Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
The article deals with the study of lexical and semantic means of verbalization of the concept “Anomalie”in the German language. It has been determined that any anomaly is associated with the existence of the norm.Each culture has its own ideas about the norm and anomaly. The terms “anomie” and “anomaly” have beendistinguished. The ontological, sociological and psychological aspect of studying the analyzed concept havebeen examined. The semantic field “anomaly” in the German language has been described. The etymologyand semantic composition of the lexemes that form the core of the analyzed field have been studied. Fromthe given dictionary definitions, the key semes 'deviation', 'phenomenon', 'differ' have been selected. Synonymousconnection of the lexemes that define abnormalities have been established. The periphery of the semantic field“Anomalie” has been determined. It has been pointed out that parametric adjectives play a significant rolein verbalization of anomalies in the German language, as they indicate the size of objects that deviate fromthe mean. Adjectives that express positive or negative evaluation on the basis of “unusual, abnormal” have beenanalyzed. Some adjectives with somatic meaning, used to denote an abnormal or noticeable features of a person,have been described. Proper names in the form of compound nouns with somatic meaning that record pathologicalattributes for the identification of objects, their selection from classes of similar ones have been analyzed.Phraseological somatisms, which represent the anomalies of the human body, as well as their classificationby different types of corporal objects have been presented. Semantic analysis of the described lexemes has testifiedto the existence of the concept of anomaly in German linguistic culture and revealed the national and culturalfeatures of its verbalization.
The identification of norms, i.e. of recurrent patterns of behaviour, is a common concern for Linguistics, Translation Studies, and Television Studies. This paper offers a critical methodological review after applying Corpus Pattern Analysis (CPA), a technique proposed from the field of lexical analysis, to the study of audiovisual translation. The paper illustrates the application of this research technique by presenting a case study pursuing the identification of anomalous collocations in the English spoken dialogue and in the Spanish subtitles of three television series by means of CPA. After illustration, emphasis of the methodological assessment is placed on the discussion of advantages and limitations entailed in the use of CPA for the study of audiovisual translation.
Women frequently feel alienated in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) environments due to gender biases, ultimately leading them to feel less competent or leave the field altogether. This study utilizes personal statements from a subset of participants from a National Science Foundation (NSF) funded Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) Site: Biomedical Engineering in Simulations, Imaging, and Modeling (BME-SIM) to investigate how confidence is shown by participants and how confidence is perceived by faculty reviewers in personal statements. This study compares feedback from faculty reviewers to perceived and self-reported confidence using lexical (i.e., word choices and use) and syntactic (i.e., structures of language segments such as sentences, phrases, and organization of words) features of these personal statements. Women received more negative feedback related to confidence compared to their male counterparts, notably in relation to modesty. Few differences were found between writing styles of genders in their pre- and post-program statements. Overall, writing styles did not seem to correlate with the genders' perceived or self-reported confidence; however, perception of confidence suggested a relationship between genders' pre- and post-program statements when examined by noun and adjective variation. A similar relationship was found between self-reported confidence and noun variation in men and women participants. Findings suggest that writing style perceptions and practices may be influenced by gender norms; however, without looking at the specific diction and content of personal statements, these conclusions cannot be fully established.
INTRODUCTION: The short forms of MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (MB-CDI) are widely used for assessing communicative and linguistic development in infants and toddlers. Italian norms for the Words and Gestures (WG) and Words and Sentences (WS) short forms overlap between 18 and 24 months. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the agreement between these two forms. METHODS: Parents of 104 children aged 18-24 months filled in both questionnaires. RESULTS: The two questionnaires showed high agreement in measuring expressive vocabulary size and the percentile of lexical production and good agreement in identifying children at-risk for language delay (75% of the cases were accurately identified). Both short forms include a list of 100 words and a set of questions investigating potential risk factors for communication and language disorders. Ten children with an expressive vocabulary <10th percentile were compared to 10 with typical language development. Scores for children <10th percentile were significantly lower than their peers, in addition to scores of lexical comprehension, gesture-word, and 2-word combinations, and phonological accuracy, imitation of new words, and decontextualized use of language. CONCLUSIONS: Short forms of the Italian MB-CDI can be used interchangeably for evaluating lexical production, but each one offers different quantitative and qualitative information on the behaviours related to language acquisition.
Reviewed by: Les français d'ici: des discours et des usages éd. par Sandrine Hallion et Nicole Rosen Kelle L. Marshall Hallion, Sandrine, Nicole Rosen, éd. Les français d'ici: des discours et des usages. PU de Laval, 2019. ISBN 978-2-7637-4032-4. Pp. 224 The colloquium Les français d'ici has been organized biennially since 2006 at Canadian universities in regions with a Francophone heritage and community, such as Kingston (ON), Moncton (NB), and Montréal (QC). The colloquium is meant to be a platform for the presentation and discussion of linguistic research on North American varieties of French, including both formal and functional analytical approaches. Each instantiation of the colloquium has a particular organizing theme. In 2016, Les français d'ici was held at l'Université de Saint-Boniface in Winnipeg (MB), with the theme of comparative analyses of varieties of French and the promotion of trans-Canadian perspectives. This volume contains nine of the papers presented at the 2016 meeting, the first time the colloquium was hosted in western Canada. Five of the texts feature comparative analyses in which western varieties of French or discourses on them or on their speakers are represented. In the first of these, Laurence Arrighi and Émilie Urbain present a comparative corpus analysis of written and social media discourses surrounding French in Manitoba, comparing it to their previous [End Page 254] findings on discourses of the acadianisation of Canadian varieties of French. Geneviève Bernard Barbeau discusses an analysis of tweets and media discourse associated with the hashtag #nouscomptons, emanating from Francophone regions outside of Québec—including western provinces—during the 2015 federal elections. Pierre-Don Giancarli offers a detailed comparative analysis of pronominal verbs in oral and written Acadian and Laurentian varieties of French, drawing on corpora from New Brunswick, Québec, Ontario, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. Liliane Rodriguez discusses a topolectal analysis of lexical variation in Manitoban varieties of French, investigating adolescent speech from fifteen communities. Samantha Cook interprets the literary devices of language use and code-switching in the creation of bilingual space and identity in Jean Chicoine's novel L'ange about a Franco-Manitoban poet. The volume also includes four texts featuring variation within eastern Canadian varieties of French. Franz Meier examines data drawn from thirty-nine interviews with Québécois journalistic experts (instructors, chroniqueurs de langage, translators, and copy-editors) on their conceptions of français correct and norms for written journalism in Québec. Ingrid Neumann-Holzschuh and Julia Mitko analyze the habitual aspect expressed by morphosyntactic forms such as the conditional mood, the past of the conditional, and the verbal construction aller + infinitive, among others, in varieties of French from New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and Louisiana. Carmen LeBlanc presents an analysis of English-language borrowings in madelinot French, comparing them to borrowings in Louisiana, Québécois, and Acadian French. Finally, Wladyslaw Cichocki and Yves Perrault present an acoustical analysis of variants of the phoneme "R" in five Acadian varieties of French in New Brunswick. In short, the texts chosen for the volume highlight the continued dedication among scholars in a wide range of linguistic subfields to the study of North American varieties of French. This collection will certainly be of interest to those who follow new developments in this field or who study variation in French more broadly. Kelle L. Marshall Pepperdine University (CA) Copyright © 2021 American Association of Teachers of French
This qualitative quantitative descriptive-analytical study aimed to describe the non-obligatory shifts employed in three English Disney animated films dubbed into MSA by applying Toury’s (1995/2012) normative model and shifts introduced in the course of his applied case studies. The researcher described and analyzed preliminary, initial and operational norms (non-obligatory shifts) employed on the level of three textual segments: the lexical-semantic, the stylistic, and the prosodic. The researcher compared those shifts with the original choices in the English versions of three selected Disney animated films. In the light of Toury’s theory (1995/2012), the current study investigated the hypothesis that the accepted socio-cultural, ideological, and linguistic norms of the Arabic culture directed the choices of the non-obligatory shifts chosen by the Arabic dubbers of English Disney animations dubbed into MSA. This investigation was conducted in application to three case studies, namely, Tangled (2010), Frozen (2013) and Big Hero 6 (2014). In order to decide the most frequently used shifts in the process of dubbing, the frequency rate of each non-obligatory shift was calculated to determine the highest frequently used shift. The study came to the conclusion that there is a direct relationship between the non-obligatory shifts (operational norms) applied during dubbing on the one hand and the socio-cultural, ideological, and linguistic norms imposed by the target culture on the other hand. Those target culture norms governed not only the operational choices but also the preliminary choices of the three selected Disney animated films dubbed into MSA. Affected by the preliminary and operational norms, Arab dubbers’ tendency towards producing acceptable rather than adequate translations decided the initial norms.
The paper focuses the essence of the wedding ceremony. The purpose of the study is to restore the ritual that took place in the 1950s in the village of Vysokiy, Talovsky District of the Voronezh Region, to describe its cultural elements and accompanying vocabulary that have not been paid due attention to in previous research. The material of the research is the living popular speech, recorded by the author in the course of non-formal natural communication, and the personal archival records of the native dwellers of the village. Tthe following methods were used in the course of the work: survey, interview, stationary observation, analysis, comparison, description, etc. As a result, it was possible to fix the unusual components of the festive event and reproduce them in their original form. Plunging into the past, the author established a sequence of parts of the prewedding, wedding and post-wedding periods, objectifying an interconnected and interdependent system. The meanings of the lexical units, reflecting rituality, were checked using the Small Academic Dictionary, the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects, the Dictionary of Voronezh Dialects, etc. The study determined the areas of functioning of the words in question in the dialects of other territories, noted the similarity in use, and identified localisms. Having summarized the established norms of organizing ritual actions, the author presented them in the form of a kind of set of universal rules. The constituent elements revealed the essence of the custom, displayed a unique picture of the prevailing rituals in a completely original form, which testifies to the real transformation of the ancient celebration. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the ritual, which is almost 70 years old, has been restored in detail and presented with the help of the language of the native dwellers of rural areas as an inseparable part of popular culture. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the factual information underlying it is sure to help the younger generation to reproduce historical reality in the future. The resulting materials supplement the bank of existing data with new information, including valuable data, both from an ethnographic and linguistic point of view. The author hopes that they will be of interest to the linguistic community and a wide range of people interested in traditions.
The acquaintance of teenagers with the advent of time-economical and an advancedinteraction mode has threatened the English language's standard form.This research explores the phenomenon of mixing SMS language in ESL learners' writing skills regarding the choices of lexical and morpho-syntactic items and the presence and absence of SMS features at higher secondary level in Bahawalpur.Two questionnaires have been administered to collect data for quantitative analysis. The data has been collected from 80 ESL learners and 50 ESL teachersat the Intermediate level in private and government colleges sectors in Bahawalpur. Content analysis of 15-20 recently sent SMS has been conducted through text dictionaryof 80 ESL learners.The study shows the violation of standard norms of the English language, i.e., contractions, vowel deletion, punctuation mistakes, use of letters and symbols observed in SMS, and written assignments collected from ESL learnersof both sectors. Although SMS has its radicaleffects in the form oflearners' negligence, carelessness, syntactic ignorance, and absence of teachers' guidance, teaching methodology, and educational context are also the cause of learners'inept written work.
The goal of this paper is to make a suggestion to include Spanish conjunction variants e and u in the basic vocabulary list of National Curriculum. RAE-ASALE(2010) describes that the simple coordinate conjunctions can be copulative (y, its variant e, ni), disjunctive (o, its variant u, ni) and adversative (pero, sino, mas). However, all these conjunctions, without exception, are listed as independent lexical items in RAE(2014), where the variants normally are exposed as the sub-content of lexical entries according to the norm. This indicates that if the basic vocabulary list of National Curriculum play a role of the lexical set, it must include both types of conjunctions: unmarked form ( y, o) and marked form (i.e.: e, u, ni). Nevertheless, the actual National Curriculum(2015) does not include the two variants e and u in its basic vocabulary list. We insist that National Curriculum must apply an uniform criterion to the lexical registration and the teaching and learning of Spanish conjunction variants should be carried out based on the morpho-phonetic properties of words and the particular syntactic-pragmatic uses in various contexts.
The fiction politics of contemporaneity reflects diversified patterns of language forms and their func- tions. This has brought to life experimental (postmodernist) writing the key principles of intertextuality, fragmentation, destruction, play. Postmodernist aesthetics caused a blurring of traditional genre canons that led to contamination of syncretic genre compounds through a grotesque transformation of traditional genre models and created an „estrangement? effect. The phenomenon of ludic absurd is viewed in three as- pects: 1) linguo-philosophical; 2) cognitive; 3) poetic. The present study focuses on the analysis of ludic absurd; the role of graphic, phonetic, morphemic, word-forming, syntactical, semantic mechanisms, based on the intentional deviation of language norm, play on words; cognitive mechanisms, generated by ad-hoc way of thinking. The conducted linguopoetic analysis of American postmodern short stories suggests that ludic absurd as a stylistic device of postmodern poetics manifests itself at all language levels (lexical, syn- tactic, semasiological, and textual) and is realized via the semantic asymmetry of lexical units, using illog- ical, but grammatically correct syntactic constructions, syntactic mismatch of sentences and whole text fragments. Prospects for further studies consist in clarifying the pragmatic role of ludic absurd in the postmodern literary text; expanding the taxonomy of lexico-semantic, stylistic, and syntactic and paragraphemic means of ludic absurd.
The language of diplomacy, being a kind of official style that performs an important function in public relations between people, is reflected in international relations in the political, cultural, economic and social spheres. This is his extralinguistic feature, which distinguishes diplomatic discourse from other styles, in particular, from other forms of business style. Although the discourse of diplomacy is largely characteristic of the business style, in the individual discourse of a diplomat speaking to the people, there are elements of a conversational style in a communicative situation. This fact is the object of the article’s research. The article examines the directions of studying the concepts of «discourse», «diplomatic discourse», «language of diplomacy», gives an overview of the works of Kazakh, European, Russian scientists, defines the pragmatics of the conversational style in the diplomat’s discourse by lexical and grammatical linguistic units, other linguistic phenomena. As a result of linguistic analysis, it is assumed that the manifestation of the conversational style in the diplomat’s discourse increases the degree of intelligibility to the addressee of such features characteristic of this discourse as the sanctity of the profession, which has the character of serving the state, special personnel and organizational structural management, diplomatic ethics and norms of behavior prescribed by the protocol, a significant amount of professional terminology, special forms of professional communication. The article also gives the discourse of the two diplomats and indicates their linguistic peculiarities.
This article is devoted to the analysis of the evolution of the linguistic views of A. Krymskyi in the process of his scientific communication with B. Grinchenko, P. Zhytetskyi and I. Franko (late XIX – early XX centuries). Different contradictory moments in the scientific researches of linguists from the different regions of Ukraine during the period of formation of the Ukrainian literary language were revealed. Various issues of linguistic discussions during the late XIX – early XX centuries, in which prominent linguists from Galicia and Upper Dnieper Ukraine participated, are characterized. In this context, the most interesting in terms of coverage of various linguistic problems was the correspondence of A. Krymskyi with B. Grinchenko, which lasted for seventeen years (1891–1908). The attitude of scholars to the formation of the criteria of literary word usage and principles of language formation is clarified. It was found out that the main criteria for correct word usage for linguists of Upper Dnieper Ukraine was the presence of a word in the vernacular language and in literary texts, which is confirmed by the materials of the first academic Russian-Ukrainian dictionary edited by A. Krymskyi (1924–1933) and the Dictionary of Ukrainian language compiled by B. Grinchenko (1907–1909). The scientific value of different linguistic ideas expressed by these scholars in their epistolary, especially on the usage of individual words and grammatical forms, as well as the ways of development of Ukrainian literary language, was noted. Their views on formation of the single version of literary language based on the language use of Upper Dnieper Ukraine are outlined. The desire of these linguists to promote the unification of the norms of the Ukrainian language through the creation of grammatical and lexicographical works is characterized. Based on the analysis of epistolary texts by A. Krymskyi and B. Grinchenko, it is stated out that their ideas contributed to the emergence of valuable grammatical and lexicographical works that contain huge lexical and phraseological material from the Ukrainian classical literature and folklore sources. The fruitful scientific and literary work of these scholars became an integral component of the process of development and unification of literary norms of Ukrainian language.
The paper presents the features of computer interaction as a type of mediated communication. It is noted that in terms of their content and structure the texts of Internet-mediated communication represent oral speech given in writing. Faster processing of information in language terms is reflected in the use of a minimum set of lexical tools with the maximum content fullness of text messages. Non-verbal means of communication in the Internet environment are particularly importance since being used in oral communication they make it possible to establish the interaction using the body language, to promote psychological contact or to distance the communicators. The transfer of oral communication to the Internet environment imposes a requirement on communicators to comply with the rules adopted on public network resources. Content may be presented as a collage reduced to a repetition of previously produced information. The reasons for this combinatorics are seen in accelerating the pace of life, saving time, using technical means that facilitate the process of text creation. The main criteria include the speed of creating the text and its accessibility, the comprehensiveness of a wide audience. However, such a democratization of the language is fraught with the following risks. First, the human brain loses the ability to in-depth thinking and learning, detailed analysis. Second, the language itself as the cultural code of the nation will undergo significant changes in terms of simplifying syntactic constructions, word forms and norms of the literary language.
This article is devoted to filling the lexical gaps in the Uzbek language with dialectisms. The article shows the norms and criteria for enriching lexical gaps in modern Uzbek literary language with dialectics. The mechanisms of application of these criteria are explained by examples. These principles are specific to most languages and are formed in a particular language on the basis of the literary norms of that language. In the course of the research, the gaps identified in the process of comparing the lexicon of the Uzbek literary language and folk dialects were analyzed. That is, the idea of literaryizing dialectisms that express concepts that are lexical lacunae in literary language was considered. Dialectisms common in the Turkic-Kaltatay dialect have been studied to delineate and define the object of study. The meaning of dialectisms deemed appropriate for literaryization is explained and sentences related to their application are given. It is based on the need to introduce dialectisms, which are actively used in folk dialects, into the lexicon of literary language. Recommendations were made to continue working in this direction. In conclusion, it is emphasized that serious attention should be paid to filling lexical gaps with dialectics in order to maintain the purity of language and ensure its development.
The article presents usage of address forms in Polish and Hungarian in requests addressed to a stranger. Addressatives are treated as linguistic manifestations of perceiving and building an interpersonal relationship, and their choice is influenced by the way of perceiving a given social context, and the way of categorizing the participants and the activated schematic linguistic and extralinguistic knowledge. The results presented in the article show the conventional use of address forms in Hungarian and Polish, and the differences in the construction of Polish and Hungarian requests (87 respondents in total, 870 requests, which constituted 35% of the entire survey). The article is based on two studies – one conducted using the DCT (discourse completion test) method among Hungarian and Polish-speaking language users, and the second examining the attitude of young, professionally active people to using T/V forms. As the results show, the biggest difference between Polish and Hungarian language users can be observed when interacting with similar aged stranger. While Polish data providers used more frequently V forms, and formal lexical elements, Hungarians commonly used T forms. The attitude test showed also, that T forms are perceived by Hungarians as common and neutral choice, while V forms are frequently used in strongly formal contexts. Social context of interaction shows strong influence on the structural choices made in each language eg.: indirectness or epistemic modality expressed in requests. The phenomenon of linguistic politeness is presented and analyzed as a linguistic manifestation of the perception of the social context, and the main motivation for the made linguistic choices is not etiquette or norms, but adequate language choices – implemented not only through addressing forms, but also the structure of the request – to the social context and goals of the participants of the interaction (Watts 2003, Watts & Locher 2005).
The article titled “A Lexical Pragmatic Analysis of Proverbs in Femi Osofisan’s Midnight Hotel” by Augustine M. Aikoriogie and Wisdom Ezenwoali, published in Okwo: University of Port Harcourt Journal of Language and Literature, Volume 2 (August 2021), pp. 208–222, presents a detailed study of the interplay between language and meaning in the proverbs used in Osofisan’s play Midnight Hotel. Drawing on lexical pragmatic theory, the authors examine how proverbs function contextually to convey cultural values, social norms, and the characters’ intentions, highlighting their role in enhancing communication and dramatic expression. The study situates proverbs as both linguistic and pragmatic devices, offering insights into their semantic richness, interpretive flexibility, and socio-cultural significance within Nigerian literature.
The article focuses on language norms compliance in the texts of terminological standards (on the example of DSTU 3017: 2015 «Information and documentation. Basic types. Terms and definitions»). Cases of violation of the lexical and grammatical norms of the modern Ukrainian language in the formulation of definitions of terms are analyzed. It was found that, despite the presence of clear instructions established in the national standard on compliance with the rules of the Ukrainian word usage in the formulation of definitions, in many cases the design of national terminological standards – choice of words, their change, sentence construction – does not meet the norms of Ukrainian literary language, leads to a decrease in the general culture of the publication. In the text of DSTU 3017: 2015 «Information and documentation. Edition. The main types. Terms and definitions” shows a deviation from the norms associated with the use of words that are absent in the Ukrainian language, artificial, linguistic calque of Russian words. Certain non-normative tokens fixed in the standard do not correspond to the tendency of development of the modern Ukrainian language process – conscious distance, separation from the Russian language, strengthening of positions of specific Ukrainian variants. Violation of language norms in the standard are words used without taking into account the nuances of their meaning, the rules of compatibility with other lexical language units. The analyzed standard is not without such a stylistic defect as pleonasm – semantic redundancy, which contradicts the brevity and accuracy – important communicative features of scientific and official business speech. In the formulation of explanations of certain terms, a violation of logic was revealed – a combination of words that differ in generic and specific semantics was recorded. There are linguistic errors at the grammatical level: in the text of the standard it is not always correct to choose the endings of singular forms, not in all positions the use of impersonal verb forms ending on -no, -to is motivated. Cases of non-observance of the laws of melodiousness – rules of alternation of prepositions at / in are revealed.
Abstract In psycholinguistics, concepts are considered abstract if they do not apply to physical objects that we can touch, see, feel, hear, smell or taste. Psychologists usually distinguish concrete from abstract concepts by means of so-called concreteness ratings. In concreteness rating studies, laypeople are asked to rate the concreteness of words based on the above criterion. The wide use of concreteness ratings motivates an assessment of them. I point out two problems: First, most current concreteness ratings test the intuited concreteness of word forms as opposed to concepts. This ignores the ubiquitous phenomenon of lexical ambiguity. Second, the criterion of abstract concepts that the instruction texts of rating studies rely on does not capture the notion that psychologists working on abstract concepts are normally interested in, i.e., concepts that could reasonably be sensorimotor representations. For many concepts that pick out physical objects, this is not reasonable. In this paper, I propose a characterization of concrete and abstract concepts that avoids these two problems and that may be useful for future studies in psychology.
The article examines two main factors causing modern language disorders in modern Georgian written and spoken language, such as: A. Contradiction between the norms of the modern Georgian literary language and living speech; B. Contradiction in the norms of the modern Georgian literary language itself. We aim to show the contradictory situation caused by these two factors in the resources that should be used to maintain the standard of this or that word form. We mean orthographic dictionaries of the Georgian language, including such a fundamental dictionary as V. Topuria and Iv. Gigineishvili’s “orthographic dictionary of the Georgian language” (1968; 1998), as well as electronic dictionaries and other publications (collections). In the lexical material, the qualitative difference in the standard language resources makes some norms controversial, which contributes to the emergence of language form variants, incorrect forms next to the correct ones, and, moreover, hinders the updating of the norm, and the development of a new linguistic standard. This problem became even more acute when the project of a young specialist, data scientist and programmer Vakhtang Elerdashvili called “Incorrect-Print-Finder” – a morphological checker of errors in the text – appeared on the social network (Facebook). The aim of the project is to create a perfect text analyzer in Georgian. The paper analyzes the relevant material reflecting the contradictory situation in the standard language resources, outlines the ways to solve the problem, concludes that the material in the standard language resources should be united (processed) and a united orthographic database, an extensive orthographic electronic dictionary with the function of constantly updating the norms of the Georgian literary language should be created. საკვანძო სიტყვები: სალიტერატურო ენა, ნორმა, ენობრივი წინააღმდეგობა. Keywords: literary language,, norm, linguistic contradiction.
Infectious diseases are considered to be one of the main threats to the health of the people today, as well as a significant burden on health care and society as a whole. The latter is due to the fact that most of these diseases cause temporary or permanent disability, require huge financial costs for prevention, treatment, rehabilitation (and some of them lead to lifelong therapy) and negatively affect the quality and duration of life and cause premature death. In general, the concept of “socially significant diseases” has existed since the nineteenth century, a period of rapid economic development. Unfortunately, the current course of events with the global pandemic has aroused a great interest in the medical field of “Infectology”. Our linguistic research concerns the structural and semantic analysis of the terminological sphere of this branch of medicine. The real functioning of terms in modern Ukrainian publications on medicine testifies to the incompleteness of the medical terminology normalization process, in particular, numerous violations of lexical and morphological norms. It is clear that the standardization of the medical terminology directly depends on the solution of a number of problems: coordination of national and international components, elimination of synonymy, variability, violations of lexical, morphological and syntactic norms of the Ukrainian language. The most important aspect is the development of a single concept of term formation, which uses the experience and positive accomplishments of scientists of different generations. Ensuring the linguistic normativeness of terms should take place at all the levels – both conceptual and linguistic – phonetic, orthoepic, orthographic, lexical and semantic, word-forming, morphological and syntactic. Thus, lexical and semantic study of the linguistic features of the formation and development of professional discourse is of great interest. The productivity of adjectival lexical units of the medical terminological branch of “Infectology” were analyzed in the following article. The lexical and semantic features of their construction are characterized and the attention is focused on the main word-forming types of complex adjective phrases of the terminological space of the corresponding branch. The issue of thematic grouping of terminological adjective phrases depending on the semantics of the core term-component is raised and it is found that the functioning of such terminological compounds demonstrates word-forming processes that contribute to the unification of professional language.
The article offers an analysis of the language of short prose by Ahatanhel Krymskyi in terms of reflecting the lexical and phraseological components of linguistic and cultural identity. There are five directions of analysis of language material: by phraseological composition, by features of synonymy, by graphically separated (patched) tokens, by socio-stylistic markers of word usage, by lexical features of individual-authorial language norm. The conclusion is made about the signs of orientation in the language of the writer’s works on conversational naturalism, on mixing elements of different areas of Ukrainian language, partly on stylization of language of representatives of certain social types, on popularization of self-worth of Ukrainian colloquial and literary communication practice. The peculiarities of the author’s word usage, individual-author priorities in the choice of variants from the series of lexical-phraseological synonyms are traced according to the method “word in the text and in the dictionary”. The question of linguistic and cultural identity through the stylistics of lexical and phraseological units manifests itself as a ratio of book and conversational, new and established, language practice and social spheres of its existence. The verbal palette of the Krymskyi’s prose writer should be perceived as a portrait of time, as a socio-cultural slice with the characteristic features of the norm of the Ukrainian literary language (this is one area of linguistic and cultural assessment). The writer’s artistic and fiction practice became a kind of experimental platform, which testified to the potential properties of the general literary and stylistic norm, which served to expand the lexical and phraseological base of the Ukrainian language and revealed the specifics of idiostyle (this is the second direction of linguistic and cultural assessment).
AbstractThis article discusses the issue of improving the definition of legal terms in the existing Uzbek dictionary. Recommendations are given to improve the interpretation using examples. The norm of the dictionary is that it recommends the norms of spelling, pronunciation, word formation and its use in literary language. But it is not an easy task to notice the norm, to distinguish the normative cases. In particular, in the example of terms related to the field of law, which is the object of our research, we can say that the right mentioned in this explanatory dictionary. In the absence of signs indicating the legality of the lexical unit, which is the key word, or in the absence of these special signs, some cases related to the presence of words or phrases related to jurisprudence in the commentary were identified. But the terms 3types of criminal, given in the same line, are also given without the same lexical pomet as the same units (criminal and criminal). The logical conclusion is that these should also be considered legal terms, but in legal terminology these units do not occur. Thus, the presence of words and phrases in the dictionary, indicating the relevance of the field, which does not exclude the need to use a special sign as a unit.
Qat, Catha edulis has become synonymous with Yemen, as the phenomenon of Qat chewing in Yemen dates back hundreds of years in history. No social, cultural, or political gathering in the afternoon time can do without Qat. Afternoon time becomes the sign of Qat sessions and socialization. Despite Yemen's openness to other cultures and the recent revolution in all kinds of social media, Yemenis do not stop the habit of chewing Qat. The purpose of the present research work is to analyze 'Qat' as a linguistic sign consisting of a signifier and a signified to understand its various social, cultural, and political signifieds that give it the semiotic power to dominate all aspects of life in Yemen and to ground the coinage of many lexical items that are culturally specific to Qat culture and Yemeni dialects. The present paper uses semiotics as a research method in which it adopts Saussure's linguistic model of sign, signifier, and signified and Barthes' concepts of denotation and connotation. Semiotically, this paper shows that the Yemeni people are not addicted to Qat as a drug, as might be assumed by some foreigners who are not familiar with the sign system of Yemeni culture. The Yemeni people are addicted to Qat as a polysemous sign that is associated with values, norms, rituals, enjoyment, relationship, and socialization at the connotative level.
The paper highlights major challenges in writing academic essays. The article reveals the role of essay writing in studying, communication, creating and conveying information. The work on an academic essay requires development of three types of competences – metalinguistic, communicative and discourse competence. Difficulties in writing essays emerge when learners fail to recognize essential text properties – text cohesion and coherence, informativeness and modality. Lack of a deep analysis of the subject under study, superficial conclusions and poor analytical skills result in producing a one-dimensional, linear text. Insufficiently reasoned structure elements of the text can sometimes provoke learners to provide examples contrary to the topic sentence. The main way of solving this problem is making a logical and structural scheme, – an outline, before starting to write the text. It is equally important to follow the principle of ordering information, organizing the material in a certain succession, keeping the line of reasoning throughout the text. Learners can choose a relevant way of information organization – cause and effect, chronological, spacial and thematic. The article contains examples of exercises aimed at choosing an appropriate way of representing information and exercises for developing discourse competence. Another category of difficulties embraces lexical and stylistic, grammar and spelling mistakes. These errors deal with the operational dimension of the text and their prevention requires developing necessary competencies by doing special exercises to improve the technical aspects of writing. Writing an essay implies keeping to the language norms, grammar and stylistic accuracy. Scientific and research papers are characterized by developed syntactic constructions, complex sentences with clauses of cause and result, abstract vocabulary, while colloquial words and expressions must be omitted. Academic essay is viewed as a product of analytical research work, as a multidimensional text that integrates operational, cultural and critical components. The content of the academic text depends primarily on the depth of information analysis and its critical comprehension. The profound research work triggers the generation of new ideas. Regular and stage-by-stage work on writing the academic essay promotes the development of academic literacy skills. In addition, writing essays helps to train analytical and metalinguistic skills, shapes a personality, capable of thinking critically and articulating ideas.
The article deals with the analysis of semantic compression application in popular English talk shows. The purpose of this paper is to define language compression, to outline the expediency of its use in English media discourse, to name ways of compression implementation in popular talk shows and to consider the level of influence of principle of linguistic efforts economy on achieving communicative goals between interlocutors. Basic information on the concept of linguistic compression and features of its use at different language levels, in particular phonetic, morphological, lexical, semantic and syntactic is presented. Linguistic compression is used in oral and written discourse, in formal and informal texts. The text gives valuable information on the structure and characteristics of media discourse, its grammatical, lexical and phonetic features. The article focuses on a detailed analysis of the main linguistic means that serve to reduce the symbolic structure of language, which leads to the brevity of expression, contains the data on key properties of linguistic compression that help make the text more concise. Special attention is paid to the phonetic methods of linguistic compression in English talk shows: it is manifested through such means as reduction, assimilation, loss, fusion and other processes. Among the syntactic means of compression, such methods used for linguistic efforts economy as contamination, segmentation and parceling, ellipse, univerbation, abbreviation, composite words, inclusion and use of foreign words or components are analyzed. The article points out the importance of adequate transfer of information with preservation of expressive nuances and observance of stylistic language norms. The article is of interest for further researches on the topic of linguistic efforts economy in oral and written speech styles, can be used in researches in linguistics, lexicology, phonetics.
MLR, ., poetry. Rather than think about the stanzas of poems as deriving from the Italian for rooms, Steen encourages us to see poems not as highly dysfunctional rooms but as necessary spaces in between rooms. In the end, Steen helps us see the modern and contemporary ‘poem as a container of uncontainable feelings’ (p. ). C P, M H B S Émigrés: French Words that Turned English. By R S. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. . ix+ pp. £. (ebk £.). ISBN –––– (ebk ––––). e ‘émigrés’ of this engaging book, described by its author as an ‘experiment in cosmopolitan cultural criticism’ (p. ), are a very particular set of lexical borrowings which occupy an uneasy centre ground between donor and borrower language, being neither French nor fully integrated into English. is ambiguity, Richard Scholar argues, reflects a long-standing ambivalence in English cultural attitudes to things French, ranging from fascination to disdain, which can be traced back to the Restoration (–), when English aristocrats returned from exile in France and brought French manners and mores back with them. e book takes us on an eclectic journey from Restoration comedy to Winnie-the-Pooh’s companion Eeyore, John Le Carré and the Oscar-winning Little Miss Sunshine, with a passing nod to George W. Bush’s claim that ‘the French don’t have a word for entrepreneur’ (p. ). In Part , ‘Mixings’, Scholar explores à la mode, an expression which has taken on a life of its own notably in North America, where it has come to mean ‘served with ice cream’. Its émigré status in England, however, is underlined in two Restoration comedies, Dryden’s Marriage à-la-Mode () and Etherege’s e Man of Mode (), both of which seek to steer a path between slavish imitation of French manners (satirized by Etherege in the character of Sir Fopling Flutter) and discreet assimilation of French cultural norms. is tension is reflected in a semantic ambiguity through which à la mode denotes on the one hand that which is modern, and on the other that which is merely fashionable. In similar vein, another French import, galanterie, sometimes Anglicized as gallantry, combines both positive rural English notions of chivalry and more dangerous libertine qualities evoked by its French origins. A theoretical underpinning is provided by Raymond Williams’s concept of cultural keywords (Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (London: Fontana, )). Where Williams’s own schema allowed only for fully assimilated loanwords, Scholar argues for the inclusion of conspicuously foreign-derived items, on the grounds that they visibly embody the conflict between different conceptions of culture and society. Scholar also draws on the concept of creolization, in the sense of hybridization of identities. is might seem dangerous ground: creolization as defined by French Caribbean intellectuals implies a relationship of deep inequality, rather than rivalry between colonial powers. But creolization à l’anglaise is justified Reviews in the author’s eyes in that both sides bear the scars of domination at the other’s hands, most painfully, from an English perspective, through the Norman Conquest. Part , ‘Migrations’, focuses specifically on three émigrés: naïveté, ennui, and caprice, which again bear the hallmarks of Anglo-French ambivalence. Naïveté has thus an appreciative meaning (loss of innocence) and a deprecatory one (lapse into idiocy), only the latter surviving in its Anglicized form naivety. An entertaining chapter on ennui, borrowed during the Restoration but not established in English until the late eighteenth century, links its prestigious French origins to its class connotations, as a term denoting a condition beyond mere boredom, afflicting a nobility forced to seek meaning in a life bere of any need for paid employment. ese lexical borrowings reflect the conflicted English mix of admiration and revulsion for our near neighbours, and the book could hardly have closed, in , without reference to England’s vexed relationship with that largely French-designed institution, the European Union. Scholar cites a popular cabaret video entitled ‘e French Brexit song’, whose singers declare, vengefully, ‘We’re taking all our French words back!’ (p. ), leaving English as the loser. Observing the perennial struggle to make sense of what is alien and strange, Scholar concludes, optimistically...
The purpose of this research is to discover some textual patterns across spoken summaries and to compare them with those of written summaries. Using the top-down approach, the study has analyzed the discourse strategies in one hundred spoken summaries spontaneously produced by native speakers of English in radio podcasts on human interest problems. The analysis has revealed five discourse strategies which speakers follow to provide a clear overview of the problem under discussion: a personal emotional evaluation supported by some evidence; sharing a common opinion on the problem and offering some personal supporting evidence; presenting the essence of a problem through a classification; contradicting a common opinion or finding a compromise between the common and the personal opinion; using an adage to summarize a situation in a laconic way. Each strategy is presented as a few moves marked by special lexical-syntactic constructions. Intonation and syntax do not play a considerable role in strategy differentiation, but they organize summaries according to the norms of spoken language. Spoken summaries also tend to differ from written ones in having more variety in their discourse structure, although the movement from main points to supporting evidence is common to both types. The research contributes to the description of the genres of spoken language. The study also has a pedagogical implication presenting summaries as useful material for developing speaking skills. Being aware of discourse strategies and move markers, learners can follow the summary models and improve their fluency in English as a foreign language.
The article deals with the development and characteristic features of distinct regional English dialects in Great Britain. It has been suggested that the development of English dialects on the British Isles was influenced by many historical and socio-cultural factors. Contacts between tribes and communities of different genetic and cultural origins contributed to the linguistic exchange between them, during which lexical units came from one dialect to another, transformed and gained new meanings. Factors that significantly influenced and hybridized the English language include the colonization of territories, Christianization, the influence of the French language, which began with the conquest of England by the Norman invaders, borrowing words from Latin caused by the popularity of classical texts and concepts in the Reinessance period, formation of urban conglomerates, industrialization, innovation processes in society, etc. Taking Northern English as an example of a distinct English dialect, we came to a conclusion that there are many linguistic features of a particular English dialect that can be difficult to interpret in the translation process. The most noticeable characteristic features of the dialect are its phonetic differences from generally accepted linguistic norms, but it is also worth taking into account the numerous lexical and individual grammatical peculiarities described in this paper. The prospect of further scientific research is translation of colloquial vocabulary and socio-cultural realities used in some regional English dialects.
The article deals with the question of why, in the existence of such Russian street names as Teatral'nyj proezd (‘Theater Lane’) and proezd Khudozhestvennogo Teatra (‘Lane of the Art Theater’) as well as Bibliotechnaya ulica (‘Library street’) or Bannyj pereulok (‘Bath-House Lane’), such names as ulica Biblioteki (‘Street of a Library’) or pereulok Ban' (‘Lane of Bath-Houses’) are impossible. With reference to the material of the history of Moscow street names, it is shown that the toponymic model “words like street, lane, etc. + noun in the genitive case” appeared after 1917 This was due, firstly, to the transition from the natural method of forming street names to the administrative method, and, secondly, with the addition of the leading, nominative function of toponyms with memorial and propaganda functions. In cases where street names are created not spontaneously, in the process of verbal communication, but by decisions of the administration, and not only for the purpose of nomination, but also for perpetuating memorable events and outstanding people, the model using the genitive case is more convenient, since it has greater universality. An important limitation that the grammatical system of the Russian language imposes on the lexical content of the model under consideration is due to the fact that the position of words in the genitive case, which are attached to nouns, is intended to actualize the meanings of the words being defined. This means that nouns in the genitive case, acting as unconcorded attributes for words like street, should bind the content of these words to the knowledge of the addressees, and therefore express meanings that are understandable to them. For this reason, with the existence or potential possibility of such toponyms as proezd Khudozhestvennogo Teatra (‘Lane of the Art Theater’) or pereulok Sandunovskih Ban (‘Lane of the Sandunovsky Bath-Houses’) (thanks to attributes, the addressees understand which theater and which Bath-Houses are in question), the names proezd Teatra (‘Lane of a Theater’) or pereulok Ban' (‘Lane of Bath-Houses’) do not correspond to the language norms. This limitation is compensated by the possibility of forming toponyms such as Tetral'nyj proezd (‘Theater Lane’) and Bannyj pereulok (‘Bath-House Lane’), which use the traditional toponymic model.
Refining activities Legal Studies as a science that is sui generis, in the end, have exposed a pattern of reasoning and legal arguments against the concrete fact to be very rigid and lexical. In fact, law that emerges from a social agreement and grows together with the development of society, has taken a distance (distantiation) from society, which is the origin of the growth of the law itself. It is Pierre-Felix Bourdieu who argues that every social praxis (action) - including the behavior of law enforcers, will always produce knowledge based on legal norms and power - as capital, through the absorption of values that internalize in themself (habitus). This research is a normative legal research with a statutory approach, a conceptual approach, a semiotic approach, and a critical discourse analysis approach. The results of this study indicate the consequences that occur through symbolic domination as doxa to defend the interests of the executive law enforcement agency.
E-mail correspondence between teachers and students is common. Online communication provides students with possibilities to write to teachers directly, using a diverse level of knowledge, level of ignorance and personal beliefs. The aim of this paper is to answer whether culture and cultural dimensions (defined by Hofstede’s high and low Power Distance dimension) influence the professional correspondence between teachers and students. The small-scale corpus consists of 100 e-mails, 50 written by Slovene students in English or Slovene, and 50 by Serbian students in Serbian or English. The research investigates the choice of e-mail template, the choice of language (native tongue or language of instructions), and the norms related to politeness and power distance, with the focus on salutations, formality, polite expressions, and directness. Usage of lexical modifiers, such as downtoners, upstaters and hedges will also be investigated. The results will demonstrate that e-mails by Slovene students follow new cultural standards and have become more indirect and informal, while Serbian students write e-mails with formal salutations and direct requests following the inherited hierarchy and still unmodified cultural dimensions.
Knowledge of a foreign language, in addition to grammatical and lexical problems, is also associated with phonological problems, in all their aspects as acoustic and articulatory characteristics. Such problems should be solved in order to realize comprehensible communication as the main goal of teaching the Russian language with the maximum approximation of the original to the language. The experiment was aimed at improving the acoustic and pronunciation skills of Iranian students using the program "PRAAT". The purpose of the analysis is to identify the influence of the phonological and articulatory characteristic of the consonant system of the Persian language on the Russian language of Iranian students and eliminate this interfering influence on the studied language, as well as to correct and improve the pronunciation of students. The main research methods are the comparative-typological method, experimental methods and methods of measurement and differences, comparison and statistical processing of data. In the course of the experiment, differences were revealed in the articulation of a Russian native speaker and Iranian students. Extended abstract: At the beginning of this century, which is known as the century of globalization, learning a foreign language is inevitable. Therefore, almost a large part of society partly has to deal with foreign languages. Learning a foreign language is associated with many problems. Knowledge of a foreign language, in addition to grammatical and lexical problems, is also associated with phonological problems, in all their aspects as acoustic and articulatory characteristics. Such problems should be solved in order to realize comprehensible communication as the main goal of teaching the Russian language with the maximum approximation of the original to the language. A student possesses communicative competence if he successfully solves the problems of mutual understanding and interaction with native speakers of a language under direct or indirect contact in accordance with the norms and traditions of the culture of this language. From a psychological point of view, communicative competence is, first of all, a person’s ability to organize his speech activity in its productive and receptive forms, adequate to the communication situation. The experiment was aimed at improving the acoustic and pronunciation skills of Iranian students using the program "Praat". The purpose of the analysis is to identify the influence of the phonological and articulatory characteristic of the consonant system of the Persian language on the Russian language of Iranian students and eliminate this interfering influence on the studied language, as well as to correct and improve the pronunciation of students. The main research methods are the comparative-typological method, experimental methods and methods of measurement and differences, comparison and statistical processing of data. In the course of the experiment, differences were revealed in the articulation of a Russian native speaker and Iranian students. The results clearly show that Russian phonemes, which are similar to those in Persian (Including fricative consonants examined in this article), have practically no correspondence with each other in terms of physical characteristics, first formant, second formant active and inactive speech organs. Students also pronounce Russian words, replace the original sample with Persian phonemes. This creates an accent that takes education away from its original purpose. Investigate how this deviation in producing these sounds is formed, it can greatly help the students to eliminate it.
The issue of developing soft skills (in particular, communication skills) among students of higher education institutions is currently relevant. The article considers features of oral and written speech of students as speech personalities; the correlation of the concepts “Speech portrait” and “Speech self-portrait” is presented; the connection between the concepts of “Communication skills” and “Speech self-portrait” is presented. The purpose of the article is to describe the typical features of speech of students of information technology, identified by the students themselves (norm and deviations). Speech self-portraits of students were used as the research material. The results obtained allow us to identify blocks of speech features that students focus on: speech comfort; the opposition of a typo (misprint)/spelling error; lexical features of speech. Completing this task also allows students to develop the skills of observing their speech and analyzing their speech behavior.
Rhetorical move analyses of research article (RA) abstracts have established variations across disciplines and cultures. However, there is still a need for more explorations on Applied Linguistics discipline. Comparing native and other group of non-native speakers of English, such as Filipino users of the language, has also been a neglect in research as far as the researcher’s knowledge is concerned. Hence, this study investigated the rhetorical moves in the RA abstracts of American and Filipino writers who are published in two journals related to Applied Linguistics field. The study also explored the lexical verbs underlying each move in all the abstracts. Each abstract was then segmented into moves. Findings revealed that the moves Situating the Research (STR), Presenting the Research (PTR), and Discussing the Research (DTR) were obligatorily used by both groups of writers, while the moves Describing the Methodology (DTM) and Summarizing the Findings (STF) were obligatory only among Filipinos and optional among Americans. Filipino writers appear to develop their own conventions deviating from Americans who are considered native speakers and norm providers. The results also amplify the existence of cultural differences even in abstract writing. Further, the study details lists of lexical verbs that may be used to realize a rhetorical intent of each move. Hence, academic writing instructions may be informed by the rhetorical and linguistic realizations unveiled in this study. Directions for future research are likewise provided.
Introduction. The urgency of the paper is due to the increased interest of linguists in the harmony of interaction and polite interpersonal communication maintenance and restoration. By means of discursive parameters of the communicative situation of apology modelling the research aims to identify the linguistic and strategic peculiarities of their realization in the form of direct and indirect apologies, and to describe the discursive and pragmatic specificity of indirect apology scenario, which prevails in the English-language interaction. Methodology and sources. The research is carried out on the material of modern British writers’ original texts (R. Joyce, J. Rowling, R. Golman) and scripts of feature films in English (Bridget Jones’ Diary, directed by Sharon Maguire, Emma – Directed by Douglas McGrath, etc.) selected by means of a continuous selection method, 172 text excerpts verbalize direct or indirect apologies. The speech act of apology, being a unit of the analysis, is aimed at demonstrating awareness of interpersonal relations and polite communication conventions violation. Linguistic-and-pragmatic analysis of direct and indirect apologies application stipulated the use of parametric modelling method, which involves building a model of communicative situation with the identification of constants, or parameters that vary and adapt to the circumstances of their use. The study of the strategic and tactical peculiarities of communicative behavior in situations with explication of indirect apology was performed by using content analysis method. It was accompanied by application of interpretive analysis of motives, reasons and conditions. In the course of the study, content analysis was applied to state out the subject matter of apologizing and forgiveness statements within the framework of a categorical communicative situation and the subsequent description of their lexical, grammatical, and syntactic peculiarities. Results and discussion. In order to restore harmony broken by accidental or deliberate violation of norms and conventions the communicants use direct or indirect apologies in situations of interpersonal interaction. The parametric modelling method application has enabled the identification of scenario realization variability and proved its conformity with direct and indirect apology strategies. The scenario realization mostly depends on the assessment of severity of the damage caused. The pragmatic-and-linguistic peculiarities of direct and indirect apology scenarios development in English speech practice have been considered and described. The immediate apology intention, which is verbalized in t he speech act of forgiveness request, constitutes the basis for direct apology scenario and is intensified by algorithmized sequence of speech-behavioral actions, such as admitting the guilt, giving excuses, shifting blame, communicating feelings, calling for empathy. In situations of indirect apology, as compared with the direct apology scenario, the replacement of a request for forgiveness by means of one or several speech actions is observed, which confirms the hypothesis of their compensating function in English-speaking interpersonal communication. The paper presents the results of a quantitative and qualitative calculation, which has enabled the researchers to draw a conclusion about the strategic preferences of English-speaking communicants, their gender-stipulated choice, frequency and effectiveness of speech actions application whilst the identified variants of apology scenarios implementation. Conclusion. The discursive strategies of indirect apology, which are expressed by means of speech acts of fault intensification and minimizing, uttered in case of offence or damage of various degree caused to a person, are viewed as value -oriented means of interpersonal relations regulation in the English-speaking community. They reveal the specificity of communicative self-distancing and personal space preservation.
The relevance of the research is determined by the need to study issues of synonymy that have not received an unambiguous interpretation in linguistics, the need to expand and systematize knowledge about the main groups, structural and semantic characteristics and usage of lexical units, in particular, synonyms and metaphors. Along with the study of synonymous relations at the language level, it becomes necessary to consider them in speech use in order to identify the dynamics of diverse semantic relations. The work defines the main types of these connections, proposes a methodology for identifying the structural and semantic characteristics of conceptual synonyms and metаphors, as well as the peculiarities of the functioning of their context and in speech. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that it attempts to clarify the essence of the interdependence and interconnection of the phenomena of synonymy and metаphors at the lexical level. The practical value of the article lies in the fact that its results can be used in lectures and seminars on lexicology, in special courses on synonymy in practical classes in the Azerbaijani language at a university and school, when writing diploma and term papers, when developing textbooks on lexicology of modern the Azerbaijani language, as well as in lexicographic practice. The aim of the work is to study the structural and semantic features of lexical synonyms in the language, as well as to identify the specifics of the implementation of synonyms and metaphors in speech. In this way the relevance of the study is determined by a number of points: the fruitfulness of studying the problem of the closeness of word meanings within different contexts, since contextually conditioned connections between the meanings of lexical units reflect the process of individual, creative experience of a person of the surrounding reality and open access to the subjective perception of a semantic community by a native speaker; the need to investigate the active state of language in society, which is realized in the study of the use and functioning of language in fiction, influencing the spread of language norms, reflecting the natural state of the language.
In recent decades, the greatest attention in research on cognitive linguistics is paid to the concept and study of the means of its verbalization in different languages. Linguists believe that "among the universal concepts can be attributed the “ DISEASE" concept, which reflects the universal and national-specific (social, ethical, moral) ideas about the phenomenon of disease". The article considers the problem of conceptualization of the "DISEASE" concept in English and the means of its verbalization. The author considers the specifics of lexical units that represent this concept by means of the English language. The relevance of the study lies in the need to specify the data on the verbalization of the "DISEASE" concept by the English language means, as consideration of the specifics of verbalization of this concept has not been given sufficient attention. The purpose of the article is to analyze the peculiarities of verbalization of the “ DISEASE" concept in the English-language picture of the world. Materials and methods of research. The use of descriptive and comparative methods, etymological and contextual analysis contributed to the selection of semantic and cognitive features of the concept of "DISEASE", substantiation of the peculiarities of its verbalization. The material for the study were dictionary articles from dictionaries, texts of medical discourse, the work of foreign researchers on this issue. R esults of the research. The author identifies the three most common units in the lexical-semantic series of the concept of disease: "disease", "illness", "sickness". A comparative analysis of these tokens within the lexical-semantic field "disease" in English showed that they have a common semantic feature - "health problems, physiological or mental problems." Considering the concept of "DISEASE" on a naive level, we can say that a naive native speaker (not a specialist in medicine) uses language units to express and describe their health, and in his lexicon the terms "illness", "sickness" prevail. In scientific texts and specialized dictionaries, which are focused on medical professionals, the dominant number of diseases is expressed by the unit "disease". Сonclusions. Thus, despite the fact that all three considered tokens "disease", "illness" and "sickness" have a clear semantic similarity to the concept of "disease" in the context of the cognitive feature of "state of illness, physiological or mental distress", their peculiarity in the English medical discourse is obvious and is determined by the nominative smallness in the linguistic picture of the world. Summarizing all the above, the lexical-semantic field of the "disease" concept in English medical discourse can be considered as follows: the token "sickness" is a social construct of disease that passes through the medical system (token "disease") and shows the suffering of the patient illness”), which is associated with social norms and cultural values.
This article presents the latest lexical tendencies in the language of contemporary Polish youth. The directions of the dominance of certain meanings were analysed on the basis of the submissions for the Youth Word of the Year contest (2020), as well as the online slang dictionary miejski.pl. The data obtained comes from natural users of the language and is based on their linguistic awareness and intuition. Dominant semantic fields were distinguished, namely human, interpersonal relationships, attitudes towards life, cultural preferences, etc. Coining new terms in these areas is accompanied by expressiveness, humour, and playing with language norms. Despite the occurrence of new words connected with the Covid-19 pandemic, they have not been widely represented among those lexical and semantic units considered interesting and worth mentioning.
The article analyzes the A. Krymskyi’s codification works in the context of the linguistic heritage of Ukrainian linguists of the late XIX – early XX centuries. The formation of Ukrainian educational institutions prompted linguists to create educational language codes. And the school was a testing area for newly created prescriptions. Theoretical and practical problems of formation of literary standard in connection with tendencies of prescriptive norm are actualized, bases of scientific proof in grammar of historical antiquity, originality of phonetic, lexical and morphological systems of Ukrainian language, evidence of its own way of formation, dialectal variety and scales of functioning are clarified. The source base of codification codes were the language of writers, ethnographic sources, journalistic practice in the projection on the living vernacular. Tendencies of normalization depended on socio-political conditions, the need to justify the status of the Ukrainian language, bringing it to a new cultural level and manifested themselves in the activation of their own internal language resources, fixation of lexical-semantic, grammatical, functional perfection. This statement was indisputable due to the united normative activity of many other linguists, who laid the theoretical foundations for the establishment of the literary norm of the Ukrainian language in all spheres of public life. Issues of Ukrainian rule-making were raised in the late XIX – early XX centuries intensified intralinguistic potential, helped to find acceptable for the whole Ukrainian space literary samples, outlined trends in language development, encouraged future generations of linguists to solve theoretical and practical problems that have not lost their relevance today.
The article clarifies the functional and stylistic parameters of evaluation as a linguistic category, which covers different levels of language units with evaluative semantics and conveys the positive or negative attitude of the speaker to the named subject, phenomenon, concept. Positive or negative semantic scale of evaluation is formed in accordance with certain social, national-cultural, moral values. Logical (rational) and emotional (irrational) assessment in the text interact. Logical evaluation is motivated by objective thoughts, and emotional – the feelings of the subject to the object (person, object, phenomenon, event, etc.). Units of logical evaluation are words and phrases with positive and negative semantics from the intellectual sphere of linguistic thinking, and units of emotional – expressive-connotative linguistic means. Evaluation is done through the use of language units registered in dictionaries or in the memory of native speakers in terms of their values: good and evil, truth and falsehood, justice and injustice, benefit and harm, beauty and ugliness, allowed and forbidden. Evaluative semantics is revealed in the appropriate contextual conditions, in particular in updating the structure and semantics of components, stylistic marking of syntactic units. The combination of logical and emotional assessment allows closely related to the communication situation pragmatic evaluation of the text as a whole, in particular verbal acts of approval, encouragement, commitment (plus on the scale) or vice versa condemnation, contempt (minus on the scale), which are based on a common fund knowledge and norms of interlocutors. The stylistic potential of evaluation in the text is revealed on lexical, phraseological, syntactic levels. Texts differ in style and content differ in the way they express verbal axiology.
Lexical-and-semantic class of personal names is characterized with a number of specific properties and functions. Synchronically, without appealing to etymology, those individual (individualized) names fulfil a secondary nomination function due to their semiotic function, which makes it possible interpret personal names as symbolic cultural codes belonging to national linguistic worldviews. Still, in course of cross-cultural communication, linguistic contacts demand personal names be translated from one language to another one. The aim of the article is to demonstrate the possibility of adaptation of personal names conserving their own semiotic and national identity while being globally transposed both into various languages and linguistic worldviews, including the general global linguistic worldview. As is generally acknowledged, due to the intranslatability of personal names, though languages of the European area reveal some correlations, the principle method to adapt them in literary and mass-media texts as well as in course of colloquial communication is the transformation of their exterior sound-and-letter form, so the foreground is made by the norms and rules of transliteration on the basis of the so-called “ideal” Latin alphabet and “practical” transcription which are closely interconnected and fixed as standard ones in the documents of international associations, e.g., ISO, MFO, etc. However, the alphabets and pronouncing norms of national languages are realized controversially which inevitably leads to developing variations and the necessity to revise the established standards. The implicitly positive result of personal names adaptation is the unification of transliteration, considering that even for languages using the hieroglyphic or letter-syllabic writing systems, special alphabets are developed, e.g., pingyin for Chinese or hangul for Korean, which have to provide the conventional communication in the intersection of languages and culture.
Abstract This study investigated the perceptions of high school EFL learners to the lexical instructional approach intervention in the contexts of learning vocabulary and grammar. Besides, an attempt was made to explore what difficulties the participants encountered during the experimentation. The data collected through the questionnaire were analyzed using a one-sample t-test, and the results showed that the estimated sample perception mean score was significantly higher than the hypothesized population perception mean score. This implies that EFL learners had positive perceptions towards the lexical instructional approach in the contexts of learning vocabulary and grammar. The data collected through interviews were analyzed qualitatively and the findings showed that students enjoyed and were interested in learning vocabulary and grammar through the lexical instructional approach. Students realized the importance of lexical chunks in learning vocabulary and grammar. In this regard, the interview results corroborated the results obtained from the questionnaire. Students encountered difficulties like lack of lexical awareness, lack of clear and adequate instructions on some activities, the lack of deliberate attention from some students during discussions, the lack of making some activities more interactive and engaging, and some classroom managerial problems. Finally, it was recommended that EFL teachers at high school should design their lexical approach-based activities systematically by considering their students’ interests, feelings, perceptions, levels, norms, cultures, and psychological setups.
This article is devoted to the development of a linguistic model for describing the concept WOMAN. The material is women’s dialect discourse. The sources of the material are the Tomsk dialect corpus which includes materials of expeditions organized by dialectologists of Tomsk State University from 1946 to the present days on the territory of Middle Ob dialects spread. In the article we used modeling method based on the idea of the nominative field of a concept, as well as an interpretation technique relying on analysis of contexts, and a method of quantitative calculations used in relation to units that represent the concept. Lexical and phraseological units that make up the nominative field of the concept were revealed during the research. These units were divided into the following lexical-semantic groups: 1) the general nominations of a female person; 2) age and status in marriage; 4) status in the family hierarchy; 5) anatomical and biological characteristics; 6) character traits and behavior; 7) appearance characteristics; 8) profession and work processes. Elements of different layers of the concept are revealed in each lexical- semantic group. All of them give a general picture of ideas about women. So, the basis for identifying of gender conceptualizations and stereotypes is the presence of linguistic oppositions of male and female; the presence of a large number of lexical units that reflect the status of marriage (girl, bride, young woman, wife, mistress, old woman, widow, old girl, brooch and so on); lexical pairs that are opposed to each other on the basis of evaluation “positive” – “negative” (clean, clean – dirty, mistress – disheveled, etc.). A large number of words that negatively assess certain qualities and behavior of women (gossip girl, market woman, stramovka, etc.) indicate the high requirements imposed on the woman, the condemnation of deviations from social norms. The content of the concept of WOMAN depends on the specifics of rural existence, which is based on work, the presence of patriarchal gender stereotypes, social and historical events and processes. The significance of the research is determined by the possibility of using its results for development of a new interdisciplinary scientific field – gender dialectology that studies the gender characteristics of the dialect.
Being a completely new communicative environment, the internet network generates new designations (including verbal) for several phenomena. Among them, there are blended nonce-words that are on the verge of norms violation. A number of these lexical units, which should be considered as a demonstration of linguistic personality creative potential, are related to the stock vocabulary of native twenty-first century Russian-language speakers. This phenomenon occurs various languages and different cultures. Therefore the article dwells upon blended neologisms, including native Russian and borrowed elements. The predominant role of situation and context in that pattern is obvious: those nonce-words have not been fixed in lexical system yet. Contaminants should be treated as an evidence of sustainable development of the whole language system, as a component of various discourses as well as integral part of everyday communication (via the internet network), and slang. Non-standard structure as well as combination of native and borrowed elements in blended nonce-words, provide them with strong emotive and expressive potential. Keywords: blended nonce-words, Internet communication, word building, borrowing
The research work attempts to investigate that in any geographical contact zone, where the diverse languages and cultures intersect, there would inevitably be linguistic and cultural integration and assimilation. In a similar vein, the worldwide dissemination of the English language has radically shaped the linguistic and textual devices installed by the Saudi English writers in their texts. Besides, the Saudi English writers have reconstructed L2 (English) on the linguistic pattern of L1(Arabic) to foreground their distinctive ideological and cultural norms. Also, the research work investigates, can Saudi English be considered an authentic linguistic instrument? The researcher also has focused and authenticated on the emergence of Saudi English regarding the innovative linguistic and textual tactics inducted by the Saudi writers in their texts. Besides, the research study has investigated the reconstruction of L2 (English) on the lexical, rhetorical, and grammatical patterns of L1(Arabic). The research work also has a great significance regarding the pedagogical, and theoretical linguistic debate about the emergence of the Asian and African variants of Englishes. Likewise, the researcher has chosen the appropriating linguistic theory, and multiple canons approach as a theoretical framework to analyze the selected Saudi English texts. The research work also has concluded that the Saudi English has emerged as a practical linguistic instrument like any other Asian variants of Englishes. Consequently, the researcher has suggested to the Saudi English writers to reconstruct L2 (English) as a functional instrument to disseminate their national, ideological, and cultural norms for global readers.
Abstract Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland ( 1865 ) and Through the Looking-Glass ( 1871 ), two linguistic treatises in disguise, create ingenious fantasy worlds where the rules of language and the conventions of communication are turned upside down. What is (semantically) illogical or (pragmatically) inappropriate confounds Alice, who struggles to make sense of nonsense and to keep the order of a polite, rational world in place. In her dialogues with anthropomorphic animals and objects, ambiguity and fallacy coexist with interactive manipulation, while her communicative expectations crumble and comic misunderstandings arise. This article looks into the construction of linguistic and pragmatic transgressions in Carroll’s acclaimed books with a view to unveiling their contribution to impoliteness. On the one hand, the paper analyses the structural mechanisms of wordplay vis-à-vis phonetic, morpho-syntactic and lexical ambiguity. On the other, it examines the pragmatic strategies whereby speech-act infelicities, conversational maxim violations, and bald-on-record clashes contribute to reversing the established conventions of (polite) social interaction. The premise guiding the analysis is that the pervasive existence of double meaning and incongruity in the Alice books underlies not only linguistic phenomena such as punning, neologism, and relexicalisation, but also interactive patterns, in which the expected norms of courteous conduct in social exchanges do not obtain. The antithetical and script-oppositional (hence, humorous) nature of this process defrauds outsider Alice – the victim, but at times the happy recipient, of the uncooperative challenges of this inverted, refracted, teasingly nonsensical world.
WordNet-like Lexical Databases (WLDs) group English words into sets of synonyms called "synsets." Although the standard WLDs are being used in many successful Text-Mining applications, they have the limitation that word-senses are considered to represent the meaning associated to their corresponding synsets, to the same degree, which is not generally true. In order to overcome this limitation, several fuzzy versions of synsets have been proposed. A common trait of these studies is that, to the best of our knowledge, they do not aim to produce fuzzified versions of the existing WLD's, but build new WLDs from scratch, which has limited the attention received from the Text-Mining community, many of whose resources and applications are based on the existing WLDs. In this study, we present an algorithm for constructing fuzzy versions of WLDs of any language, given a corpus of documents and a word-sense disambiguation (WSD) system for that language. Then, using the Open-American-National-Corpus and UKB WSD as algorithm inputs, we construct and publish online the fuzzified version of English WordNet (FWN). We also propose a theoretical (mathematical) proof of the validity of its results.
The problem of language interference being a process which retards the mastering of a second language, having appeared as a result of transference of speech skills from one contact language into another (from the native language into the foreign language, from the first foreign language into the second one), has concerned researchers for decades. This phenomenon has a direct influence on the success of an individual&rsquo;s mastery of a foreign language and its use&mdash;involving both receptive and productive types of speech activities. Interference resulting from the negative impact of one language on another covers all linguistic levels of the language being studied, including lexical, which leads to deviations from the language norm and numerous lexical errors of students. Linguists and methodologists are trying to find ways to reduce the interference of the language being studied at the lexical level in order to optimize the process of mastering a foreign language and minimize lexical errors of students. The purpose of the current study is to investigate ways to overcome intra-language and inter-language lexical interference in junior courses of the Azerbaijan University of Languages and to verify the validity of these methods in the course of a practical experiment.
The article deals with the issues of the application of the theory of genres while handling professional medical discourses. The practical implementation of the theory of genres in learning a professional medical discourse is one of the efficient techniques in current methodology of teaching English. The topicality of the research is determined, firstly, by the fact that different genres are commonly used in the practice of medical professional interaction and the domain of a foreign language teaching in a medical language classroom. Secondly, there is a need to outline grammar and lexical peculiarities of the genres of medical discourses and their functioning in oral and written speech. The authors study the problems of the theory of genres concerning medical discourses. The researchers characterize the main lexical and grammar peculiarities of the genre of an oral presentation of a patient’s medical history, the genre of a scientific text for the specialty “Technologies of Medical Diagnosing and Treatment”, the genre of a letter of referral to a medical specialist and reveal specific features of their functioning in oral and written speech. Linguistic analysis of a medical discourse which is focused on lexical, grammatical, functional and rhetoric peculiarities of a written or an oral discourse appears to be very fruitful allowing us to answer the questions how tests are structured and organized. Textual success often depends on the familiarity of text organization for readers of the discourse community, however small or large that community might be and students should be aware of the genre norms. Dealing with professional medical genres, we assume that every genre is clearly structured and has its own sets of language structures. The task of language instructors is to acquaint the learners with existing genre norms. The authors have singled out the “moves” of the three genres and developed the sequence of pre-reading, while-reading, post-reading and information gap activities which are effective while working on the discourses that have been studied.
Stylistics is a science born from the works of Charles Bally at the start of the 20th century. It centers on literary texts. To decipher them, stylistics focuses on methods and concepts from the language sciences. It is therefore effective in bringing to light the various subtleties of the African novel which continues to regenerate from the resources of African language and linguistic heritage. This regeneration results in an Africanization of the writing language. It follows that re-lexicalization is at the heart of verbal praxis. It is materialized by the embedding of oral ethno-texts in the novel. This creativity is a form of discursive subversion which is characterized by a polyphonic and transgeneric aesthetics. Le-fils-de-la-femme-mâle by Maurice Bandaman conforms to this standard. The typographical configuration shows that the enunciative foundations of the work rests on the structure of the traditional African tale. As a result, the novel resists the norms of traditional storytelling. Furthermore, the insertion of the African tale into the structure of the novel is not based on any stable rule. The discourse is based on an intertextual practice that upsets the architectonics of the classic novel. It breaks with the canon and imposes another reception modality which provides obvious enjoyment to the reader. This work highlights all of the enunciative, linguistic and discursive phenomena that contribute to the authenticity of this work.