Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
We present a novel abstractive summarization framework that draws on the recent development of a treebank for the Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR). In this framework, the source text is parsed to a set of AMR graphs, the graphs are transformed into a summary graph, and then text is generated from the summary graph. We focus on the graph-to-graph transformation that reduces the source semantic graph into a summary graph, making use of an existing AMR parser and assuming the eventual availability of an AMR-to-text generator. The framework is data-driven, trainable, and not specifically designed for a particular domain. Experiments on gold-standard AMR annotations and system parses show promising results. Code is available at: https://github.com/summarization
We explore dynamic evaluation, where sequence models are adapted to the recent sequence history using gradient descent, assigning higher probabilities to re-occurring sequential patterns. We develop a dynamic evaluation approach that outperforms existing adaptation approaches in our comparisons. We apply dynamic evaluation to outperform all previous word-level perplexities on the Penn Treebank and WikiText-2 datasets (achieving 51.1 and 44.3 respectively) and all previous character-level cross-entropies on the text8 and Hutter Prize datasets (achieving 1.19 bits/char and 1.08 bits/char respectively).
Chronic pain may alter both affect- and value-related behaviors, which represents a potentially treatable aspect of chronic pain experience. Current understanding of how chronic pain influences the function of brain reward systems, however, is limited. Using a monetary incentive delay task and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we measured neural correlates of reward anticipation and outcomes in female participants with the chronic pain condition of fibromyalgia (N = 17) and age-matched, pain-free, female controls (N = 15). We hypothesized that patients would demonstrate lower positive arousal, as well as altered reward anticipation and outcome activity within corticostriatal circuits implicated in reward processing. Patients demonstrated lower arousal ratings as compared with controls, but no group differences were observed for valence, positive arousal, or negative arousal ratings. Group fMRI analyses were conducted to determine predetermined region of interest, nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), responses to potential gains, potential losses, reward outcomes, and punishment outcomes. Compared with controls, patients demonstrated similar, although slightly reduced, NAcc activity during gain anticipation. Conversely, patients demonstrated dramatically reduced mPFC activity during gain anticipation-possibly related to lower estimated reward probabilities. Further, patients demonstrated normal mPFC activity to reward outcomes, but dramatically heightened mPFC activity to no-loss (nonpunishment) outcomes. In parallel to NAcc and mPFC responses, patients demonstrated slightly reduced activity during reward anticipation in other brain regions, which included the ventral tegmental area, anterior cingulate cortex, and anterior insular cortex. Together, these results implicate altered corticostriatal processing of monetary rewards in chronic pain.
This paper presents a sequence to sequence (seq2seq) dependency parser by directly predicting the relative position of head for each given word, which therefore results in a truly end-to-end seq2seq dependency parser for the first time. Enjoying the advantage of seq2seq modeling, we enrich a series of embedding enhancement, including firstly introduced subword and node2vec augmentation. Meanwhile, we propose a beam search decoder with tree constraint and subroot decomposition over the sequence to furthermore enhance our seq2seq parser. Our parser is evaluated on benchmark treebanks, being on par with the state-of-the-art parsers by achieving 94.11% UAS on PTB and 88.78% UAS on CTB, respectively.
In this paper, we propose RNN-Capsule, a capsule model based on Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) for sentiment analysis. For a given problem, one capsule is built for each sentiment category e.g., 'positive' and 'negative'. Each capsule has an attribute, a state, and three modules: representation module, probability module, and reconstruction module. The attribute of a capsule is the assigned sentiment category. Given an instance encoded in hidden vectors by a typical RNN, the representation module builds capsule representation by the attention mechanism. Based on capsule representation, the probability module computes the capsule's state probability. A capsule's state is active if its state probability is the largest among all capsules for the given instance, and inactive otherwise. On two benchmark datasets (i.e., Movie Review and Stanford Sentiment Treebank) and one proprietary dataset (i.e., Hospital Feedback), we show that RNN-Capsule achieves state-of-the-art performance on sentiment classification. More importantly, without using any linguistic knowledge, RNN-Capsule is capable of outputting words with sentiment tendencies reflecting capsules' attributes. The words well reflect the domain specificity of the dataset.
Many of the leading approaches in language modeling introduce novel, complex and specialized architectures. We take existing state-of-the-art word level language models based on LSTMs and QRNNs and extend them to both larger vocabularies as well as character-level granularity. When properly tuned, LSTMs and QRNNs achieve state-of-the-art results on character-level (Penn Treebank, enwik8) and word-level (WikiText-103) datasets, respectively. Results are obtained in only 12 hours (WikiText-103) to 2 days (enwik8) using a single modern GPU.
International audience
Large-scale distributed training requires significant communication bandwidth for gradient exchange that limits the scalability of multi-node training, and requires expensive high-bandwidth network infrastructure. The situation gets even worse with distributed training on mobile devices (federated learning), which suffers from higher latency, lower throughput, and intermittent poor connections. In this paper, we find 99.9% of the gradient exchange in distributed SGD is redundant, and propose Deep Gradient Compression (DGC) to greatly reduce the communication bandwidth. To preserve accuracy during compression, DGC employs four methods: momentum correction, local gradient clipping, momentum factor masking, and warm-up training. We have applied Deep Gradient Compression to image classification, speech recognition, and language modeling with multiple datasets including Cifar10, ImageNet, Penn Treebank, and Librispeech Corpus. On these scenarios, Deep Gradient Compression achieves a gradient compression ratio from 270x to 600x without losing accuracy, cutting the gradient size of ResNet-50 from 97MB to 0.35MB, and for DeepSpeech from 488MB to 0.74MB. Deep gradient compression enables large-scale distributed training on inexpensive commodity 1Gbps Ethernet and facilitates distributed training on mobile.
Using multi-level models is necessary for relevant knowledge extraction during the analysis of large volumes of natural language texts. Such tasks are relevant for solving various problems in the field of analysis and generation of textual information. Such modelling of natural language texts requires big amount of texts with multi-layered annotations holding lexical, syntactical, semantic and narrative information. Annotated text collections are called text corpora; text corpora with syntactical annotations are called treebanks because syntactical information is stored in a tree form. The latest development in that field is semantic treebanks, that combine syntactical trees of sentences with the formal representation of their meaning in logical form. Many semantic treebanks, with shallow and deep semantic information, were developed in last years. Several approaches for manual and automatic building of semantic treebanks were developed. There are few generally accepted standards in that fast developing area, so different semantic banks vary significantly in the type of information they contain, especially on lexical level. In this paper, authors review semantic treebanks that could be used for text modeling, the characteristics the different semantic banks and the sort of data they contain on the semantic, narrative, syntactical and lexical levels, as well as the size and composition of relevant corpora and major tools for working with data in those banks. The approaches reviewed can be used for wide range of decision-making tasks in the field of analysis and generation of textual information, e.g. for information resources annotating and retrieval in the task of ontology-based collaborative development of domain information space for learning and scientific research [4], for generating and rewriting texts of different types (fiction, marketing, scientific etc.) and for different auditory [5] and many others.
This article describes a pilot project of automatic morphosyntactic analysis system development and some results of our work. The approach, developed and adopted in this research, is caused by peculiarities of Arabic morphology and syntax, and implies parsing of morphosyntactic structures (both morphology and syntax) instead of traditional tokenization and division of language into morphology and syntax, which seems considerably artificial for many widespread phenomena of Arabic and leads to problems with parsing. Some existing Arabic corpora are discussed, some of them being even treebanks, but none of them having a common reliable underlying uniform formal model (a formal grammar of any kind) in public domain. The methodology of this project is described, and techniques used in the pilot study are discussed, including the software technologies adopted and developed. Current results are described with examples of morphosyntactic structures, immediate constituent classes (with information on dependencies), and code snippets of the grammar module.
Solving the issue of intuition activity dynamics opens up possibilities in the management of intuition, with consideration of factors affecting the temporal characteristics of its functioning. This is particularly important in dangerous professions, where the price for failure is high, such as the activities of Interior Ministry members. Subject of our research is features of intuition activity dynamics in police officers from different substructures with consideration for gender. For our research purposes, we used a set of methods (both theoretical and practical) that includes: generalization, theoretical analysis of potential factors of dynamics of intuition activity; the interpretation of the experimental procedure with affective pictures relevant to the dangerous part of activity of police officer; authors’ software stimuli (modified for police officers as the test subjects), database International Affective Picture System” (IAPS); descriptive statistics, binomial statistical test, “Angular transformation of Fisher” statistical test. For majority of groups in men, the maximum of efficiency is observed during 21–30 attempts (for joined sample is 53.43%, p = 0.001 against 50% by binomial test). monotonic increase of efficiency during previous attempts possibly indicates that during anticipation of dangerous situations, relevant to the real activity of police officers, the training for inclusion into a task is quite important. Women police officers in general regardless to the number of trial, anticipate dangerous situations significantly more effectively (p = 0.036 by “Angular transformation of Fisher” test). Our conclusions are as follows: (i) pictures with content relevant to professional activity of police officers, more effectively anticipated during 21–30 trials; (ii) gender affects to the dynamics of anticipation of dangerous situations; (iii) in general, women police officers anticipate the dangerous contented pictures more effectively than men. Interior Ministry members; intuition activity; anticipation’ visual stimuli dangerous content; IAPS database Bem D., Tressoldi P., Rabeyron T., Duggan M. Feeling the Future: A Meta-Analysis of 90 Experiments on the Anomalous Anticipation of Random Future Events. F1000Research 4 (2015): 1188. DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7177.1. Bem D.J. Feeling the Future: Experimental Evidence for Anomalous Retroactive Influences on Cognition and Affect. Journal of Personality and Social 100 (2011): 407–425. Binhi V.N. Principles of Electromagnetic Biophysics Moscow: FIZMATLIT Publisher, 2011. (In Russian). Geodakyan V.A. Evolutionary theory of sex. Priroda [The Nature] 8 1991: 60–69. (In Russian)/ Grigoriev P.E., Vasilieva I.V. Signal Role of Emotions in Activity Actualizing Intuition. Space and Time 4 (2015): 292–299. (In Russian). Grigoriev P.E., Vasileva I.V. The Dependence of Effectiveness of Affective Colored Images Predicting on Basic Needs Satisfaction. Space and Time 3 (2015): 350–358. (In Russian). Grigoriev P., Vasileva I.V., Ignatov A.N. The Possible Role of Intuition in Predicting Emotiogenic and Criminogenic Situations. All-Russian Scientific-Practical Conference Countering Extremism and Terrorism in the Crimean Federal District: Theory and Practice (Simferopol, Krasnodar University of the Crimean Branch of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 8 Oct. 2015) Simferopol, 2015, pp. 234–238. (In Russian). Grigoriev P., Vasilieva I.V., Ignatov A.N. Individually-Psychological Correlates of Features of Dangerous Situations Intuitive Prediction in Members of Interior. Bulletin of Krasnodar University of Ministry of Interior 1 (2016): 196–201. (In Russian). Jung C.G. Psychic Energy Moscow: Akademichesky proekt Publisher, Foundation ‘Mir’ Publisher, 2010. (In Russian). Lang P.J., Bradley M.M., Cuthbert B.N. International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Affective Ratings of Pictures and Instruction Manual. Technical Report A-8. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida, 2008. Li A.G. On the Matter of Method for Studying Some Unusual Phenomena of Human Psyche. Parapsychology in the USSR 2 (1991): 34–38. (In Russian). Li A.G. Statistical Approaches to Processing and Interpreting Results of Experiments to Identify a Person's Abilities for Extrasensory Perception. Parapsychology in the USSR 1 (1992): 23–30. (In Russian). Naftulin D.H., Ware J.E., Donnelly F.A. The Doctor Fox Lecture: a Paradigm of Educational Seduction. Journal of Medical Education 48 (July 1973): 630–635. Rosenthal R., Jacobson L. Pygmalion in the Classroom. New York: Irvington, 1992. Schmidt H. Observation of a Psychokinetic Effect under Highly Controlled Conditions. Journal of Parapsychology 57 (1993): 351–372. Schmidt H. The Strange Properties of Psychokinesis. Journal of Scientific Exploration 1.2 (1987): 103–118. Smith M.D. The of the 'Psi-conducive' Experimenter.': Personality, Attitudes towards Psi, and Personal Psi Experience. Journal of Parapsychology 67 (2003): 117–128. Smith M.D. The Role of the Experimenter in Parapsychological Research. Journal of Consciousness Studies 10 (2003): 69–84. Vasilieva I.V. Intuitive Mechanisms in Self-regulation Structure in Extreme Situations in Representatives of Dangerous Professions Tyumen: Pechatnik Publisher, 2010. (In Russian). Vasilieva I.V. Questionnaire for Studying Intuition Parameters in Self-regulation Structure in Extreme Situations in Representatives of Dangerous Professions. Bulletin of Tyumen State University 5 (2010): 148–154. (In Russian). Vasilieva I., Grigoriev P.E. Feedback Effect in Activity Actualizing Intuition. Innovative Projects and Programs in Education 5 (2014): 52–60. (In Russian). Vasilieva I.V., Grigoriev P.E. Intuition: From the Contradictory of Theoretical Explanations to the Methodology of Evidence-based Empirical Research. Bulletin of Tyumen State University. Pedagogy. 9 (2014): 189–195. (In Russian) Vasilieva I.V., Grigoriev P.E., Taratukhin A.A. Computer Maintenance of Intuition Studies. Proceedings of the 3rd All-Russian Conference on Psychological Diagnosis Modern Psychodiagnostics in Russia. Overcoming the Crisis (Chelyabinsk, 9–11 Sep. 2015). Chelyabinsk: Research Centre of South Ural State University Publisher, 2015, volume 1, pp. 45–48. (In Russian). Vasilieva I.V., Zaeva M.A., Grigoriev P.E. Relation between Gender and Features of Intuition in Young People. Proceedings of the Scientific Conference Ananiev Readings – 2015: Fundamental Problems of Psychology (St. Petersburg, October 20-22, 2015). St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University Publisher, Skifiya-print Publisher, 2015, pp. 12–13. (In Russian). Grigoriev, P. G., I. V. Vasilieva, and A. N. Ignatov. Dynamics of Intuitive Activity for Predicting Socially Dangerous Situations in Interior Ministry Members. Space and Time 1 (2017): 275–283. (In Russian). Fixed network address 2226-7271provr_st1-27.2017.103.
Increasing the capacity of recurrent neural networks (RNN) usually involves augmenting the size of the hidden layer, resulting in a significant increase of computational cost. An alternative is the recurrent neural tensor network (RNTN), which increases capacity by employing distinct hidden layer weights for each vocabulary word. The disadvantage of RNTNs is that memory usage scales linearly with vocabulary size, which can reach millions for word-level language models. In this paper, we introduce restricted recurrent neural tensor networks (r-RNTN) which reserve distinct hidden layer weights for frequent vocabulary words while sharing a single set of weights for infrequent words. Perplexity evaluations using the Penn Treebank corpus show that r-RNTNs improve language model performance over standard RNNs using only a small fraction of the parameters of unrestricted RNTNs.
Solving the issue of intuition activity dynamics opens up possibilities in the management of intuition, with consideration of factors affecting the temporal characteristics of its functioning. This is particularly important in dangerous professions, where the price for failure is high, such as the activities of Interior Ministry members. Subject of our research is features of intuition activity dynamics in police officers from different substructures with consideration for gender. For our research purposes, we used a set of methods (both theoretical and practical) that includes: generalization, theoretical analysis of potential factors of dynamics of intuition activity; the interpretation of the experimental procedure with affective pictures relevant to the dangerous part of activity of police officer; authors’ software stimuli (modified for police officers as the test subjects), database International Affective Picture System” (IAPS); descriptive statistics, binomial statistical test, “Angular transformation of Fisher” statistical test. For majority of groups in men, the maximum of efficiency is observed during 21–30 attempts (for joined sample is 53.43%, p = 0.001 against 50% by binomial test). monotonic increase of efficiency during previous attempts possibly indicates that during anticipation of dangerous situations, relevant to the real activity of police officers, the training for inclusion into a task is quite important. Women police officers in general regardless to the number of trial, anticipate dangerous situations significantly more effectively (p = 0.036 by “Angular transformation of Fisher” test). Our conclusions are as follows: (i) pictures with content relevant to professional activity of police officers, more effectively anticipated during 21–30 trials; (ii) gender affects to the dynamics of anticipation of dangerous situations; (iii) in general, women police officers anticipate the dangerous contented pictures more effectively than men. Bem D., Tressoldi P., Rabeyron T., Duggan M. Feeling the Future: A Meta-Analysis of 90 Experiments on the Anomalous Anticipation of Random Future Events. F1000Research 4 (2015): 1188. DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7177.1. Bem D.J. Feeling the Future: Experimental Evidence for Anomalous Retroactive Influences on Cognition and Affect. Journal of Personality and Social 100 (2011): 407–425. Binhi V.N. Principles of Electromagnetic Biophysics. Moscow: FIZMATLIT Publisher, 2011. (In Russian). Geodakyan V.A. Evolutionary theory of sex. Priroda [The Nature] 8 1991: 60–69. (In Russian)/ Grigoriev P.E., Vasilieva I.V. Signal Role of Emotions in Activity Actualizing Intuition. Space and Time 4 (2015): 292–299. (In Russian). Grigoriev P.E., Vasileva I.V. The Dependence of Effectiveness of Affective Colored Images Predicting on Basic Needs Satisfaction. Space and Time 3 (2015): 350–358. (In Russian). Grigoriev P., Vasileva I.V., Ignatov A.N. The Possible Role of Intuition in Predicting Emotiogenic and Criminogenic Situations. All-Russian Scientific-Practical Conference Countering Extremism and Terrorism in the Crimean Federal District: Theory and Practice (Simferopol, Krasnodar University of the Crimean Branch of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 8 Oct. 2015). Simferopol, 2015, pp. 234–238. (In Russian). Grigoriev P., Vasilieva I.V., Ignatov A.N. Individually-Psychological Correlates of Features of Dangerous Situations Intuitive Prediction in Members of Interior. Bulletin of Krasnodar University of Ministry of Interior 1 (2016): 196–201. (In Russian). Jung C.G. Psychic Energy. Moscow: Akademichesky proekt Publisher, Foundation ‘Mir’ Publisher, 2010. (In Russian). Lang P.J., Bradley M.M., Cuthbert B.N. International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Affective Ratings of Pictures and Instruction Manual. Technical Report A-8. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida, 2008. Li A.G. On the Matter of Method for Studying Some Unusual Phenomena of Human Psyche. Parapsychology in the USSR 2 (1991): 34–38. (In Russian). Li A.G. Statistical Approaches to Processing and Interpreting Results of Experiments to Identify a Person's Abilities for Extrasensory Perception. Parapsychology in the USSR 1 (1992): 23–30. (In Russian). Naftulin D.H., Ware J.E., Donnelly F.A. The Doctor Fox Lecture: a Paradigm of Educational Seduction. Journal of Medical Education 48 (July 1973): 630–635. Rosenthal R., Jacobson L. Pygmalion in the Classroom. New York: Irvington, 1992. Schmidt H. Observation of a Psychokinetic Effect under Highly Controlled Conditions. Journal of Parapsychology 57 (1993): 351–372. Schmidt H. The Strange Properties of Psychokinesis. Journal of Scientific Exploration 1.2 (1987): 103–118. Smith M.D. The of the 'Psi-conducive' Experimenter.': Personality, Attitudes towards Psi, and Personal Psi Experience. Journal of Parapsychology 67 (2003): 117–128. Smith M.D. The Role of the Experimenter in Parapsychological Research. Journal of Consciousness Studies 10 (2003): 69–84. Vasilieva I.V. Intuitive Mechanisms in Self-regulation Structure in Extreme Situations in Representatives of Dangerous Tyumen: Pechatnik Publisher, 2010. (In Russian). Vasilieva I.V. Questionnaire for Studying Intuition Parameters in Self-regulation Structure in Extreme Situations in Representatives of Dangerous Professions. Bulletin of Tyumen State University 5 (2010): 148–154. (In Russian). Vasilieva I., Grigoriev P.E. Feedback Effect in Activity Actualizing Intuition. Innovative Projects and Programs in Education 5 (2014): 52–60. (In Russian). Vasilieva I.V., Grigoriev P.E. Intuition: From the Contradictory of Theoretical Explanations to the Methodology of Evidence-based Empirical Research. Bulletin of Tyumen State University. Pedagogy. 9 (2014): 189–195. (In Russian) Vasilieva I.V., Grigoriev P.E., Taratukhin A.A. Computer Maintenance of Intuition Studies. Proceedings of the 3rd All-Russian Conference on Psychological Diagnosis Modern Psychodiagnostics in Russia. Overcoming the Crisis (Chelyabinsk, 9–11 Sep. 2015). Chelyabinsk: Research Centre of South Ural State University Publisher, 2015, volume 1, pp. 45–48. (In Russian). Vasilieva I.V., Zaeva M.A., Grigoriev P.E. Relation between Gender and Features of Intuition in Young People. Proceedings of the Scientific Conference Ananiev Readings – 2015: Fundamental Problems of Psychology (St. Petersburg, October 20-22, 2015). St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University Publisher, Skifiya-print Publisher, 2015, pp. 12–13. (In Russian). Grigoriev, P. G., I. V. Vasilieva, and A. N. Ignatov. Dynamics of Intuitive Activity for Predicting Socially Dangerous Situations in Interior Ministry Members. Space and Time 1 (2017): 275–283. (In Russian). Fixed network address 2226-7271provr_st1-27.2017.103.
The lexicon of air transport has received the influence of terms from other modalities of locomotion, of sciences such as meteorology and ornithology and it has also incorporated loan words from different languages. Although it has been the object of lexicological study in different languages, there are few studies that address the appropriation of this lexicon by non-specialists and no dictionary exists that accounts for the non-technical uses of such lexical units. This article presents the lexicographic decisions adopted to design El lxico espaol del vuelo, a proposal that attempts to record the daily use of Spanish aeronautical words, giving an account of their diatopic, diachronic and diaphasic variation. Specifically, it describes both the selection of materials and the conformation of the lexical database as well as the text macrostructure, the criteria that operated in the lemmas selection and ordering and, finally, the microstructure of the lexicographic articles.
This study investigated how potential customers (N = 28) respond to two types of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) regarding the same product. The study simulated reality by having participants read either mainly negative comments from an independent discussion forum (n = 14) or mainly positive comments from a marketer's website (n=14). The results showed that the participants' valence ratings were positive after reading eWOM on the marketer's website and negative after reading eWOM on the independent forum. Although this seems obvious, it is interesting that even though the comments on the independent forum were not considered trustworthy or expert, reading these comments negatively influenced the product image. Participants who read the independent forum rated the product image significantly lower than participants who read the marketer's website. After watching commercial videos, both groups rated the product image higher; however, the difference between the groups remained significant. The results suggest that the emotions evoked by eWOM play a key role in product image. A practical implication for companies may be purchasing targeted advertising on discussion forums to manage potential customers' negative affective reactions.
Some French discussion forums devoted to pregnancy or medically assisted procreation show that commenters—all of them women—may sometimes use words such as brybry, gygy, fofos, zozos, or zhom to speak about the embryo, gynecologist, follicles, sperm, or their male companions.This article investigates how these commenters conceive of the use of such a vocabulary in relation to what they may consider the linguistic norm as well as in relation to the community that they may identify with. The folk linguistics approach allows us to identify several perspectives: on the one hand, this vocabulary, which has not yet incorporated the system of linguistic standards, may still be perceived as normal or even as prescriptive insofar as the mode of communication (the discussion forum) used by commenters is concerned; on the other hand, this same vocabulary can sometimes be considered morally blameworthy given the perceived rectitude of the standard language; finally, it can be thought of as an important element that ensures the cohesion of a discursive community, which is defined here by the mode of communication, but also and especially by gender and the bodily experience, real or desired, of pregnancy.
The peculiarities of the system of teaching Chinese students Russian as a foreign language are brought about by the specificity of the Chinese language. The article substantiates the system of methods and approaches facilitating efficient acquisition of a foreign language and the culture of its speakers; the author believes that the systemic approach (allowing appropriation of linguistic norms as a system embracing deferent levels) and the process-focused approach (allowing formation of a variable communicative field of work with the text) are the leading ones. The author pays special attention to teaching reading and working with the text. The author also discusses some of the didactic techniques that can help to train students in text comprehension, and the techniques for checking understanding of the text. The author believes that the main accent in the process of teaching Russian and speech culture to Chinese students should be oriented towards enrichment of vocabulary, consolidation of morphology and syntactical constructions characteristic of certain situations of communication, as well as towards development of speech culture and acquisition of the rules of speech etiquette. The author offers a short plan of a lesson as an example of such work.
The lexicon of emotion words is fundamental to interpersonal communication. To examine how emotion word acquisition interacts with societal context, the present study investigated emotion word development in three groups of child Korean users aged 4–13: those who use Korean primarily outside the home as a majority language (MajKCs) or inside the home as a minority language (MinKCs), and those who use Korean both inside and outside the home (KCs). These groups, along with a group of L1 Korean adults, rated the emotional valence of 61 Korean emotion words varying in frequency, valence, and age of acquisition. Results showed KCs, MajKCs, and MinKCs all converging toward adult-like valence ratings by ages 11–13; unlike KCs and MajKCs, however, MinKCs did not show age-graded development and continued to diverge from adults in emotion word knowledge by these later ages. These findings support the view that societal context plays a major role in emotion word development, offering one reason for the intergenerational communication difficulties reported by immigrant families.
In this paper we focus on collocations, which have been studied in computational linguistics since they constitute a key factor when processing natural languages. For instance, they usually represent a challenge in automatic translation because the association of two terms is not easily computed. We proposed that the parser should be provided with a lexical database in order to make more effective the identification of collocations during the parsing process. We assessed this claim by using a corpus of 6’000 sentences retrieved from the British magazine The Economist Espresso. The corpus was parsed twice, first with the collocation detection component turned on and then with it turned off, and to make the comparison the Fips tagger was used. The results showed an improvement of the quality when the parser has access to collocation knowledge.
Dans cette thèse, nous décrivons la création du French FrameNet (FFN), une ressource de type FrameNet pour le français créée à partir du FrameNet de l’anglais (Baker et al., 1998) et de deux corpus arborés: le French Treebank (Abeillé et al., 2003) et le Sequoia Treebank (Candito et Seddah, 2012). La ressource séminale, le FrameNet de l’anglais, constitue un modèle d’annotation sémantique de situations prototypiques et de leurs participants. Elle propose à la fois:a) un ensemble structuré de situations prototypiques, appelées cadres, associées à des caractérisations sémantiques des participants impliqués (les rôles);b) un lexique de déclencheurs, les lexèmes évoquant ces cadres;c) un ensemble d’annotations en cadres pour l’anglais. Pour créer le FFN, nous avons suivi une approche «par domaine notionnel»: nous avons défini quatre «domaines» centrés chacun autour d’une notion (cause, communication langagière, position cognitive ou transaction commerciale), que nous avons travaillé à couvrir exhaustivement à la fois pour la définition des cadres sémantiques, la définition du lexique, et l’annotation en corpus. Cette stratégie permet de garantir une plus grande cohérence dans la structuration en cadres sémantiques, tout en abordant la polysémie au sein d’un domaine et entre les domaines. De plus, nous avons annoté les cadres de nos domaines sur du texte continu, sans sélection d’occurrences: nous préservons ainsi la distribution des caractéristiques lexicales et syntaxiques de l’évocation des cadres dans notre corpus. à l’heure actuelle, le FFN comporte 105 cadres et 873 déclencheurs distincts, qui donnent lieu à 1109 paires déclencheur-cadre distinctes, c’est-à-dire 1109 sens. Le corpus annoté compte au total 16167 annotations de cadres de nos domaines et de leurs rôles. La thèse commence par resituer le modèle FrameNet dans un contexte théorique plus large. Nous justifions ensuite le choix de nous appuyer sur cette ressource et motivons notre méthodologie en domaines notionnels. Nous explicitons pour le FFN certaines notions définies pour le FrameNet de l’anglais que nous avons jugées trop floues pour être appliquées de manière cohérente. Nous introduisons en particulier des critères plus directement syntaxiques pour la définition du périmètre lexical d’un cadre, ainsi que pour la distinction entre rôles noyaux et non-noyaux.Nous décrivons ensuite la création du FFN: d’abord, la délimitation de la structure de cadres utilisée pour le FFN, et la création de leur lexique. Nous présentons alors de manière approfondie le domaine notionnel des positions cognitives, qui englobe les cadres portant sur le degré de certitude d’un être doué de conscience sur une proposition. Puis, nous présentons notre méthodologie d’annotation du corpus en cadres et en rôles. à cette occasion, nous passons en revue certains phénomènes linguistiques qu’il nous a fallu traiter pour obtenir une annotation cohérente; c’est par exemple le cas des constructions à attribut de l’objet.Enfin, nous présentons des données quantitatives sur le FFN tel qu’il est à ce jour et sur son évaluation. Nous terminons sur des perspectives de travaux d’amélioration et d’exploitation de la ressource créée.
Norms are essential to the human condition. Whether in the guise of tradition, culture, canon or rules, norms are therefore central to studies in the humanities. This book focuses on Russian language culture of the post-revolutionary and post-Soviet periods, times when norms — linguistic and otherwise — have been eagerly debated, challenged, broken and redefined. Exploring the intersections between linguistic authority and creative response, an international team of scholars examines different realms of linguistic practice (literary fiction, internet slang, literary criticism and aesthetics, writers’ blogs, linguistic play) and various arenas for “talk about talk” (the classroom, blogs, the media, or the courtroom). By combining various approaches and disciplines — linguistics, literary criticism, new media studies — the book as a whole explores the multiplicity of meanings that are accorded to the notion of linguistic norms in the Russian community. The result is both a broad and a detailed picture of important trends in modern Russian language culture.
This chapter concerns the largely ignored phenomenon of inner speech within religious groups. In three major parts, the first considers some linguistic, philosophical and theological approaches used to frame the phenomenon in the past, the second exemplifies and compares inner speech in, Sikh devotional focus on divine words, Zen Buddhist philosophical concern with silence and human being and, one contemporary Christian context concerning prayer. The third part asks how inner speech might relate to the interpersonal dynamics of religious group membership. One contextual background to the phenomenology of inner speech concerns the cultural shift from spoken to silent reading. Sikhism strongly advocates inner speech for devotional goals. Sikhism is both a radically corporate endeavour of a religious community and a profoundly individual pursuit of union with the divine. The sociological interest of this Zen case lies precisely in the attempt at a serious deconstruction of linguistic norms and 'structures'.
This paper discusses the use of ‘by’-phrases in Impersonal Passives in Icelandic. It has been claimed in the literature on Icelandic syntax that ‘by’-phrases that express the agent are not very good or even ungrammatical in Impersonal Passives. The pa-per shows that this point of view oversimplifies the facts because various examples of this pattern can be found in natural data and these examples do not seem to reflect mistakes in linguistic performance. We discuss examples from the Icelandic treebank and from the web and we suggest that ‘by’-phrases are more likely to be used in Impersonal Passives if they involve new information and/or if they are heavy. One of the conclusions of the article is that large and well annotated corpora are important for linguistic research that focuses on rare constructions.
Previous research has shown that good looks, particularly being deemed as attractive or competent-looking, can provide an electoral advantage. There is also evidence to support the notion that more dominant looks are associated with military success as cadets are more likely to rise in the ranks early in their career if they are more dominant-looking. To date, there has been little research into the effect of looks on political leadership success in a non democratic setting. This project explores the effect of facial attractiveness and dominance on the political success of leaders after leading a successful coup d’état. We examine a comprehensive set of coup d'états from 1946 to 2013. Attractiveness and dominance ratings are created via surveys, as in previous research, but with a novel way to control for the potential bias arising from respondent characteristics. Defining political success as taking executive power, longer time-to-office exit, and avoiding constraint on executive power, we find that both dominant and attractive facial features provide distinct advantages for leaders.
The article describes the process of retaining the recessive units in the correctness publications which have been the sources of the codified norm for the last hundred years. This includes the following forms: interesa, czochrze, w Prusiech. Such elements marked i.a. as rare, former, out of use or outdated belonged in the given period to the linguistic norm of some speakers of Polish. Therefore linguists made attempts to retain them in the codified norm at least for some time so that they could serve as evidence of their former correctness. They were used with qualifiers which provided information about potential question concerning the topicality of the recessive elements. Such units met different fates. They were no longer provided or perceived as wrong in the succeeding dictionaries that were examined. They often functioned as recessive until contemporaneity or even returned as equal variants. A detailed typology of these relations was discussed in the article.
<h1> TaPvex: A Tagged and Phrased word2vec Model </h1> Benjamin J. Radford <br> September 29, 2017 <h2> Summary </h2> <i>TaPvex</i> is a trained word2vec model of part-of-speech-tagged and named-entity-tagged words and phrases. The model was trained on a large corpus of English language news text from the early 2010s. Words have been tagged using Stanford CoreNLP to include <a href="https://nlp.stanford.edu/software/CRF-NER.shtml">named entities</a> (NER) and <a href="https://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2003/ling001/penn_treebank_pos.html">Penn Treebank</a> parts-of-speech (POS). Tagged words have been concatenated into n-gram phrases.<br> The model contains 1.17 million unique words and phrases. Word vectors are of size 150. <h2> Use </h2> All three files (TaPvex, TaPvex.syn0.npy, TaPvex.syn1.npy) must be located in the same directory. The file can be opened with the <a href="https://radimrehurek.com/gensim/models/word2vec.html"><i>gensim</i></a> Python module using: <pre> from gensim.models import Word2Vec model = Word2Vec.load("/path/to/model/TaPvex") </pre> <h2> Examples </h2> Tokens are of the form: <pre>[WORD]:[NER]:[POS]</pre> Phrases are of the form: <pre>[WORD]:[NER]:[POS]_[WORD]:[NER]:[POS]</pre> Example tokens include: <pre> BUSH:O:NN BUSHES:O:NNS BUSH:PERSON:NNP GEORGE:PERSON:NNP_BUSH:PERSON:NNP GEORGE:PERSON:NNP_W:PERSON:NNP_BUSH:PERSON:NNP NEW:O:JJ NEW:LOCATION:NNP_YORK:LOCATION:NNP NEW:ORGANIZATION:NNP_YORK:ORGANIZATION:NNP_TIMES:ORGANIZATION:NNP </pre>
The paper deals with the influence of emotionality on ecology of communication. Relations between positive / negative emotions and ecology of communication are studied. Ecology of communication lies in compliance with communicative ethic and emotive linguistic norms where the speaker feels comfortably. On the other hand, negative emotions of communicants form conflict communicative situations. Speech and emotions are viewed in the ecolinguistic paradigm as a specific sphere of person’s activity. It affects consciousness, reflects dominant strategies in the world comprehension, and defines peculiarities of verbal and nonverbal behavior. Сommunicating persons affect each other by emotions. Communicative and ecological function of language is closely linked to emotive function. That is why it is necessary to pay attention to the formation of emotive competence of а lingual personality in addition to the development of its common cultural and speech literacy. Human emotional sphere depends on communicative and ecological competence, linguistic and environmental identity of linguistic personality.
ForFun is a database of linguistic forms and their syntactic functions built with the use of the multi-layer annotated corpora of Czech, the Prague Dependency Treebanks. The purpose of the Prague Database of Forms and Functions (ForFun) is to help the linguists to study the form-function relation, which we assume to be one of the principal tasks of both theoretical linguistics and natural language processing. A prototypical question to be asked is What purposes does a preposition 'po' serve for or What are the linguistic means in the sentence that can express the meaning 'a destination of an action'?. There are almost 1500 distinct forms (besides the 'po' preposition) and 65 distinct functions (besides the 'destination').
Dependency parsing is considered as the state of the art technology for a better information extraction methodology in Natural Language Processing. With the ever-growing need for linguistic analysis for different languages, the demand for multilingual dependency parsing has increased dramatically. In this research work we studied a novel collection of treebanks with homogeneous syntactic dependency annotation [1] for six languages along with other recent techniques in this area. We investigated the possibility of adding new languages in this module and successfully added universal Bangla dependency annotation. Additionally, we combined simple and complex feature representations to improve parsing output.
This chapter provides an overview of language policy and the media by reviewing the state of the art, both in terms of literature and in terms of research. It outlines key terms and their uses, and explains the types of language policy and media. The chapter also provides an overview of disciplinary perspectives on language policy and the media, with a particular focus on the evolution from traditional news to new and social media. It reviews research within a range of national and globalized contexts, and discusses the core areas of status, corpus and acquisition planning. The chapter examines relationship between language policy and the media in two overarching areas: in the chronological transition from nation-states to globalization, and in status, corpus, and acquisition planning. Language policy concerns the production and enforcement of linguistic norms; the reality of policymaking and its implementation is much more complex than such a simplistic label implies.
In this paper, we introduce the novel concept of densely connected layers\ninto recurrent neural networks. We evaluate our proposed architecture on the\nPenn Treebank language modeling task. We show that we can obtain similar\nperplexity scores with six times fewer parameters compared to a standard\nstacked 2-layer LSTM model trained with dropout (Zaremba et al. 2014). In\ncontrast with the current usage of skip connections, we show that densely\nconnecting only a few stacked layers with skip connections already yields\nsignificant perplexity reductions.\n
Sleep disturbance is a core symptom of Pediatric post-traumatic stress disorder (PPTSD). Given the link between sleep and affective processing, disruptions in sleep-dependent processing of emotional material have been suggested to contribute to symptom maintenance. In this study we sought to asses the relationship between sleep and emotion processing in youth with PPTSD relative to healthy control subjects. Seven participants with PTSD (aged 14.5 ± 2.9; CAPS-CA score 64.8 ± 17.8) and three age- and sex- matched controls (aged 12.0 ± 0.8) completed two overnight high-density EEG (256-channel) polysomnography sleep studies. Prior to sleep on night 2, participants rated 70 neutral and 70 negative scenes with respect to level of arousal on a scale of 1–9 using the Self-Assessment Manikin rating system (SAM). The following morning, recall was tested with 100 previously viewed images and 100 new images. Participants again rated images on level of arousal. Sleep: No significant differences were observed between groups for any PSG variable. However, differences in the percent of NREM stage 2 decreased for both groups during sleep on the task night relative to baseline night, with a larger % decrease in the PTSD group (control %2.29 ± 9.04 vs. PTSD %6.34 ± 0.63). Behavior: Recall accuracy (control 78.3 ± 9.8 vs. PTSD 81.6 ± 15.3) did not differ between groups, nor did recall accuracy for emotional images (control 81.3 ± 10.8 vs. PTSD 77.6 ± 14.8). Ratings of arousal did not distinguish groups at encoding. However, ratings of arousal during the recall session for previously viewed negative images was markedly different in each group. As a group, PPTSD children subtly increased arousal ratings of negative remembered-images from evening to morning (mean night, 6.18 ± 2.31, morning 6.34 ± 2.66) while the control group robustly decreased arousal ratings (7.22 ± 2.67, 2.18 ± 1.21). Given our sample size, firm conclusions are impossible. However, our results suggest that sleep quality may adversely impact the process of emotional evaluation in children with PTSD. none
Trance parsing model + Embedding vector. See https://github.com/tarowatanabe/trance for the parser and its usage. We also provide parsing and learning scripts for the Trance parser that we used for the paper; 1/ parsing model: ptb_train.txt.model-d100.tar.gz 2/ embedding vector: embedding-d100.vec.gz 3/ trance parser parsing script: trance-parsing.sh 4/ trance parser (batch) learning script: trance-training-batch.sh 5/ test.txt (gold file) and test.txt.leaf is for the parser input.
The Universal Dependencies (UD) project aims to develop a consistent annotation framework for treebanks across many languages. In this paper we present the UD scheme for Afrikaans and we describe the conversion of the AfriBooms treebank to this new format. We will compare the conversion to UD to the conversion of related syntactic structures in typologically similar languages.
Some attempts have been made in the academic community to carry out an automatic morphological analysis of the Qur'anic text. Among the well-known endeavors in this regard is the morphological annotation of the Quranic Arabic Corpus (QAC) which was carried out in Leeds University, UK. In addition, researchers in the University of Haifa had previously implemented a computational system for the morphological analysis of the Qur'an. More recently, a new Quranic corpus has been built in Mohammed I University in Morocco. To the best of our knowledge, these are the only three studies to produce a morphologically analyzed part-of-speech tagged Qur'an encoded as a structured linguistic database. This paper surveys the morphological analysis in the above-mentioned annotation projects and compares between them to test the quality of their analysis using five criteria related to display of the text in the corpus, word segmentation, morphological disambiguation, part of speech (POS) tag set and manual verification. The paper concludes that the QAC of Leeds and the Quranic corpus of Morocco surpass the Quranic corpus of Haifa with regard to most of these criteria. Furthermore, some additional POS tags for derivative nouns are suggested in a step to reach a more fine-grained tag set that could be proposed for POS tagging of Qur'anic Arabic.
Background: Anhedonia has long been associated with schizophrenia (SZ); however, the true nature of this deficit remains elusive. Given the role of hedonic capacity within the larger motivational framework, we sought to examine reward responsiveness (RR) and reward expectancy (RE) across a spectrum of motivation deficits in SZ (Study 1). Further, we sought to better understand the relationship between hedonic capacity and specific facets of the motivational system (Study 2). Methods: In study 1, RR and RE were assessed using the self-report Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) in a sample of 72 SZ patients and 74 healthy controls. In study 2, 99 healthy undergraduate students completed the TEPS as well as objective measures of RR, RE, reward valuation, effort valuation, and goal-directed decision-making using the International Affective Picture System (IAPS), Cued Reinforcement Reaction Time (CRRT) task, Kirby Delay Discounting (DD) task, Virtual Reality Progressive Ratio (ViPR) task, and the Multitasking in the City Test (MCT), respectively. Further, the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) was administered to characterize subclinical schizotypal traits. In both studies, the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES) was used to characterize participants into low, moderate, and high amotivation groups. Results: In both studies, a multivariate analysis of variance revealed a main effect of amotivation such that participants with high levels of amotivation reported significantly lower levels of RR and RE compared to those at low and moderate levels (Study 1: F(4, 280) = 2.962, P =.02, η2 =.041; Study 2: F(4, 170) = 4.453, P =.002, η2 =.095). In Study 1, an interaction effect revealed that patients with moderate levels of amotivation endorsed significantly higher levels of RE compared to healthy controls at the same level, and to patients at both low and high levels of amotivation (F(2) = 2.674, P =.007). In Study 2, correlational analyses revealed that both RR (r =.32, P =.002) and RE (r =.38, P <.001) were correlated with IAPS pleasantness ratings. Further, RE was correlated with IAPS arousal ratings on the IAPS (r =.33, P =.001) and the ViPR task (r = −.25, P =.032). RE (r = −.37, P <.001) and IAPS pleasantness (r = −.31, P =.003) and arousal (r = −.34, P =.001) ratings were also correlated with the negative subscale of the SPQ. Conclusion: Overall, the results of both studies suggest that impairments in RR and RE emerge exclusively in individuals with high levels of motivation deficits, regardless of diagnosis. Further, Study 1 illustrates the complex relationship between self-reported RE, amotivation, and diagnosis. Correlational analyses in Study 2 suggest that emotional arousal and cost–benefit analyses are related to the evaluation of prospective rewards on the TEPS. Going forward, utilizing both subjective and objective measures of hedonic capacity may serve to further our understanding of the nuances of motivation and reward system impairments in SZ.
Evidence suggests that in older adults, positive emotional memories are prioritized in order to enhance emotional well-being. Previous studies have demonstrated that sleep enhances negative emotional memories and preserves aspects of emotional reactivity associated with negative memories in young adults. Given that older adults prioritize positive memories, sleep may not preserve memory and reactivity for negative memories in this age group. Thus, the objective of this study is to investigate the influence of sleep on negative memories and emotional reactivity in older adults. Healthy older (55–80 yrs) adults viewed a mixture of negative and neutral pictures. During a three-hour delay, participants either napped (Nap group) or participated in restful wake activities (Wake group). Afterwards, participants underwent a picture recognition task. Emotional reactivity associated with picture viewing was measured during both sessions using valence and arousal scales, skin conductance response, heart rate deceleration, and corrugator supercilii electromyography. Contrary to what was observed in young adults using this procedure (presented in Jones et al. abstract), preliminary data in older adults suggest no benefit of sleep on negative memories (Nap: M=0.772, SD=0.164; Wake: M=0.868, SD=0.078) and no preservation of valence ratings in the nap group compared to the wake group (Nap: M=0.147, SD=0.087; Wake: M=0.261, SD=0.354). However, there is evidence for the preservation of skin conductance response (Nap: M=0.020, SD=0.231; Wake: M=-0.127, SD=0.192) and heart rate deceleration response (Nap: M=3.167, SD=9.879; Wake: M=-4.087, SD=8.633) in older adults. These initial results suggest that some but not all aspects of emotional reactivity associated with negative memories may be preserved by sleep in older adults. Sleep-dependent consolidation of negative memory contents may decline with age. This work was funded by NIH R01 AG040133 (PI: Spencer).
This study attempts to determine the common features and differences between the Latin language of the inscriptions of Aquincum, Salona, Aquileia and the provincial countries of Pannonia Inferior, Dalmatia and Venetia et Histria, compared with each other and the rest of the Latin speaking provinces of the Roman empire, and we intend to demonstrate whether a regional dialect area over the Alps–Danube–Adria region of the Roman empire existed, a hypothesis suggested by József Herman. For our research, we use all relevant linguistic data from the Computerized Historical Linguistic Database of Latin Inscriptions of the Imperial Age. We will examine the relative distribution of diverse types of non-standard data found in the inscriptions, contrasting the linguistic phenomena of an earlier period with a later stage of Vulgar Latin. The focus of our analysis will be on the changes in the vowel system and the grammatical cases between the two chronological periods within each of the three examined cities. If we succeed in identifying similar tendencies in the Vulgar Latin of these three cities, the shared linguistic phenomena may suggest the existence of a regional variant of Latin in the Alps–Danube–Adria region.
Every 10 years there seems to be a new wave of dissertations on Dutch verb clusters.The special properties of the Dutch verbal end group have been keeping Dutch linguists employed since at least the 50s, and are still leading to new insights into language syntax and language variation.In the mid '90s the interest was mainly in novel theoretical syntactic analyses of the phenomenon, and in the mid '00s several dissertations came out on the wide range of factors that allow the word order variation to occur.Now, in the mid '10s, another round of dissertations is set to appear or have already appeared, including Liesbeth Augustinus's study on cluster formation.The current wave appears to be all about describing and studying the scope of the variation that occurs when people use verb clusters, both in dialects and in standard Dutch.The range of variation appears to be broader than what was previously thought.The likely reason behind this direction of study is the increased availability of Dutch linguistic resources, such as digital dialect atlases and large language corpora, making it easier to study large amounts of empirical data.Liesbeth Augustinus's study, though mostly focusing on standard Dutch, exemplifies this approach.The study is corpus-based throughout, featuring language usage data extracted from a treebank (a corpus of Dutch, annotated with syntactic trees).Furthermore, the study not only discusses standard verb clusters, it also addresses various (though not all) less frequent verb cluster constructions.Clusters with te-infinitives for example, and 'cluster creepers' where the verb cluster is interrupted by non-verbal materials, and Infinitivus Pro Participio (IPP) constructions involving uncommon IPP verbs, where a verb that takes an infinitive appears in participial form instead of as an infinitive.In this way, a wide range of verb cluster variation is addressed and incorporated into the theoretical discussion.A quick look at the table of contents shows that this is quite an interdisciplinary affair.On the one hand there are more theoretical chapters, involving both transformational grammar, the framework in which most previous work has been conducted, as well as monostratal grammarmainly Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG), the formal framework that Liesbeth Augustinus uses.
Este artigo mostra como a infraestrutura digital do terceiro milênio está afetando o emprego de materiais digitais de ensino de grego antigo. Dentro de uma abordagem com foco em ‘aprender fazendo’, apresenta os principais pressupostos do classicismo na era digital atual apontando o trabalho de alunos e professores como um meio de produzir dados para bancos de dados de língua e cultura grega, como a Biblioteca Digital Perseu, com serviços de consulta e pesquisa, contribuindo para a formação de corpora abertos de traduções em português de textos gregos. Tal produção pode-se dar na forma de edições digitais anotadas e com traduções alinhadas. Explica-se aqui uso da plataforma Perseids para anotação de árvores sintáticas de dependência do grego antigo (treebanking) e para edição de traduções paralelas alinhadas, propondo uma atividade utilizando as suas ferramentas Arethusa e Alpheios.
Diminished QoL is a major concern among older adults in Alzheimer’s disease associated neurodegenerative processes, such as amnestic MCI. To better assess and improve their well-being, it is important to understand the neural basis of QoL and factors leading to better QoL. In this case-controlled study (MCI, n = 18; healthy control (HC), n = 21), we examined the relationship between QoL and cognition-demanding acute stress tasks, and the neural mechanism linking these two. Acute stress tasks were the total 20-minute Stroop Word Color task and Dual 1-back task. The discrepancy of amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) of the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging administered before and after the tasks was extracted as the neural stress reactivity. The discrepancy of psychological valence and arousal rating was considered the psychological stress reactivity. QoL and ALFF reactivity in three regions (anterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), and superior frontal gyrus (SFG)) significantly differed between groups. The associations of MPFC and SFG’s reactivity with QoL were not group-specific while the associations of valence and arousal reactivity with QoL were group-specific. Greater arousal reactivity (adaptive coping) was associated with better QoL in HC; lower valence reactivity (maladaptive coping) was associated with worse QoL in MCI. SFG reactivity significantly mediated the association between valence reactivity and QoL for the entire sample. The MCI group may be more sensitive to maladaptive coping. Enhancing SFG, especially among those with MCI, may be a way to intervene in the negative impact of maladaptive stress regulation on QoL.
The article deals with the birth of a linguistic norm in Iceland and Italy. The discussion focuses on four works, which lay the foundations for the discussion of grammar and poetics in their respective vernaculars, namely Dante Alighieri’s De vulgari eloquentia and Convivio for Italian, and the First Grammatical Treatise and Snorri Sturluson’s Edda for Icelandic. A parallel between these four works is established, and the view that Latin has been little used in Iceland during the Middle Ages is challenged, also in accordance with both earlier scholarship (Lehmann 1937 and Walter 1976) and recent discoveries (Gottskálk Jensson 2002, 2004, 2009 and Marner 2016). It is argued that Latin is bound to have been used as a language of scholarship in Iceland as it was in Western Europe, although manuscript transmission seldom provides direct evidence in this respect. Moreover, a view that takes into account the different weight that Latin as such had in the two different speech communities, Italian and Icelandic, is advocated. This approach rests upon the fact that, whereas in Italy there was an unbroken literary tradition in Latin from Roman times to the Middle Ages, in Iceland Icelandic was the only language to be used until the Conversion, i.e. until the Latin alphabet was introduced. Thus, it is not surprising that the Icelandic vernacular was held in relatively higher esteem in Iceland, therefore leading to a relatively earlier and richer literary tradition in that language, whereas in Italy the vernacular had to be first raised in linguistic status in order to be used as literary language.
The article deals with the birth of a linguistic norm in Iceland and Italy. The discussion focuses on four works, which lay the foundations for the discussion of grammar and poetics in their respective vernaculars, namely Dante Alighieri’s De vulgari eloquentia and Convivio for Italian, and the First Grammatical Treatise and Snorri Sturluson’s Edda for Icelandic. A parallel between these four works is established, and the view that Latin has been little used in Iceland during the Middle Ages is challenged, also in accordance with both earlier scholarship (Lehmann 1937 and Walter 1976) and recent discoveries (Gottskálk Jensson 2002, 2004, 2009 and Marner 2016). It is argued that Latin is bound to have been used as a language of scholarship in Iceland as it was in Western Europe, although manuscript transmission seldom provides direct evidence in this respect. Moreover, a view that takes into account the different weight that Latin as such had in the two different speech communities, Italian and Icelandic, is advocated. This approach rests upon the fact that, whereas in Italy there was an unbroken literary tradition in Latin from Roman times to the Middle Ages, in Iceland Icelandic was the only language to be used until the Conversion, i.e. until the Latin alphabet was introduced. Thus, it is not surprising that the Icelandic vernacular was held in relatively higher esteem in Iceland, therefore leading to a relatively earlier and richer literary tradition in that language, whereas in Italy the vernacular had to be first raised in linguistic status in order to be used as literary language.
From sociolinguistic assumptions about issues involving linguistic variations that have direct implications on language teaching and learning, the paper falls on the research line about language and social practices. The objective is to analyse the linguistic attitudes that teachers of Portuguese who hold university degree have towards the norm they and their students use. As far as theoretical support is concerned, the research takes as reference the distinction between the concepts of polite norm and standard norm; the concept of sociolinguistic norm that allows the systematisation of linguistic behaviour, assessment of the linguistic behaviour and convergence of processes of linguistic change. Methodologically, as instrument of data collection, it was used a questionnaire designed on the basis of three categories: uses of Portuguese; acceptance of Portuguese; and assessment of informants’ and their students’ level of competence. The results related to the uses of Portuguese show that there are differences between European and Mozambican Portuguese, but these differences are more expressed at semantic and phonological level than at syntactic and morphosyntactic level. As far as acceptance of Portuguese is concerned, the assessment is positive, in a way that they agree with the need of adapting European Portuguese to the Mozambican context through inclusion, in teaching, of the structures already consolidated in speaking. In relation to linguistic competences, the informants assess their competence as being excellent and their students’ as being weak, reflecting that linguistic competence is only limited to the mastery of grammatical structure but not to a simultaneous development of discursive, sociolinguistic and strategic abilities in language usage.Keywords: linguistic norm, linguistic variation, social assessment.
Data acquired by space borne systems is subjected to inherent deviations in geometric and radiometric aspects in terms of true representation of observed earth features. Significantly, high resolution data is more sensitive towards its radiometric accuracies and its quality. Raw data is preprocessed incorporating all corrections which are modeled using prelaunch test data. However, it is necessary to estimate post launch performance and its characterization for understanding the deviations in the orbit phase from the lab characterization to produce real world objects accurately in terms of their positional and spectral characteristics. In this paper the emphasis is made w.r.t the early orbit characterization of the Resourcesat-2A, LISS4 multispectral data products which were operationalized during February 2017. The Radiometric characterization is performed through in flight LED Calibration, Non illumination area imaging, global Radiometric Sites, cross calibration with the contemplating sensors. MTF is estimated through edge based artificial targets and vicarious calibration exercises. The Geometric calibration exercises were carried out by estimating positional accuracy consistency through longer paths, different homogeneous and heterogeneous terrains. Assurance of time series data consistency and systematic coverage is estimated after path lock, to provide contiguous data for the support of applications based on larger extents. All the calibrations exercises were carried out in iterative mode and finally achieved the targeted specifications. Over all Image rating is estimated by NIIRS.
Word segmentation is a basic problem in natural language processing. With the languages having the complex writing system like the Khmer language in Southern of Vietnam, this problem really very intractable, posing the significant challenges. Although there are some experts in Vietnam as well as international having deeply researched this problem, there are still no reasonable results meeting the demand, in particular, no treated thoroughly the ambiguous phenomenon, in the process of Khmer language processing so far. This paper present a solution based on the syllable division into component clusters using two syllable models proposed, thereby building a Khmer syllable database, is still not actually available. This method using a lexical database updated from the online Khmer dictionaries and some supported dictionaries serving role of training data and complementary linguistic characteristics. Each component cluster is labelled and located by the first and last letter to identify entirety a syllable. This approach is workable and the test results achieve high accuracy, eliminate the ambiguity, contribute to solving the problem of word segmentation and applying efficiency in Khmer language processing.