second main contribution, the thesis contains a presentation of FinnPos, the first open-source statistical morphological tagging and lemmatization toolkit designed specifically for Finnish. The CRF-based FinnPos system is readily applicable for tagging and lemmatization of running text with models learned from the recently published Finnish Turku Dependency Treebank and FinnTreeBank.
espanolEl ingles tiene cada vez mas variantes geograficas, y se utiliza cada vez mas en comunicaciones internacionales sobre plataformas digitales. Basado en un metodo de investigacion secundaria, se recogen las conclusiones a partir de una revista de literatura multidisciplinar sobre la evolucion del paradigma de aprendizaje del ingles incluyendo la evolucion socio-linguistica del idioma, del paradigma del aprendizaje y de las competencias comunicativas asociadas. Los resultados de esta revista de literatura muestran que el soporte vehicular de expresion en ingles se esta convirtiendo cada vez mas en las redes en linea, lo que supone que la competencia linguistica tiende a incluir el dominio de la semiotica propia a la web y soportes digitales de comunicacion. Por otro lado, el hablante de ingles debe adquirir la conciencia de la relatividad de su propia cultura y aceptar la divergencia de normas linguisticas. Para concluir, se propone unas adaptaciones a la definicion de las competencias genericas listadas en el Marco Europeo de Referencia de Idiomas para tomar en cuenta las caracteristicas del ingles como idioma internacional y usado en la web. EnglishThe English language is diverging into ever stronger regional variants and is used increasingly in international communications over digital platforms. Based on secondary research, conclusions are drawn from a multidisciplinary literature review on the evolution of the paradigm of the English language, including the socio-linguistic evolution of the language, the learning paradigm and associated communicative competences. Results of this literature review show that the vehicular support of expression of English is ever more that of online networks, implying that mastery of the language goes hand in hand with that of web-specific semiotics and digital media supports. Additionally, the speaker of English must acquire consciousness of the relativity of one's own culture and accept divergence from linguistic norms. To conclude, adaptations are proposed to the definition of the generic competences listed in the Common European Framework of Languages, to take into account the characteristics of English as an international language used over the web and digital networks.
Interpersonal forgiveness is a burgeoning area of research in psychology and has been linked to lower levels of depression and perseverative cognitive states such as rumination.As much of the extant research employs self-reported assessments of forgiveness, the aims of the present work are to test a novel operational definition of forgiveness using behavioral outcomes from economic games-specifically, the Ultimatum Game (UG) and Dictator Game (DG)-and to explore how such behavior corresponds with phasic heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), individual differences, and psychosocial variables.Participants (n = 89; age M = 19 years; 46% female) were instrumented with continuous electrocardiogram and were seated for a 5minute resting baseline, a pre-post adaptation of the DG and UG with digital opponents, randomization to forgiveness or rumination imagery, and a 5-minute recovery period.Participants reported affective ratings as a manipulation check as well as questionnaires on state and trait forgiveness, hostility, and rumination.Forgiving behavior was operationalized as more generous monetary offers to previously unfair, provoking opponents (positive value for post-minus pre-manipulation DG offer).As hypothesized, individuals who imagined forgiving previously unfair, provoking opponents showed more behavioral forgiveness in their return offers and reported less negative affect
In many natural language processing (NLP) tasks, a document is commonly modeled as a bag of words using the term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) vector. One major shortcoming of the frequency-based TF-IDF feature vector is that it ignores word orders that carry syntactic and semantic relationships among the words in a document, and they can be important in some NLP tasks such as genre classification. This paper proposes a novel distributed vector representation of a document: a simple recurrent-neural-network language model (RNN-LM) or a long short-term memory RNN language model (LSTM-LM) is first created from all documents in a task; some of the LM parameters are then adapted by each document, and the adapted parameters are vectorized to represent the document. The new document vectors are labeled as DV-RNN and DV-LSTM respectively. We believe that our new document vectors can capture some high-level sequential information in the documents, which other current document representations fail to capture. The new document vectors were evaluated in the genre classification of documents in three corpora: the Brown Corpus, the BNC Baby Corpus and an artificially created Penn Treebank dataset. Their classification performances are compared with the performance of TF-IDF vector and the state-of-the-art distributed memory model of paragraph vector (PV-DM). The results show that DV-LSTM significantly outperforms TF-IDF and PV-DM in most cases, and combinations of the proposed document vectors with TF-IDF or PV-DM may further improve performance.
It is difficult to square the rhetoric about the current “crisis” in the humanities with the abundant, if anecdotal, evidence that Greco-Roman antiquity continues to thrive in the popular imagination. As I am writing this, Mary Beard's new history of Rome is flying off the shelves; general interest magazines publish articles on Greek papyri; the first translation of Homer's Iliad by a woman has appeared to wide acclaim; the challenge of teaching ancient Greek made it to the op-ed pages of The New York Times; a remake of the film Ben-Hur is scheduled for release this summer; a traveling exhibition of large-scale Hellenistic bronzes has become a “must see” show of the season; productions of Greek tragedies and their adaptations continue to be a staple of professional and amateur theater; and television programs abound on ancient topics ranging from Cleopatra to the Colosseum.2 Of course, this preoccupation with the past has a negative side as well, since even the modern attempt to mythologize Zenobia as an Arab queen who resisted Roman power was not enough to save her city Palymra from those in Syria who were hell-bent on erasing any signs of what they deemed to be unorthodox. But even such wanton acts of destruction, which seek to obliterate history, only provide further proof that the past is still very much alive in the present.3That said, there are different ways to assess the health of a field than by measuring popular interest in the objects of its study.4 These signs of robust interest–of a fascination fueled perhaps by the way in which Greek and Roman culture is simultaneously familiar and foreign to us–do not tell the whole story. If we turn instead to data usefully amassed by the Humanities Indicators of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and by other professional sources, we get a somewhat different picture at the institutional level–small (though relatively steady) numbers of students majoring in classics, respectable enrollments in Greek and Latin (though modest by comparison with many modern languages), and some retrenchment in faculty hiring (though it is not across-the-board and is offset by hiring in other schools and colleges).5Even more striking, and encouraging, is the fact that, as the number of individuals specializing in the field has shrunk, more students than ever before are encountering Greece and Rome through courses on “classics in translation.” A staple of undergraduate general education programs (whether distributional or core requirements) and popular as electives, these courses explore such topics as “Classical Mythology,”“Women in Antiquity,” “Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World,” “Ancient Religion,” “Greek and Roman Drama,” and “Cinema and the Classics”–to name just a few. Rather than “dumbing down” the field, as some critics have claimed, and being harbingers of further decline, these courses have succeeded in educating a whole new generation of citizens, hardly an unworthy goal. They have also helped to recruit new majors who had not encountered this material before college. And they have even supplied a modest pipeline into the profession, as some of those latecomers to the field, upon graduation, make up for gaps in their linguistic training by enrolling in post-baccalaureate programs, yet another creative adaptation by which the field prepares students for entry into doctoral programs and scholarly and teaching careers.The visibility of antiquity in the curriculum testifies to the resilience of the field in the face of “crisis”–or, rather, “crises.” Greco-Roman studies has long been recognized as the canary in the coal mine of the humanities, having faced early on some of the pressures that the other humanities would encounter only later. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the field lost its curricular hegemony, as American colleges and universities jettisoned Latin as a requirement for admission or graduation. Then, as private schools, particularly Catholic ones, made Latin optional or dropped it altogether, one important pipeline for college majors dried up. Later, as the quintessential home of “dead white males,” the field was at the epicenter of the culture wars.6 And, now, in a climate of economic anxiety, vocationalism, and concern with financial return on educational investment, it is again vulnerable. Rather than circling the wagons, the field has confronted these challenges in creative ways. The curricular engagement noted above was one of these strategies. In fact, in a reversal of the usual model whereby research influences what is taught in the classroom, this curriculum also became a powerful driver (though by no means the only one) of exciting new research agendas that focus on contemporary issues where the past has something to teach us.And so, if ancient Greco-Roman culture is alive and well in the popular imagination and in the general curriculum, the most important evidence of its vitality must nevertheless be sought in the quality of current research. While the past several decades may have seen no grand paradigm shift,7 it is clear that our understanding of the past has been dramatically enhanced–and in some cases radically altered–by new evidence, new methods, and new questions. As befits a scholarly field whose history began to be written even in antiquity, it is not surprising that there are periodic moments of taking stock. The year 2000 occasioned several, including Classics in Progress, a volume of essays by British scholars that was published for our sister society, the British Academy.8 This special issue of Dædalus was inspired by a different sort of milestone, the important work of the American Academy's Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. The idea for this issue started to come into view at the same time that the Commission was preparing its report, The Heart of the Matter; and the appearance of this issue coincides roughly with the publication of the Commission's follow-up report, which documents the extensive activities that have taken place over the past two years.9 There could be no better time to focus on the oldest of the humanities fields, Greco-Roman studies, and to assess (in the words of this volume's title) “what is new about the old.”10Taken together, the essays in this volume exemplify some of the most important recent developments in Greco-Roman studies. Here I would single out only four. The first is, paradoxically, the persistence of the old amidst the new–the continued focus on the text, whether literary or documentary, and hence the continued importance of philology and the traditional specialisms necessary for recovering and recuperating this category of evidence, such as palaeography, textual criticism, and linguistics. It is sometimes assumed that the vagaries of transmission have left us all that we will ever have of ancient literature–a minute percentage of the total production, to be sure, but more than any one person could read in many lifetimes. But new material regularly turns up, whether in a manuscript miscatalogued in a monastic library, or in a “quotation fragment” (the work of one author cited by another), or, more commonly, on a scrap of papyrus recovered from the dry and preservative sands of Egypt.11 Indeed, one scholar estimates that “Over the last hundred years, one literary papyrus has been published, on average, every ten days; the agglomeration provides, for Greek literature at least, a small new renaissance.”12 (For a recent discovery that has attracted much attention, see the elegant translation by Rachel Hadas of the so-called “Brothers Poem” by Sappho in the box on page 40.)13These discoveries not only enlarge our store of ancient literature, but also enable us to restore what we already have, to recognize previously unknown connections among works, and, on occasion, to rewrite history, literary or otherwise. Meanwhile, extant texts regularly require philological attention. To take just one example: new editions of authors are needed not only to incorporate the new discoveries noted above, but also to take into account several phenomena, only recently understood. One is contaminatio, the fact that most family trees of manuscripts (stemmata codicum) are complicated by horizontal transmission (the cross-fertilization of distinct traditions, when a copyist relying mainly on one manuscript nevertheless incorporates readings from another with a different lineage). Another is even more basic: the that in an where texts were or from the In other there may be no one And just as new editions the new and studies provide their and on the of the research. In fact, a is which not just the words upon a but also the of the text, including the of the ancient (the papyrus and and its not only for textual criticism, but also for ancient in the perhaps the most since it has been for over Greco-Roman studies has up dramatically in of its and This is sometimes as the of other But this which the of a more complicated Greco-Roman studies had been even to this their in the other humanities, not only scholars of and literature but also ancient and In fact, most of these their to the of antiquity, In the and early twentieth these became from their and started to different The was that scholars of Greco-Roman antiquity as a and, over became more from developments in the that they had but that had in different several decades as a if in that Greco-Roman studies was not much a single as a field, and scholars started to take out with their the work of ancient literary and began to be by the and of those (For an elegant see the box on page where of a from traditional philological also being by contemporary literary such as and And of this was a since scholars of the ancient in with their and made to particularly in such as the history of and In an even more scholars who were these began also to as individuals the sort of that had previously in the of their or the as a literary scholars the texts they were ancient history and history a and the same these scholars also upon other that had their of the field, such as and and And through they began to in such as and (the having had a particularly and in the recent of the all of this scholarly no one or has even for a and a of The has been that a field seen by some as more has become much more have an of the at work in the very of the This has to the ancient material and sometimes with a and a of It has also to the that not only past scholars but also they to the evidence they and the they there is of the of in in Greco-Roman studies is the most recent and perhaps the most the new of A of this the for in our of the such as and have been for a long But these have been by other powerful for is from that had been in the of or is us to ancient and and the of such as and us to and and ancient and of some of these and their in the box on page are not just to objects or but to tell a story. The data recovered in this way an that it even to old to and to rewrite to these developments is the important by Greco-Roman studies has been with of with the from to and from the to the the field was an early the of what has come to be as humanities, and it has been a to that field ever one has to evidence, as the of texts and has made research on a previously and has up whole new of But at another not only to evidence but also powerful for ranging from of to the of Greek and Latin texts (the linguistic of every in a and is the of the The for has been dramatically not just by new but also as a of the new noted Greek and Roman at the of are taking of their to of ancient and understanding of the Ancient such topics as and are also being And that the literature of the Hellenistic is in the scholars are their to the the Greek literature of the Roman and the literature of early the the and of the of for are as traditional and as and are seen to be over and of and that not with the the focus on Greece and Rome has way to studies of the and the ancient that recognize the of their at different And even where there is evidence of history for those who work in the Greco-Roman field to explore that one culture or The current interest in or is an of this as is the of a new field, ancient studies, which as its this sort of of of and Greco-Roman studies is being the of as the of a or material is to be a not only of the and in which it was and but also of other and have the of the Greco-Roman in all its is no just the of the As Mary and have is a that in that us and the of the and The by Classics are the by our from and at the same time by our to and by its to The of Classics is not only to or the ancient is also to and our to that And to that one Greco-Roman studies into the square and to the of to and to the past is to our contemporary persistence of the to new and the new of antiquity, and the of developments in Greco-Roman studies over the past several decades are on in the essays that this a are in just for the of the field, I must that many important are from this of and was the could it and the were the to their as they the same these essays are not general or of the of research. While most their work in the of recent they their essays to be studies that new in and, in some in new the is this volume from literature to and material ancient history, and, the institutional in which Greco-Roman studies are Of course, this the among these and also among the essays which a of and This is all the more since the not with one another or in other ways. But this only to the of this as noted of the field, the of of and the of The that are to something that the to the articles could not to out some of these connections and also to a since these when read come to a about “what is new about the that the on texts is of the field, the first essays in this volume the past several have left their on literary including not the and the or In to readings of current also a wide of including the of the noted and, its as the of ancient the and in which texts were and as and and more of and name just a on Greek literature, that category and its scholarly have been as the traditional has the of some of these different To take one example: to texts their and on the other studies to the of texts and about their as her Greek the in which the these two is perhaps most a of the that Greek at a the when of and were also for the of to these in contemporary is about but it is also about the and of as the power to in the as well as to the that one to in ways that are difficult to by on Latin literature, its with its Greek the literature of a Rome had The of this and the understanding of it has been a staple of But of have way to an of the creative of that were at work in one literature to this further by linguistic on Roman about their a of the could to linguistic translation Greek texts into and whose for Greek culture into that could be as a over an text, but it may have to the of any from two essays in different ways the of texts has into the of Greco-Roman studies. The by this on the of the Greek and Roman classics, the recent from a model that a whose be through by the ancient texts as for this and a horizontal one in which these texts are that from and encountering and of these As a on and on two different to in which the the of the in this it a of this of essays on literature, turns to one of had of the idea in Roman antiquity, interest is in the contemporary of which has made Greco-Roman texts to students and the While translation studies has recently as its her focus is not on or criticism, but on as befits one who has just published her translation of the not much a scholarly as a a and the of the that are there in of her of literature, the volume a to more in antiquity than the as the of the to its the current the of ancient and the way that is that is, or and modern with its its powerful its interest in and its linguistic to the that ancient modern and that ancient in the way they take on that have out of contemporary And there are recent signs of the may be its on the field, of may be more to ancient and, at a time of some are that texts of the past a place where one again about some of the traditional issues of in a more In ancient texts one again to see the for the A is the of where there has been a creative engagement the old and the The was a one in antiquity most the view that is not an and contemporary are and with that to by the that the ancient will continue to us the challenges we and that they will also teach contemporary to to those and in ways that we two essays our from ancient literature and to and material In a way that is familiar from of ancient the of Greco-Roman has been the of history, which on the modern and history has also to its to philology and the engagement with to these challenges are familiar from the of literature in this One is to focus on on and ways in which Greco-Roman has continues to and and and Another to the in their this is an in which of by contemporary their focus on of and, an important to there is to the and text, which is to the in literary studies. by a from the which about the with of and and by also on material objects and but of a different the written that an important for research. These texts on and and most of from two The first is a new interest in these were texts and of make it to the of whereby material of writing and writing have come to into the of the of writing in ancient The a and on the in which the written were and what that about different in their and that the two are the that and are This material focus a in from the literary and philological of a generation history in a have from being only in the of a new of Sappho to to who was and has in the of the of the ancient in their and from This is, the of But if it were the of an that would be no essays turn our to ancient In recent years, has traditional and history to also and has from in to the of and including and and to such topics as and and on one of these the of and on the sort of evidence that has as the city of in which for a long time and has different of and and with one another the they were being and by and and they were in which were to the and transmission of and only the of this but even its a as when an is as a its in having by become It is that about not the late antiquity, when and and all other of the most of the of this is in a the of the of as the of the by a very different category of evidence, not just textual and but also a of ancient history, the of that had not in past that Rome was an and its was of a of from in to the of and that the of and other But if and the the for no we on the of evidence, that climate also that the of had been for much of the In the the which has as was through the the very that the same in the of the of what has as a in and again in the to a in that had the And a the of started in in and the Roman over the The of the was not as the of any one but instead to a of that was to climate and and that in a of the These the the of two essays that explore in ancient history, and on the of the They two different of ancient model that Greece and Rome as the that since they were in history, and the which is in its and to the of The have and for two hundred and years, with the model taking in the and the the But as evidence and are than ever the is in the the that to most began not in Greece and but with the of in the more than ten or the in of modern more than one hundred or of the But if the model most of the history, the model has its much of what the and the that is, much of The authors an way of ancient history, which is and and first is the the of the first when of at roughly the same time in different and much evidence of The is the of Rome and for but they had very different and their be only by The and the of two for research in which and work But to this, to new evidence, methods, and and recognize that the ancient was much ancient history much our made last two essays in this volume return to a that was at the of this the institutional and professional of Greco-Roman studies. But the now, is on the to curriculum and the of from its in American education in the of the of universities at that including the of whose from of into an of the an to contemporary where more have a than ever and where studies. a for the in this by that the of the field, the way it different of and is to the as a But these different are in one curriculum, the of and to the of a different that the are the same challenges that faced decades that the make the for research by of the past through popular and which a and make our teaching a is also to having Greco-Roman studies as a But is the power of research and teaching be by upon in this but to which the from to a our to as a from the Academy's Humanities Indicators that the humanities to the general is not by scholars in this and other humanities But this the humanities for the for the of research ways to this One is to which is by no means for this more important is to come up with new for Greco-Roman studies in a one which not the with of the but to including in other it for such to and make to is that Greco-Roman studies in a to up not only to different and but also to of and One traditional name for the field, the fact that there are many other and than those of Greece and institutional with scholars of and of to work with the of in and Greek and is to the sort of ancient history that and and is with the out of the field noted While not all may about the or of some of these not only as a to this but also as a to the essays that
Dynamics of activity actualizing intuition (AAI) is indicative of role of intuition and anticipation of unpredictable stimuli in the structure of mental processes, as well as the need-motivational sphere of personality depending on gender, regional and cultural characteristics. Subject of our study is dynamics of AAI in students of Tyumen and Crimean regions. For these purposes we used: (i) methods of theoretical level: generalization, theoretical analysis of potential factors of dynamics of intuition activity; the interpretation of the experimental procedure with affective pictures; (ii) methods of data collection: authors software stimuli anticipation, stimuli image database International Affective Picture System (IAPS). Taking into account gender and regional characteristics of students, we analyzed how effectively they predicted (chose) pictures of different categories (negative, neutral, erotic) presented at random. We have found that anticipation frequency of erotic images increased in 1–10 attempts, which is more pronounced in young men (57.52 ± 2.41%, p = 0.001 by binomial test) than in girls (53.77 ± 1.93%, p = 0.029 by binomial test). Male students from the Tyumen region predicted erotic images within 11–20 and 21–30 attempts, while ones from the Crimean region did it only within 1–10 attempts. Female students of both regions predicted erotic images often expected only 50% within 1–10 attempts, then (within 11–20 attempts), on the contrary, intuitively avoid elections erotic images. However, only in female students of the Tyumen region the prediction of negative incentives dramatically increase during 21–30 attempts. These features support the observation about greater emancipation and less tension of sexual needs in the Crimean region in comparison with the Tyumen region. We conclude that increased frequency of anticipation of erotic images during 1–10 attempts is more pronounced in male students. Attempts from 31 to 150 did not show any significant trends, as well as dynamics of intuitive choices of neutral stimuli throughout all 150 attempts in experiment. intuition; activity actualizing intuition; efficiency dynamics; crucially unpredictable stimuli; students; affective pictures; International Affective Pictures System (IAPS). Bem D.J. Feeling the Future: Experimental Evidence for Anomalous Retroactive Influences on Cognition and Affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 100 (2011): 407–425. Bem D, Tressoldi P, Rabeyron T., Duggan M. Feeling the Future: A of 90 Experiments on the Anomalous Anticipation of Random Future Events. F1000Research 1188.4 (2015). DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7177.1. Bingi V.N. Principles of Electromagnetic Biophysics. Moscow: FIZMATLIT Publisher, 2011. (In Russian). Dubovenko M.N., Belov V.M. Conceptual Algorithm for Classification of Psychological Problems of Users on the Basis of Applications in Social Networks. Cybernetics and Science 165 (2011): 3–15. (In Russian) Grigoriev P.E., Vasileva I.V., Kovalenko D.V. Comparing of Intuition-Actualizing Effectively Colored Incentives in Law-Abiding and Convicted Men. Scientific Conference Creativity: Science, Art and Life, Moscow, RAS Institute of Psychology; 24–25 Sep. 2015. Moscow: RAS Institute of Psychology Publisher, 2015, pp. 115–119. (In Russian). Grigoriev P.E., Vasilyeva I.V., Ignatov A.N. The Possible Role of Intuition in Predicting Emotiogenic and Criminogenic Situation. All-Russian Scientific-Practical Conference on Countering Extremism and Terrorism in the Crimean Federal District: Theory and Practice, Simferopol, Krasnodar University of Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, Crimean Вranch, 8 Oct. 2015. Simferopol, 2015, pp. 234–238. (In Russian). 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Tressoldi P., Martinelli M., Torre J., Zanette S., Duma G.M. CardioAlert: A Heart Rate Based Decision Support System for Improving Choices Related to Negative or Positive Future Events. SSRN: Social Science Research Network. Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc., 29 June 2015. PDF-file.. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2604206. Vasilieva I.V., Grigoriev P.E. Communicative and Personal Characteristics Of Intuition. 3rd All-Russian Conference on Psychological Diagnostics Contemporary Psychodiagnostics Russia. Overcoming the Crisis, Chelyabinsk; 9–11 Sep. 2015. Chelyabinsk: South Ural State University Publisher, 2015, volume 2, pp. 25–29. (In Russian). Vasilieva I.V., Grigoriev P.E. Feedback Effect in Activity Actualizing Intuition. Innovative Projects and Programs in Education 5 (2014): 52–60. (In Russian). Vasilieva I.V., Grigoriev P.E., Kovalenko D.V. The Effect of Age on the of Activity Actualizing Intuition. Ananiev’s Reading – 2015 Fundamental Problems of Psychology. (St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg State University; 20–22 Oct. 2015). St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University Publisher, Scythia-print Publisher, 2015, pp. 7–8. (In Russian). Vasileva I.V., Grigoriev P.E., Taratukhin A.A. Computer Maintenance of Intuition Studies. Proceedings of the 3rd All-Russian Conference on Psychological Diagnosis Modern Psychodiagnostics in Russia. Overcoming the Crisis (Chelyabinsk, 9–11 Sep., 2015). Chelyabinsk: Southern Ural State University Publisher, 2015, volume 1, pp. 45–48. (In Russian). Vladimirsky B.M., Grigoriev P.E. Cosmic Weather and Parapsychology. Space and Time 1/2 (2015): 345–357. (In Russian). Zaeva M.A., Vasilieva I.V., Grigoriev P.E. Connection of Factor of Sex and of Intuition in Young People. Ananiev’s Reading – 2015 Fundamental Problems of Psychology. (St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg State University; 20–22 Oct. 2015). St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University Publisher, Scythia-print Publisher, 2015, pp. 12–13. (In Russian). Grigoriev, P. G., and I. V. Vasilieva. Features of Dynamics of Students’ Activity Actualizing Intuition in the Light of Gender and Regional Specifics. Space and Time 1/2 (2016): 283–289. (In Russian). Fixed network address 2226-7271provr_st1_2-23_24.2016.113.
Two recent Jamaican novels convey mental and social imbalance by departing from conventions of discourse. Both John Hearne, in The Sure Salvation, and Anthony Winkler, in The Lunatic, establish their characters' perspectives on the world by manipulating and at times deviating from linguistic norms. In this way each writer highlights the individual's aliena tion from society and associates it with distorted judgement or with warped values in the society that he portrays. In the creation of a reliable or unreliable consciousness the writer adheres to or departs from a logical thread of narrative discourse, from conventional spatial and temporal frameworks (indicated by such linguistic features as tense and person), or from traditional mores of literary narrative. Because language is both a social phenomenon and rule-governed behaviour, individual or social deviance is clearly communicated through deviance in language. Both The Sure Salvation and The Lunatic convey violent distortion in individual perspective and in social values by flouting rules of narrative discourse. Much earlier fiction preserves signs of a fission between perception and reality that later comes to be associated with deviance both as a theme and as a linguistic choice. Preparatory reference to such earlier work clarifies the development, in Jamaican fiction, of a particularly revealing perspec tive on violence in society, the perspective of the disordered consciousness that both Hearne and Winkler vividly convey. The action of a nineteenth century novel, Marly, unfolds in the rigidly structured setting of plantation slavery. This is a system of enforced aliena tion between groups, a separation entrenched by closed vision, stereotyping and language barriers. The novel's protagonist, Marly, overtly recognizes the system's instability and the narrative hints with contained hysteria at the enormous, latent violence implied by this unbalanced social
WordNet-like Lexical Databases (WLDs) group English words into synsets, being utilized in several text mining applications. Synsets were also open to criticism, because while synset members (wordsenses) are, in practice, considered as compeers, yet in theory not all of them represent the synset meaning with a same degree. Considering this criticism, fuzzy synsets (considering synsets as fuzzy sets) have been proposed. In this study, we show why the standard fuzzy synsets do not properly-enough model the membership uncertainty, and propose an upgraded version of them in which membership degrees are represented by intervals (similar to what in Interval Type 2 Fuzzy Sets). We present an algorithm for constructing the interval fuzzy version of WLDs of a language, given a large enough multi-contextual corpus of documents and a precise enough word-sense-disambiguation (WSD) system of that language. Utilizing the algorithm, we produced interval fuzzy synsets of English WordNet (for the frequent-enough synsets). For evaluation, we compared the results with crowdsourced data, asking people to rate the min/max compatibility degree of wordsenses of a synset with its definition. Comparisons, promisingly, showed the algorithm accuracy. The algorithm has also the drawback of being applicable only for synsets with wordsenses having enough frequency in all the corpus categories. This drawback is going to be covered in our future work.
There is a large number of Persian expressions in Arabic language which subject to its laws and lexicons and this is a special characteristic of Arabic. Any word subject to the morpho-syntactic patterns of the language become Arabic. But when you go back to its roots, it cannot be denied that more than half of the Persian words entered Arabic language in several forms such as transliteration or as foreign words. It can be noticed that the dialed of people of Dhi Qar were affected by Persian words; this is due to several reasons, the most important is the proximity and communication between the people of Dhi Qar and the Iranians, war, trade and intermarriage between the two countries. Persian language can be considered as one of the main tributaries to Arabic and Islamic civilization for its scientific and literary product by scholars, intellectuals and writers. Factors affecting the evolution of Persian language to reach its current status down are many and overlapping; we cannot pass on one unless we dwell and probe its depths. This overlap and linguistic cross-fertilization between the Arab and Persian is as old as history. This mutual influence between them continues to this day and will not be interrupted or disappear as long as this juxtaposition exists. The Arab- Persian juxtaposition and the absence of borders led to the mutual influence between them in all areas of life. Use controls and brings new expressions into existence and also neglects other words to die out. In this way languages are renewed and live; this is a universal linguistic norm. The researcher has collected a number of Persian expressions used by the people of Dhi Qar. Their meanings and use are clarified in simple terms to make them accessible to readers, researchers, and students who have interest in the subject.
The relevance of the notion of normativeness (i.e. it pertains to a norm regarded as the standard of correctness in speech) for many people and linguists rests on the fact that only one or two varieties of the English language act as a model or norm, typically Standard English. I believe that, while that reference to the norm is somewhat linguistically and pedagogically necessary, particularly as far as language acquisition and second language learning are concerned, it is arguably a minority use and greater emphasis ought to be laid on describing non-standard varieties of the language at the morphosyntactic level. A large number of dialectologists and sociolinguists have been carrying out research on varieties of English and dialects other than Standard British English or General American, but I seek to bolster interest in analyzing the grammar of non-standard English in utterer-centered terms. An important topic in the study of non-standard varieties of English is the distance there may be between the core system of the English language and the actual linguistic realization of it. There is evidence of two competing forces, one centripetal and one centrifugal with a risk of fragmenting. One of the issues relating to the notion of linguistic norm is, therefore, the status of observed irregularities in language behavior, and whether one can reasonably deem these “errors” or “mistakes”, since native speakers perform them and by essence people who speak their mother tongue do not make mistakes. These irregularities may reflect inadequate competence as regards the norm, but they generally do not question the grammaticality of the performance, which is, I argue, intuitive. Thus, the notion of grammaticality not only depends on linguistic knowledge, but also resembles a sometimes unconscious codification of the language by users. Their grammar corresponds to internalized patterns which may relate to a fluctuating norm.
Research questions: This study examined gender difference in the effect of post-learning positive emotion on consolidation of memory for definitions of English vocabulary. Methodology: A 2 (emotion group: neutral and positive) × 2 (gender: male and female) × 2 (emotion duration: 3 and 9 min) design was used. Participants memorized Chinese definitions of English words, took an immediate test, watched a neutral (lasting for 3 or 9 min) or positive (lasting for 3 or 9 min) video, and took a delayed memory test. Data and Analysis: Data of male ( n = 59) and female ( n = 67) participants were analyzed. For evaluation of emotion induction, a 3 (time: before watching, during watching, and after watching) × 2 (emotion group: neutral and positive) × 2 (gender: male and female) × 2 (emotion duration: 3 and 9 min) was respectively conducted on pleasure and arousal ratings. For memory performance, a similar analysis of variance without time as a factor was conducted. Findings: With a 3-min duration, positive emotion had little effect on memory consolidation. However, with a 9-min duration, positive emotion tended to impair memory consolidation for males but not for females. Originality: Extending the literature showing females’ superiority in memory for words and pictures, this study shows that female students also have memory advantage in English vocabulary. Furthermore, this is the first study suggesting that memory consolidation of male students is more likely to be disrupted by a relatively long duration of positive emotion after learning. Significance/implications: The current finding on gender difference may shed new light on employing emotion as a strategy of memory intervention. There seems to be a need to keep males rather than females from post-learning positive emotion, especially when emotion duration is relatively long.
To solve the defect which is recognizing but not rating the stress,or rating but not considering the influence of the previous stress state to the current state of the existing affective stress evaluation method,this paper proposes an approach of affective stress rating model on electrocardiogram(ECG).An affective stress rating algorithm based on hidden Markov model(HMM)was established with the theory of affective computing.The individual’s affective stress was rated using this affective rating model combining the investigation questionnaire.Features like complexity and approximate entropy of ECG were used in the model,and a matching process suggested that it improved the accuracy of affective stress rating.The result of the experiment illustrated that the model considering the environmental factors and the influence of previous stress state to the current state was an effective method in affective stress rating,and the accuracy of rating was improved by this affective stress rating method.
In werkwoordsgroepen met een vervangende infinitief (IPP) wordt in het Nederlands de keuze van het hulpwerkwoord van de voltooide tijd doorgaans bepaald door de IPP, zoals in heeft kunnen komen, maar de keuze kan ook door het hoofdwerkwoord bepaald worden, zoals in is kunnen komen. Gebruik makend van een aantal treebanks en corpora (CGN, Lassy, SoNaR) hebben we onderzocht welke IPP’s deze alternantie vertonen. Dat blijken er naast kunnen nog minstens 13 andere te zijn. Voor de twee meest frequente (moeten en kunnen) hebben we vervolgens nagegaan wat de verhouding is van de voorkomens met hebben en zijn in die gevallen waarin de alternantie mogelijk is. Daarbij is gebleken dat in gemiddeld 80% van de gevallen de keuze van het hulpwerkwoord door de IPP wordt bepaald. Een belangrijke factor bij de keuze is de aard van het hoofdwerkwoord.
This study investigates whether and when differences in the credit rating agencies' methodologies result in differences in rating properties. In particular, this study focuses on differences in information processing constraints between a rating agency that utilizes qualitative analysis and direct access to borrowers' management in its rating process (Standard & Poor's) compared to one that does not (Egan Jones Ratings Company) and how these differences affect rating quality. We find that, as information uncertainty about borrowers increases, Egan Jones's rating accuracy, informativeness and timeliness decrease relative to Standard & Poor's. Our findings suggest that Egan Jones's more restricted rating methodology can lead to limitations in information processing and, thus, reductions in Egan Jones's rating quality advantage for borrowers with greater information uncertainty.
Universal Dependencies is the latest standard annotation scheme available, aiming at cross-linguistically consistent treebank annotation. It has already been adapted to a large number of languages including Persian. The trend, however, has been to take into account the original principles of dependency grammar rather than a description of the specific language in dependency terms. This paper reports an attempt to adapt Universal Dependencies to form a scheme for annotation of Persian dependency structure based on a comprehensive description of Persian syntax according to a theory introduced as the Autonomous Phrases Theory. The main idea there is that the significance of phrases should be appreciated in dependency analyses due to their cognitive reality, and the notion of valency is also extended beyond verbs. On that basis, every dependent of whatever head type is classified as either a complement or an adjunct depending on whether or not it plays a role in the valency structure of the head. A tagset was proposed consisting of fifty-three dependency relations, including fifteen original labels and the rest borrowed from the universal dependencies.
The goal of language modeling techniques is to capture the statistical and structural properties of natural languages from training corpora. This task typically involves the learning of short range dependencies, which generally model the syntactic properties of a language and/or long range dependencies, which are semantic in nature. We propose in this paper a new multi-span architecture, which separately models the short and long context information while it dynamically merges them to perform the language modeling task. This is done through a novel recurrent Long-Short Range Context (LSRC) network, which explicitly models the local (short) and global (long) context using two separate hidden states that evolve in time. This new architecture is an adaptation of the Long-Short Term Memory network (LSTM) to take into account the linguistic properties. Extensive experiments conducted on the Penn Treebank (PTB) and the Large Text Compression Benchmark (LTCB) corpus showed a significant reduction of the perplexity when compared to state-of-the-art language modeling techniques.
Detecting automatically the cause relations of a text may be useful in question answering tasks and event information extraction. The aim of this paper is to study how to detect coherence relations of the cause subgroup (CAUSE, RESULT and PURPOSE). TO achieve this aim we have used the Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) and some automatic linguistic information from different tools developed by IXA Group. We have used a corpus of 60 scientific abstracts, the Basque RST Treebank (Iruskieta et al., 2013), of different domains: science, medicine and terminology. A linguist has annotated all the signals of that corpus and described the most important problems in such task. To report the reliability of this annotator, two linguists have annotated the signals of the cause subgroup and all the annotations were compared and evaluated. After that, a superannotator has harmonized all the signals of those cause relations. Finally, we show the most important signals for such relations.
Semantic similarities are a cross-field research in Natural Language Processing and Ontologies with some possible fallout in Artificial Intelligence. Formerly, similarities were computed following a syntactical treatment to support case-based reasoning. Textual similarities are now guided by semantic machineries, offering various ways to compute relatedness measures. In this paper, we present both a logical and a visual framework aiming to reason with them. For that reason, we introduced FLH±, a fragment of description logic underpinning the well-known lexical database Wordnet. We illustrated this framework with the path length relatedness, one of the historical similarity measures occurring in a taxonomy. The core of our framework orchestrates the computation of similarity scores supported by REVERB, STANFORD CORENLP and WORDNET:SIMILARITY APIs and interfaces global similarities in graphical way by positioning them on segments. We also depicted some experimental results to confront our computational framework with some empirical data.
Feedforward Neural Network (FNN)-based language models estimate the probability of the next word based on the history of the last N words, whereas Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) perform the same task based only on the last word and some context information that cycles in the network. This paper presents a novel approach, which bridges the gap between these two categories of networks. In particular, we propose an architecture which takes advantage of the explicit, sequential enumeration of the word history in FNN structure while enhancing each word representation at the projection layer through recurrent context information that evolves in the network. The context integration is performed using an additional word-dependent weight matrix that is also learned during the training. Extensive experiments conducted on the Penn Treebank (PTB) and the Large Text Compression Benchmark (LTCB) corpus showed a significant reduction of the perplexity when compared to state-of-the-art feedforward as well as recurrent neural network architectures.
情绪调节指的是个体对情绪的发生、体验与表达进行调控的能力和过程。良好的情绪调节能力有利于个体保持愉快的心境、改善不利的心境。现有的情绪调节研究大多都局限于负性情绪调节，而正性情绪调节的研究一直很少，当前研究综合行为和电生理方法，对被试在进行正性情绪认知重评调节时的唤醒度和颧肌肌电(zygomatic electromyography，简称zEMG)进行分析。结果发现两个实验中当进行正性情绪上调调节时，唤醒度和肌电指标相比维持调节时都有显著的增强，而下调与维持时肌电差异不显著。两个实验结果一致的证明正性情绪上调效应显著，而下调效应不显著。这表明相对于抑制正性情绪，人们可能更习惯和倾向于增强自身的正性情绪。 Emotion regulation refers to the ability and the process that individual adjusts and controls the occurrence, experience and expression of emotion. Good emotion regulation ability is beneficial for individuals to keep pleasant mood and improve the bad one. Although there are many studies investigating emotion regulation, they are mostly about negative emotion regulation, and few are known about the study of positive emotion regulation. In the current study, we use behavioral and electrophysiology measure of arousal rating and zygomatic electromyography (zEMG) to index the variation of positive emotion regulation. We collect arousal rating in each trial after participants regulate their emotion in Experiment 1 and the activity of zEMG in Experiment 2 in which the par-ticipants regulate their emotions induced by International Affective Picture System pictures. The results indicate that up-regulated effect of positive emotion regulation is significant, but down- regulated effect is not. This suggests that people may be desirable and habitual to increase their positive emotion rather than inhibit it.
OBJECTIVE: Examine the production of abstract and concrete nouns in patients with neurodegenerative disease using the Cookie Theft picture description. BACKGROUND: In a previous study, we observed a double dissociation in abstract and concrete word knowledge between the semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia (svPPA) and the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). Compared to age-matched healthy controls, bvFTD patients were significantly more impaired for abstract nouns than for concrete nouns, and their poor abstract knowledge related to atrophy in the inferior frontal gyrus. In contrast, svPPA patients were significantly more impaired for concrete nouns compared to abstract nouns, associated with atrophy to the left temporal lobe. In this study, we test if the same neural regions that are critical for effective abstract and concrete word comprehension also play a role in the production of abstract and concrete words. DESIGN/METHODS: We assess the production of abstract and concrete nouns in 42 bvFTD and 21 svPPA patients using an oral description of the Cookie Theft picture. Patients met published diagnostic criteria, and concreteness or abstractness of each word was calculated using Brysbaert concreteness ratings (Brysbaert, Warriner & Kuperman, 2014). RESULTS: We observe the same double dissociation pattern during production as we previously saw with comprehension: bvFTD patients produce a smaller proportion of abstract nouns than svPPA patients. Moreover, the average concreteness rating for all nouns produced by svPPA patients is lower than for bvFTD. Regression analyses demonstrated that decreased abstract noun production in bvFTD relates to atrophy in the left inferior frontal gyrus. In addition, decreased concrete noun production in svPPA relates to atrophy in the left inferior temporal lobe. CONCLUSIONS: These results corroborate the finding that abstract and concrete nouns are represented in partially dissociable anatomic regions.
Con el desarrollo de la informática, en la investigación del lenguaje se introdujo la teoría y metodología de redes complejas, que transforma el sistema de la lengua en las redes complejas compuestas de nodos y enlaces para hacer un análisis cuantitativo de la estructura de la lengua. El desarrollo de la gramática de dependencias proporciona un apoyo teórico a la construcción del corpus anotado (treebank), por lo que el análisis estadístico con las redes complejas se hace posible. Este artículo presenta la teoría y metodología de las redes complejas y construye las redes sintácticas de dependencia a base del corpus anotado (treebank) de las expresiones orales del examen EEE-4 (Examen del Español como Especialidad - Nivel 4). Mediante el análisis de las características generales de las redes, incluyendo el número de nodos, los enlaces, el grado medio, la longitud media de los caminos, la distribución de grados y la centralización, tiene como objetivo descubrir la diferencia y similitud potencial entre las expresiones orales de distintos niveles. Además, con el análisis de conglomerados, esta investigación pretende demostrar la capacidad discriminatoria de las variables de las redes complejas y proporcionar una referencia potencial para el trabajo de calificación.
Discourse connectives (e.g. however, because) are terms that can explicitly convey a discourse relation within a text. While discourse connectives have been shown to be an effective clue to automatically identify discourse relations, they are not always used to convey such relations, thus they should first be disambiguated between discourse-usage non-discourse-usage. In this paper, we investigate the applicability of features proposed for the disambiguation of English discourse connectives for French. Our results with the French Discourse Treebank (FDTB) show that syntactic and lexical features developed for English texts are as effective for French and allow the disambiguation of French discourse connectives with an accuracy of 94.2%.
Facial expressions are one of the most important types of non-verbal communication. Although interpretation of facial expressions is usually robust, studies have shown that both age-related and disease-related factors can influence recognition accuracy. In particular, older people show deficits in recognition of negative expressions. Similarly, patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD) also show impairments in recognition of fear, anger, and disgust expressions. These studies so far have only focused on the basic, or "universal" expressions. Here, we were interested in investigating and comparing the effects of age and disease on facial expression processing for a wider range of both emotional and communicational expressions. For our ongoing study we recruited a total of 79 participants: 20 PD patients, 15 age-matched, older healthy controls (HC), and 44 younger healthy controls (HCS). During the experiment, participants were instructed to watch videos of 27 facial expressions performed by 6 different actors and to rate each expression based on 12 evaluative dimensions (arousal, valence, naturalness, politeness, persuasiveness, dynamic, familiarity, empathy, honesty, attractiveness, intelligence, and outgoingness) using a 7-point Likert scale. Ratings were analyzed using within-group and across-group correlations, factor analysis, and item analyses. Overall, we found that ratings of expressions were more different due to age, than due to disease-prevalence: r(PD/HC)=.756 versus r(PD/HCS)=.627, r(HC/HCS)=.640. Three out of six factors in the factor analysis were common for all groups (arousal-dynamic, familiarity-empathy, and naturalness-sincerity), showing common evaluation patterns. Confirming earlier findings of a "positivity effect", valence ratings of negative expressions were higher for both older groups (although valence ratings highly correlated within-group: all r>.919). Similarly, negative expression were perceived as more natural but less persuasive by both older groups. Overall, our results show that age-related factors play a much larger role than PD-related factors in processing of both emotional and communicational facial expressions. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2016
This paper aims at filling the gap between the accuracy of Italian and English constituency parsing: firstly, we adapt the Bllip parser, i.e., the most accurate constituency parser for English, also known as Charniak parser, for Italian and trained it on the Turin University Treebank (TUT). Secondly, we design a parse reranker based on Support Vector Machines using tree kernels, where the latter can effectively generalize syntactic patterns, requiring little training data for training the model. We show that our approach outperforms the state of the art achieved by the Berkeley parser, improving it from 84.54 to 86.81 in labeled F1.
In this paper, the importance of “culture” is focused on regarding its relation to second/foreign language acquisition/learning. By reinterpreting the Iceberg Model of Culture, the author thinks that second/foreign language learners are exposed to the dominant culture with its social and linguistic norms and therefore they experience deculturalization, which also brings about the issue of the Self and the Other. It is suggested in the paper that a shift from communicative competence (CC) to intercultural communicative competence (ICC) in multicultural second/foreign language classes per se could enhance language learning by involving these learners’ native culture elements in the language learning/teaching process. While the paper illustrates some pedagogical implications that such a shift could entail, it concludes that introducing these practices in multicultural second/foreign language classes have the potential to enable both practitioners and learners to deal with power relations and the deculturalizing forces, which might be prevalent in such classes.
We tackle the challenge of learning part-of-speech classified translations as part of an inversion transduction grammar, by learning translations for English words with known part-of-speech tags, both from existing translation lexica and from parallel corpora. When translating from a low resource language into English, we can expect to have rich resources for English, such as treebanks, and small amounts of bilingual resources, such as translation lexica and parallel corpora. We solve the problem of integrating these heterogeneous resources into a single model using stochastic Inversion Transduction Grammars, which we augment with wildcards to handle unknown translations.
Facial expressions frequently involve multiple individual facial actions. How do facial actions combine to create emotionally meaningful expressions? Infants produce positive and negative facial expressions at a range of intensities. It may be that a given facial action can index the intensity of both positive (smiles) and negative (cry-face) expressions. Objective, automated measurements of facial action intensity were paired with continuous ratings of emotional valence to investigate this possibility. Degree of eye constriction (the Duchenne marker) and mouth opening were each uniquely associated with smile intensity and, independently, with cry-face intensity. In addition, degree of eye constriction and mouth opening were each unique predictors of emotion valence ratings. Eye constriction and mouth opening index the intensity of both positive and negative infant facial expressions, suggesting parsimony in the early communication of emotion.
The study examined the relationship between idiom familiarity, knowledge of idiom meaning and idiom transparency judgments in L2. A group of 23 intermediate Japanese learners of English were asked to provide familiarity ratings, transparency judgments, and definitions for 30 English idioms, 27 of which had semantically equivalent but compositionally different idiomatic counterparts in Japanese and 3 phrases for which semantic equivalents in L1 also shared the same structural properties. Transparency ratings were repeated after the instructional treatment. A comparison of pre-treatment and post-treatment transparency scores showed that knowledge of conventional idiom meanings had a strong effect on the learners’ perceptions of idiom transparency. Transparency judgments, however, were not found to be a reliable predictor of the learners’ ability to infer figurative meanings of the idiomatic phrases. Idiom familiarity was not found to have a significant effect on idiom comprehension or on transparency judgments either. A limited positive effect of language transfer on L2 idiom comprehension and transparency ratings was observed.
Semantic lexical similarity and relatedness are important issues in natural language processing (NLP). Similarity and relatedness are not the same, while they are very closely related. To date, in many works these two issues are mixed up which harm system’s effectiveness. A popular approach to measure semantic similarity and relatedness is utilizing WordNet, a lexical database. This paper shows that Wordnet’s gloss is a potential source for measuring semantic relatedness. Experiment result using WordSim353 relatedness database confirms the effectiveness of the approach.
The aim of the current study was to investigate if Openness – to – Experience and Neuroticism personality traits are associated with curiosity. This will help us to estimate whether knowledge expansion is dependent on a person’s personality and which trait is more willing to invest time on learning. The experiment consisted of two different sessions. To estimate curiosity, 40 subjects first performed a word-synonymy task, where Shannon’s (1948) entropy was estimated and the result of which lead to the measurement of uncertainty. Then in a second session, participants had the option to request for feedback between a few alternative options at a cost (time), and they were also required to estimate their satisfaction about the answer on a valence rating scale. Finally, participants were screened for personality traits. Neurotic individuals appeared to be more willing in investing time on feedback request, in contrast to open individuals.