Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
The ability to process language data has become fundamental to the development of technologies in various areas of human life in the digital world. The development of digitally readable linguistic resources, methods, and tools is, therefore, also a key challenge for the contemporary Slovene language. This challenge has been recognized in the Slovene language community both at the professional and state level and has been the subject of many activities over the past ten years, which will be presented in this paper. \nThe idea of a comprehensive dictionary database covering all levels of linguistic description in modern Slovene, from the morphological and lexical levels to the syntactic level, has already formulated within the framework of the European Social Fund’s Communication in Slovene (2008-2013) project; the Slovene Lexical Database was also created within the framework of this project. Two goals were pursued in designing the Slovene Lexical Database (SLD): creating linguistic descriptions of Slovene intended for human users that would also be useful for the machine processing of Slovene. Ever since the construction of the first Slovene corpus, it has become evident that there is a need for a description of modern Slovene based on real language data, and that it is necessary to understand the needs of language users to create useful language reference works. It also became apparent that only the digital medium enables the comprehensiveness of language description and that the design of the database must be adapted to it from the start. Also, the description must follow best practices as closely as possible in terms of formats and international standards, as this enables the inclusion of Slovene into a wider network of resources, such as Open Linked Data, babelNet and ELExIS. Due to time pressures and trends in lexicography, procedures to automate the extraction of linguistic data from corpora and the inclusion of crowdsourcing into the lexicographic process were taken into consideration. \nFollowing the essential idea of creating an all-inclusive digital dictionary database for Slovene, a few independent databases have been created over the past two years: the Collocations Dictionary of Modern Slovene, and the automatically generated Thesaurus of Modern Slovene, both of which also exist as independent online dictionary portals. One of the novelties that we put forward together with both dictionaries is the ‘responsive dictionary’ concept, which includes crowdsourcing methods. Ultimately, the Digital Dictionary Database provides all (other) levels of linguistic description: the morphological level with the Sloleks database upgrade, the phraseological level with the construction of a multi-word expressions lexicon, and the syntactic level with the formalization of Slovene verb valency patterns. Each of these databases contains its specific language data that will ultimately be included in the comprehensive Slovene Digital Dictionary Database, which will represent basic linguistic descriptions of Slovene both for the human and machine user.
The article deals with the peculiarities of linguistic and cultural changes of language structure influenced by globalization process within the language contacts’ interaction. The analysis of various aspects in the modern society proves the dominance of the English language in the formation of the world collaboration. According to the research, English hybrid languages or new Englishes, based on the Standard English norms, are forced to adapt to the local linguistic and cultural needs. These hybrid languages perform the mixture of indigenous languages’ structure and Standard English rules, thought in many cases English dominates and replaces phonetic, lexical, syntactic elements of indigenous languages. Much attention in the work is paid to the peculiarities of such hybrid language as Nigerian English, which presents the local language variant, functioning in Nigeria. Owing to language contacts’ cooperation, Nigerian English combines the language features of Standard English rules and Nigerian local languages’ peculiarities.
The normative space of legal discourse does not only contain norms of various types and functions - regulatory and constitutive, formal and non-formal - but also implicates general value-based benchmarks of both social behavior of society in general and the representatives of political and state power and their "way of thinking". The article considers the correlation between the etymology of the English word, used in the text of legal discourse, and the cognitive reconstruction of the meanings of the concept «reasonable authority» on the example of Family Procedure Rules used in England and Wales. Etymological memory of a word is viewed upon in this study as a «mobile determiner» of the context, able to modify the conception of the UK judiciary. The etymology of a word should reveal the deep semantics of lexical units, uncover inferential characteristics and show the connotations of the word.
The study analyzes the linguistic and stylistic features of comic texts in terms of their influence on translation peculiarities of short situational utterances. The relevance of this work is preconditioned by the fact that the issue of adequate translation and understanding of humor in English is becoming more and more relevant over time due to widespread prevalence of real interaction in the transcultural space. Short humorous texts can be found in different conversational situations, but most often in situations of real communication, which, in turn, allow establishing contact and maintaining productive relationships with representatives of other linguocultures. With the reference to complex methodology, the authors analyze short humorous utterances in the virtual discourse of English messengers. Based on the analysis of a vast representative material, the authors conclude that it is necessary to take into account not only the norms and rules of the literary language, but also the non-literary features of the language (for example, “the mobile language of youth”). It means the need to translate combinations of slang and graphic signs with their specific meaning in short humorous texts. It also entails the implementation of an adequate perlocutionary effect. The peculiarity of short humorous texts translation is largely related to the phenomenon of written pronunciation, as well as imitation of the oral register of communication. The authors’ conclusions prove that in order to comply with different variants of explication of these contaminated characteristics in the target text, the use of modulation transformations, differentiation and functional replacement, as well as compensation and zero translation - complex lexical transformations, is required. Another criterion influencing the translation peculiarity of these humorous texts is the optional and obligatory explication of the comic element. The contextual analysis of the texts confirmed that in more than 30% of cases, the author generated the comic component of the text unintentionally. When conveying random humor, it is important to preserve the situation of the original and the style of speech of the author of the original message, which entails the emulation of speech features used in the framework of self-presentation strategy.
В современных русских говорах, несмотря на воздействие на них норм литературного языка, межкультурную контактность и деформацию в результате воздействия средств массовой информации, постепенное исчезновение диалектов в условиях цивилизации медиа, сохраняется лексическое ядро, в котором особое место занимает лексика нравственно-религиозной сферы. Наличие этого лексического пласта выделяет русский язык среди других в отношении аксиологической акцентированности земного и небесного. В настоящей статье обобщены наблюдения автора, касающиеся состава, семантики, сложения лексических гнезд, составляющих макрополе народного православия, формальной стороны словопроизводства единиц соответствующей лексики на общерусском фоне с привлечением материала, собранного автором статьи в Тамбовской области. Выделены разновидности структурных типов номинаций, определены особенности и приоритеты словообразовательной креативности. Для достижения целей исследования применялись методы сопоставительного, лексического, словообразовательного, компонентного анализа. Despite the influence exerted on them by the literary norms of the Russian language, despite the intercultural contacts promoted by mass media, and despite gradual annihilation of dialects provoked by media-propelled civilization, modern Russian dialects preserve their pivotal lexemes which are mostly related to the sphere of morality and religion. This lexical stratum, the axiological significance of the celestial and the earthly realms, distinguishes the Russian language from other languages. The present article summarizes the author’s ideas related to word formation, to the composition and semantics of lexical clusters of the macrofield of public orthodoxy. The analysis involves the material collected by the author in the Tambov Region. It singles out structural types of nominations, defines the peculiarities and priorities of creative word-formation. To achieve the aim of the research, the author employs such methods as comparative analysis, lexical analysis, word-formation analysis, and componential analysis.
This study aims to discuss the ethics of public communication in a digital age, based on the hadith perspective. It is based on the poor ethics of communication in society, which leads to the emerge of SARA, hoaxes, and politicization of religion. The article addresses prophetic traditions concerning ruwaybid}ah that could provide values on the norms of communication. Based on the lexical meaning, the word ruwaybid}ah means people who are weak towards noble matters. Muhammad’s description through the editorial “fools who meddled in community affairs” has a close relation to the cause of social inequality at that time. Through a socio-historical approach, it argues that anyone who does not have capabilities in a particular field and tries to impose his or her incapacity, they could belong to the ruwaybid}ah category. Further, this study attempts to formulate key important principles of today’s digital age communication based on the hadith.
In this paper we shall analyze several examples of morphological and syntactic calques taken from the Russian language, used in oral and written communication by the Romanian-speaking population in the historical province Bessarabia, the present-day Republic of Moldova. Unlike semantic calques, the morphological loan translations we have identified in source texts are less numerous, because the morphological structure of the language is not so receptive to foreign influences as its lexical structure. In terms of the morphological loan translations, we have chosen to contrastively analyze the forms resulting from calquing the reflexive diathesisin Russian. The constructions with an obligatory reflexive are taken after the Russian language, when, in fact, the literary Romanian language norm often recommends the use of the active voice.The syntactic loan translations we have identified are much more numerous as compared to the morphological ones and, most of the times, they reside in imitating case relationships according to the Russian language pattern
In this paper we deal with, in terms of traductology and lexical semantics, analysis of legal terminology translation of the Multilateral Agreement between the European Community and its Member States, the Republic of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Bulgaria, the Republic of Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Republic of Iceland, TheKingdom of Norway, Romania, the Republic of Serbia and the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo on the establishment of a common European aviation area as well as its accompanying legal acts in the form of implementation of the European regulations contained in Annex I of the aforementioned agreement into domestic legislation from French to Serbian in order to resolve all problems that an interpreter faces and offer solutions for overcoming them. As Serbia is in process of joining the EU, it is extremely important to harmonize legal regulations with its legislation, where language, as basic legal instrument, plays a crucial role in it. Therefore, the success of application and standardization of legal norms and regulations when concluding bilateral or multilateral agreements depends on correct translation. Starting from thes ituational (denotative) theoretical translation model and the principle of functional equivalence, we will pay special attention to types of semantic relations (monosemy, polysemy, synonymy) between French and Serbian legal terms.
When a new phenomenon or an advance in technology originates in society, it is natural that new terms appear to refer to the phenomenon, technology, new use, and so on. The impact of this new disease, COVID-19 is so strong that no one has been able to foresee how long they will have to live under conditions of isolation and social distance. COVID-19 has changed our lives drastically. A new normal is required, and it is affecting various areas of daily life. For this reason, new terms have appeared and certain expressions have acquired greater relevance due to their use in a generalized context due to the pandemic. There are few published studies on the impact of COVID-19 on the Spanish language. This research analyzes this effect of coronavirus pandemic on the lexical inventory of Spanish. Its main objective is to analyze the difference in the use of terms related to the coronavirus, depending on the country or region in the Spanish-speaking world. To collect the data, an online survey was conducted using a semi-closed questionnaire. With the help of volunteers, 346 questionnaires were collected for this study. The attitude of users towards the use of the new terms is examined, as well as the discriminatory use of language around the pandemic. It is concluded that the norm will end up accepting neologisms and variants that Spanish-speakers have innovated and put into circulation in this situation.
Abstract This chapter explores the futile lexpionage (lexical + espionage) of the Academy of the Hebrew Language. During the past century, Israeli has become the primary mode of communication in all domains of Israel’s public and private life. Issues of language are so sensitive in Israel that politicians are often involved. For example, in an article in Ha’aretz (21 June 2004), the late left-wing politician Yossi Sarid attacked the (most widespread) ‘common language of éser shékel’ as inarticulate and monstrous, and urged civilians to fight it and protect ‘Hebrew’. However, most Israelis say éser shékel ‘ten shekels’ rather than asar-á shkal-ím (original Hebrew pronunciation: [ʕǎśåˈrå ʃəqåˈli:m]), the former literally meaning ‘ten (masculine singular) shekel (masculine singular)’, the latter ‘ten (feminine singular) shekels (masculine plural)’, and thus having a ‘polarity-of-gender agreement’—with a feminine numeral and a masculine plural noun, which is a Biblical Hebrew norm, not so in Israeli. Brought into being by legislation in 1953 as the supreme institute for Hebrew, the Academy of the Hebrew Language prescribes standards for Israeli grammar, lexis (vocabulary), orthography, transcription, and vocalization (vowel marking) ‘based upon the study of Hebrew’s historical development’. This chapter critically analyses the Academy’s mission, as intriguingly—and in my view oxymoronically—defined in its constitution: ‘to direct the development of Hebrew in light of its nature’. It throws light on the dynamics within the committees’ meetings, and exposes some U-turn decisions made by the Academy.
The article is devoted to the description of gender peculiarities in political discourse. In the recent decades the problems of the gender differentiation of speech have been developing rapidly, acquiring the priority importance in Ukrainian and foreign linguistics. The differences of male and female speeches aim to determine the degree of effectiveness of the impact of gendered approaches in political communication on male and female audiences. Men and women have been alleged to differ in every area of psychological functioning at one point or another, so language use is not an exception. Gender in politics is particularly interesting to study, as there is a tendency of increasing of the women’s number in political positions around the world in today's world. Gender is one of the most important individual-level attributes known to structure patterns of social connectivity in human social networks. We identify gender strategies as a factor in the realization of the language of the politician in mass media, identify and describe the speech strategies and tactics used by female politicians in the political media discourse. Exploring the gender pecularities of political interaction, we pay attention to the gender specifics of communication in general. Typological analysis of political speeches of Britain, American and Ukrainian politicians is made, their gender differences is proved, importance of gender component of modern political discourse is demonstrated. The official nature of political speeches and features of the socio-legal status of political leaders oblige them to comply with certain norms and rules of communicative behavior. Politicians must combine lexical, morphological and syntactic features of discourse to effect and inform listeners and in the same time not overload their speech, so that the speech does not seem difficult to understand, as well as devoid of any meaning. The female politicians were shown to be more formal, critical and task-focused, while the male politicians were more socially oriented and elaborative. While the female politicians worked on establishing themselves as independent politicians, the male politicians embraced their collective identities.
As in any field of inquiry that depends on experiments, the verifiability of experimental studies is important in computational linguistics. Despite increased attention to verification of empirical results, the practices in the field are unclear. Furthermore, we argue, certain traditions and practices that are seemingly useful for verification may in fact be counterproductive. We demonstrate this through a set of multi-lingual experiments on parsing Universal Dependencies treebanks. In particular, we show that emphasis on exact replication leads to practices (some of which are now well established) that hide the variation in experimental results, effectively hindering verifiability with a false sense of certainty. The purpose of the present paper is to highlight the magnitude of the issues resulting from these common practices with the hope of instigating further discussion. Once we, as a community, are convinced about the importance of the problems, the solutions are rather obvious, although not necessarily easy to implement.
The purpose of the article is to study the role of negation in the representation of the concept BALANCE in the modern American stories. The methods of component, contextual-interpretative and conceptual analysis are employed.Results. It was found out that the linguistic reflection of the concept BALANCE is determined by one’s sensorimotor experience, which includes pre-conceptual ideas about the balance of the body, and can be represented by lexical and grammatical means, one of which is negation. It was revealed that the negation reflects a certain value conflict in the mind of the characters in the stories studied, the inconsistency of the obtained information to the system of knowledge about the world they acquired. Regarding the fact that the loss of balance is the result of force, which disrupts the stability of the human condition, we correlated the negations with force gestalts, which were used to model the personages’ balance loss. The result of balance loss is a deviation from the VERTICAL, which is correlated with the deviation from the norm, because, firstly, any violation is considered as non-compliance with a certain norm, and secondly, having a general context of opposition as a basis, negation signals about non-compliance with the expected real. Thus, the role of negation as a means of expression of the studied concept is to reveal the physical, psychological and social perspectives of the image of the character in the modern American stories.Conclusions. Negations are correlated with the description of the physiological, emotional states of the characters and their social status, which determines the type of the lost balance. Negative adjectives in parallel with nouns are the skeleton elements of the text, which we interpret as the main carriers of information about balance loss of the characters in the stories analyzed. The convergence of negations as a means of balance loss representation in small passages of the stories creates the effect of a gradual, however, total loss of balance and characterizes the described situation as desperate. Thus, the concept BALANCE in the studied prose is actualized in dynamics, due to the development of the personages’ images, which are characterized by the initial balance and its loss. Метою статті є дослідження ролі заперечення в репрезентації концепту РІВНОВАГА в сучасних американських оповіда-ннях, здійснене за допомогою методів компонентного, контекстуально-інтерпретативного та концептуального аналізу.Результати. Виявлено, що мовне відображення концепту РІВНОВАГА детермінується сенсомоторним досвідом людини, який включає передконцептуальні уявлення про рівновагу тіла, і полягає в його позначенні лексичними та граматичними засобами, одним із яких є заперечення. З’ясовано, що заперечення відображає певний ціннісний конфлікт у свідомості персо-нажа, невідповідність отриманої інформації системі знання про світ, що пов’язано з ментальними уявленнями про істину, які є частиною ядерних понять про власне місце й роль у природі та суспільстві. З огляду на те, що втрата рівноваги є результатом силового впливу, який порушує стабільність стану людини, ми співвіднесли заперечення із силовими гештальтами, за допо-могою яких змоделювали порушення рівноваги персонажів. Результатом утрати рівноваги є відхилення від ВЕРТИКАЛІ, яке співвідноситься з відхиленням від норми, оскільки, по-перше, будь-яке порушення розглядаємо як невідповідність певній нормі, а по-друге, маючи загальний контекст протиставлення як підґрунтя, заперечення сигналізує про невідповідність очі-куваного реальному. Отже, роль заперечення як засобу вираження досліджуваного концепту полягає в розкритті фізичного, психічного та соціального ракурсів образу персонажа в сучасних американських оповіданнях.Висновки. Заперечення співвідносяться з описом фізіологічних, емоційних станів персонажів та їхнього соціального ста-тусу, що зумовлює різновид втраченої рівноваги. Заперечні прикметники паралельно з іменниками є опорними елементами тексту, які ми тлумачимо як головні носії інформації про порушення рівноваги. Конвергенція заперечень як засобу позна-чення дисбалансу в невеликих за обсягом уривках оповідань створює ефект поступової, проте тотальної утрати рівноваги, а також характеризує описану ситуацію як безнадійну. Таким чином, концепт РІВНОВАГА представлений у досліджуваній прозі в динаміці внаслідок розвитку образів персонажів, яким властиві початкова рівновага та її порушення.
The study was a comparison of general students of promise affect and mathematical students of promise affect after doing a mathematical modeling activity. Participants’ gender (n=160), in grades 7-8, were nearly equal in number (81 girls & 79 boys). After completing a Model-eliciting Activity (MEA) in groups of three, participants completed the 31-item Chamberlin Affective Instrument for Mathematical Problem Solving, hereafter referred to as CAIMPS (Chamberlin, Moore, & Parks, 2017). Using four subconstructs, it was determined that the only statistically significant difference in student affect among the groups was self-esteem and self-efficacy (SS) with the general students of promise group having a mean of 3.43 and the mathematical students of promise group having a mean of 3.76. Implications are that the difference in SS may have surfaced because of the mathematical demands of the problems that ultimately influenced participants’ ratings. Three subconstructs (Attitude Value Interest [AVI], Anxiety [ANX], and Aspiration [ASP]) may not have realized a statistically significant difference because they were not as contingent upon mathematical content knowledge as was SS. The final implication is that similar affective ratings may be an indication that MEAs are similarly suitable for use with groups containing individuals with varying talents.
Gender stereotypes can be considered as one of the prominent concepts in the field of socio-linguistics. These stereotypes are found at all levels of language application, including children’s literature, and play an important role in the reproduction of sexist language and patriarchal discourse. Through a descriptive- analytic method, the present study aims to investigate the aforementioned stereotypes in forty children’s stories of age groups “A” and “B” and seeks to compare the amount and the types of common stereotypes within the cultural linguistics framework as proposed by Sharifian (2016). Then, a linguistic and cultural interpretation of the stereotypes will be provided. The results of this study indicate that although the amount of gender stereotypes in children’s stories has been diminished in the past decades, patriarchal discourse is still remarkably present on the deep structure level and encodes its values and criteria through the presentation of gendered frameworks and roles in language and affects the audiences. 1. Introduction Amongst all kinds of tools for raising a child and passing on the accurate norms and beliefs, children's literature is of special importance as it is associated with words and plays a crucial role in forming the child's mental image of various concepts. While this field has been subdued until the past decade, new approaches consider children’s literature in line with other literary genres bearing textual and meta-textual relations. The issue of gender and hence gender stereotypes has arisen in critique and literary theory from mid-twentieth century and is regarded as one of the fundamental categories which has tremendous impact in the process of child's socialization and subjectivity. Therefore, the present study aims to compare gender stereotypes within a total number of eighty stories in English and Persian story books of age groups A and B within the framework of cultural linguistics in order to answer the three basic questions of the study which involve the similarities and differences between the gender stereotypes used in story books of the age groups A and B in Persian and English, in addition to the linguistic interpretation of these similarities and differences in these two languages and also the cultural interpretation of the similarities and differences in these works In response to the above mentioned questions ethnographic-conceptual text/visual analysis, a highly effective method for a comparative study, has been employed to compare both linguistic and cultural interpretation of stories in Persian and English. 2. Theoretical framework Stories in both age groups of Persian and English are examined within the framework of Cultural Linguistics, as it is one of the branches of cognitive linguistics and studies the intersection of language, cultural and cultural conceptualizations. Cultural conceptualizations refer to the kinds of human experiences, constructed by the culture of societies and encoded in language. Many of the characteristics of human languages are embedded in cultural conceptualizations. Cultural linguistics identifies, describes and analyzes these conceptualizations in human languages (Sharifian, 2017a, P:9). The term refers to fundamental cognitive processes including »schematization«, »categorization« and »metaphors«. In cultural linguistics, schemas are considered as building blocks of cognition that help human being organize, interpret and communicate information. There are 5 types of schemas namely event schemas, role schemas, image schemas, proposition schemas and emotion schemas. Categorization is another form of conceptualization and is the most fundamental human cognitive activity which begins early in life. Another area of language through which cultural conceptualizations encode concrete experiences is the domain of metaphor. In cognitive linguistics, this form of conceptualization is referred to as a mapping or metaphor(Sharifian, 2011, P: 23). 3. Methodology As the research is targeted on the study of 20 stories in each age group of each language, these stories were selected in a randomized manner and examined in the most suited framework of cultural linguistics through a qualitative content analysis. In order to answer the research questions, firstly cultural categories, cultural schemas, and cultural metaphors related to gender stereotypes were identified in the stories and then classified into six categories of family, personality and behavioral characteristics, occupational roles, space, toys, animals, and surreal beings. Then the size of each category in each age group and language besides their similarities and differences were compared to see if there is a meaningful difference in the number of cultural conceptualizations related to gender stereotypes in the stories of the two languages. In the next step and in response to the other two questions of the research, linguistic and cultural analysis of similarities and differences in cultural conceptualizations were presented in both textual and visual contexts. 4. Results & Discussion The findings suggest that despite the existence of gender stereotypes in the stories of both age groups of Persian and English, the rate and the variety of these stereotypes in cultural categories and schemas in Persian stories were dramatically more than English ones both in texts and pictures. Also, the stereotypes seem to be more deeply rooted, more radical and located in concealed linguistic and cultural layers in Persian stories. English has been able to create a minimal context for gender stereotypes by creating new situations and new language; thus, children's stories in Persian require more serious efforts by the authors and cultural programmers. 5. Conclusions & Suggestions Results of the analysis of gender stereotypes in children’s stories of Persian and English based on cultural linguistics has revealed the fact that alongside with the differences in cultural conceptualization in the two languages, there are similarities such as the »occupational role« which is the most repeated category in both languages. The gendered structure exists in both lexical and grammatical levels of both languages and is constantly reproduced. Although there are no such things as gendered pronouns (third person singular in English) or gender markers within a word in Persian, gendered constructs generally appear in larger linguistic units. However, such constructs are still present in English, they do not have much of a conceptual impact and can be said to have been inactivated and largely lost their discriminatory gender sense. Also, studying the conceptualizations in terms of the limitations indicated that the substructures and potentials in Persian stories were far less than the English one. Thus, the result of confluence of language, culture and thought in Persian reflects the mental, cultural and social structures that, in turn, do not allow women to emerge both personally and socially. However, the results of the efforts made in English over the years have come to be seen with a more lively and productive language. Meanwhile, extending the scope of the present study in terms of sample size and content could be a remarkable point considering further studies as examination of children's stories in other higher age groups, moreover, expanding the scope of this comparison can be a valuable contribution to gender-based language research. Select Bibliography Alvanoudi A. 2017. The interface between language and cultural conceptualization of gender in interaction: The case of Greek. In: Sharifian F. (ed) Advances in Cultural Linguistics (pp. 125-147). Singapore: Springer. Browne, B.A. 2013. Gender stereotypes in advertising on children’s television in the 1990s: A cross-national analysis. Journal of advertising, 27(1), 83-96. Gooden, A.M., Gooden, M.A. 2001. Gender representations in notable children’s picture books: 1995-1999. Sex Roles, 45(1), 45-89. Lakoff, G., Johnson, M. 1980. Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago press. Maghsudi, S. 2004. An investigation into the role of women in kid’s stories. Women Research, 3 (2), 43-63. [in Persian] Moeinifar, H. 2009. The representation of gender cliche in media: A case study of the yellow pages of Hamshari. Cultural Research, 3 (2) 3, 4-5. [in Persian] Sharifian, F. 2009. On collective cognition and language. In H. Pishwa (ed), Language and social cognition: Expression of social mind. Berlin: Mount de Gruyter. Sharifian, F. 2011a. An Introduction to Cultural Linguistics. Tehran: Neviseh Parsi Publications. [in Persian] Sharifian, F. 2011b. Cultural conceptualizations and language: Theoretical framework and applications. Amesterdam: John Benjamins. Sharifian, F. 2017. Cultural Linguistics. Amsterdam/PA: Benjamins.
Pantun merupakan seni pengucapan lisan masyarakat Melayu dahulu yang dicipta dengan penuh ketertiban dan berhati-hati. Segala yang dilahirkan melalui pantun adalah berupa nasihat, dengan berbagai-bagai ragam bahasa yang tinggi dan bernilai sastera. Penggunaan pantun sebagai salah satu cara halus dan sopan dalam menyampaikan sesuatu hasrat yang terbuku di hati telah menjadikan pantun sebagai suatu bentuk bahasa yang indah dan unik. Pemilihan dan penggunaan bentuk kata dalam pantun amat berkait rapat dengan pemikiran masyarakat Melayu yang sentiasa menggunakan unsur alam sebagai perlambangan dalam memperkatakan sesuatu. Oleh itu, fokus utama kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti dan menganalisis simbol ‘bunga’ yang terdapat dalam pantun kategori nasihat berdasarkan buku Kurik Kundi Merah Saga (KKMS). Kajian berbentuk kualitatif ini mengaplikasikan teori semantik dengan kaedah inkuisitif yang merupakan gabungan di antara teori relevan dengan maklumat baru budaya setempat. Gabungan Rangka Rujuk Silang (RRS) dengan maklumat budaya mendalam mampu menghasilkan penghuraian makna kiasan Melayu sehingga ke akal budi penuturnya. Dapatan kajian yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahawa simbol bunga dalam penciptaan pantun mendukung makna tersirat yang lazimnya berfungsi sebagai nasihat dan teguran kepada masyarakat. Simbol “bunga” bukan sahaja mempunyai pelbagai maksud yang tersendiri, namun mampu memperlihatkan daya kreativiti masyarakat Melayu mengaplikasikan konsep “bunga” dengan perilaku, benda, perkara dan peristiwa yang berlaku di sekitar kehidupan manusia. The pantun is a classical Malay poetry form that created with full of etiquette and norms. All was born through ‘pantun’ is in the advice, with the range of high diversity of languages and literary value. Pantun is one of very fine ways to express feeling which make the pantun language unique and beautiful. Every words chosen in Pantun phrases has its own aesthetical and lexical functions, which are very much related to the way thinking among the Malay people, who always refer to surrounding world as a symbolic way to express their own feeling. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify the symbol of “bunga” in the Malay pantun based on book Kurik Kundi Merah Saga (KKMS). This qualitative research applied semantic theory with inquisitive method which is a combination between relevance theories of local culture with new information. A combination between the applications of Bridging Cross Reference (RRS) along with the broad cultural information will be able to produce various interpretation of Malay proverbs up to its ingenuity. The findings obtained indicated that, the symbol of “bunga” in pantun has its own meaning that are used to express feeling. The symbol “bunga” does not carry its own lexical meaning, but also reveal the creativity of Malay people in applying the concept of “bunga” with people’s behaviors or attitude, things, matters and events revolved around their life.
The article investigates the functioning of indirect speech in the Germanlanguage literary text on the basis of a comprehensive philological analysis of R. Walsers novel "The Assistant" and considers the peculiarities of lexical, syntactic and stylistic means of its implementation in terms of the individual creative style of the author. In order to determine the ways of transmitting anothers speech, we have analyzed the narrative and character speech microstructures of the novel. It was found that the narrative plan of the text is created by a combination of auctorial and personal narrative situations, which adds semantic ambiguity and ironic tone to the artistic speech of the novel. According to the subtypes of indirect speech proposed by W. Schmid, it was established that "The Assistant" uses "free indirect speech", which differs from indirect speech in violating grammatical and syntactic norms of its use and allows to reproduce character's speech while maintaining its stylistic features. The analysis of constructions with indirect speech showed that the use of interjections, exclamations, colloquial and emotional vocabulary, characteristic of the speech of a particular character, leads to the stylization of the narrators speech and denotes the implementation of the "free indirect speech" in the novel. It was also shown that the indirect way of transmitting personal speech in the novel allows the narrator to focus on what is to be ironized, and selectively reproduce the content of the conversation, leaving some of the statements of the characters out of consideration. With the help of "free indirect speech" and quoting foreign words, the narrator expresses his ironic attitude towards the engineer-inventor Karl Tobler, whose depiction of the gradual financial collapse is the plot line of the novel, and ridicules the behavior of his assistant Joseph Marty for obedience and thoughtless pursuit of his master's ideas. Within the personal narrative situation, the life of Tobler is ironically depicted from Joseph's perspective, while the perspective of the auctorial narrator determines the drama and ironic unfolding of the plot-event plan of the novel. The results of the study of intratextual communication in the novel "The Assistant" confirmed that the combination of perspectives of the auctorial and personal narrator, the way of transmitting personal speech in the form of "free indirect speech" and quoting foreign words contribute to the communicative-pragmatic effect of the text, which arises as a result of the authors ironic position on the development of the plot line and the characteristics of the characters.
Introduction. Speech culture of journalistic texts at both national and regional levels is perhaps the most acute issue in terms of quality presentation of information-literate content. The modern reader needs not only truthful information, but also its qualified presentation. Lingual design of a large number of online publications indicates a violation of language norms at all levels: spelling, lexical, stylistic, grammatical. In view of this, the fixation and careful analysis of errors in the texts of online publications will help to improve the skills of journalists and editors to practically evaluate the text, find language flaws and eliminate them. The purpose of the study is to scientifically describe syntactic anomalies in online media, identify the most typical of them and point out the main error-prone places. Results. A common syntactic error in the texts of online publications is "overdoing sentences with a split predicate in the form of a verb + verb noun, where the meaning is conveyed by the noun, and the verb only indicates the action in general. Such a predicate, on the one hand, is a typical manifestation of the nominal nature of the statement, uncharacteristic of the Ukrainian language, in which the logical emphasis falls on verbs, and on the other hand - burdens the sentence with unnecessary words. Attracts attention in media materials abuse of passive forms of verbs with the postfix -sya, together with which sometimes use a noun to denote an object in the form of a nominative case (and sometimes - a noun to denote a subject in the instrumental case), which is characteristic of Russian book styles language, but is not a typical syntactic and stylistic feature of the Ukrainian language. A characteristic feature of three-component passive constructions with the verb of the passive state on -ся is that the logical subject, which in meaning means the actor and should be the subject, for some reason became an adjunct in the instrumental case, but instead the logical object to which the action is actually directed and which should be an appendix, has become the subject. At the syntactic level, errors are common in the choice of the case in control, in the coordination of sentence components in the number, in the structure of a homogeneous series, and so on. It is not always correct for journalists to use constructions that indicate an approximate number Conclusion. Thus, a large number of anomarts in the media texts of online publications at the syntactic level leads to mismanagement, overuse of sentences with a split predicate in the form of a verb + verb noun, oversaturation of texts with passive language units, including abuse of passive forms of verbs with postfix –sya, the presence of sentences in which the figure is given by the appendix in the instrumental case, violation of coordination, incorrect construction of structures that mean an approximate number. Occasionally we come across the misuse of sentences with adverbial inflections
В статье впервые рассматриваются тематика и особенности языка текстов песен шэнэхэнских бурят в авторском переводе на русский язык. Уникальность шэнэхэнских бурят, проживающих в течение 100 лет в Китае, в том, что им удалось сохранить свою аутентичную культуру: язык, традиционное монгольское письмо, национальный костюм, традиции, обычаи и народные песни. Долгое время тема о бурятской эмиграции находилась под запретом. В статье также освещены причины и история эмиграции агинских бурят в местность Шэнэхэн АРВМ КНР, с опорой на работу Бодонгут Абиды (1983), написанной на старомонгольской письменности. Природа миграции бурятской диаспоры в Баргу носила этнозащитный характер и связана с политическими событиями в России в начале XX в. Наличие жанра одических песен (магтаал) в песенной традиции бурят свидетельствует об их развитой системе письменной культуры, различении письменных и устных текстов, стилистической дифференциации языка текстов песен. Выявлено, что лексика гимнических песен (магтаалов) выдержана в высоком стиле с ориентацией на нормы старописьменного монгольского языка. Анализ полевых материалов свидетельствует о мастерстве стихосложения безымянных поэтов, строго соблюдающих начальную аллитерацию в строфах, использующих различные фигуры речи, весь арсенал грамматических форм для передачи оттенков семантики лексической единицы. Это позволяет утверждать, что песенные тексты бурят создавались и передавались не только в устной форме, но и в письменной еще задолго до революции 1917 г. Abstract. For the first time, the article discusses the subject matter, features of the language of the songs of the Shenehen Buryats in the author's translation into Russian. The uniqueness of the Shenehen Buryats, who have been living in China for about 100 years, is that they have preserved their authentic culture: language, traditional Old Mongolian script, national costume, traditions, customs and folk songs. For a long time, the topic about Buryat emigration was banned. The article also highlights the reasons and history of the emigration of the Aga Buryats to the Shenehen locality of the China, based on the work of Bodongut Abida (1983), written in Old Mongolian script. The migration of the Buryat diaspora to Bargu was ethnically protective in nature and was associated with political events in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. The presence of the genre of odic songs (magtaal) in the song tradition testifies to their developed system of written culture, the distinction between written and oral texts, and the stylistic differentiation of the language of the lyrics. It has been revealed that the vocabulary of the Magtaals is sustained in a high style with an orientation towards the norms of the Old Mongolian language. An analysis of the field materials testifies to the mastery of versification of nameless poets, strictly observing the initial alliteration in strophes, using various figures of speech, the entire arsenal of grammatical forms to convey shades of semantics of the lexical unit. This allows us to argue that the lyrics are created and transmitted not only verbally, but also in writing long before the 1917 revolution.
The present study explores the process of how Korean students develop pragmatic competence when writing request emails during metapragmatic instruction. In particular, the study focuses on how students’ usage of request strategies, lexical devices, external modifications, and request perspectives change during the metapragmatic instructional period. Descriptive analysis of the usage frequency of politeness devices was conducted to examine changes before and after the instruction. In addition, the participants’ accounts during the metapragmatic discussions and retrospective interviews were analyzed to ascertain their intentions of the requests as well as their experiences during the instructional period. The results of the study showed that the participants developed pragmatic competence as they enhanced their awareness of the difference between what they had intended and what was actually conveyed. Moreover, the metapragmatic discussions among their peers in regard to the source of the pragmatic failure as well as their developing pragmatic awareness allowed them to experience meaningful interactions. The study stresses the need for explicit metapramatic instructions along with encouragements for metapragmatic discussions to reflect on the norms of the target culture along with their own pragmatic knowledge for Korean students to enhance their pragmatic competence.
This article analyses the typical features of the influence of the Russian language on Belarusian stage speech. Contemporary theatre, concerts, and other cultural events have played an important role in the popularization in the Belarusian language of misbalanced bilingualism. According to the transcripts of modern actors, emcees, and musicians recorded in theatres, music clubs, literature museums, and culture centres between 2012 and 2019, different fragments and types of mixing of Belarusian and Russian are revealed. Firstly, we notice switching of language code, which is used for famous phrases from literature, cinema, etc., or shows someone else’s speech. Secondly, we have examples of Russian language interference in Belarusian at the lexical, grammatical, and phonetic levels. So-called trasianka-distorted Russian language according to the special features of the Belarusian orthoepyis observed as a specific kind of interfered speech. In addition, various variants of hard mixing of systems and subsystems, functional styles of two languages (especially including of dialect words and forms), jargon lexis, and special units of alternative norms of the Belarusian language tarashkevitsa are shown. This research notes that mixed speech is a result not only of bilingual interaction, but the decline in the standard of stage speech. It is noted that trasianka helps to create a comic or negative character image on stage.
The article deals with the semantic structure and the most productive groups of the lexical stylistic devices that function in the Polish foreign diplomatic documentation addressed to the Ukrainian side in December, 1991, namely Statements of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Poland (1991/12/02), Note from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland (1991/12/27), Telegram of the President of the Republic of Poland Lech Wałęsa (1991/12/3). The methods of typological (a study of the structure of diplomatic documents), descriptive (an analysis of the semantic content), functional (a research of the purpose of a note, a statement, a telegram), comparative (comparison of the language, graphical, and informative content of documentation) and linguistic analysis have been used to reveal the content organization of documents. All of them have common features, namely the text elements that contain logical information chains of the Ukrainian Independence recognition. However, they differ in some content aspects: the statement additionally informs about the issue of disarmament and military reduction; the telegram implies domination of the emotionally-expressive content which is verbally emphasized by the superlative form of the adjective; the note represents the first steps of the diplomatic relationship development such as the exchange of ambassadors. The study has revealed that the structure of all the official documents under the study is traditional for this functional style. Moreover, it includes the relevant appeals (the note, the telegram), complimentary forms of conclusion (the note), signature (the note, the statement, the telegram), information about the date and location the document creation (the note, the telegram). On the lexical level, all documents contain the elements of literary vocabulary that are emphasized by nouns, less frequently by adjectives, participles, verbs, adverbial participles, diplomatic terminology and cliches. They are used to provide the text accuracy, clarity, logic, conciseness, standardization, courtesy and highlight the value of the information, its credibility, and the relevance of the international law norms
This chapter focuses on the ethnic group of Santals. The Santals are a tribal society who can be defined as a settled simple society with stable headship. The chapter attempts to investigate different syntactic features that are used as politeness strategies in Santali. Culture can be defined as a process of learning that is shared by a group of people belonging to a particular community about the knowledge pertaining to norms, values, meanings and behaviour. The use of honorific pronouns, in any language, is largely dictated by the closely related concepts of respect and deference. Respect can be defined as an object-directed behaviour that reflects consideration and acknowledgement by the subject. In linguistic behaviour, politeness may be realised phonologically, lexically and/or syntactically.
The relevance of scientific work is determined by the need to research the vocabulary of dialects that keep the original worldview of the nation, relics of spiritual culture, understanding of ethical norms of the people, relations with other peoples nations. The purpose of scientific research is to find out the peculiarities of the lexical system of Bukovina dialects. The novelty of article is that, for the first time, the linguistic material of the Yuzhynets dialect of Kitsman district of Chernivtsi region is attracted for scientific circulation. In scientific work the structural, comparative-historical methods and the approach of component analysis are used Conclusions. Dialecticisms are the basis of Yuzhynets dialect vocabulary. Dialecticisms are specific Ukrainian words which testify the single linguistic world of the Ukrainian nation. The source of dialecticisms is the Slavic language: вирЕня, вирІтка відЕй, витАти гальманИ, гАчі, глошИти, грЄтка, ґУндзлик дрАби. Among the borrowed vocabulary there are words which came from Romanian: бриндУшка букАта бумбОна, врИтний, гор- дЯв, ґрЕжда, дзер, клАка; Polish: бештифрАнт, вАріят, гаму- вАти, ґвавт, цИрка, збан, зґАрда; German: алЯрм бАвна, бан- тИна, братрУра, фасувАти, гИмбель, ґріс; Hungarian: банувА- ти, батЯр, бУнда, ганч, рУнтати, пУгарь; Turkish: бАйда, кАлфа, катрАн, кирИня, талабувАти, фис; Greek: анкІрь, кАн- діти, катавАсія; Latin: кАпа, бесАги, пОрція, Russian: болвАн, капЕц, тужУрка; Czech: крижЄвка. New words are included to the lexical system of Yuzhynets dialect. Among lexical innovations there are jargonisms – the wor- ds which are used by young generation.
The issues of Russian lexical borrowings (rusisms) in the Bashkir language dialects and subdialects have not been addressed yet. Dictionaries and monographs on the Bashkir language dialects and subdialects describe specific dialectal loanwords without providing a dialectal analysis of loanwords and the specific features of their adaptation and functioning in the Bashkir language dialects and subdialects. Meanwhile, studying rusisms in dialects and subdialects can elucidate both the dialectal lexicology and the formation history of the lexical, phonetic, and grammatical features of a particular Turkic language. Investigating rusisms in dialects and subdialects of Turkic languages, including Bashkir, is also relevant for the Russian language dialectology: the chronology of individual borrowings. It is worth studying the Bashkir language southern dialect widespread in the southern regions of modern Bashkortostan, Bashkir-speaking regions of Orenburg, Samara, and Saratov regions of Russia. Historically located in the very center of the Orenburg province, this territory bordered the provincial city of Orenburg and by the late 18th and early 19th centuries became one of the administrative, political, economic, and trade centers. It was then that Russian loanwords and lexemes of European languages began to actively penetrate the Bashkir dialects. These borrowings constitute a considerable group, thematically related to household, administrative and managerial, military- marching, and agricultural spheres. All rusisms underwent adaptation to the norms of the Bashkir language Southern dialect, e.g., Russian lexemes with hard-row vowels in the southern dialect have front-row vowels. South Russian dialects are considered the dominant source of the Bashkir language southern dialect lexical borrowings.
The aim of this paper is to establish aspects of the sociolinguistic profile of Nigerians, specifically Nigerian undergraduates of the University of Lagos in Southwest Nigeria regarding the use of American and British English lexis and grammatical/structural forms. The impetus for this study is the observation of an increase in the use of American English in the face of the British norm-dependency official status of Nigeria. Data was collected from a hundred Nigerian university undergraduates of the University of Lagos aged 16-30 years old. Salient sociolinguistic information such as gender, age and language familiarity were juxtaposed with the usage of the two geographical variants of English. Two major outcomes are: American lexical and grammatical norms and expressions are more frequently used than British forms; female undergraduates use these Americanisms more often than their male cohorts.
The article analyzes the concept of comic as linguistic category.The article focuses attention on such aspects of the category of comic as classification, parameters of comic and the difficulties of translation of comic.It is singled out that the notion of concept comic goes beyond the linguistic aspect.That is why this language phenomenon is also studied from the point of view of socio-cultural aspect and the norms of human behavior in society.The category of comic is complex and ambiguous.In general, within this notion we understand the influence of jokes, for example, causing laughter.There are several methods that help to achieve laughter.Among them we distinguish irony, sarcasm, pun, allusion, periphrases, oxymoron, metaphor etc.Because of the multiaspect character of comic, this term is often used simultaneously with its similar synonymous humor, laughter, comic, funny, meaningless, cute, witty, joke, absurdity, irony, sarcasm, satire, etc.As for the categories of comic, scholars single out: analysis of style of a certain comic text, allocation and description of special features of comic text style of the specific authors; defining and studying the language and methods of realization of the category of comic on the example of a particular language; characteristics of the language parameters of specific subspecies of the category of comic.The category of comic is also subdivided into three groups.The first group is represented by understandable and easily recognizable humor based on the comic situation.The second type is presented by jokes based on the cultural base of the source language.And to the third type we refer linguistic humor.This type of humor in its structure is the most difficult to decode into a different language, because it is based on a game of words (pun), which, unfortunately, is usually considered to be not subject to translation.And, as for the translation aspect, it is necessary for translators to find a situational equivalent, an equivalent with an increased level of emotionality; to use transcoding or the combination of transcription and transliteration with the addition of word-forming morpheme; and to apply lexical and semantic and phonetically-imitating transformations.
A Multidimensional Image of the Russian Constitution – Linguistic, Cultural and Cognitive Reflections This article deals with the transposition of concepts in the process of translating legal texts. The material basis was the original text of the constitution of the Russian Federation and the constitution of Russia, which was translated into Polish. The primary assumption of the analyzes made is the thesis that the constitution is the foundation of the system, norms and principles. The Constitution also sets out the main directions of community development. As the superior document of a social and political nature, it confirms the most important national values and social beliefs. The awareness of the highest rank of this normative act should also be considered as an important factor in the process of translating the constitution into other languages. Depending on the context and depending on the structural and conceptual flexibility of the original text, the transposition of a generalized vision of the community world can be a complex task or a process that does not require a lot of work. The subject of the article is the relation between the Constitution of the Russian Federation and its Polish language version. The analysis includes the linguistic and non-linguistic reality in which the constitution of Russia is present. The research covered: the current constitution of Russia of December 12, 1993 in the Russian and Polish language versions. The legal act in Polish was made available on the official website of the Biblioteka Sejmowa (biblioteka.sejm.gov.pl). The aim of the review was to identify the possibility of reconceptualizing the Russian legal reality and determining the efficiency of transposing the concepts to the target text. The author wanted to answer the questionwhether the translation text can be treated as a source of knowledge and understanding of cultural and civilizational norms and values, building the state and Russian society. The first part of the study was devoted to general concepts that created the state system. Attention is paid to their functionality in the source and target area. The essence of the image of the world was taken into account. Using the concepts of Родина and Отечествo, has been explained the lexical context of translated lexemes. The second part of the review concerned the reconstruction of the collective memory of the Russian nation. This level focuses on the text of the preamble as a component containing generalized ideas of the political system. The third part was a substantive summary of all findings. This part of the article was based on a comparative study, covering the relation between the text of the constitution and the content and context.
Abstract The purpose of Language among human beings is to communicate ideas feelings or thoughts. However, human beings are found in groups characterized by various shades of linguistic habits which control their interactions. Hence, it is not farfetched that they become creative when using language in any given context. In view of this, this paper takes a pragmatic analysis of lexical creativity in the use of Nigerian English. Data were gathered from focused discussions among Higher National Diploma Students of Federal Polytechnic, Kebbi randomly selected from two departments of the school. It became evident that Nigerian English contains some lexical items through some morphological processes like borrowings, compounding, acronyms, among others, in a bid to make themselves understood as not break the sociocultural norms that rule the Nigerian linguistic context. Hence, their speeches most often can best be understood from the perspective of pragmatics. Keywords: Pragmatics, Nigerian English, Lexical Creativity, Usage.
В статье рассмотрены вопросы формальной адаптации в русском и осетинском языках новых заимствованных слов, различных вариантов их графического оформления, морфемно-морфологических признаков, тематических групп, в наибольшей степени отличающихся от принятых в обоих языках правил адаптации. На примерах неологизмов русско- и осетиноязычного медиадискурса показаны этапы приспособления новаций к системе языка-реципиента. В осетинский язык входит множество заимствований, среди которых лексические единицы, относящиеся к совершенно различным тематическим кластерам, в том числе к IT-технологиям, цифровым технологиям, новым дистанционным и электронным образовательным технологиям, робототехнике и т.д. Осетинский язык какие-то из них заимствует в том виде, в котором они попадают в русский, а уже через посредство русского языка такие лексемы входят в осетиноязычное пространство в оригинальном или даптированном виде. Инографическое оформление иноязычных заимствований, вошедших в русский и осетинский языки в последние годы и месяцы, рассматривается не с точки зрения нарушения норм и традиций принимающего языка или посягательств на самостоятельность и этническую идентичность, а как один из этапов адаптации неологизма в языке, начальной стадии вхождения его в другую графическую систему, за которой в дальнейшем лексеме предстоит орфологическая адаптация. Большой языковой материал, использованный в исследовании, позволил авторам прийти к выводу о том, что современный осетинский язык является открытой системой, легко приспосабливающей к своей грамматической норме любые варианты лексем, которые она берет из других языков, совершенно разными способами, а не только инографическим оформлением. В нем много неологизмов, созданных средствами самого осетинского языка, что говорит о жизнеспособности и гибкости его в мире цифровых реалий. The article considers the means of formal adaptation of new loans borrowed into the Russian and Ossetian languages, as well as to various options of their graphic figuration, morphemic and morphological features, thematic groups, most especially distinct from the standard adaptation rules of both languages. The stages of novation adaptation to the system of the language recipient are demonstrated by the examples of neologisms in the Russian speaking and Ossetian speaking media. A lot of loan words enter the Ossetian language, among which are lexical units of various thematic clusters including IT, digital technologies, robotics et-cetera. The Ossetian language receives some of them through the mediation of the Russian language, this kind of lexemes enter the Ossetian speaking space having undergone adaptation or in their original forms. Latinized variants of the loan words borrowed by the Russian and Ossetian languages in recent years and months have been considered neither in terms of a contraversion of norms and traditions of a recepient language nor as an infringement of self-sufficiency or ethnic identity, but in terms of one of the adaptation stages, the initial stage of the infiltration of a loan into another graphic system, after which the lexeme is to be adapted morphologically. A considerable amount of linguistic data used in the research leads the authors to the conclusion, that currently the Ossetian language is an open system, where any variation of lexemes borrowed from other languages are easily adopted to its grammatical form not only by means of using Latin alphabet, but in variety of ways. It has coined a great number of neologisms, which proves the viability and flexibility of the Ossetian language in the contemporary digital world.
This article presents a series of recent studies on the mistakes and difficulties - leading to mistakes - that are manifested at every linguistic level: phonetic, morphologic, syntactic, lexical and semantic. Among the studies described here, there are dictionaries as well as other books written in a form resembling dictionaries to a greater or lesser extent, which discuss different aspects of standard language. The main section dedicated to these studies is preceded by a short overview presenting the preoccupations for the standardization of Romanian. The overview implicitly refers to aspects that facilitate understanding the relation between norm and deviation from the norm, language dynamics and the norm itself.
The television ratings provide an effective way to analyze the popularity of TV programs and audiences’ watching habits. Most previous studies have analyzed the ratings from a single perspective. Few efforts have integrated analysis from different perspectives and explored the reasons for changes in ratings. In this paper, we design a visual analysis system called TVseer to analyze audience ratings from three perspectives: TV channels, TV programs, and audiences. The system can help users explore the factors that affect ratings, and assist them in decisions about program productions and schedules. There are six linked views in TVseer: the channel ratings view and program ratings view show ratings change information from the perspective of TV channels and programs respectively; the overlapping program competition view and the same-type program competition view indicate the competitive relationships among programs; the audience transfer view shows how audiences are moving among different channels; the audience group view displays audience groups based on their watching behavior. Besides, we also construct case studies and expert interviews to prove our system is useful and effective.
This article deals with the norm and the standard of the Catalan language in the context of the recent reform of its grammar. We formulate our linguistic analyses and interpretations in relation to historical and geographical backgrounds, paying particular attention to the main varieties of Catalan. In the successive development stages of the linguistic norm, we show how codifiers have faced the challenging task of taking sufficient account of specific dialectal peculiarities in a language that is not backed by a nation-state and is spoken in different countries and regions.
= 164). We illustrated how valence categories are essentially arbitrary and largely influenced by sample size. In addition, valence ratings were continuously distributed, further questioning the validity of imposing categorical distinctions. In Study 2, we used an archival dataset to demonstrate how the different categorization schemes resulted in conflicting conclusions about the association between item valence and RMET performance. However, when we examined the association between item valence and performance in a continuous manner, a clear U-shaped pattern emerged: Items that had more extreme valence ratings (negative or positive) were associated with better performance than items with more neutral ratings. We conclude that using the item valence ratings we report, and treating item valence as a continuous rather than categorical predictor, will help bring consistency to the study of the association between item valence and performance in the RMET. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
It has been frequently observed in the literature that assertions of plain sentences containing predicates like fun and frightening give rise to an acquaintance inference: they imply that the speaker has first-hand knowledge of the item under consideration. The goal of this paper is to develop and defend a broadly expressivist explanation of this phenomenon: acquaintance inferences arise because plain sentences containing subjective predicates are designed to express distinguished kinds of attitudes that differ from beliefs in that they can only be acquired by undergoing certain experiences. Its guiding hypothesis is that natural language predicate expressions lexically specify what it takes for their use to be properly ‘grounded’ in a speaker's state of mind: what state of mind a speaker must be in for a predication to be in accordance with the norms governing assertion. The resulting framework accounts for a range of data surrounding the acquaintance inference as well as for striking parallels between the evidential requirements on subjective predicate uses and the kind of considerations that fuel motivational internalism about the language of morals. A discussion of how the story can be implemented compositionally and of how it compares with other proposals currently on the market is provided.
English has become ‘the world’s default mode’ (McArthur, 2002: 13) for communication. As a de facto lingua franca, English and its associated cultures are increasingly pluralistic. According to Kachru (1996: 135), ‘the term “Englishes” is indicative of distinct identities of the language and literature. “Englishes” symbolizes variation in form and function, use in linguistically and culturally distinct contexts, and a range of variety in literary creativity.’ As far as Chinese English is concerned, Kirkpatrick & Xu (2002: 278) suggest that since ‘the great majority of the estimated 350 million Chinese’ who have been learning English are far more likely to use it with other speakers of world Englishes, the development of Chinese English ‘with Chinese characteristics’ will be ‘an inevitable result’. Kirkpatrick & Xu also predict that such a variety of English will be characterized by linguistic and cultural norms derived from Chinese. This chapter will review the definitions of Chinese English, and then identify a selection of lexical, syntactic, discourse and pragmatic features of Chinese English based on an analysis of a variety of data including interviews, newspaper articles, and literary works. The chapter will conclude by considering the likelihood of Chinese English becoming a powerful variety of English.
Dependency parsing is an essential component of several NLP applications owing its ability to capture complex relational information in a sentence. Due to the wider availability of dependency treebanks, most dependency parsing systems are built using supervised learning techniques. These systems require a significant amount of annotated data and are thus targeted toward specific languages for which this type of data are available. Unfortunately, producing sufficient annotated data for low-resource languages is time- and resource-consuming. To address the aforementioned issue, the present study investigates three bootstrapping methods, namely, (1) multi-lingual transfer learning, (2) deep contextualized embedding, and (3) Co-training. Multi-lingual transfer learning is a typical supervised learning approach that can transfer dependency knowledge using multi-lingual training data based on multi-lingual lexical representations. Deep contextualized embedding maximizes the use of lexical features during supervised learning based on enhanced sub-word representations and language model (LM). Lastly, co-training is a semi-supervised learning method that leverages parsing accuracies using unlabeled data. Our approaches have the advantage of requiring only a small bilingual dictionary or easily obtainable unlabeled resources (e.g., Wikipedia) to improve parsing accuracy in low-resource conditions. We evaluated our parser on 57 official CoNLL shared task languages as well as on Komi, which is a language we developed as a training and evaluation corpora for low-resource scenarios. The evaluation results demonstrated outstanding performances of our approaches in both low- and high-resource dependency parsing in the 2017 and 2018 CoNLL shared tasks. A survey of both model transfer learning and semi-supervised methods for low-resource dependency parsing was conducted, where the effect of each method under different conditions was extensively investigated.
The article draws attention to the connection between the processes of understanding the language norm and the socio-cultural development of community, and to the responsibility of modern schools for mastering the norms of the literary language. The conditions and approaches to teaching norms at school are described as an indicator of the quality of speech of an educated person. Special attention is drawn to value orientations of students in the assimilation of the norms of the language. In this regard, it is not only the quantitative results of the assimilation of norms, but also about their quality. Literacy (written and oral) is considered as a broad concept and includes the idea of the norm of the modern Russian language, determines the quality of communication of a native speaker in a new sociocultural environment. This position is based on the understanding of the rules and is justified by the need to maintain a balance in the development of language processes. The article deals with the main issues that require attention in followin linguistic and social norms. The school environment is considered as part of the social environment which produces right attitude to literary language, and mechanisms of improvement in it. Selfcorrection skills are acquired through working with samples of speech culture, preventing typical cases of violation of the norm. For school practice, the process of working on violations of the language norm that lead to incorrect speech is important. The normative competence of a native speaker is provided by a number of factors, one of which is the expansion of communicative abilities of students in a variety of styles, forms and genres in education. This method in the field of linguistic norms is shown in the article. For example, the justification of the non-randomness of language form and traditions of its existence. One of the most significant ways of representing norms is cognitive, which aims at understanding the tradition of mental characteristics in its content and to understanding the norm as a factor of stability of the language which continues its development in the new realities on the basis of laws. The article describes techniques of the rich methodological arsenal that teach the use of standard linguistic phenomena, such as simulating dialogues, expressive reading, etc. Providing normative content in the study of the Russian language is an important cultural and value task.
This thesis investigates and compares metaphors used in the context of psychotherapy by people who experience various forms of maladaptive anxiety and anxiety disorders (anxiety sample, AS) and people who experience stress caused by various events in their lives (stress sample, SS). It is grounded in a cognitive-semiotic theory called the Motivation & Sedimentation Model (MSM), which defines three levels of meaning-making. According to the model, metaphors are shaped by pan-human, non-linguistic experience and the capacity for analogy-making on the Embodied level, linguistic norms and cultural conventions on the Sedimented level, and arise on the Situated level of creative, spontaneous, and context-dependent semiotic activity. The thesis reviews various theories of metaphor, which arguably correspond to the three levels described by MSM, and utilizes them for a nuanced and multifaceted perspective on metaphor. The empirical study consisted of an analysis of a sample of 10 transcripts of psychotherapy sessions concerning the topic of anxiety, and a sample of 10 psychotherapy sessions concerning stress. A new identification procedure designed in lines with the MSM definition of a metaphor and the Pragglejaz metaphor identification procedure (MIP; Pragglejaz, 2007) is proposed, along with a categorization procedure classifying metaphors according to their degrees of motivation by the Embodied and the Sedimented levels of meaning-making. The results of the empirical investigation showed a significantly stronger role of the Sedimented level for the metaphors in the stress sample than the anxiety sample, and a marginally significant difference in the amount of novel metaphors identified in the anxiety sample as compared to the stress sample. The results suggest that lived experience of an anxiety disorder or other forms of maladaptive anxiety affects the metaphorical meaning-making as it manifests itself on the Situated level. Furthermore, as a result the conceptual and the empirical investigations of the topic, this thesis takes a step forward in operationalizing the notion of metaphoricity and suggests some additional factors affecting metaphorical meaning-making and its manifestations.
Cette recherche porte sur le développement d’un outil de traitement automatique de la langue arabe standard moderne, au niveau morphologique et sémantique, avec comme objectif final l’extraction d’information dans le domaine de l’innovation technologique en entreprise. En ce qui concerne l’analyse morphologique, notre outil comprend plusieurs traitements successifs qui permettent d’étiqueter et de désambiguïser les occurrences dans les textes: une couche morphologique (Gibran 1.0), qui s’appuie sur les schèmes arabes comme traits distinctifs; une couche contextuelle (Gibran 2.0), qui fait appel à des règles contextuelles; et une troisième couche (Gibran 3.0) qui fait appel à un modèle d’apprentissage automatique. Notre méthodologie est évaluée sur le corpus annoté Arabic-PADT UD treebank. Les évaluations obtiennent une F-mesure de 0,92 et 0,90 pour les analyses morphologiques. Ces expérimentations montrent, entre autres, la possibilité d’améliorer une telle ressource par les analyses linguistiques. Cette approche nous a permis de développer un prototype d’extraction d’information autour de l’innovation technologique pour la langue arabe. Il s’appuie sur l’analyse morphologique et des patrons syntaxico-sémantiques. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans un parcours docteur-entrepreneur.
Existing research shows that “pleasant” or “unpleasant” moods can be primed by presenting participants with “pleasant” or “unpleasant” images (Avero & Calvo, 2006), and that stronger priming effects are induced by images as opposed to text (Powell et al., 2015). However, no previous research shows whether or not mood induction effects may differ based on image presentation format. Therefore, the present work aimed to test this hypothesis, by presenting participants (N = 145) with either standalone or grouped images, displaying either positive or negative facial expressions. We found that both facial expression and image presentation had a significant effect on participants’ average ratings of the emotional valence of the images, including a significant interaction effect. However, only facial expression had a significant effect on mood change. We found a slight correlation (r =.298) between image rating and mood change, suggesting that image presentation may have a slight effect on mood change that was unable to be observed in this small-scale study.
The fight against HIV is one of the targets in our century. Thus, among the HIV-infected patients, one of the most dangerous and outstanding with its complications is those with lung pathologies. According clinical staging of the disease, such patients may present Tuberculosis, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Cytomegaloviruses, Candidiasis, Toxoplasmosis etc. The research by scientific research institute of lung disease was carried out among the inpatient individuals in amount of 48.37 (77%) of them were presented with tuberculosis and 11 (23%) with Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD). Studies were presented on HIVpositive patients who were divided by the randomization techniques. Among 37 patients with tuberculosis, 29 (78%) had AFB (acid fast bacillius) with Gexpert, HAIN methods, 6 (22%) were diagnosed by imaging methods (HRCT, chest X-ray) and serum ADA level. According to previous studies, there were no correlations between serum ADA level elevations at HIV-positive patients (p value 0.05). Among 11 patients presented with ILD Pneumocystis jirovecii were detected at 5 (45%), 3 (27.5%) were presented with daily mortality, 3 took a Co-Trimaxozole therapy diagnosed by imaging methods. Clinical effectiveness was approved by the presence of pneumocystis origin. At the second stage of the study was found a correlation between different Cd4 cell count and imaging rating. Thus, among total number of 119 HIVpositive patients, 38 (32%) had infiltration zones, 53 (44%) had a destruction, 20 (17%) dissemination, 8 (7%) mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Statistic results p value 0.000424, thus there is direct correlation. The range of HIV-related lung diseases is wide, and many HIV-related infectious and non-infectious complications are identified. Since HIV infection Pulmonary Complications more than 15 years ago, the life expectancy of antiretroviral therapy ( ART) increased, the existence and incidence of lung complications were not fully characterized. In the current age of ART our knowledge of the global epidemiology of these illnesses is minimal and mechanisms are not completely understood for rises in noninfectious conditions. This article addresses our existing awareness about the effects of HIV on pulmonary health and pulmonary growth. Latest global figures show that about 33 million people live with HIV (1). In low- and middle-income countries, a disproportionate number of people live with the highest prevalence of HIV in subsaharan Africa recorded (1). Within these resource-limited areas, many people with HIV suffer poorly defined severe or fatal complications of their lung. HIV-related lungs are also common causes of disease and death in developed countries, where HIV infection has become a chronic disease because of the increased availability and affordability to selective antiretroviral therapy ( ART). Among ART people, more and more people survive and develop co-morbid diseases that affect mortality considerably, with serious 'non-AIDS' diseases accounting for the majority of deaths in recent studies, in proportion (2-6). This paper discusses the existing awareness of the impact of HIV on lung health, highlights ongoing work in this area and presents the following papers in this issue of the American Thoracik Society proceedings, each of which focusses on common pulmonary and essential complications of HIV infection. HIV infected individuals undergo a gradual but persistent loss of host immunity from infection, leading to immune deregulation, dysfunction and deficiency syndrome (Figure 1). HIV leads to the massive loss of CD4 + effector memory cells from mucosal tissue (7) after initial infection. After this, the effector memory is associated with HIV. The generalized immune activation occurs during the chronic process of HIV infection, and gradually a steady decline in the naive and memory of the T-cell pool contributes to systemic CD4 + lymphocyte depletion (7, 8). T-cells are unstable and they also mount abnormal host reactions to T-cell antigenes. Furthermore, B cell dysfunction results in polyclones, hypergammaglobulinemia and the lack of specific This work is partly presented at 6th International Conference on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease on May 17-18, 2018 held at Tokyo, Japan Short communication Vol.5, Iss.1 2020 Insights in Chest Diseases antimicrobial responses. Combined, these factors lead to immune dysfunctions, deregulation and degradation of CD4 + lymphocytes with a significant increase in chance infections and other complications during HIV infection. While in those who do not use ART the most abnormalities are immunological, recent data show that while ART restores immune function, inflammation and immunodeficiency that persist, particularly in the case of patients initiating ART in lower lymphocyte numbers of CD4 +. A host defense in the lung, and respiratory tract, that contributes to a greater risk for lung complications is caused by HIV infection in several lines. These changes include defensins in respiratory secretions and defects in the mucociliar structure and soluble protection molecules. In the lung parenchyma, the pathogens can be affected by innate and adaptive immune responses. For example, HIV-infected alveolar macrophages have shown deficiency in pathogen detection. HIV also contributes to chronic stimulation and inflammatory cell activation in the alveolar space. HIV-associated lung complications have a wide scope, considering both infectious and non-infectious complications. Such risks include AIDS-defining diseases and related HIV-related conditions ( e.g. pneumonia[PCP], tuberculosis[TB] or bacterial pneumonia), non-AIDS defining illnesses, but more severe in patients with HIV infection (e.g., lung disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases) and conditions associated with HIV-related disorder (HIV). There are myriad HIV-related pulmonary disorders, from acute infections to chronic non-communicable diseases. In the age of widespread antiretroviral therapy the epidemiology of these diseases has changed significantly. Evaluating the patient diagnosed with HIV involves determining the severity of the disease and carrying out a detailed but effective definitive diagnosis involving a variety of etiologies at the same time. Substance usage, sexual behaviour, domiciliary and prison status provide the demographic data, including travel and geographic location, important clues to a diagnosis. Many laboratory adjunctive studies may indicate or exclude different diagnoses. Testing pulmonary function (PFT) can help classify many chronic HIVaccelerated non-infected diseases. Chest x-ray and CT scans allow for classifying diseases by pattern of pathognomonic illustration, but there are many infectious disorders, with lower CD4 numbers, in particular. Ultimately, it is also important to make certain diagnoses for sputum, bronchoscopy or lung tissue.
The article deals with the study of the relevance of the concept “Home” as an integral part of the daily communication of English people during the Late Middle Ages. The purpose of the article is the etymological analysis of the concept and its nominee — “home” and “house”, as well as highlighting the key conceptual lexemes, which formed fixed combinations with the concept in the 14th and 15th centuries. In the study, the authors used descriptive and comparative-historical methods in a diachronic approach. According to A. Jucker’s theory of “Collective Characteristics of the Concept”, each historical period includes a set of concepts capable of revealing both the social structure and the linguistic norms of the culture studied. This confirms the practical significance of the study: by revealing one of the most significant concepts of medieval society, it is possible to immerse deeper into its customs and informal laws. The authors have examined the etymology of the concept on the basis of ancient English, ancient German and Gothic languages. Thanks to this, it is possible to establish the cultural and linguistic field of the concept. The concept “home’’ includes lexemes of figurative, conceptual and value aspects, but it is conceptual that allows, even with a severe lack of material, to observe the verbalization of the concept. By producing an analysis of “home” and “house” based on Oxford and Cambridge dictionaries, the modern meaning of words has been identified. Next, the lexemes applied to the concept in the 14th and 15th centuries, namely, nouns, verbs, and adjectives have been examined and the significance of the diachronic approach to the study of language concepts was confirmed. The study was supported by examples from A. Jucker’s medieval legal and artistic works — “The History of English language and English Historical Lin-guistics” and J. Firbas’ — “On Defining a Theme in Functional Analysis of Proposals”. The perspective of the study is to make a comparison between all concepts in the English culture of the Late Middle Ages and to fully disclose the social dynamics of this historical period.
espanolLa intencion de estas paginas obedece a un doble objetivo: por un lado, analizar las relaciones entre grafias y fonemas en la tradicion escritural de la Asturias de los siglos XIII, XIV y XV, apartado en que incluimos las preferencias graficas de los escribas para la representacion de fonemas inexistentes en latin y las oposiciones fonologicas vigentes de creacion romance; por otro, detectar los posibles rastros de lengua oral en el medio escrito que nos permitan trazar diferencias nitidas entre dichos siglos y, asi, observar si los notarios seguian la norma linguistica castellana en detrimento de la autoctona. EnglishThe intention of these pages obeys a double objective: on the one hand, to analyze the relationships between spellings and phonemes in the scriptural tradition of Asturias in the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries, a section in which we include the graphic preferences of the scribes for the representation of non-existent phonemes in Latin and the current phonological oppositions of romance creation; on the other hand, to detect the possible traces of oral language in the written medium that allow us to draw clear differences between those centuries and, thus, observe whether notaries followed the Castilian linguistic norm to the detriment of the native one.
The purpose of this paper is to problematize comparative modelling of descriptive retranslation research with respect to nationalism in a polysystem. In this light, it starts by questioning a tool of analysis, i.e., ‘non-(re)translation,’ that studies resort to as a nominal concept yet underneath imply opposing views of philosophy of language. This foregrounding of the concept requires meticulous contextualization in order to deconstruct the systemic stratification of a specific period. The corpus comprises four translations (plus a reprint) of the prominent Ottoman and Turkish historian Uriel Heyd’s Foundations of Turkish Nationalism: The Life and Teachings of Ziya Gökalp, originally published in 1954. Given that the initial translation in the corpus appeared shortly before the 1980 coup d’état in Turkey and the most recent translation was published soon after the induction of the democratic initiative process in 2009, the descriptive study analyzes the translation norms and strategies of each translated work and looks for an answer as to whether the initial norm corresponds to translation policy and how it governs the textual-linguistic norms in turn. In addition, the empirical analysis serves the purpose of theorizing the workings of national category in a complex polysystem. Thus, instrumentalization of a ‘national’ symbol can elucidate the manner in which ideational labor is deployed to produce energy in heterogeneity. Following the theoretical and empirical analyses, questions with regards to future comparative analysis and modelling are raised.
A number of dangerous tendencies that generate turbulence of social relations lead to active desocialization of people. Among these tendencies are: leading role of pragmatics, transformation of the ideal of culture; “spirit of haste”, modification of communicative and ethical norms, digital addiction, digital dementia, digital autism, problems connected with the ecology of language and culture, destruction of the desire to obtain the cultural values, etc. All of these factors restrict, destroy and, eventually, make impossible the most important form of human interaction − communication. The effectiveness of communication is ensured, in particular, by the amount of knowledge provided by the so-called communicative disciplines. Knowledge of the linguistic norms and general rules of communication guarantees its success and, thus, on the one hand, meets the high requirements of the communicative competence of a modern person, and on the other hand, actively allows to resist the aforecited dangerous social tendencies. This determines the priority of communicative disciplines in modern education, in particular, practical stylistics and culture of speech. The article debunks the stereotypes about communicative disciplines as “secondary” row ones; demonstrates the multidirectionality of these ideas and modern educational requirements, which are formed as “the request of the modern time”. Specific measures are outlined to actualize the teaching of practical stylistics and culture of speech in modern educational programs. An attempt is made to draw the attention of the philological community to the crisis in teaching communicative disciplines and its possible consequences.
Threat conditioning research frequently relies on making inferences about associative learning mechanisms using a single item for each conditioned stimulus (CS+, CS-) and the unconditioned stimulus. However, this type of design does not allow for assessing the extent to which results generalise to populations of items and can lead to anticonservative inferences. In addition, employing a small number of trials when measuring noisy, psychophysiological responses may be problematic for establishing adequate signal-to-noise ratios. This study addresses these methodological issues and provides means for measuring associative learning and extinction mechanisms in a generalisable manner, using pupillometry as well as ratings of contingency awareness, valence, and arousal. To maximise the number of items and trials per condition, we employed an auditory blocked conditioning paradigm in which learning and extinction were established several times using different sets of conditioned (pure tones) and unconditioned stimuli (environmental sounds). We used cluster-based permutation to identify pupillary time windows of interest and linear-mixed effects modelling to account for by-subject and by-item variability. We demonstrate highly correlated early and late pupillary conditioned responses during acquisition, suggesting a common underlying learning mechanism. These responses habituated immediately during extinction. We also demonstrate (rating tasks) that conditioned valence responses are less susceptible to extinction and potentially index an additional learning mechanism. By contrast, subjective arousal ratings were less sensitive to associative learning. Finally, we demonstrate the potential risk of alpha inflation when using ‘traditional’ ANOVA-based analyses on our data.