Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
To qualitative researchers, social media offers a novel opportunity to harvest a massive and diverse range of content without the need for intrusive or intensive data collection procedures. However, performing a qualitative analysis across a massive social media data set is cumbersome and impractical. Instead, researchers often extract a subset of content to analyze, but a framework to facilitate this process is currently lacking. We present a four-phased framework for improving this extraction process, which blends the capacities of data science techniques to compress large data sets into smaller spaces, with the capabilities of qualitative analysis to address research questions. We demonstrate this framework by investigating the topics of Australian Twitter commentary on climate change, using quantitative (non-negative matrix inter-joint factorization; topic alignment) and qualitative (thematic analysis) techniques. Our approach is useful for researchers seeking to perform qualitative analyses of social media, or researchers wanting to supplement their quantitative work with a qualitative analysis of broader social context and meaning.
This article introduces a package developed for R (R Core Team, 2017) for performing an integrated analysis of multiple data blocks (i.e., linked data) coming from different sources. The methods in this package combine simultaneous component analysis (SCA) with structured selection of variables. The key feature of this package is that it allows to (1) identify joint variation that is shared across all the data sources and specific variation that is associated with one or a few of the data sources and (2) flexibly estimate component matrices with predefined structures. Linked data occur in many disciplines (e.g., biomedical research, bioinformatics, chemometrics, finance, genomics, psychology, and sociology) and especially in multidisciplinary research. Hence, we expect our package to be useful in various fields.
Les tâches de fluences semantiques et phonemiques sont frequemment utilisees en pratique clinique. Des normes chez les enfants tout-venant ont ete etablies dans le cadre de l’etalonnage de batteries d’evaluation du langage, mais elles n’ont donne lieu, en francais, a aucune etude de correlations entre les tâches de fluences avec des competences langagieres ou ecrites. Si la litterature fait etat de liens entre les performances aux tâches de fluence semantique orale avec les performances lexicales, ils n’auraient pas ete etudies pour les tâches de fluence phonemique. Cette etude preliminaire a pour objectif de recueillir des normes de fluence phonemique et de mettre en evidence un possible lien entre les performances orales et ecrites a cette tâche avec les performances orthographiques d’enfants tout venant scolarises en CM1 et CM2. Le protocole est compose de six epreuves individuelles orales: fluence phonemique (P, M, H, J) et semantique (animaux); lecture (l 'Alouette, BALE); denomination (DEN48) et designation (DES48), et de trois epreuves collectives en modalite ecrite: fluence phonemique, semantique (memes items) et dictee de mots (BALE). Il concerne 173 enfants de CM1 - CM2 issus de quatre ecoles de niveaux socio culturels differents. L’analyse des resultats revele une correlation moderement positive entre les fluences ecrites phonemiques et semantiques avec les epreuves de lecture et de dictee, des correlations entre les fluences phonemiques orales et ecrites (M, H), mais peu avec les fluences semantiques orales ni avec la denomination et la designation. Ainsi, les performances en fluence phonemique ecrite pourraient renforcer l’exploration des competences orthographiques.
Most research groups studying human navigational behavior with virtual environment (VE) technology develop their own tasks and protocols. This makes it difficult to compare results between groups and to create normative data sets for any specific navigational task. Such norms, however, are prerequisites for the use of navigation assessments as diagnostic tools—for example, to support the early and differential diagnosis of atypical aging. Here we start addressing these problems by presenting and evaluating a new navigation test suite that we make freely available to other researchers (https://osf.io/mx52y/). Specifically, we designed three navigational tasks, which are adaptations of earlier published tasks used to study the effects of typical and atypical aging on navigation: a route-repetition task that can be solved using egocentric navigation strategies, and route-retracing and directional-approach tasks that both require allocentric spatial processing. Despite introducing a number of changes to the original tasks to make them look more realistic and ecologically valid, and therefore easy to explain to people unfamiliar with a VE or who have cognitive impairments, we replicated the findings from the original studies. Specifically, we found general age-related declines in navigation performance and additional specific difficulties in tasks that required allocentric processes. These findings demonstrate that our new tasks have task demands similar to those of the original tasks, and are thus suited to be used more widely.
This article presents a new method for reducing socially desirable responding in Internet self-reports of desirable and undesirable behavior. The method is based on moving the request for honest responding, often included in the introduction to surveys, to the questioning phase of the survey. Over a quarter of Internet survey participants do not read survey instructions, and therefore, instead of asking respondents to answer honestly, they were asked whether they responded honestly. Posing the honesty message in the form of questions on honest responding draws attention to the message, increases the processing of it, and puts subsequent questions in context with the questions on honest responding. In three studies (nStudy I = 475, nStudy II = 1,015, nStudy III = 899), we tested whether presenting the questions on honest responding before questions on desirable and undesirable behavior could increase the honesty of responses, under the assumption that less attribution of desirable behavior and/or admitting to more undesirable behavior could be taken to indicate more honest responses. In all studies the participants who were presented with the questions on honest responding before questions on the target behavior produced, on average, significantly less socially desirable responses, though the effect sizes were small in all cases (Cohen’s d ranging between 0.02 and 0.28 for single items, and from 0.17 to 0.34 for sum scores). The overall findings and the possible mechanisms behind the influence of the questions concerning honest responding on subsequent questions are discussed, and suggestions are made for future research.
This chapter surveys how impoliteness, broadly conceived, is approached and studied in Japan. It first gives a brief historical sketch of how impoliteness research has been marginalized and neglected among Japanese linguists, as opposed to accumulated research on politeness. The chapter then reviews selective areas in impoliteness research, beginning with pioneering lexical work in the first section. The second section discusses early descriptive studies and research utilizing the Japanese conceptual/analytical framework of taigū hyōgen, or treatment expressions. In light of the increasing use of digital technology, impoliteness via online platforms is examined in the third section, specifically case studies in cyberbullying and domestic violence reported by female victims on social media. Turning to the norms of impoliteness in communities of practice, the fourth section focuses on two different contexts, parliamentary debates and online discussion forums, which reveals that impoliteness occurs when respective community norms are violated. From the perspective of cultural anthropology, two phenomena unique to the Japanese context are described in the fifth section. One is the language behavior of Japanese idols and their fans in subcultural communities, where apparently rude language functions in potentially positive ways. The other is a “Curse Festival”, where participants are encouraged to yell rude things at mythical beings. The addition of these anthropological approaches to impoliteness broadens the scope of impoliteness research in Japan. This chapter is intended to help readers better understand how impoliteness has been approached and studied in Japan, which provides insight into the current trends and points toward future directions for research both local and global.
An extreme situation implies an active influence on the psychological-emotional state of a person, which is expressed in tension, agitation, aggression and other manifestations of temperament, deviated from the generally accepted norms of behavior. In artistic texts, the representation of a person's speech behavior in an extreme (conflict) situation is realized through the Swahili language means that mark a conflict communicative act. In this article, based on the material of the Swahiliazy novel "The World is Chaos" by E. Kesilahabi, an attempt is made to study the markers that reveal the speech behavior of a conflict communicative act participants. Phonetics-graphic, grammatical and lexical markers are distinguished, the most frequent of them are identified (the use of a wide range of interjections, the highlighting of a phrase with an exclamation point, syntactic repetitions, the use of invective vocabulary, etc.). The authors come to the conclusion that the simultaneous implementation of these markers is observed in the dicthemes of conflict communicative acts to a greater extent. The results of the research can be used for further developments in the field of linguistics, ethnic-linguistics, psycholinguistics, grammar, translation studies, etc
This study sheds light on Translation Universals in translated CEO letters in sustainability reports, which have been receiving growing attention under the new regulatory environment and recently-rising practice of integrated reporting. Taking a comparable corpus approach by coding 58 translated and non-translated letters published by KTOP30- and DOW30-listed firms with 31 variables representing four translation universals (explicitation, simplification, normalization, and levelling-out), it is found that letters translated from Korean into English exhibit significantly lower function words, lower connectives, and higher mean sentence length, all of which contradict to the existing TU hypotheses. The result of normalization is in line with the TU hypothesis where translated texts have a higher proportion of recurring lexical bundles. Also found is significant underrepresentation of punctuations in translated CEO letters. All of the differences in this study, whether conforming to TU hypotheses or not, reveal the influence of the corporate reporting genre as well as source language. This has meaningful implications for translation from L1 to L2, which is often the norm for professional translators in this genre in Korea.
Type A SLA researchers’ detached scrutiny of closely observed learner utterances between classroom walls has little in common with the vast prairies of attested wording seen from the air by the high-flying aircraft of Type B corpus linguistics, and neither have much in common with the intensely cultivated undergrowth so carefully explored by Type C linguistic ethnographers on the ground. It is true—but surely also trite—to say that all three yield important insights into language use, the first uncovering regularities of acquisition, the second large-scale patterns, the third the minutiae of local relations between individuals, identities, and words. But this stock escape clause of complementarity does not in itself elucidate a connection between them. (p. 430) With its 2016 position paper, the Douglas Fir Group (DFG), a coalition of 15 applied linguists of various methodological persuasions, asserts that more than peaceful co-existence is possible, and indeed necessary if the field of applied linguistics is to grapple with the issues and challenges of language teaching and learning in the contemporary globalized and multilingual world. DFG offers a transdisciplinary framework, depicted visually in a figure entitled “The Multifaceted Nature of Language Learning and Teaching” (p. 25), that attempts to account for the spectrum of factors that influence teaching and learning, ranging from the macro level of ideological structures to the meso level of sociocultural institutions and communities to the micro level of social activity. An integrative understanding is only possible, DFG avers, when research about these multiple levels is integrated because “no level exists on its own; each exists only through constant interaction with the others, such that each gives shape to and is shaped by the next, and all are considered essential to understanding SLA” (p. 25). The DFG framework is admirable in its scope, and I wholeheartedly support the aim of transdisciplinary inquiry to achieve a wider and more holistic understanding than is possible from one vantage point alone (e.g., Hult, 2010). Though DFG acknowledges the importance of interaction, the framework is more robust as a guide to varying degrees of context than to the nature of (inter)action. In her critique of the framework, Han (2016) argues that what is needed “is a system approach to any complex SLA phenomena that takes account of multiple elements, rather than one or two, and traces their relationships to uncover the intricate interaction” (p. 739; emphasis added). If, as Cook (2015) posits, we need to elucidate connections to move beyond mere complementarity of empirical perspectives, a model for connections is required. In other words, to offer an analogy, we need to identify not only the parts of the engine but also the principles behind how it runs. Accordingly, I put forward nexus analysis as a way of conceptualizing such connections. Drawing upon the papers in the present issue for support and illustration, I suggest that the nexus mechanism originally put forward by Scollon and Scollon (2004) can be extended beyond its ethnographic, discourse-analytic foundations to serve as a broad conceptual orientation that might fruitfully supplement the DFG framework by adding a way to map dynamism. I will not delve into the underlying methodological details of nexus analysis as originally conceived since I have done so elsewhere (e.g., Hult, 2015, 2017). Nor is it my goal to convert others to ethnographic discourse analysis. Rather, I will render the elements of nexus here with broad strokes, focusing on how they might serve generally as a way to conceptualize the processes through which multidimensional social systems, like language teaching and learning as represented in the DFG framework, operate. As a corollary, I also suggest that nexus has potential as a meta-methodology (cf. Hult, 2017) that can guide how results and analysis from different methodological approaches can be integrated in connected rather than merely complementary ways. Nexus analysis is a multidimensional conceptual orientation that Scollon and Scollon (2004) developed by drawing upon their work at the intersection of critical discourse analysis, anthropological linguistics, and interactional sociolinguistics in order to guide the study of “semiotic cycles of people, objects, and discourses in and through moments of sociocultural importance” (p. x). It has since been taken up by researchers in a wide range of contexts to investigate an array of topics such as, inter alia, disability, language policy, language shift, and tourism (e.g., Al Zidjaly, 2006; Kauppinen, 2014; Källkvist & Hult, 2016; Lane, 2010; Pietikäinen et al., 2011; cf. Lane, 2014).11 For a bibliography of studies using nexus analysis visit http://www.discoursehub.fi/engaging-nexus-analysis/references/ At the core of nexus analysis is social action, with the fundamental premise that all human activity is the result of (iterative) actions. Practices are the product of action; likewise, institutions, communities, and even societal structures are not created ex nihilo but are (re)produced through human actions (cf. Scollon & Scollon, 2004, pp. 12–13). In this way, the nexus orientation resonates with Complex Dynamic Systems Theory (CDST) as presented by Larsen–Freeman (2019, this issue), who writes that “with iteration (but not repetition), patterns are built up at different levels of scale” (p. 64). Patterns that are built up may last for longer or shorter periods of time and may cover larger or smaller areas of space since “complex systems change on multiple timescales and operate at different interacting levels of scale” (p. 65). It can be easy to overlook the centrality of action on certain scales, especially with respect to structures that are (re)produced over timescales longer than a human lifetime or over spatial scales beyond immediate personal experience. Such structures might appear to simply exist because “what results from one iteration is used as the starting point for the next iteration” (Larsen–Freeman, 2019, this issue, p. 67). For example, we must be reminded that ideologies of monolingualism are not just floating in the ether but are, in fact, continuously reproduced by the actions of specific researchers and teachers following earlier iterations of similar views legitimized by previous researchers and teachers, and so on (cf. Ortega, 2019, this issue). For this reason, I have argued elsewhere (e.g., Hult, 2010) that the macro–meso–micro distinction can be misleading because it obscures the role of action by distancing some structures from it, situating them in a hierarchical order that can make it harder to see the full spectrum of connections. “In the place of a hierarchy,” Larsen–Freeman (2019, this issue) suggests, “we might think in terms of a heterarchy, where due to homologous dynamics, influence extends in both/many directions among the components of a complex system, rather than top-down or bottom-up” (p. 68). We can be more precise by referring to specific scales.22 Scales are more than a micro–macro substitute; they are not only about context but about making and situating meaning across dimensions of human existence (Blommaert, Westinen, & Leppänen, 2014). A detailed treatment of scales is beyond the scope of the present text. For further discussion of scales as they relate to nexus analysis see Scollon & Scollon (2004, pp. 167–168) and Hult (2017). See De Costa & Canagarajah (2016) for a broader treatment of scales as they relate to language teaching and learning. A social action, then, is a point of “layered simultaneity” (cf. Blommaert, 2005, pp. 126–131), where multiple phenomena that each unfold over different scales of space and time intersect in one moment. An action is both mediated by these phenomena while also influencing them through reproduction and change. What the nexus orientation contributes is a mechanism for understanding and mapping this dynamism. In Figure 1, I offer my own representation of the mechanism as a revisualization of the nexus processes that Scollon & Scollon (2004, p. 20, p. 27) identified. As the nucleus of the nexus mechanism, social action is at the center. It is accomplished using semiotic resources such as “linguistic constructions,” “prosodic conventions,” “non-verbal means of meaning-making,” tools, and other artifacts (Hall, 2019, this issue, p. 88; cf. Scollon & Scollon, 2004, p. 12; also, DFG, 2016, p. 25). A social action is permeable. This is so for physical as well as mental action. For instance, borrowing from Bateson (1972), Larsen–Freeman (2019, this issue) ponders “where the boundary between the end of the blind man's cane and the world can be drawn” (p. 69) while Ellis (2019, this issue) points out that “the recognition that cognition is indivisible from our embodiment, from our environment, and from our situated actions leads naturally on to the idea that cognition is not to be found in the head, nor indeed in the individual, but rather that it is a distributed sociotechnical system” (p. 44). Moreover, of the individual who performs a social action, Larsen–Freeman, paraphrasing Biesta & Tedder (2007), notes that “agency is not a power that one has (…) but rather is something one achieves by means of an environment, not simply in an environment” (p. 66; emphasis in original). Context does not exist independent of social actions; context is continuously (re)created by social actions. A social action is not located in the core of distinct and nested contexts like the smallest piece of a matryoshka doll. Rather, it is an integrated component of a sociohistorical system (Scollon & Scollon, 2004, pp. 11–12). The means by which a social action is connected to a system, as characterized in the nexus orientation, involve three types of cycles: historical body, interaction order, and discourse in place. As denoted by the arrows in Figure 1, each one has a history that can be described as analogous to the water cycle. Much like water rains down, picks up particles from the ground or bodies of water, evaporates, and rains down anew so, too, are these three cycles characterized by iteration and change (Scollon & Scollon, 2004, p. 27). A social action intersects with each cycle at a particular point in that cycle's history. The cycle mediates the action while the action also affects the cycle. Affecting the cycle might mean a radical altering (e.g., polluting a water supply) or an active effort to maintain or strengthen a certain state (e.g., water conservation). No phenomenon is static, whether ideological/structural, institutional, or (inter)personal. All are in flux and intimately intertwined with social action. Each cycle type encompasses phenomena within a certain scope of space and/or time. For any given social action, there might be multiple cycles of each type that intersect, some of which might be essential to understanding the action and some of which might not, some of which might align with each other and some of which might conflict. The “goal in a nexus analysis is,” Scollon and Scollon (2004) explain, “to try to discover which are the and to map as well as we can the of cycles through and (p. The DFG framework is in this as it an of phenomena on various scales that be for understanding a social action a as an iteration of social to language learning and The nexus orientation, in offers a way to conceptualize the mechanism by which these phenomena are connected to that social action. at each type of cycle. The historical is a of personal (Scollon & Scollon, 2004, p. and that who we are as and how we to It is the of our system, and and change. This cycle type over the of an individual With respect to language (2019, this issue) for the with the historical as a cycle that “to the of an language (…) it a more understanding of learning, not as a but rather as and over It also with (2019, this issue) that of inquiry be from learning to learning to in and that across the with learning by at one and learning by at the be taken as of the (p. In this the of language it or is a historical cycle through which make of and their semiotic resources as of the of a of in the social world. Language then, is a because is end state to what is (…) any of in is of in their and not an of the resources (Hall, 2019, this issue, p. linguistic is in flux and with the semiotic that that as in and (2019, this issue) study where and when to the social action of the of other The created an for the to upon their semiotic resources while also adding to their historical bodies to the of the as Ellis (2019, this issue) is important because it upon our our our our of that is some of it is and much of it (p. A social action not only with a historical but also with the other and communities to which the action is The interaction order the of and of interaction that guide how in on whether they are alone when they or if they are in with other (Scollon & Scollon, 2004, p. Scollon & Scollon (2004) the interaction order from of interaction and of see pp. For further discussion of these with respect to nexus analysis and language see Hult order cycles the spatial and scales of communities, which may be or or It is a cycle because an interaction order over time as the that and communities in the have used the resources to particular in are shaped by larger social institutions, such as the communities, (Hall, 2019, this issue, p. might which linguistic and among other semiotic to with what as well as the of between and among like of & are while other are over time as that are as to meaning in a 2019, this issue, p. In and (2019, this issue) we see the between the historical and interaction order as their how in to social factors In in as of language upon and different and they have and as different that are characterized by different and (p. Language learning takes as with others (cf. DFG, 2016, p. and so the of historical and interaction order cycles in moments of social action. This is the through which situated of using semiotic resources to be and by This is to as in a and its the language resources of each are as each to the (Larsen–Freeman, 2019, this issue, p. 67). in language As Ellis (2019, this issue) of human interaction with processes shape the and of research in the has that patterns of how language is is and (p. for certain are distributed across and and when they intersect in moments of social action, have the to their or of resources for and their or into the of an (Hall, 2019, this issue, p. This is further with other phenomena that also a social action. in the world are complex of discourses which through them. of these on time cycles like the of the built or of a of these discourses more like the topics among three through the (Scollon & Scollon, 2004, p. I have the of discourse as I at the my aim here is to render the elements of nexus in broad for wide as a transdisciplinary conceptual orientation to language learning and I will not delve into discourse it is to discourse in this as not to language or of but to of meaning that are not through (p. Scollon and Scollon (2004) to of discourse as in which we language with such as different of and using tools, and (p. As discourse in place the (e.g., Scollon & Scollon, and the 2015, 2017) phenomena in place at the of action. In to the historical and the interaction order then, a social action is mediated by as Larsen–Freeman (2019, this issue) points in and (p. For instance, of can relate to how teaching in a classroom with to the mediates the way we Such are not are the result of ideologies about teaching and learning that among the who about classroom ideologies might the of the and approaches to have been (re)produced and legitimized over In this example, there is between the discourse in place of physical classroom and the interaction order of in mediates how social actions unfold and what will have to to their historical A of other discourse in place cycles can be to language such as other among other Each one has a cycle of and is a of of to from and each one has the potential to social actions and with historical and interaction order cycles in various ways. actions may also be mediated by discourses in place that are not as may have or even This is in (2019, this issue) where discourses in place in the of language learning and second language and the in which they have mediated social actions of both teaching and about in that in language contexts are generally to because their has been with of the language to be a necessary for (p. and points out that have been as well from other in the also offers the of an end that “the idea of a for language learning, which linguistic will be in itself linguistic in language (p. In both we see the between the historical and discourse in place as to Such discourses in place can when in language and so Hult & the between cycle types it is by As Figure suggests, social action is the nexus point where cycles intersect and the for across them. A discourse in like the on at a in in the historical bodies of researchers through their and This discourse in the field while it is also by individual researchers in and it such that it is in place to social actions of research and to say that semiotic resources are distributed means that specific of have meaning in the interaction order of a while also taken up by in their historical bodies in them to social actions the meaning 2019, this & 2019, this issue). As Ellis (2019, this issue) it, processes are up not just of processes but also of the that the they are by the in which an on the world in the in which the world (p. In this way, social actions are nexus points for the of and of the the actions that can be and the actions that can be in the (Larsen–Freeman, 2019, this issue, p. 67). As then, are both and (Hall, 2019, this issue, p. It is in the centrality of social action and the mechanism by which particular types of phenomena intersect in it that nexus analysis has the potential as a transdisciplinary conceptual orientation for connections that might supplement the DFG the DFG framework the at all of and (p. The nexus mechanism how these dimensions are and as I have here drawing upon the in this In order to study the multidimensional nature of language learning and DFG (2016) for a transdisciplinary researchers their to different dimensions of social activity and (…) think (p. Nexus analysis is as a meta-methodology for this because such transdisciplinary research one to on the nature of the different dimensions and what of are for them as components of an integrated system 2017). Scollon and Scollon (2004) nexus analysis as an ethnographic, discourse I that the mechanism be used more generally to guide a or of researchers in about what dimensions are to investigate with respect to a certain of social action or and what of are needed to map the dimensions and the across them. Figure social actions in in nexus Scollon & Scollon (2004, pp. a field guide to research for nexus analysis. we might What we need to about the history of A and of B as it to their What are the of interaction and of that their to each their with these their about semiotic What approaches and be for the understanding we and of be but so any of from analysis, interactional linguistics or for (e.g., & all 2019, this issue). We might also are the actions of A and B mediated by and conceptual in is the interaction order or by these What social are possible by a historical at the of intersection with the interaction order and a discourse in With respect to these and critical discourse analysis might but so, too, from linguistic analysis, social social and of among other The of approaches and in on the nature of the social and the specific cycles that are for social action and in need of and in on the of the in the study 2010). the one a or research might a transdisciplinary study the range of cycles and the approaches and the DFG framework with the nexus mechanism researchers in this the other dimensions can as a to a need for or to these as methodological points or of research that make the between the and of research and the world the out to (p. Such a of might a to out or to a in order to methodological in this way a robust of the DFG framework, it is not the only way to from the of the nexus DFG (2016) that researchers can a transdisciplinary up or even their particular (p. researchers and the field as a when studies are out with multidimensional even when a particular study does to the full spectrum of that a study on one or more components might be by components on other dimensions is a starting the DFG framework with the nexus mechanism guide a in where their study is situated to the and what cycles from other dimensions be and how (cf. Larsen–Freeman, This make it possible for researchers to their study and their analysis or in to empirical work about these other A the of specific semiotic resources (e.g., among in for example, might upon research also in about and its to about the discourses in place and interaction that might with the historical that is the empirical a the of in might upon research about language in to how the of historical and interaction order cycles to discourses in place about are, of researchers in this but it more In by using the nexus mechanism as a conceptual orientation in with the DFG framework researchers can that a does not to or or how these to other and which make up the full (Scollon & Scollon, 2004, p. The DFG framework the multiple institutional, and dimensions in language learning and and the papers in this issue all different in which such dimensions can Larsen–Freeman (2019, this issue) that such as Figure in the DFG to the that exists among the components of the (p. while and (2019, this issue) that on is a for the of the of of (p. I while it also has its the nexus mechanism can serve as a supplement to the DFG framework by drawing to the role of social action as a and the cycles through which across dimensions can be and With a way to conceptualize the in the framework, we have the potential as a field to move a but of language learning and teaching that can beyond complementarity and achieve transdisciplinary
The processes of globalization and the world community, as well as the role and place of Ukraine and the People's Republic of China on the geopolitical map of the world dictate the need for strong scientific, political, economic, cultural, energy contacts that will lead to the progress of both countries, to the creation and development of new technologies, new economic and humanitarian relations. This requires the training of a large number of skilled Chinese language specialists and experts.The phonetics of the Chinese language is extremely important for the learning of the language as a whole, because the Chinese language has a special typological characteristic - the presence of a tone that performs distinctive-perceptual and distinctive-significative functions. Mastering Chinese, and in particular lexical units (as key in communication), can only be conditioned by the ability to distinguish and correctly reproduce a tone. However, the study of phonetics is not limited to articulation skills, but involves the students mastering rhythmic-intonational models, which also have semantic nuances and are important in terms of the implementation of speech pragmatics.The study describes the experimental verification of the effectiveness of teaching methods of future philologists of Chinese phonetics, as well as substantiates and confirms the choice of the study hypothesis. The criteria and norms for evaluating the Chinese linguistic phonetic competence of future synologists are outlined. Methods and materials, plan and structure, and duration of the experiment are determined. In addition, examples of tasks and the ultimate goal of their implementation were given.Organizational and content aspects of students' experimental learning are covered. Post-experimental sections were performed, the corresponding results of the effectiveness of the created methodology of teaching phonetics of Chinese language were presented. For clearer perception, the results of the sections were made in the table
This article aims at defining linguo cultural peculiarities of the "student" role as part of university teachers' professional identity. The research is based on the Russian and English languages. The key claim of the research is that lexical unit DIFFERENT / CHANGING serves as a discursive marker of role transformations in education and the collocation STUDENTS [] DIFFERENT / CHANGING gets the status of a stable media topic in non-institutional pedagogical discourse. This makes the application of decoding stylistic procedures justifiable. Materials selected for our analysis comprise 100 contexts for each languagemostly interviews, blogs and comments. The article studies the linguistic means of rendering the following constituents of the student role-model: temporal positioning of the role-norm 'student', controlled/uncontrolled character of the change, interconnection of the role-model change with other professional identity constituents, evaluative contamination of the marker DIFFERENT / CHANGING through its close context and the degree the observer is alienated to the process (or feels part of it).
The article presents the investigation of the main communicative characteristics of the English family discourse considering some psycholinguistic aspects. The investigation was based on the discourse fragments which were microdialogues between family members selected from literary works of the XX – beginning of the XXI century by means of continuous sampling. The scientists’ views concerning the peculiarities of communication in the family were analyzed. The research is theoretically based on the modern linguistic approaches to the study of the discourse as a complex versatile phenomenon. The article treats the family discourse as the communicative interaction of the speakers related by family (marital and consanguineous) ties, connected spiritually, by common household and mutual moral responsibility. It is found out that the discourse under investigation is characterized by such communicative characteristics as dialogicality, addressability, spontaneity, situationality, everyday character and informality. The communication in the family acquires a dialogical form. The interaction takes place through the direct contact of the speakers that are keenly conscious of the circumstances in which the communication proceeds. The content of the family dialogical speech can be understood when the situation in which it is developing is considered. There is a distinct correlation between the dialogical speech and the situation whose external circumstances can be absent at the moment of speech, but they are implied in the interlocutors’ consciousness and definitely reflected in it. Speech behaviour of each dialogue participant is greatly determined by partner’s speech behaviour, his/her psychological state, character and breeding. The interaction of the relatives displays the absence of the strict regulation of literary norms, arbitrary choice of lexical units, breach of normative speech rules, use of deictic means. The necessity to study the family discourse regarding a communicative situation that presupposes the notions of dominating strategy and tactics is focused on.
The article deals with the issues of applying mind maps to develop foreign language communicative competence in training future foreign language teachers. According to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, Communicative Competence is divided into: Linguistic Competence: it refers to the ability of producing utterances in an efficient way in all its grammatical levels. It includes such competences as: lexical, grammatical, semantic, phonologic and orthographic competence. Sociolinguistic Competence: it is the ability of understanding and producing different utterances in different contexts of use where different factors play an important role, such as the relationship between participants, their situation, etc. Aspects to take into account here are social relationships markers, politeness norms, popular wisdom expressions, register differences, dialect and accent differences, etc. Pragmatic Competence: It makes reference to the ability of acting efficiently in a language taking into account grammatical forms and meaning to complete a text in different communicative events.One of the effective methods for the development of foreign language communicative competence is Mind Mapping. The Mind Mapping process involves a unique combination of imagery, colour and visual-spatial arrangement which is proven to significantly improve recall when compared to conventional methods of note-taking and learning by rote. The mind map format is becoming an alternative to the traditional way of making notes, storing large quantities of educational information by a student for further use. Mind maps are graphically expressed processes of multidimensional thinking; they show the hierarchical interrelation of ideas. They’re great for team use, as well as for all types of speech activity.Application of mind maps is fully efficient for the development of foreign language communicative competence in training future foreign language teachers.
The article examines several groups of non-trivial vocabulary in the Book of Isaiah in the Septuagint: transliterations (Hebrew names written in Greek characters, religious terms and words obscure to the translator as well as Aramaic loanwords); neologisms (words appearing only in the Septuagint and related texts, primarily semantic calques based on morphemic translation from Hebrew) and semantic neologisms (words used with meanings different from their most frequent use in classical and Hellenistic texts and dependent on their Jewish equivalents); vocabulary typical of papyruses and inscriptions; literary vocabulary and rhetorical techniques characteristic of “high” classical literature. With reference to each group, the author summarises the issues most discussed in the academic literature on the book, namely basic approaches to describing the Greek language of the Septuagint; the issue of how the Greek Pentateuch’s influence on the lexical choice of the translator on the Book of Isaiah; the reflection of the colloquial norms of Alexandrian Jews and the proximity of the Septuagint language to the language of documentary sources of the same period; possible Aramaic influence; discussions about who the translator was.
Emotion science relies upon both facial and scene stimuli that evoke targeted emotions with regard to hedonic valence (i.e., pleasant or unpleasant) and emotional arousal or intensity. While both stimulus types have well established normative ratings via pleasantness and activation/arousal ratings, there are few direct comparisons of these stimuli. Using an auditory probe reaction time paradigm (probe RT), emotional scenes (i.e., the IAPS) were found to be more emotionally engaging compared to facial stimuli (i.e., KDEF). However, some facial sets are more engaging than others--namely the NimStim evokes significantly greater emotional arousal than the KDEF. Here, we plan to compare facial stimuli and scenes from the IAPS using the probe RT paradigm. We plan to compare the two stimulus types (faces vs. scenes) and compare the two facial stimulus sets (KDEF vs. NimStim) with the scenes from the IAPS. We predict that the NimStim will be significantly more emotionally engaging than the KDEF stimuli and that the emotional scenes will be significantly more engaging than both facial stimulus sets. While emotional scenes may be more emotionally engaging than emotional facial stimuli, the current study will extend the literature by demonstrating that certain facial stimuli (e.g., the NimStim) are more emotionally engaging than others (i.e., the KDEF). These findings, for instance, may inform social anxiety research, which relies heavily on facial stimulus sets, by providing a reaction time index of emotional engagement that compliments self-report emotional judgments to guide the emotion researcher in stimulus selection.
Distinguishing certain and uncertain information is of crucial importance both in the scientific field in the strict sense and in the popular scientific domain. In this paper, by adopting an epistemic stance perspective on certainty and uncertainty, and a mixed procedure of analysis, which combines a bottom-up and a top-down approach, we perform a comparative study (both qualitative and quantitative) of the uncertainty linguistic markers (verbs, non-verbs, modal verbs, conditional clauses, uncertain questions, epistemic future) and their scope in three different corpora: a historical corpus of 80 biomedical articles from the British Medical Journal (BMJ) 1840–2007; a corpus of 12 biomedical articles from BMJ 2013, and a contemporary corpus of 12 scientific popular articles from Discover 2013. The variables under observation are time, structure (IMRaD vs no-IMRaD) and genre (scientific vs popular articles). We apply the Generalized Linear Models analysis in order to test whether there )
Neural networks have achieved great success in many difficult learning tasks like image classification, speech recognition and natural language processing. However, neural architectures are hard to design, which requires lots of knowledge and time of human experts. Therefore, there has been a growing interest in automating the process of designing neural architectures. Though these searched architectures have achieved competitive performance on various tasks, the efficiency of NAS still needs to be improved. Moreover, current neural architecture search approach disregards the dependency between a node and its predecessors and successors. <br/>This thesis builds upon BayesNAS which employs the classic Bayesian learning method to search for CNN architectures, and extends it to the problem of neural architecture search for recurrent architectures. Hierarchical sparse priors are used to model the architecture parameters to alleviate the dependency issue. Since the update of posterior variance is based on Laplace approximation, an efficient method to compute the Hessian of recurrent layer is proposed. We can find candidated architectures after training the over-parameterized network for only one epoch. Our experiments on Penn Treebank and WikiText-2 show that competitive architectures can be found in 0.3 GPU days using a single GPU for language modeling task. We find that our algorithm is more efficient than state-of-the-art.<br/>
Background: Good hearing is a fundamental skill that allows children to develop properly, both socially and intellectually. In contrast to defects in inner ear function, however, auditory processing disorders (APDs)–which can affect up to 2–3% of school-children–are not easily identified with basic screening programs and must be diagnosed using special tests. Although such psychoacoustic tests are available, the scores achieved depend highly on the social, cultural, and linguistic characteristics of the population, and norms must be established for each population separately. Reference values are still lacking for the Polish population, especially for children in school-age, so that practitioners must interpret test scores themselves, often intuitively or using potentially biased thresholds from other countries. Materials and methods: We investigated a sample of 94 Polish schoolchildren with normal hearing, divided into four age groups: from 7 years-olds to 10 years-olds. All childr)
Research in adults suggests that certain sleep characteristics prior to trauma exposure predicts maladaptive post-trauma outcomes. However, research has yet toconsider the influence of premorbid sleep in influencing child responses to trauma. This study included 66 pre-pubertal children residing in Houston, TX several years before and during Hurricane Harvey. At time 1 (ages 7-11) children completed one week of actigraphy and one night of polysomnography. Approximately 3 years later, 6-9 months after the hurricane, youth reported on their hurricane exposure/stress (e.g., displacement, feelings of safety) and provided reports of their emotional reactions (valence and arousal) to a series of hurricane-related photos during an in-lab experimental task. Multiple regressions controlling for the time between assessments indicated less non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stage 3 sleep was associated with greater stress during the hurricane (p =.01) and marginally greater negative valence in response to flood images (p =.098). Longer childhood sleep duration (p =.01) and sleep onset latency (SOL; p =.02) were both associated with greater exposure to hurricane-related stressors. An interaction with REM sleep (p =.005) suggested hurricane-related stress was associated with greater reactivity to images (higher negative valence ratings) but only for those with greater REM sleep (p =.004). A similar interaction emerged where greater exposure was associated with greater reactivity for those with high REM (p =.03). Similarly, exposure to hurricane-related stressors was associated with higher arousal, but only for those with higher pre-hurricane SOL (p =.03). Johnson-Neyman results suggest that this effect was significant for those with a SOL of approximately 40 minutes or longer. Consistent with findings in adults, specific sleep characteristics in childhood appear to increase risk for maladaptive responses to trauma during the sensitive, transitional period of adolescence. These findings support the role of sleep as a possible prevention target for those at-risk for experiencing trauma. National Science Foundation 1813574 (PI: Palmer); National Institutes of Health K23MH081188 (PI: Alfano); and National Institutes of Health R21MH099351 (PI: Alfano)
Machine-learning models have demonstrated great success in learning complex patterns that enable them to make predictions about unobserved data. In addition to using models for prediction, the ability to interpret what a model has learned is receiving an increasing amount of attention. These interpretations have found a number of uses, ranging from providing scientific insight to auditing the predictions themselves to ensure fairness with respect to protected categories like race or gender. However, there is still considerable confusion about the notion of interpretability. In particular, it is currently unclear both what it means to interpret a ML model, and how to actually do so.In the first part of this thesis, we address the foundational question of what it means to interpret a ML model. In particular, it is currently unclear what it means to be interpretable, and how to select, evaluate, or even discuss, methods for producing interpretations of machine-learning models. We aim to clarify these concerns by defining interpretable machine learning and constructing a unifying framework for existing methods which highlights the under-appreciated role played by human audiences. Within this framework, methods are organized into two classes: model-based and post-hoc. To provide guidance in selecting and evaluating interpretation methods, we introduce three desiderata: predictive accuracy, descriptive accuracy, and relevancy. Using our framework, we review existing work, grounded in real-world studies which exemplify our desiderata, and suggest directions for future work.The second through fourth parts introduce a succession of methods for interpreting predictions made by neural networks. The second part focuses on Long Short Term Memory networks (LSTMs) trained on question-answering and sentiment analysis, two popular tasks in natural language processing. By decomposing the LSTM's update equations, we introduce a novel method for computing feature importance scores of specific inputs for determining the output of an LSTM. In order to verify the output of our method, we use the introduced scores to search for consistently important patterns of words learned by state ofthe art LSTMs on sentiment analysis and question answering. This representation is then quantitatively validated by using the extracted phrases to construct a simple, rule-based classifier which approximates the output of the LSTM.While feature importance scores are helpful in understanding a model's predictions, they ignore the complex interactions between variables typically learned by neural networks. To this end, the third part introduces contextual decomposition (CD), an interpretation algorithm for analysing individual predictions made by standard LSTMs, without any changes to the underlying model. By decomposing the output of a LSTM, CD captures the contributions of combinations of words or variables to the final prediction of an LSTM. On the task of sentiment analysis with the Yelp and Stanford Sentiment Treebank (SST) data sets, we show that CD is able to reliably identify words and phrases of contrasting sentiment, and how they are combined to yield the LSTM's final prediction. Using the phrase-level labels in SST, we also demonstrate that CD is able to successfully extract positive and negative negations from an LSTM, something which has not previously been done.When considering interactions between variables, the number of interactions quickly becomes too large for manual inspection, leading to the question of how to automatically select and display an informative subset. In the fourth part, we introduce the use of hierarchical interpretations to explain DNN predictions through our proposed method: agglomerative contextual decomposition (ACD). Given a prediction from a trained DNN, ACD produces a hierarchical clustering of the input features, along with the contribution of each cluster to the final prediction. This hierarchy is optimized to identify clusters of features that the DNN learned are predictive. We introduce ACD using examples from Stanford Sentiment Treebank and ImageNet, in order to diagnose incorrect predictions, identify dataset bias, and extract polarizing phrases of varying lengths. Through human experiments, we demonstrate that ACD enables users both to identify the more accurate of two DNNs and to better trust a DNN's outputs. We also find that ACD's hierarchy is largely robust to adversarial perturbations, implying that it captures fundamental aspects of the input and ignores spurious noise.
Cognate vocabulary is known to have a facilitating effect on foreign language (L2) lexical development (de Groot and Keijzer, 2000; Elgort, 2013). Because of their cross-lingual semiotic transparency, cognates are known to be easier to comprehend and learn. As a result, cognate status has been considered an important feature when modeling L2 vocabulary learning (Willis and Ohashi, 2012) or when assessing L2 lexical readability (Beinborn et al., 2014). Although the latter readability-focused user study has shown a positive effect of cognates on decontextualized word comprehension, not many studies seem to have focused on how cognate vocabulary is distributed in reading texts of different L2 levels, such as reading materials found in textbooks graded along the CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference) scale (Council of Europe, 2001). Our aim is therefore to examine whether the presupposed increasing difficulty of the lexical stock attested in such texts is somehow related to cognate density. To this end, we will focus on French and Dutch L2 and will use two lexical databases, viz. FLELex (Francois et al., 2014) and NT2Lex (Tack et al., 2018), respectively. These resources have been compiled from a corpus of L2 reading materials targeted towards a specific CEFR level, including expert-written texts found in textbooks or readers. The lexicons thus describe word frequency distributions observed along the CEFR scale and therefore inform us about the lexical stock that should be understood a priori at a given level. In these CEFR-graded word distributions, cognate vocabulary in Dutch and French will be automatically identified, drawing on recent machine translation methods (Beinborn et al., 2013; Mitkov et al., 2007). As a parallel reference dataset, we will use the Dutch-French alignments of the Dutch Parallel Corpus (Paulussen et al., 2006).
Statistical learning (SL) difficulties have been suggested to contribute to the linguistic and non-linguistic problems observed in children with dyslexia. Indeed, studies have demonstrated that children with dyslexia experience problems with SL, but the extent of the problems is unclear. We aimed to examine the performance of children with and without dyslexia across three distinct paradigms using both on- and offline measures, thereby tapping into different aspects of SL. 100 children with and without dyslexia (aged 8–11, 50 per group) completed three SL tasks: serial reaction time (SRT), visual statistical learning (VSL), and auditory nonadjacent dependency learning (A-NADL). Learning was measured through online reaction times during exposure in all tasks, and through offline questions in the VSL and A-NADL tasks. We find significant learning effects in all three tasks, from which we conclude that, collapsing over groups, children are sensitive to the statistical structures presente)
<b>Purpose: </b>Verbs with low concreteness are frequent in discourse samples but rarely targeted in aphasia treatments for verbs. These verbs are an important part of functional communication, and recent studies have called for more research regarding aphasia and treatment stimuli with low concreteness. The aim of this study was to pilot the use of verbs with low concreteness in a novel sentence production intervention with persons with aphasia.<b>Method: </b>The study took the form of a single-case experimental design with multiple baselines across behaviors and across participants. Three persons with chronic nonfluent aphasia and apraxia of speech participated in the study. Each participant received treatment designed to increase the semantic networks of verbs with high frequency and low concreteness. Sentence production was closely examined over the course of treatment for treated and untreated verbs of varying concreteness levels. Additional measures of language and cognitive functioning were also taken before and after treatment.<b>Results: </b>Results indicated improved sentence production with target verbs attributable to the treatment in the 1st phase of 2 phases for 2 of the 3 participants. The increases corresponded with the application of treatment, despite the difference in number of baseline sessions for the participants. Where there were treatment effects, there was also considerable generalization to untreated sets of items during the 1st treatment phase. Word retrieval also improved for 2 participants.<b>Conclusions:</b> The results suggest that the novel treatment may improve sentence production and word retrieval in persons with aphasia, even when using target verbs with low concreteness ratings. Future research is warranted into the use of low concreteness verbs.<br><b>Supplemental Figure S1. </b>Sentence frame for treatment. <b>Supplemental Figure S2.</b> Participants 1–3 sentence repetition probe performance. <br><b>Supplemental Figure S3.</b> Participants 1–3 discourse generalization probe performance.<br><b>Supplemental Table S1.</b> Verb stimuli lists for sentence production probes.<br><b>Supplemental Table S2.</b> Discourse probe stimuli.<br><b>Supplemental Table S3.</b> Sentence production scoring rubric.<br>Bailey, D. J., Nessler, C., Berggren, K. N., & Wambaugh, J. L. (2019). An aphasia treatment for verbs with low concreteness: A pilot study. <i>American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology.</i> Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_AJSLP-18-0257<br>
The paper explores the »power« names have over historians: they influence historical interpretations and shape academic premises. This article uses the historio-linguistic database »Nomen et gens« (NeG) to investigate the interpretation of early medieval names as historical sources. Its objective is twofold: the inquiry aims to revise the interpretation of names as ethnic markers via the case study of the so called »Anglo-Saxon mission« and thereby to present NeG and its possibilities to the medievalist community. The database NeG is a result of the eponymous research project (www.neg.uni-tuebingen.de), reaching back to the first dawns of digital humanities in the 1970s. Its origins are set in the fierce debate on ethnic identity of that time, addinganonomastic dimension to this discussion: Do specific names indicate specific ethnicities? While originally intended to provide a sound data stock for ethnic interpretations of names, NeG quickly became part of the academic deconstruction of ethnicity as an analytical tool. Today it provides a unique – and growing – data of more than 17.250 single references to names in early medieval sources between 400– 800, assigned to 6.500 historical persons, representing 3.100 early medieval names. The paper starts with the original question of NeG concerning names and ethnicity. A first result is predictable in light of the outcome of the debate on ethnicity: ethnic labels like e. g. »goth« or »franc« are attributed only to a very small number of persons, in total 273 out of 6.528. The impact of this at first glance quite unsurprising result is shown by a reconsideration of the so called »Anglo-Saxon mission«: while seen as one of the driving forces of Frankish history in the 8th century, this »mission« is in urgent need of a reevaluation. First of all Anglo-Saxon identity is a construct of modern scholarship, as has been stressed in the last decades. Moreover, the extensive data provided by NeG comprises only 20 persons that were denominated with one of those labels usually perceived as Anglo-Saxon like »Angles« or – even more specific – »Mercians« or »Bernicians«. No more than 8 of these persons were clerics acting in the eastern borderlands of Frankish power in the 8th century, and only 3 of them did use names that would philologically be described as anglic. Only an insignificant small number of »Anglo-Saxons« in the Frankish world can thus be identified. Apparently such an attribution was of very little interest to contemporary authors when writing about single individuals. Ethnic labels like »the Franks« did matter ona higher level of group identities. But historians should cease assigning ethnic labels to persons based on their names and should stop drawing conclusion from these ascriptions. Just as the »Anglo-Saxon« mission was no mission in its most essential meaning, it was not »Anglo-Saxon«. A re-evaluation could shed new light on the phenomenons of cultural entanglement in the 8th century.
На иранских языках говорили многочисленные племена и народности, сыгравшие важную роль в мировой истории. К основным иранским языкам относятся персидский, таджикский, дари, афганский (пушту), осетинский, курдский, белуджский и др. Наиболее распространенным и статусным иранским языком в настоящее время является персидский. Предок современного персидского языка древнеперсидский сформировался еще в середине I тыс. до н.э. на территории западной части Иранского нагорья в области Фарс. После подчинения Александром Македонским царства Ахеменидов в нем официальным языком стал греческий, функционировавший долгие столетия, и лишь в III в. н.э. с установлением гегемонии Сасанидов официальным языком в государстве стал персидский. В результате завоевания Ирана арабами в 637-652 гг. н.э. официальное функционирование среднеперсидского языка надолго прекратилось. Официальным языком арабского Халифата стал арабский. Это продолжалось до IX в. С начала X в. началось бурное развитие новоперсидского языка и персидской литературы. В настоящее время персидский является государственным языком большого и многонационального государства Иран. Персы доминирующий этнос в государстве. На персидском происходит обучение и в школах, начиная с 1-го класса. Делопроизводство также осуществляется исключительно на персидском. Другие языки в официальной сфере не используются. Исторически персидский язык оказал огромное влияние не только на иранские, но и на многие тюркские и индийские языки. На базе классического персидского языка сформировались современный персидский, таджикский и дари. Высоким является и статус таджикского языка. Он полностью используется во всех сферах деятельности. Объем научных исследований таджикского языка не уступает персидскому. Дариязычное население проживает в Афганистане. Оно составляет около 40 жителей страны. Афганцы (пуштуны) являются одним из крупнейших ираноязычных этносов. Они живут в Афганистане и Пакистане. В Афганистане язык пушту является официальным наряду с дари. Другой иранский народ осетины живет в центральной части Кавказа по обеим сторонам Главного Кавказского хребта. В результате ассимиляционных процессов численность осетиноговорящего населения имеет тенденцию к сокращению. Крупными иранскими языками являются также курдский и белуджский. Несмотря на многочисленность курдоговорящего населения, этот язык не имеет высокого официального статуса. Лишь в Ираке в курдских районах курдский был объявлен официальным наряду с арабским. Другой крупный иранский язык белуджский ни в одном государстве не имеет официального статуса. Однако белуджи хорошо чувствуют и охраняют языковую норму. The Iranian languages were spoken by numerous tribes and nationalities, which played an important role in world history. The main Iranian languages include Persian, Tajik, Dari, Afghan (Pashto), Ossetian, Kurdish, Balochi, etc. The most common and status Iranian language is currently Persian. The ancestor of the modern Persian language ancient Persian was formed in the middle of the first millennium BC in the western part of the Iranian highlands in the region of Fars. After Alexander the Great had subjugated the Achaemenid kingdom, Greek became an official language there, functioning for centuries, and only in the 3rd c. AD with the establishment of hegemony of the Sassanids, Persian became the official language in the state. As a result of the conquest of Iran by the Arabs in 637-652 AD the official functioning of the Middle Persian language ceased for a long time. The official language of the Arabic Caliphate is Arabic. This continued until the 9th century. The rapid development of the New Persian language and Persian literature began in the early 10th century. It is currently the state language of the large and multinational state of Iran. Persians are the dominant nation in the state. It takes place in schools, starting from the 1st grade. Office work is also carried out exclusively in Persian. Other languages are not used in the official sphere. Historically, the Persian language has had a huge impact not only on Iranian, but also on many Turkic and Indian. On the basis of the classical Persian language, modern Persian, Tajik and Dari were formed. The status of the Tajik language is also high. It is fully used in all fields of activity. The volume of scientific studies of the Tajik language is not inferior to the Persian. Daria-speaking population lives in Afghanistan. It makes up about 40 of the countrys population. Afghans (Pashtuns) are one of the largest Iranian-speaking ethnic groups. They live in Afghanistan and Pakistan. In Afghanistan, the Pashto language is an official language alongside with Dari. Another Iranian people, the Ossetians, live in the central part of the Caucasus, on both sides of the Main Caucasian Range. As a result of assimilation processes, the Ossetian-speaking population tends to decline. The major Iranian languages are also Kurdish and Balochi. Despite the large Kurdish-speaking population, this language does not have a high official status. Only in Iraq in Kurdish areas Kurdish was declared official alongside with Arabic. The other major Iranian language, Balochi, has no official status in any state. However, the Baluchis feel and properly preserve the linguistic norm.
The battle against HIV is one of the objectives in our century. Along these lines, among the HIV-contaminated patients, one of the most perilous and remarkable with its entanglements is those with lung pathologies. Concurring clinical arranging of the illness, such patients may introduce Tuberculosis, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Cytomegaloviruses, Candidiasis, Toxoplasmosis and so on. The exploration by logical examination foundation of lung illness was done among the inpatient people in measure of 48.37 (77%) of them were given tuberculosis and 11 (23%) with Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD). Studies were introduced on HIV-positive patients who were isolated by the randomization methods. Among 37 patients with tuberculosis, 29 (78%) had AFB (corrosive quick bacillius) with Gexpert, HAIN strategies, 6 (22%) were analyzed by imaging techniques (HRCT, chest X-beam) and serum ADA level. As per past investigations, there were no relationships between's serum ADA level rises at HIV-positive patients (p esteem 0.05). Among 11 patients gave ILD Pneumocystis jirovecii were distinguished at 5 (45%), 3 (27.5%) were given every day mortality, 3 took a Co-Trimaxozole treatment analyzed by imaging strategies. Clinical viability was endorsed by the nearness of pneumocystis starting point. At the second phase of the examination was discovered a relationship between's various Cd4 cell check and imaging rating. In this way, among absolute number of 119 HIV-positive patients, 38 (32%) had penetration zones, 53 (44%) had an obliteration, 20 (17%) dispersal, 8 (7%) mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Measurement results p esteem 0.000424, hence there is immediate relationship. There are heap aspiratory conditions related with HIV, extending from intense contaminations to constant noncommunicable infections. The study of disease transmission of these illnesses has changed essentially in the time of far reaching antiretroviral treatment. Assessment of the HIV-tainted patient includes evaluation of the seriousness of ailment and an intensive yet effective quest for authoritative conclusion, which may include various etiologies at the same time. Significant pieces of information to an analysis incorporate clinical and social history, segment subtleties, for example, travel and geology of habitation, substance use, sexual practices, and domiciliary and detainment status. CD4 cell tally is a colossally valuable proportion of resistant capacity and hazard for HIV-related infections, and assists slender with bringing down the differential. Cautious history of current side effects and physical assessment with specific thoughtfulness regarding extrapulmonary signs are vital early advances. Numerous adjunctive research facility studies can recommend or preclude specific findings. Pneumonic capacity testing (PFT) may help in portrayal of a few incessant noninfectious sicknesses quickened by HIV. Chest radiograph and registered tomography (CT) check take into account arrangement of sicknesses by pathognomonic imaging designs, albeit numerous irresistible conditions present atypically, especially with lower CD4 tallies. At last, conclusive finding with sputum, bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage, or lung tissue is regularly required. It is of most extreme significance to keep up a serious extent of doubt for HIV in any case undiscovered patients, as the principal introduction of HIV might be through an intense pneumonic disease. The assessment of respiratory side effects in HIV-contaminated patients can be trying for various reasons. Respiratory manifestations are a continuous objection among HIV-contaminated people and might be brought about by a wide range of ailments. The range of pneumonic sicknesses in HIV-tainted patients incorporates both HIV-related and non-HIV-related conditions. The HIV-related aspiratory conditions incorporate both entrepreneurial contaminations (OIs) and neoplasms. The OIs include bacterial, mycobacterial, contagious, viral, and parasitic pathogens. Every one of these OIs and neoplasms has a trademark clinical and radiographic introduction. Nonetheless, there can be impressive variety and cover in these introductions. Thusly, no group of stars of manifestations, physical assessment discoveries, research facility anomalies, and chest radiographic discoveries is pathognomonic or explicit for a specific malady. Thus, a complete microbiologic or pathologic determination is desirable over empiric treatment at whatever point conceivable. Symptomatic tests incorporate societies from sputum and blood and from respiratory examples acquired by obtrusive systems, for example, bronchoscopy, thoracentesis, figured tomography (CT)- guided transthoracic needle goal, thoracoscopy, mediastinoscopy, and open-lung biopsy. This section portrays the recurrence of respiratory side effects, the range of pneumonic diseases that can influence HIV-tainted patients, and an indicative way to deal with the assessment of respiratory manifestations in HIV-contaminated patients, featuring certain parts of the clinical introduction that might be valuable in separating the most widely recognized OIs and neoplasms. The trademark chest radiographic introductions of the most well-known OIs and neoplasms are portrayed and blueprints of 3 case situations are introduced to outline differential judgments and significant analytic and restorative choices for an assortment of clinical and radiographic introductions. For subtleties on explicit indicative tests and treatment regimens for every one of the OIs and neoplasms, see explicit parts inside the HIV InSite Knowledge Base.
Many computational theories have been developed to improve artificial phonetic classification performance from linguistic auditory streams. However, less attention has been given to psycholinguistic data and neurophysiological features recently found in cortical tissue. We focus on a context in which basic linguistic units–such as phonemes–are extracted and robustly classified by humans and other animals from complex acoustic streams in speech data. We are especially motivated by the fact that 8-month-old human infants can accomplish segmentation of words from fluent audio streams based exclusively on the statistical relationships between neighboring speech sounds without any kind of supervision. In this paper, we introduce a biologically inspired and fully unsupervised neurocomputational approach that incorporates key neurophysiological and anatomical cortical properties, including columnar organization, spontaneous micro-columnar formation, adaptation to contextual activations and S)
The wording negotiators use shapes the emotions of their counterparts. These emotions, in turn, influence their counterparts’ economic decisions. Building on this rationale, we examined how the language used during negotiation affects discount rate and willingness to engage in future deals. In three studies, participants assumed the role of retailers. Alleged counterparts (actually a computerized program) asked for a discount under three conditions: request, want, and demand. Results show that less extreme language (request/want) resulted in better outcomes than demanding a discount. Moreover, while the language used by the customer had an effect on experienced emotions, the positive emotions (sympathy and empathy) participants felt toward the customer mediated the relationship between the linguistic cue and the negotiation outcome. Our results inform both psycholinguistic research and negotiation research by demonstrating the causal role of linguistic cues in activating concept-knowl)
There is some evidence that liberal politicians use more complex language than conservative politicians. This evidence, however, is based on a specific set of speeches of US members of Congress and UK members of Parliament. This raises the question whether the relationship between ideology and linguistic complexity is a more general phenomenon or specific to this small group of politicians. To address this question, this paper analyzes 381,609 speeches given by politicians from five parliaments, by twelve European prime ministers, as well as speeches from party congresses over time and across countries. Our results replicate and generalize earlier findings: speakers from culturally liberal parties use more complex language than speakers from culturally conservative parties. Economic left-right differences, on the other hand, are not systematically linked to linguistic complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR], Copyright of PLoS ONE is the property of Public Library of Science and its content)
Background: Although evidence is increasing that the implementation of structured reports (SRs) may increase the standardization of reports and improve communication between radiologists and end-users, it is unclear whether these alternative formats of Chinese radiological narratives are appealing or even acceptable to radiologists and clinicians. Objective: To compare the effect of SRs and non-structured reports (NSRs) of pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with primary endometrial cancer on referring gynecologists’ satisfaction, further decision-making and efficiency. Methods: Forty-one patients with histologically proven endometrial cancer were included in this study. SRs and NSRs for local MRI staging of endometrial cancer were generated for all subjects. NSRs were generated during clinical routine practice. The same 41 uterine studies were reviewed by the same radiologist using structured reporting system after a period of time. Two radiologists compared SRs on)
Background: Social media has become increasingly important for communication among young people. It is also often used to communicate suicidal ideation. Aims: To investigate the link between acute suicidality and language use as well as activity on Instagram. Method: A total of 52 participants, aged on average around 16 years, who had posted pictures of non-suicidal self-injury on Instagram, and reported a lifetime history of suicidal ideation, were interviewed using Instagram messenger. Of those participants, 45.5% reported suicidal ideation on the day of the interview (acute suicidal ideation). Qualitative text analysis (software ATLAS.ti 7) was used to investigate experiences with expressions of active suicidal thoughts on Instagram. Quantitative text analysis of language use in the interviews and directly on Instagram (in picture captions) was performed using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software. Language markers in the interviews and in picture captions, as well as a)
As the airline industry has become ever-more competitive and profitability more tenuous, airline service quality management has grown more important to airlines. Although many studies have focused on the evaluation of airline service quality, some common limitations need to be noted. First, traditional fuzzy logics were utilized to present linguistic variables as fuzzy numbers. However, precise quantification of lower and upper bounds with a single number is often difficult; thus, interval-valued fuzzy sets that represent the lower and upper bounds in the fuzzy number as an interval form should be applied instead. Second, while some studies have applied various multiple-criteria decision-making method [MCDM] and the service quality (SERVQUAL) method for evaluation of airline service quality, few have utilized grey relational analysis (GRA, a simple and data-driven MCDM method applicable to environments with incomplete information) and the service performance (SERVPERF), a performance-)
Background: Whilst there has been extensive study of the mechanisms underlying the regulation for pictures, the ability and the mechanisms beyond the regulation of words remains to be clarified. Similarly, the effect of strategy when applying a regulatory process is still poorly explored. The present study seeks to elucidate these issues comparing the effect of regulation and of strategy to both neutral and emotional words and pictures. Methodology/Principal findings: Thirty young adults applied the strategy of distancing to the emotions elicited by unpleasant and neutral pictures and words while their subjective ratings and ERPs were recorded. At a behavioral level, participants successfully regulated the arousal and the valence of both pictures and words. At a neural level, unpleasant pictures produced an increase in the late positive potential modulated during the regulate condition. Unpleasant linguistic stimuli elicited a posterior negativity as compared to neutral stimuli, but)
Everyday speech is produced with an intricate timing pattern and rhythm. Speech units follow each other with short interleaving pauses, which can be either bridged by fillers (erm, ah) or empty. Through their syntactic positions, pauses connect to the thoughts expressed. We investigated whether disturbances of thought in schizophrenia are manifest in patterns at this level of linguistic organization, whether these are seen in first degree relatives (FDR) and how specific they are to formal thought disorder (FTD). Spontaneous speech from 15 participants without FTD (SZ-FTD), 15 with FTD (SZ+FTD), 15 FDRs and 15 neurotypical controls (NC) was obtained from a comic strip retelling task and rated for pauses subclassified by syntactic position and duration. SZ-FTD produced significantly more unfilled pauses than NC in utterance-initial positions and before embedded clauses. Unfilled pauses occurring within clausal units did not distinguish any groups. SZ-FTD also differed from SZ+FTD in pr)
Several self-report measures of conspiracist beliefs have been developed in Western populations, but examination of their psychometric properties outside Europe and North America is limited. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of three widely-used measures of conspiracist beliefs in Iran. We translated the Belief in Conspiracy Theory Inventory (BCTI), Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire (CMQ), and Generic Conspiracist Belief Scale (GCBS) into Persian. Factorial validity was examined using principal-axis factor analysis in a community sample from Tehran, Iran (N = 544). Further, the relationships between scores on these measures and hypothesized antecedents (i.e., education, schizotypal personality, information processing style, superstitious beliefs, religiosity, and political orientation) were examined. Overall, we failed to find support for the parent factor structures of two of the three scales (BCTI and GCBS) and evidence of construct validity for all three scal)
It is well known that people who read print or braille sometimes make eye or finger movements against the reading direction. The way these regressions are elicited has been studied in detail by manipulating linguistic aspects of the reading material. Actually, it has been shown that reducing the physical intensity or clarity of the visual input signal can also lead to increased regressions during reading. We asked whether the same might be true in the haptic realm while reading braille. We set the height of braille dots at three different levels (high, medium, and low) and asked adult blind, practiced braille readers to read standardized texts without any repetition of content. The results show that setting the braille dot height near the tactile threshold significantly increased the frequency of regressive finger movements. Additionally, at the lowest braille dot height, braille reading speed significantly diminished. These effects did not occur at braille dot heights that were close)
The Canary Islands' indigenous people have been the subject of substantial archaeological, anthropological, linguistic and genetic research pointing to a most probable North African Berber source. However, neither agreement about the exact point of origin nor a model for the indigenous colonization of the islands has been established. To shed light on these questions, we analyzed 48 ancient mitogenomes from 25 archaeological sites from the seven main islands. Most lineages observed in the ancient samples have a Mediterranean distribution, and belong to lineages associated with the Neolithic expansion in the Near East and Europe (T2c, J2a, X3a...). This phylogeographic analysis of Canarian ancient mitogenomes, the first of its kind, shows that some lineages are restricted to Central North Africa (H1cf, J2a2d and T2c1d3), while others have a wider distribution, including both West and Central North Africa, and, in some cases, Europe and the Near East (U6a1a1, U6a7a1, U6b, X3a, U6c1). In)
Background: Centile curves and standard scores are common in epidemiological research. However, standardised norms and centile growth curves for language disorder that reflect the entire UK local school population do not exist. Methods: Scores on six language indices assessing receptive and expressive functioning of children were obtained from the SCALES population survey. Monolingual English speaking participants were aged between five and nine years. Children who attended special schools at study intake, or who were learning English as an additional language were excluded. We constructed language norms using the LMS method of standardisation which allows for skewed measurements. We made use of probability weights that were produced from a two-step logistic model. Distributions of estimated standard scores from an intensively assessed sub-population and from the full population were contrasted to demonstrate the role of weights. Results: Non-overlapping centile curves and standard)
Safety is the fundamental guarantee for the sustainable development of mining enterprises. As the safety evaluation of mines is a complex system engineering project, consistent and inconsistent, even hesitant evaluation information may be contained simultaneously. Linguistic neutrosophic numbers (LNNs), as the extensions of linguistic terms, are effective means to entirely and qualitatively convey such evaluation information with three independent linguistic membership functions. The aim of our work is to investigate several mean operators so that the safety evaluation issues of mines are addressed under linguistic neutrosophic environment. During the safety evaluation process of mines, many influence factors should be considered, and some of them may interact with each other. To this end, the Muirhead mean (MM) operators are adopted as they are powerful tools to deal with such situation. On the other hand, to diminish the impacts of irrational data provided by evaluators, the power a)
Human listeners can focus on one speech stream out of several concurrent ones. The present study aimed to assess the whole-brain functional networks underlying a) the process of focusing attention on a single speech stream vs. dividing attention between two streams and 2) speech processing on different time-scales and depth. Two spoken narratives were presented simultaneously while listeners were instructed to a) track and memorize the contents of a speech stream and b) detect the presence of numerals or syntactic violations in the same (“focused attended condition”) or in the parallel stream (“divided attended condition”). Speech content tracking was found to be associated with stronger connectivity in lower frequency bands (delta band- 0,5–4 Hz), whereas the detection tasks were linked with networks operating in the faster alpha (8–10 Hz) and beta (13–30 Hz) bands. These results suggest that the oscillation frequencies of the dominant brain networks during speech processing may be r)
Reading research uses different tasks to investigate different levels of the reading process, such as word recognition, syntactic parsing, or semantic integration. It seems to be tacitly assumed that the underlying cognitive process that constitute reading are stable across those tasks. However, nothing is known about what happens when readers switch from one reading task to another. The stability assumptions of the reading process suggest that the cognitive system resolves this switching between two tasks quickly. Here, we present an alternative language-game hypothesis (LGH) of reading that begins by treating reading as a softly-assembled process and that assumes, instead of stability, context-sensitive flexibility of the reading process. LGH predicts that switching between two reading tasks leads to longer lasting phase-transition like patterns in the reading process. Using the nonlinear-dynamical tool of recurrence quantification analysis, we test these predictions by examining se)
Boutwell, Nedelec, Winegard, Shackelford, Beaver, Vaughn, Barnes, & Wright (2017) published an article in this journal that interprets data from the Add Health dataset as showing that only one-quarter of individuals in the United States experience discrimination. In Study 1, we attempted to replicate Boutwell et al.’s findings using a more direct measure of discrimination. Using data from the Pew Research Center, we examined a large sample of American respondents (N = 3,716) and explored the prevalence of discrimination experiences among various racial groups. Our findings stand in contrast to Boutwell et al.’s estimates, revealing that between 50% and 75% of Black, Hispanic, and Asian respondents (depending on the group and analytic approach) reported discriminatory treatment. In Study 2, we explored whether question framing affected how participants responded to Boutwell’s question about experiencing less respect and courtesy. Regardless of question framing, non-White participants r)
Children and adolescents with delayed or disordered language development are at increased risk of a number of negative outcomes, including social and emotional problems and mental health difficulties. Yet, in low- and middle- income countries, where risk factors for compromised language development are known to be prevalent, there is a lack of research on the association between child and adolescent language ability and mental health outcomes. This study evaluates data from a cross-sectional study in Khayelitsha, a semi-urban impoverished community near Cape Town, South Africa. To measure language ability, behaviour and mental health, adolescents aged 13 (n = 200) were assessed using the Riddles subtest of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children Version 2, the parent report Child Behaviour Checklist, and the self-report Moods and Feelings Questionnaire and the Self-Esteem Questionnaire. We conducted univariate and multivariate analyses to determine associations between language sk)
The FMR1 premutation (PM) is relatively common in the general population. Evidence suggests that PM carriers may exhibit subtle differences in specific cognitive and language abilities. This study examined potential mechanisms underlying such differences through the study of gaze and language coordination during a language processing task (rapid automatized naming; RAN) among female carriers of the FMR1 PM. RAN taps a complex set of underlying neuropsychological mechanisms, with breakdowns implicating processing disruptions in fundamental skills that support higher order language and executive functions, making RAN (and analysis of gaze/language coordination during RAN) a potentially powerful paradigm for revealing the phenotypic expression of the FMR1 PM. Forty-eight PM carriers and 56 controls completed RAN on an eye tracker, where they serially named arrays of numbers, letters, colors, and objects. Findings revealed a pattern of inefficient language processing in the PM group, incl)