Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
To date there is no software that directly connects the linguistic analysis of a conversation to a network program. Networks programs are able to extract statistical information from data basis with information about systems of interacting elements. Language has also been conceived and studied as a complex system. However, most proposals do not analyze language according to linguistic theory, but use instead computational systems that should save time at the price of leaving aside many crucial aspects for linguistic theory. Some approaches to network studies on language do apply precise linguistic analyses, made by a linguist. The problem until now has been the lack of interface between the analysis of a sentence and its integration into the network that could be managed by a linguist and that could save the analysis of any language. Previous works have used old software that was not created for these purposes and that often produced problems with some idiosyncrasies of the target lan)
In this paper we explore the results of a large-scale online game called ‘the Great Language Game’, in which people listen to an audio speech sample and make a forced-choice guess about the identity of the language from 2 or more alternatives. The data include 15 million guesses from 400 audio recordings of 78 languages. We investigate which languages are confused for which in the game, and if this correlates with the similarities that linguists identify between languages. This includes shared lexical items, similar sound inventories and established historical relationships. Our findings are, as expected, that players are more likely to confuse two languages that are objectively more similar. We also investigate factors that may affect players’ ability to accurately select the target language, such as how many people speak the language, how often the language is mentioned in written materials and the economic power of the target language community. We see that non-linguistic factors a)
The article is devoted to one of the modern aspects of the Russian-Chinese linguistic interaction – Chinese advertising signs in the Russian language, a common border with Russia in northeastern China, in Heihe. The article presents a linguistic analysis of Chinese advertising signs in the Russian language, developed by native Chinese speakers, for their conformity to lexical-semantic norms. The purpose of this article is the interpretation of lexical interference as a cause of a violation of the lexical norms of the Russian language in the texts of Chinese signage in Russian. Thus, on all levels of the language system of the Russian and Chinese languages in their interaction in the texts of advertising signs of the border city of Heihe there were observed interlingual, and in some cases intralingual interference, reflecting a typological distinction of the interacting languages. The interference leads to a linguistic mixture of different elements (phonetic, lexical, grammatical) in the texts of advertising signs in the Russian language, which illustrates the «Chinese Russian language». Considering interlanguage and intralanguage interference in the texts of Chinese signage in the Russian language, we are attracted to study both forms of the contact languages explaining interference phenomena introduction as Chinese and Russian. Thus, the phenomenon of lexical interference in texts of advertising signs on the territory of the Chinese border city of Heihe, is largely the result of the interaction of contacting languages (Russian and Chinese), resulting in disturbances of lexical norms of the Russian language in them.
From scientific literature it is known that the phenomenon of indirect nomination belongs to the periphery of the lexical-semantic system of the language and is still poorly studied (as, for example, V. N. Telia’s works indicate). Our factual material shows that I. Selvinsky uses indirect nomination as a technique of metaphorical transfer, to create vivid artistic images and associations. In general, I. Selvinsky’s secondary nomination reflects individually meaningful figurative linguistic worldview due to its semantic duality, based on similar characteristics of two or more denotations that are implemented in the context of the work. Judging by the features of the "behavior" of the metaphors in the syntax against the background of related phenomena, one can conclude that the units in question do not coincide with from the literary norm of that time and present, as based on the results of this mini-study, where we analysed and described the relationship of the secondary nomination as a linguistic phenomenon with the stylistics of artistic speech, which is determined – in this case – by specifics of the essay genre.
Alberta, and Louisiana. The analysis of individual speakers focuses on the variable portions of the vocalic system (e.g., the mid vowels), liaison, and elision. In addition, with the support of the transcript of a brief free conversation sample, other aspects of conversational interactions are discussed, including prosody, syntax, lexicon, and discursive features. For example, these samples of informal features show vernacular interrogative structures (Comment on disait?, Ça a changé quoi?) and left detachment (ben Freddy le train euh, déjà Paris, il m’a dit qu’il n’y allait plus en train). What this extensive mass of data reveals is that spoken French differs significantly from Referential French, the variety described in dictionaries and grammatical descriptions that underlies the variety taught to foreign learners. Examples in the verbal system include the absence of the passé simple, past subjunctive, future perfect, and the free alternation between the simple and periphrastic future.An important methodological article bears on the notion of the norm in spoken French. With regard to the vowel system, in France, Paris still sets the standard. Contrasts such as patte versus pâte or brin versus brun are fading. Relatively new trends include a counterclockwise movement in the nasal vowels, in which /ε̃/ is moving toward /ɑ̃/, and the latter toward /ɔ̃/, and mute e tagging, in which that phoneme is added after final consonants (bonjour[ə], bac[ə]). American teachers will appreciate the focus on North American varieties, to which half of the descriptions of overseas varieties of French are devoted. These descriptions show wide divergences from the Parisian norm, including more complex vowel systems, major grammatical differences, and English loanwords and calques. This volume stands as a basic tool for the teaching of French pronunciation. It is accompanied by a website offering transcribed recorded materials that enable students to hear the diverse voices of Francophony:. Indiana University Albert Valdman Moline, Estelle, et Stosic Dejan. L’expression de la manière en français. Paris: Ophrys, 2016. ISBN 978-2-70801-461-9. Pp. 216. Even though the notion of manner seems intuitively understandable to all, its precise definition is nonetheless debated. Two positions can be adopted: either treating manner as a primitive ontological category, along the lines of what is proposed in Jackendoff (1983), or treating it as a semantic domain with features and mechanisms that must be specified. This book adopts the latter view, and sets as its goal to describe and evaluate the different ways in which manner is expressed in French, demonstrating that adverbs do not constitute the sole strategy speakers have at their disposal— contrary to what is commonly assumed. Structurally, the book is divided into five chapters, along with an introduction and a conclusion. Every chapter ends with a 274 FRENCH REVIEW 91.2 Reviews 275 useful summary about the issues discussed therein, and the book includes a general bibliography and an index. The first chapter provides a historical discussion of how the notion of manner came to be and presents the reader with a comprehensive analysis of compléments circonstanciels, grammatical constituents via which manner has been assumed to be primarily encoded. The next four chapters consider alternative ways in which manner is encoded. Chapter 2 analyzes two syntactic markers, comme and comment. Chapter 3 discusses lexical encodings, via verbs, adverbs and nouns, and chapter 4 looks at the interaction of syntax and lexicon, arguing that such a lexicosyntactic approach (as opposed to an ontological one) should be favored when trying to characterize the notion of manner. Chapter 5 ends the typology of strategies by examining morphological markers. It is only in the conclusion that the authors provide a working definition of manner—one that they argue can encompass the different mechanisms reviewed, and general enough to also allow interacting with related notions such as instrument and motion. One of the main assets of this book is the quantity of examples given and their rigorous categorization. However, two shortcomings can be noted. First, the analyses sometimes remain quite general and vague. There is, for instance, no argumentation about the choice of the position adopted with respect to the definition of manner, for example, why an ontological perspective on manner is not seen as a...
From scientific literature it is known that the phenomenon of indirect nomination belongs to the periphery of the lexical-semantic system of the language and is still poorly studied (as, for example, V. N. Telia’s works indicate). Our factual material shows that I. Selvinsky uses indirect nomination as a technique of metaphorical transfer, to create vivid artistic images and associations. In general, I. Selvinsky’s secondary nomination reflects individually meaningful figurative linguistic worldview due to its semantic duality, based on similar characteristics of two or more denotations that are implemented in the context of the work. Judging by the features of the behavior of the metaphors in the syntax against the background of related phenomena, one can conclude that the units in question do not coincide with from the literary norm of that time and present, as based on the results of this mini-study, where we analysed and described the relationship of the secondary nomination as a linguistic phenomenon with the stylistics of artistic speech, which is determined – in this case – by specifics of the essay genre.
The Scarlet Letter is one of the masterpieces of the famous American writer Hawthorne, ever since its publish, there have been 24 Chinese versions. This paper establishes a monolingual corpus of The Scarlet Letter, and classifies the translations into three main categories (1917-1949, 1949-1979 and 1980-now) according to the division of contemporary translation history. By using corpus linguistic methods, this thesis investigates operational norms from lexical and syntactic level, and describes translation norms of all translations of each historical period, therefore reveal how do norms change diachronically.
We compare several language models for the word-ordering task and propose a new bag- to-sequence neural model based on attention-based sequence-to-sequence models. We evaluate the model on a large German WMT data set where it significantly outperforms existing models. We also describe a novel search strategy for LM-based word ordering and report results on the English Penn Treebank. Our best model setup outperforms prior work both in terms of speed and quality.
The Ukrainian terminological system of architecture is a definitely organised, historically caused, communicative system of elements which functions, constantly changing internal and external communication at different levels of consistency. The terminological fund of representation of architecture knowledge demands settlement, therefore its research gets a special relevance. The national terminological system of architecture changes and updates constantly, because there are new concepts which are necessary to name, and there are new terms accordingly. Despite it, there is no clearness in formulation of definitions even for key concepts in this area of human activity, the choice of use and systematization of certain terminological units is not always successful, and synonymy of terms is actively used for base standard documents, the scientific special literature, lexicographic editions on architecture. Architecture terminology is a considerable layer of the Ukrainian terminological system with inherent common features for a system (presence of system elements, system signs, the criteria which are inherent for a system) and original Characteristics (specificity of concepts and terms’ relations, the special thematic and structural organisation which is the basis for allocation of architecture terminological system and allocates features of the language system organisation of(word-formation, grammatical, lexical). Elements of architectural terminological system form systems of objective realities, systems of terms, systems of corresponding concepts, systems of definitions of these concepts. When these systems function, they limit architectural terminology. It is very important to understand architectural terminology not simply as the mechanical sum of corresponding terminological units, terms and terminological word combinations, and accurate terminological system which has certain logic communications between its elements, structural components. There is a direct or indirect communication between terms which limits terminological system of architecture. Constant development and increase in quantity of terminological units, quantitative and qualitative changes of terms which unite in terminological system, define limitlessness of modern Ukrainian architecture terminological system. Exploring the practical problems of education terms and problems of architectural terms’ standardization the professional norm is fixed in the special literature (educational, methodical, statutory acts, state standards, scientific articles). Not always dictionaries in standard terminology consider professional terminological norm. The modern Ukrainian terminological fund of architecture makes specific, quantitatively big and qualitatively various layer of terminological lexicon in the typological characteristic of system. Architecture terminology is a component of Ukrainian terminological system with characteristic common features for system both the especial thematic and structural organisation which has differences in the language organisation of system.
This paper examines the stimulus-response in Japanese conversation and how it relates to Japanese culture. It focuses on how Japanese linguistic features in the stimulus used in conversation requests correspond to a form of culture known as wakimae. Hence, the understanding of wakimae surrounding the stimulus will bring the proper responses. Taking a qualitative method, this research uses 30 video-taped Japanese talk shows as data. The analysis covers the lexical, morphosyntactic, or prosodic features and the cultural context, norms, or values used in the forms of request as the stimulus. The results reveal two types of stimuli, specifically (i) syntactically finished utterances and (ii) syntactically unfinished utterances. In syntactically finished utterances, there were five types of request patterns for information, namely (i) Q-word type, (ii) declarative form, (iii) polar type with the question particle ka marker, (iv) polar type with final particle ne marker and (v) tag-question type. In syntactically unfinished utterances, there are four types of request patterns for information. They are (i) unfinished utterances marked by the topic particle wa, (ii) unfinished utterances marked by the nominative particle ga, (iii) unfinished utterances marked by the conjunctive form, (iv) unfinished utterances marked by the quotative particle tte. These characteristics of stimulus are not only ruled by the speaker’s intention but also by cultural values. These cultural values become an important consideration for the speaker when choosing utterances, both stimulus and response. Therefore, the notion of wakimae can explain the utterance choice from the perspective of cultural context.
Discourse includes both structural and conceptual patterns. Most of these patterns are different in various languages. A conceptual pattern in source language can be realized in different ways in a target language. Therefore, the translator should be aware of this kind of differences between SL and TL conceptual patterns, because rendering these patterns from the source text into the target one can be problematic and their inaccurate transfer may lead to a flawed translation. This descriptive study aimed to investigate the conceptual discourse patterns and related ideologies in a novel entitled Animal Farm and as the same realizing the conceptual patterns in its translation into Azeri-Turkish. Accordingly, the researchers selected and analyzed the samples based on Fairclough’s approach (2001) to CDA. The findings indicated that the translators’ ideological and socio-cultural norms affect their translation strategies and lexical and grammatical choices and this in turn influences their success to recognize and transmit the ST implicit ideologies into TT. Keywords: Conceptual Discourse Patterns, English, Azeri-Turkish
When teaching a foreign language to law students the teacher has to place work emphasis on some peculiarities of the translation of legal terminology.Legal documents have a clearly defined form, which must be preservedduring the translation.Therefore, one of the important matters in the process of students trainingfor professional activity is their appropriate mastering of legal terminology and ability to translatecorrectly.In English there are enough terms having a large number of synonyms.Sometimes there are situations when arises the problem of the translation of nonequivalent lexicon.In the UK there are norms and concepts that are the specifics of this country and the terms, respectively, have no analogues in other languages.Being translated the English terms undergo such types of transformation as: differentiation of the meanings, a specification of the meanings, contents development, the antonymous translation, complete transformation, compensation of losses in the translation process etc. [1, p. 41].The following principles of termscreationshould be mentioned: the principle of the translated terminology, the use of the specific opportunities of the target language, terms formed by a terminologization of common lexicon, the principle of association.When translating the nonequivalent legal terms it is possible to use also a transcoding method (for example, solicitor -,; auditor -; motive ).The descriptive translation is also possible (for example, misdirection; depositions -, ) [2, p. 57].When training law students a foreign language it must be kept in mind that the modern specialist needs to have the level which would allow them to communicate if necessary with the specialists from other countries.For this purposethey have to know the fundamentals of grammar, but, the main thing, they have to know is legal lexicon.That is whyan important role in language training of students is provided to the mastering of professional vocabulary.Mastering of professional lexical units
In this paper, we attempt a comparison between new school transition-based parsers that use neural networks and their classical old school coun-terpart. We carry out experiments on treebanks fr...
The present article considers poem as a narrative of language and, based on the ideas of Russian formalists (literary highlighting and linguistic norm-evasion), analyzes the lexical and semantic level of female poets’ poems in pre-contemporary periods (Parvin Etesami), contemporary (Forough Farrokhzad) and the revolutionary period (Fatemeh Rake'i), then examines the gender variable in the vocabulary choice and the meaning of their poems. The results are as follows: the vocabulary used in Parvin’s poems refers directly to her feminine viewpoint generally, although her maternal poems both in terms of words and meaning imply her womanhood and her motherhood. Forough uses words which are sexual meaning laden, and man-woman dichotomy analysis is prevalent semantically in her poems. The femininity of Rakei’s poems is evident in feminine vocabularies and feminine names she has employed in her poems. Semantically, motherhood is the dominant aspect of her poems. She has developed this dimension and has universalized motherhood sense in her poetries. The research method of this paper is a qualitative of the content analysis kind. It has been shown that femininity has been influential not only in standard language, but also in literary language.
500 respondents who are Ukrainian native speakers and 100 Modern Greek speakers participated in free word association test held in March and July, 2015 in Kyiv, Ukraine, and in Athens, Greece. The data were calculated as to the frequency of responses and composed a field of associations for each stimulus. The classification of associations to the word-stimuli “food products” was based on existing classifications and on the specific of the test material. In this paper, the authors discuss the syntagmatic type of associations expressed by adjectives that represent the objective characteristics of the product and form a phrase with a word-stimulus (Terekhova, 2000). They can be roughly divided into 2 groups of associating directions: features of product attributes (52 % of all syntagmatic associations in Ukrainian language (hereinafter – UL) and 41% in Modern Greek (hereinafter – MGL)) and feautures of stages that the product passes (UL – 41%, MGL – 48 %). Some differences in quantitative and qualitative aspects were found during the determination of associating directions within the syntagmatic type of associations: different percentage of responses in associating directions in quantitative aspect. As to the quality, the differences lay in determination of feature directions in the languages. Thus for the associative field of Modern Greek language, the reactions that characterize the form of the product have not been found at this stage yet.
 
 Асоціативний словник української рекламної лексики / уклад. Т. Ю. Ковалевська,Г. Д. Сологуб, О. Г. Ставченко. Одеса: Астропринт, 2001.Asotsiatyvnyi Slovnyk Ukrainskoyi Reklamnoyi Leksyky [Associative Dictionary ofUkrainian Advertising Vocabulary] (2001). T. Kovalevska. H. Sologub, O. Stavchenko,(eds.). Odesa: Astroprint.
 Бутенко Н. П. Словник асоціативних норм української мови. Львів: Вища школа,1979.Butenko, N. (1979). Slovnyk Asotsiatyvnykh Norm Ukrainskoyi Movy [Dictionary ofAssociative Norms of the Ukrainian Language]. Lviv: Vyshcha Shkola.
 Бутенко Н. П. Словник асоціативних означень іменників в українській мові. Львів:Вища школа, 1989.Butenko, N. (1989). Slovnyk Asotsiatyvnykh Oznachen Imennykiv v Ukrainskiy Movi[Dictionary of Associative Definitions of Nouns in the Ukrainian Language]. Lviv:Vyshcha shkola.
 Горошко Е. И. Интегративная модель свободного ассоциативного эксперимента. Х.;М.: РА-Каравелла, 2001.Goroshko, Ye. (2001). Integrativnaya Model Svobodnogo Assotsiativnogo Eksperimenta[Integrative Model of Free Associatiation Test]. Kharkiv; Moscow: Russian Academy ofSciences–Karavella.
 Мартінек С. В. Український асоціативний словник. Львів: Видавничий центр ЛНУімені Івана Франка, 2007.Martinek, S. (2007). Ukrainskyi Asotsiatyvnyi Slovnyk [Ukrainian Associative Dictionary].Lviv: Ivan Franko National University of Lviv.
 Марфіна Ж. В. Мовна асоціація як об’єкт наукового вивчення [Електронний ресурс].Режим доступу: http://www.vuzlib.com.ua/articles/book/4258.html.Marfina, Zh. Movna asotsiatsiia yak obiekt naukovoрo vyvchennia [Language associationas an object of scientific study]. Retrieved from:http://www.vuzlib.com.ua/articles/book/4258.html
 Патсис М. Специфика ассоциативного поля слова в греческом языке. Вопросыпсихолингвистики. 2004, №2. С. 91–97.Patsis, M. (2004). Specifika associativnogo polia slova v grecheskom yazyke [Specificityof the Associative Field of a Word in the Greek language]. Voprosy Psikholingvistiki, 2,91–97.
 Серкин В. П. Психосемантика [Електронний ресурс]. Режим доступу:http://stud.com.ua/43612/psihologiya/asotsiativni_eksperimenti#66Serkin V. Psykhosemantika [Psychosemantics]. Retrieved from: http://stud.com.ua/43612/psihologiya/asotsiativni_eksperimenti#66
 Славянский ассоциативный словарь: русский, белорусский, болгарский, украинский /Под ред. Н. В. Уфимцевой, Г. А. Черкасовой, Ю. Н. Караулова, Е. Ф. Тарасова. М.,2004.Slavianskii Assotsiativnyi Slovar: Russkiy, Beloruskiy, Bolgarskiy, Ukrainskiy [SlavicAssociative Dictionary: Russian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Ukrainian]. (2004).N. Ufimtseva, G. Cherkasovа, Yu. Karaulov, Ye. Tarasov, (eds.). Moscow.
 Терехова Д. І. Особливості сприйняття лексичної семантики слів (психолінгвістичний аспект). К.: Київський державний лінгвістичний університет, 2000.Terekhova D. (2000). Osoblyvosti Spryiniattia Leksychnoyi Semantyky Sliv(Psykholinhvistychnyi Aspekt) [Peculiarities of Perceiving Lexical Semantics of Words(Psycholinguistic Aspect)]. Кyiv: Kyiv State Linguistic University.
The article explores the name and content of the cognitive concept SCARCITY in the English economic discourse. \nThe content of the concept is based on the following set of semantic features of its terminized name – the lexeme “scarcity” (n.): “want of provisions for the support of life”, “lack”, “hunger”, “high cost”, “need”, “rarity”, “insufficiency of supply” and is motivated by the basic feature “an inadequate amount” with a negatively evaluated property “less than the norm”. The name of the concept is viewed as the centre of its conceptual network. Its semantic properties are profiled in the domains ECONOMY and MATHEMATICS which determine the terminized nature of the concept and motivate its corresponding cognitive features and its conceptual relations with other concepts in the discourse according to the propositional schema of causation “CR-SCARCITY has FT-negative effects». \nThis concept performs a discourse forming function in the segment ECONOMY of the English language picture of the world as one of the key factor of the economic development of the society. \nFurther perspectives in the study of SCARCITY should be development and construction of its lexical-semantic field as well as conceptual network, building up metaphorical models, synchronic and diachronic analysis of its metaphoric potential.
We explore the properties of byte-level recurrent language models. When given sufficient amounts of capacity, training data, and compute time, the representations learned by these models include disentangled features corresponding to high-level concepts. Specifically, we find a single unit which performs sentiment analysis. These representations, learned in an unsupervised manner, achieve state of the art on the binary subset of the Stanford Sentiment Treebank. They are also very data efficient. When using only a handful of labeled examples, our approach matches the performance of strong baselines trained on full datasets. We also demonstrate the sentiment unit has a direct influence on the generative process of the model. Simply fixing its value to be positive or negative generates samples with the corresponding positive or negative sentiment.
International audience
In this work, we present a minimal neural model for constituency parsing based on independent scoring of labels and spans. We show that this model is not only compatible with classical dynamic programming techniques, but also admits a novel greedy top-down inference algorithm based on recursive partitioning of the input. We demonstrate empirically that both prediction schemes are competitive with recent work, and when combined with basic extensions to the scoring model are capable of achieving state-of-the-art single-model performance on the Penn Treebank (91.79 F1) and strong performance on the French Treebank (82.23 F1).
<p><em>Abstrak - </em><strong>Penelitian ini berjudul “Norma dan Eksploitasi Tipe Semantis Properti Fisik Ajektiva pada Frasa nomina <em>‘Eye’</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><strong>d</strong><strong>alam COCA</strong><strong>”</strong><strong>.</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Bahasannya mengenai klasifikasi adjekitva terhadap nomina’eye’pada tipe semantis <em>PHYSICAL PROPERTY</em> di 50 frekuensi tertinggi dan 50 frekuensi terendah dari 500 frekuensi frasa nomina ‘eye’.</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Metode yang digunakan berdasarkan t</strong><strong>eori Creswell </strong><strong>dalam</strong><strong> </strong><strong><em>Research Design Qualitative, quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches </em></strong><strong>(2009) </strong><strong> Hasil temuan dianalisis melalui teori yang diciptakann Hanks, ‘</strong><strong>L</strong><strong>exical Analysis Norms and Exploitations’ untuk melihat dinamika ekspoitasi frasa nomina <em>‘eye’</em></strong><strong><em></em></strong></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong><em>Kata Kunci</em></strong><em>: Frasa nomina ‘Eye’ dalam COCA, Teori Hanks, Teori Creswell, </em></p><p> </p><p>Abstract - <strong>This research entitled </strong><strong>“</strong><strong>Norma dan Eksploitasi Tipe Semantis Properti Fisik Ajektiva pada Frasa nomina ‘Eye’</strong><strong> d</strong><strong>alam COCA</strong><strong>”</strong><strong>. The study is on the classification of semantic type for PHYSICAL PROPERTY in adjective of ‘eye’ as noun. The Method used is basing on Creswell theory in</strong><strong> Research Design Qualitative, quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (2009)</strong><strong>. The finding is analysed through Hanks’ theory ‘ Lexical Analysis Norms and exploitations’, to see the dynamic exploitation of noun Phrase’eye’.</strong><strong></strong></p><p> </p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: Noun Phrase ‘Eye’ in COCA, Hanks Theory, Creswell Theory.</em><em></em></p>
Abstract This article analyses aspects of the greater use of coordination in Modern Standard Arabic as compared to English, illustrating this through Arabic>English translation. It argues that Arabic ‘favours’ coordination linguistically, textually and rhetorically, as follows: 1. The linguistic resources of Arabic favour coordination while those of English favour subordination – whether these are lexical (Arabic و wa- and ف fa- vs. English ‘and’), or semantic (the possibility of backgrounding coordinated clauses in Arabic compared to the marginality of backgrounded coordinated clauses in English); 2. Accompanying Arabic textual norms, e.g. (near-)synonym repetition and chained coordination, favour coordination while those of English favour subordination; 3. Further associated ‘rhetorical semantic’ uses of coordination are found in Arabic, e.g. hyperonym-hyponym repetition and associative repetition, which do not exist in English; 4. These extended usages further entrench coordination as a norm in Arabic as compared to English.
espanolEste articulo analiza el trasfondo simbolico de la motivacion figurativa del cerdo en la lengua china, y las huellas de dicha semiotica en su lexico figurativo, locuciones y proverbios, todo ello desde una perspectiva linguo-cultural, siguiendo la Teoria del Lenguaje Figurado Convencional de Dobrovol’skij y Piirainen (2005). Este animal conlleva un simbolismo especifico de la cultura china, con valores tanto positivos como negativos, reflejando normas morales, creencias, costumbres y supersticiones. Entre sus simbolismos se pueden citar valores como la riqueza, el buen augurio, la valentia y la fuerza, la victima predestinada, la codicia, la glotoneria, la pereza, el libertinaje, la suciedad, la estupidez y la maldad. Algunas de estas metaforas y unidades fraseologicas lexicalizadas y/o paremias se asemejan a las del espanol, otras difieren. Hay valores asociados al cerdo que existen tanto en chino como en espanol, pero la mayor parte de sus valores chinos remiten a esta cultura en particular cultura. La interpretacion correcta de estas expresiones figurativas requiere un conocimiento sobre su origen y el trasfondo cultural que subyace en ellas. EnglishThis article analyzes the symbolic background of the figurative motivation of pig in Chinese, and the traces of this semiotics in its figurative lexicon, idioms and proverbs, from a linguistic-cultural perspective, based on the Conventional Figurative Language Theory of Dobrovol’skij and Piirainen (2005). This animal carries several specific symbols of Chinese culture, both positive and negative, reflecting Chinese moral norms, beliefs, customs and superstitions. In Chinese culture, the pig has been given various symbolisms, which refer to values such as wealth, good omen, courage and strength, predestined victim, greed, gluttony, laziness, debauchery, filth, stupidity and evil. Some of these metaphors and lexicalized phraseological units and/or proverbs resemble those of Spanish, others differ. Some values associated with the pig exist in both Chinese and Spanish, but most of its Chinese values are peculiar to this culture. The correct understanding of these figurative expressions requires some knowledge about their origin and the cultural background that underlies them.
Trance parsing model + Embedding vector. See https://github.com/tarowatanabe/trance for the parser and its usage. We also provide parsing and learning scripts for the Trance parser that we used for the paper; 1/ parsing model: ptb_train.txt.model-d100.tar.gz 2/ embedding vector: embedding-d100.vec.gz 3/ trance parser parsing script: trance-parsing.sh 4/ trance parser (batch) learning script: trance-training-batch.sh 5/ test.txt (gold file) and test.txt.leaf is for the parser input.
The paper investigates the third person singular pronoun anaphor e in Ga, a Kwa Language. The pronominal e which is prefixed may be glossed as ‘he’, ‘she’ or ‘it’. This pronominal which is prefixed refers to a definite third person discourse entity. It has no gender distinctions and it has also no animate distinctions. In Ga the pronominal e is attached to the verbs when in subjective position. When the pronominal is prefixed to the noun it marks possessive. However there are certain contexts in which the interpretation of the pronominal can be ‘he’ only or ‘she’ only and other instances cannot be either of them The aim is to find how the singular pronoun anaphor could be disambiguated in discourse especially where giving the referent to the anaphor is not simple. The paper applies the Centering Theory to analyse utterances in which this pronoun occurs and also the Givenness Hierarchy was considered in some cases where the referent resolution process involves a choice between two candidate referents. Data used was elicited by the researchers after having several chats with other natives of Ga. It came to light that in addition to the theories applied, the sociocultural norms and the lexical verb give clues in resolution of the third person singular pronoun. Keywords: pronominal, anaphor, centering theory, disambiguate, referent
Background. The spread of cross-media in today’s society creates serious responsibility for journalists working in multimedia as the number of readers of their material have increased significantly. Such changes in the information space require a high professional competence from the authors, including linguistic ones. However, the analysis of recent publications shows an opposite tendency: the number of violations of the literary norm have significantly increased at different levels of language.Purpose of our article is to identify typical errors in cross-media and the reasons for their occurrence to avoid their appearance in future texts.Methods. For objective research, the following methods have been used: continuous sampling, analysis and synthesis, and a descriptive method.Results. The research has shown that the authors of informative texts often neglect the rules of speech euphony, which are not well-versed in spelling rules. For example, the problem is made up of the rules of writing doubling consonant letters, derivative adverbs, complex words, service parts of speech, etc. From the lexical point of view, there are too many non-normative calks from the Russian language, a mistaken use of paronyms, and examples of the use of words in wrong meanings. The authors also abused a vernacular and jargon vocabulary; thus, the language has been mixed.Discussion. Considering the results of the study, we believe that the state of the culture of language in cross-media needs to improve the knowledge of journalists, as well as enhancing the role of editor in preparing materials for publication. After all, mass media are a distributor of information and knowledge among readers; they are ways of expressing opinions and language literacy. The fragmentation of this study, which covered the semi-annual period, allows for extending its time frame in the future, as well as analyzing other types of abnormalities (word-formation, grammar, punctuation, and stylistics).
The purpose of the article is to analyze the syntactic transformations used when translating texts from Chinese into Russian. The author of the article set several tasks: 1. To consider the types of syntactic transformations in the translation; 2. To reveal the place and role of syntactic transformations in the translation; 3. Show the importance of using syntactic transformations when translating newspaper texts from Chinese into Russian. The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that the grammatical form and syntactic structure are not thought of as something independent in the process of translation, in isolation from their lexical content. The result of translational equivalence, despite the differences in the external and semantic concepts of the two styles, requires the translator primarily to master the implementation of multiple and qualitative different interlingual transformations - called translation transformations - in order for the text of the translation to transmit as completely as possible all the information concluded in the source text, with strict observance of the norms of the translating language.
Cookery books are governed by their own laws not only in the choice of vocabulary and fixed expressions, but also grammar and style. Their translations should accordingly not only be linguistically impeccable and technically accurate, but also read as if written by a professional. This article offers new insights into the translation norms and conventions of cookbooks and recipes by discussing how corpus tools can help choose the most appropriate collocation or turn of phrase and validate hypotheses concerning crucial but non-salient choices at the lexical, syntactic, stylistic, spelling and punctuation levels. With the aid of a rich self-compiled corpus of recipes (1 million tokens, <12,000 types) we then describe several features of British and American culinary texts, outline major categories of snares lurking for the translator, discuss key characteristics of English-language recipes, and present numerous concrete examples vindicating the brownie points gained through analyses of recipe websites and cookery software in teaching English for specific purposes and specialised translation from the author’s experience of more than a decade.
The Universal Dependencies (UD) project aims to develop a consistent annotation framework for treebanks across many languages. In this paper we present the UD scheme for Afrikaans and we describe the conversion of the AfriBooms treebank to this new format. We will compare the conversion to UD to the conversion of related syntactic structures in typologically similar languages.
Proof theory began in the 1920's as a part of Hilbert's program, which aimed to secure the foundations of mathematics by modeling infinitary mathematics with formal axiomatic systems and proving those systems consistent using restricted, finitary means. The program thus viewed mathematics as a system of reasoning with precise linguistic norms, governed by rules that can be described and studied in concrete terms. Today such a viewpoint has applications in mathematics, computer science, and the philosophy of mathematics.
We propose a neural network model for coordination boundary detection. Our method relies on the two common properties - similarity and replaceability in conjuncts - in order to detect both similar pairs of conjuncts and dissimilar pairs of conjuncts. The model improves identification of clause-level coordination using bidirectional RNNs incorporating two properties as features. We show that our model outperforms the existing state-of-the-art methods on the coordination annotated Penn Treebank and Genia corpus without any syntactic information from parsers.
The Czech adaptation of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories: Words and Sentences, standardized on a sample of 493 Czech children. The lexical inventory includes 564 words, parents mark which words their child uses. The resulting score can be compared with norming tables showing the percentile corresponding to each value. In addition to the lexical inventory, the method contains five shorter sections mapping various aspects of grammatical and combinatorial language development.
Today, German language islands in Russia and Brazil are on the way to language shift. On this way, the varieties of these communities display certain features of decomposition and simplification in terms of morphology. Regular and irregular morphology, however, are developing differently: while case reduction is the main characteristic of regular noun inflection, in personal pronouns case distinctions are maintained. Results are presented from a research project about language change in case morphology of German language islands with 125 speakers living in close contact to the majority populations in Brazil and Ruguage obsolescence as from language emergence which has been the subject of linguistic research in the past. Through its comparative perspective, it seems possible to accoussia. The core idea of the project is the assumption that we can learn as well from lannt for internally or externally induced linguistic change. Language decay is apparently not just disorder, not amorphous, but somehow structured. Certain lexical classes are more subject to reduction than others, and some residual features retain morphological “core” functions (in terms of case semantics). Language change is accelerated in times of blurring sociolinguistic differences and fading linguistic norms as an implication of losing ethnic boundaries. The recent co-officialization of minority languages in Brazil might slow down these processes. In a transcultural approach, teaching of Pomeranian as minority language (alongside the national language) could stabilize the local linguistic community, building a bridge to the High German standard language, and even to English as a lingua franca of international communication.
Proof theory began in the 1920's as a part of Hilbert's program, which aimed to secure the foundations of mathematics by modeling infinitary mathematics with formal axiomatic systems and proving those systems consistent using restricted, finitary means. The program thus viewed mathematics as a system of reasoning with precise linguistic norms, governed by rules that can be described and studied in concrete terms. Today such a viewpoint has applications in mathematics, computer science, and the philosophy of mathematics.
This chapter describes the socio-cognitive analysis of some of the discursive structures of the editorial in the Telegraph and observes how these structures are controlled by underlying models, knowledge, attitudes and ideologies. Critical Discourse Studies typically goes beyond such a classical study of the structural properties of text or talk, and relates these discourse structures to social structures. A socio-cognitive approach to discourse is a particular application of a more general theory or philosophy of social constructionism, which holds that social and political 'reality' are constructions of social members. Socio-cognitive Discourse Studies more broadly relates discourse structures to social structures via a complex socio-cognitive interface. The lexical appraisal system and its coherence are thus based on the opinions in the mental model. These opinions are applications in some situation of more general underlying norms and values, about good and bad government in general, and about immigration policies in particular.
New technologies like large-scale social media sites (e.g., Facebook and Twitter) and crowdsourcing services (e.g., Amazon Mechanical Turk, Crowdflower, Clickworker) are impacting social science research and providing many new and interesting avenues for research. The use of these new technologies for research has not been without challenges, and a recently published psychological study on Facebook has led to a widespread discussion of the ethics of conducting large-scale experiments online. Surprisingly little has been said about the ethics of conducting research using commercial crowdsourcing marketplaces. In this article, I focus on the question of which ethical questions are raised by data collection with crowdsourcing tools. I briefly draw on the implications of Internet research more generally, and then focus on the specific challenges that research with crowdsourcing tools faces. I identify fair pay and the related issue of respect for autonomy, as well as problems with the power dynamic between researcher and participant, which has implications for withdrawal without prejudice, as the major ethical challenges of crowdsourced data. Furthermore, I wish to draw attention to how we can develop a “best practice” for researchers using crowdsourcing tools.
This study analyses the perception of the norm used in text messages among Italian university students, and its effects on the acquisition of orthographic competence in adolescent speakers. 107 graduate students from 48 provinces participated in the survey. Data were collected administering a 39 item ad hoc questionnaire. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted to gather construct validity of the developing instrument. The classification for italiano digitato textisms is confirmed by psycometric properties. The qualitative analysis showed a high degree of rejection in the educational context, although this writing norm was not considered as prejudicial to texts drafted by the participants of the study. The results revealed that the participants have a negative assessment of textisms related to the graphic and phonological level, while they accept textisms related to lexical and semantic level. Also, the dialectalisms are confirmed as relevant textisms in Italian digital writing.
Vavák’s Memoirs, written in 1770–1816, can serve by dint of their significance and their scope to describe the development of Czech at that time. The article evaluates the content and language modifications in their modern edition and follows and suggests the use of their language material in grammar books, dictionaries, lexical databases and text corpuses.
INTRODUCTION: Acute postoperative pain following major surgery has come under increasing scrutiny as a harbinger for the development of potentially debilitating chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP), which is defined as the new onset of pain or intensification of presurgical pain persisting at least two to three months following surgery. We examined the prevalence of and risk factors associated with CPSP among women undergoing breast reconstruction. METHODS: Women ≥18 years undergoing immediate or delayed post-mastectomy breast reconstruction were recruited as part of the NCI-funded Mastectomy Reconstruction Outcomes Consortium Study, a prospective cohort study including 10 centers across the U.S. and Canada. In the current analysis, women were assessed preoperatively and at two-years postoperatively for pain experience (NPRS, MPQ-SF), severity of anxiety (GAD-7), and depression (PHQ-9), relevant medical/surgical variables, and reconstructive procedure type. Mixed-effects regression modeling was used to assess the relationship between patient-specific factors as the independent variables and two-year postoperative pain. RESULTS: Of the 1,996 patients included in the analysis, 92.7% (n=1851) underwent immediate reconstruction, with the majority (n=1263, 63.3%) choosing tissue expander-implant (TE/I) reconstruction. There was no significant difference between women reporting moderate or severe pain at two-year follow-up compared to preoperatively (11 vs. 10%, p=0.083). Regression modeling indicated that both preoperative pain (p<0.001) and depression severity (p<0.004) were related to CPSP. Autologous flap reconstruction was associated with more severe CPSP than TE/I on the MPQ-Sensory and Affective ratings. BMI, bilateral reconstruction, axillary lymph node dissection, and adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy were associated with CPSP for at least one pain measure. CONCLUSION: Women undergoing autologous reconstruction had significantly greater pain levels on the MPQ compared to TE/I patients two-years postoperatively, an important point to consider during preoperative counseling. The presence of preoperative pain was also a risk factor for CPSP. While multiple studies in recent years have focused on the widespread and under-reported prevalence of post-mastectomy CPSP, only 10% of the sample had moderate-to-severe pain at two years. Therefore, approximately 90% were either pain-free or living with a level of pain that would not be expected to interfere with daily function. Overall, our data suggest that CPSP for this cohort may be of less clinical concern than previously described, and reports of persistent pain after breast reconstruction may not necessarily reflect surgery-induced pain.
У статті проаналізовано поняття мовної норми – традиційного зразка, стандарту, якому властиві правильність, доречність, естетична гармонійність; а також орфографічної компетенції як невід’ємного складника писемного мовлення; охарактеризовано процес формування орфографічних навичок, який передбачає поетапне навчання, що здійснюється шляхом реалізації загальнодидактичних і методичних принципів, на основі комунікативно-діяльнісного підходу; описано суперечності, притаманні методиці викладання української мови, яка не бере до уваги вплив на учня сім’ї, дитячої субкультури, художньої літератури, засобів масової інформації; визначено ефективні прийоми і засоби протидії інтерференційним впливам на механізм вироблення в учнів орфографічних навичок у певному мовленнєвому середовищі. (In this article, we analyze the notion of linguistic norm – a traditional example, a standard which is inherently defined by correctness, relevance, aesthetic harmony, and orthographic competence as integral components of written communication; characterize the formation process of orthographic skills, which provides consecutive learning embodied by realizing all-didactic and methodological principles on the basis of an active communication approach; describe contradictions which are inherent to the methodology of teaching Ukrainian language which don’t consider the influences of family, children’s subculture, literary fiction, and effects of media on a pupil. These stand out as effective methods and antidotes to interfering influences on mechanisms for producing orthographic skills in pupils in a particular linguistic environment. It is difficult to facilitate transition from colloquial dialect to literary language, which has to be done gradually on condition of knowing the underlying history of Ukrainian dialectology, distinguishing features of dialects, typical phenomena of dialects inherent to different groups of dialects, dialectal particulars of a population of the place where the school is located. It should be emphasized that in dialectal conditions the teacher has to deal with important issues such as: varied stability of dialects and diverse abilities of pupils to free themselves from one and the same linguistic nonconformity; which is caused by subjective factors (individual characteristics of pupils, ability to absorb the new information, flexible thinking), as well as objective factors of character; the spread of particular linguistic phenomena in dialects and in practical discourse of a pupil especially; language environment in which a particular dialectal feature functions.)
This exploratory study shows how it is possible to rate and comment on L2 users’ written discourse in a way that takes the envisageable reactions to that discourse into consideration. The focus is on the written expression of the thanking illocution by L2 users and the reaction to it by expert L1 users (academic lecturers). The findings show that the L1 lecturers cared about both general communicative effectiveness (i.e. the Cooperative Principle) and transaction-specific social appropriateness (i.e. interlocutors’ awareness of their interactional roles). They also show that the (perceived) respect, violation, misunderstanding of social-textual norms triggered non-neutral, multi-faceted reactions from the lecturers, who revealed their emotional and cognitive experience and aesthetic appreciation of, moral judgement on, attitude towards or envisaged actional response to the interactions. Third, the lecturers appeared to be sensitive to the encoding of thank-you messages: they considered lexical choices responsible for the tone (interpretive key) of the texts. Finally, the lecturers’ ratings of the student texts along dimensions of communicative adequacy positively correlated with the appreciative/critical comments on the texts, showing that the encoding of the texts is a clue as to their social import, and to the (perceived) solidity of their writers’ communicative competence.
Speech act studies are increasingly likely to use retrospective verbal protocols to record the thoughts of participants who produced targeted speech acts (e.g., Cohen & Olshtain, 1993). However, although communication is always a two-way street, little is known about the recipients’ perceptions of speech acts. In academic communication at universities, it is critical for students to gain awareness of the socio-cultural norms as well as knowledge of appropriate linguistic forms in interacting with instructors. Therefore, gathering perceptual information from instructors, the recipients of many speech acts such as apologies, serves an important role in realizing successful student-instructor communication. Targeting instructors’ perceptions, two forms of an online survey were created via surveygizmo.com, with one including 12 spoken apologies and the other including 12 emailed apologies. An equal number of native (NS) and nonnative English speaking (NNS) students produced these apologies. The 150 instructors who responded to the survey gave significantly higher ratings to apologies made by NS students than to those made by NNS students. An analysis of instructors’ explanations after the ratings showed that both sociopragmatic and pragmalinguistic knowledge (Thomas, 1983) were valued in the successful realization of apologies, with the majority of instructor explanations addressing the sociopragmatic aspects of apology productions. In their comments on highly-rated student apologies, instructors appreciated the fact that students took responsibility in apologizing, offered worthy explanations, and delivered the messages with minimum grammatical mistakes. Poorly rated apology messages did not contain sufficient or valid evidence, inconvenienced the instructors through inappropriate requests, and usually had multiple grammatical mistakes. This study provides useful source of information to be used in university classrooms that can orientate novice learners towards socio-cultural expectations and appropriate lexical markers to be employed in making successful apologies in academic settings.