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18265 papers
Background. In linguistics, euphemisms are the subject of much research. The scientific literature has given different descriptions of this phenomenon, which suggests that euphemisms are multifaceted, of a changing nature.A modern linguistic approach to euphemisms used in place of words that are morally and culturally inappropriate among members of society, especially medical euphemisms in doctor-patient communication, to come to new scientific and theoretical conclusions, their lexical-semantic, methodological-functional, linguopragmatic, gender and structural It is important to explain the features. This article identifies the structural groups of medical euphemisms. We expressed them in the following order. Euphemism is characterized by a high degree of mobility. It also serves to replace the tabooed(tabulashtirilgan) word. For example: to go to the place of death; like a tumor at the site of the tumor. The use of euphemisms in language has been shaped as a historical ethnographic phenomenon associated with the taboo phenomenon. Euphemisms are associated with the development of customs, cultural levels, aesthetic tastes, and ethnic norms in nations. As language develops, so does the euphemistic layer within it. On the basis of new morals, new worldviews, new forms of it emerge. A euphemism is an occasional, individual, contextual unit that replaces a certain word or phrase with a purpose, softens the word that expresses the original essence, and “wraps it in paper”Medical euphemisms have the forms of word-euphemism, compound-euphemism (free compound and fixed compound (phrase)), speech-euphemism, depending on the form of expression. Word-euphemism, phrase-euphemism, compound-euphemism serve to name diseases, body parts, some physiological processes (and others) in speech.\n\nMethods. The article uses methods of description, classification, contextual analysis.\n\nResults. The occurrence of medical-related physician speech euphemisms at the language level was revealed, and structural groups of euphemisms in physician speech were classified.\n\nConclusion: Medical euphemisms have the forms of word-euphemism, compound-euphemism (free compound and fixed compound (phrase)), speech-euphemism, depending on the form of expression. Word-euphemism, phrase-euphemism, compound-euphemism serve to name diseases, body parts, some physiological processes (and others) in speech. Speech-euphemism occurs in medical speech as a component of a compound sentence (subordinate clause), in the form of a simple sentence ([WPm] device), in the participle structure (circle) and performs its function.
In this article, we analyse the objects of wine-drinking taken from The Zone story by Sergei Dovlatov and their translations into Spanish (the translated book was published by the Ikusager Ediciones publishing house in 2009), and propose our own translation solutions. For this purpose, we considered three types of national realities. First of all, there are concepts that appeared in the original ethnoculture and bear the semantic load which is well-known to native Russian speakers and often unknown to Spanish native speakers (samogon, braga, bormotukha, zveroboy). Secondly, there are names of alcoholic beverages borrowed from other cultural traditions. They were incorporated into the structure of the national Russian language and are either unknown to foreigners (chacha, shnaps, shartrez), or have other (additional) meanings in the original culture, which do not exist in the target language and cannot be perceived by its readers (portveyn, vermut, los’on, odekolon, spirt). To translate fiction, one needs to have not only deep background knowledge, but also knowledge of the culture of a foreign language. This will help in the process of identifying the differences between cultural traditions of the source and target languages. In particular, lexical units related to national realities can be determined as accurately as possible, and the ways to translate them into a foreign language can be found. We propose, following Lawrence Venuti (1994), two main ways of their transmission, namely: domestication (deliberate disregard of the linguistic and cultural norms of the target language and culture) and foreignization (orientation of the target text to the language system and values of the target culture), and different translation techniques depending on the characteristics of the national reality, knowledge of which is necessary for the translator and the extent to which the national reality is understandable in the target language to a reader not specialized in Russian culture. In general terms, in this article, we show that, when translating a text, it is more reasonable to choose the method of domestication or to use native words denoting close or semantically similar meaning even though it is not absolutely identical (it can range from a stylistically neutral designation of a word, its partial neutralization to absolute neutralization and descriptive translation). In some cases, one can also resort to foreignization, using such techniques as transliteration in the form of calque or borrowings, which in some cases require textual explanations or notes.
The purpose of this study is to investigate German native speakers' use of exclamation marks in L2 Danish texts by comparing their use to that of Danish and German native speakers respectively. The comparison thus aims to identify points of attention in L2 Danish writing. Writing skills in a foreign language include not only lexical, grammatical and textual knowledge, but also knowledge of the sociopragmatics in the foreign language. The norm-adequate use of the exclamation mark appears to embody such knowledge in several respects. As part of the exclamation as a rhetorical device, the exclamation mark serves to increase intensity in the text and accentuate the writer's emotional involvement in his text. At the same time, the exclamation mark also influences and affects the recipient. It thus has the function of an interactive sign. Based on a comparison of the standards in the two language systems and on speech act theory, the use of the sign is examined in e-mails and commentaries. The study shows that the use of the sign is genre dependent and that the L2 writers overuse the sign in the expressive and evaluative acts of expressing thanks and approval in the e-mails. In terms of didactic implications, the study draws attention to the formulaic language used in the co-text of the exclamation mark.
This article explores how the death of the elderly is represented by examining the death notices of 3,160 people aged 65 and over that were published in two daily newspapers in French-speaking Switzerland. Notices no longer merely announce death, but have become more extensive since the 1950s, providing information about the death and the dead person. The words chosen by the family to announce that an elderly relative has passed away reveal several social norms. Using textual statistics, our analyses show that representations of death differ according to age, sex, religion, and place of death. Thus, a plural vision of death in old age emerges, one that goes beyond a simple opposition between good and bad death. The age criterion is important, reiterating the distinction found in old age between the young-old and the oldest-old. We identify what is perceived as an “unfair” age and a “normal” age to die. The death notices document the use of a vocabulary that associates death in the third age with the fight against disease, justifying an early departure. On the other hand, when the deceased leaves us at the age of 85 or older, the vocabulary borrows figures and metaphors from the lexical field of sleep, such as “fell asleep,” or “fell asleep peacefully.”
[EN] This article explores how the death of the elderly is represented by examining the death notices of 3,160 people aged 65 and over that were published in two daily newspapers in French-speaking Switzerland. Notices no longer merely announce death, but have become more extensive since the 1950s, providing information about the death and the dead person. The words chosen by the family to announce that an elderly relative has passed away reveal several social norms. Using textual statistics, our analyses show that representations of death differ according to age, sex, religion, and place of death. Thus, a plural vision of death in old age emerges, one that goes beyond a simple opposition between good and bad death. The age criterion is important, reiterating the distinction found in old age between the young-old and the oldest-old. We identify what is perceived as an “unfair” age and a “normal” age to die. The death notices document the use of a vocabulary that associates death in the third age with the fight against disease, justifying an early departure. On the other hand, when the deceased leaves us at the age of 85 or older, the vocabulary borrows figures and metaphors from the lexical field of sleep, such as “fell asleep,” or “fell asleep peacefully.”
In this article I explore the construction of singing child characters in Isaac Watts’ Divine and Moral Songs for Children (1715) and Christopher Smart’s Hymns for the Amusement of Children (1771). The first part focusses on the nature of the lyrical persona within the lexical fields »voice and vocal sound« and »religion« and also looks at the possible addressees. The second part examines stylistic, phonetic, and formal elements, and explores their role in constructing the ›singing I.‹ To show the potential of Watts’ »Against Quarrelling and Fighting« to function as an invitation to playfully adopt behaviour opposed to Christian norms, the article examines a performance of Let Dogs Delight to Bark and Bite, a chorale by Matthew J. Zimnoch, whose text is taken from Watts’ hymn. Combining approaches from research on children’s poetry with ones from the interface of children’s literature and hymnody, the article also integrates a digitally supported close reading. The hymn texts were inputted into f4analyse, a software used in text linguistics and the social sciences, which allows for the assignment of categories, such as positive self-connotation of the ›singing I‹ or rhyme patterns. In conclusion, the article evaluates the potential of such a digitally supported research methodology for future research at the intersection of children’s literature and digital humanities.
Introduction As a literary technique, hybridization seeks to break the tradition of marriage within the family of words and the creation of new networks of companionship. It has a significant role in the beauty and structural coherence of literary texts. Since words lose their effectiveness due to constant association with each other, by deviating from the norms governing the standard language, words can be selected from one family and placed next to other families to highlight literature, open a new horizon, and affect the audience. This literary device became popular in literature via Saint-John Perse, the eminent French poet (1887-1975), in the works of other contemporary Iranian and Arab poets. Before him, however, the Russian theorist Mikhail Bakhtin had laid the foundations of hybridization by proposing polyphony and monophony theory in fiction. Among the poets who are influenced by this literary technique; Shāmloo and Adūnīs can be mentioned. The two poets have a relatively similar worldview due to their almost common social and political conditions. Methodology Conducted via a descriptive-analytical research method, the present study aims to examine the aesthetic dimension of this literary technique and its implications and effectiveness by examining the use of hybridization in Adūnīs’s and Shāmloo’s poetry, which has led to the departure of the language of their poems from the standards of natural language. This article is an attempt to comparatively study Adūnīs’ and Shāmloo’s poetry for introducing them to the reader, and to answer the following questions: 1- What is the use of hybridization in the two poets’ poetry? 2- What are the implications of this literary device in the two poets’ poetry? Discussion One of the techniques of "pretending to be familiar with familiar things" (Shafi'i Kadkani, 2013, p. 308) is hybridization via which words from a family are combined with a new language family, creating a kind of new poetic language. Among the poets who have been influenced by the Perse and who tried this literary technique are Shāmloo and Adūnīs. Part of hybridization in Shāmloo’s and Adūnīs’ poetry arises from the fusion of words from the family of music with the family of nature. Shāmloo takes the word "symphony" from the world of music and the word "night" from nature, and by combining them in “the sunset of the Siahrud River”, he creates the following combination: Symphony of the night drips / quiet / over the evening’ sadness (Shāmloo, 2004, p. 326). In this poem, Shāmloo highlights the composition (symphony of the night) by quoting the verb dripping and has also become unfamiliar with the verb dripping. The combination of the word “symphony” with “night” evokes the pleasant feeling of being in unison with the calm of the night. Since the word night alone is devoid of such a meaning, the poet gives it a new meaning by using the technique of hybridization. This has also led to lexical and semantic aberrations in the form of similes. In an atmosphere of emotional resemblance to Shāmloo, Adūnīs also combines the word “bell” from the family of music with the word “night” from the network of nature in the poem “the Divine Wolf”: The morning is burning and displaced / And I am the death of the moon / Under my face the bell (song) of the night breaks / And I am the new wolf of inspiration (Adūnīs, 1996, Vol. 1, p. 227). In the hybridization of night and bell, it is a kind of lexical aberration in the companionship axis, which creates a new combination of clichéd words in the form of simile and has led to semantic aberration, indicating signs of darkness and sorrow. The linguistic-grammatical network and the nature network are other networks that promote the poems of these two poets. Concerning this network, Shāmloo chooses the word syllable from the system of language and the wave from the network of nature in his poem “the anthem of the one who left and the one who remained” and uses hybridization as follows: In the darkness of the salty beach / We listened to the repeated syllables of the wave (Shāmloo, 2004: 550). The metaphorical hybridization of repeated syllable of the wave prepares the ground for lexical and semantic aberrations. Using repeated adjectives, the poet emphasizes the fluidity and movement of the waves, and by adding a wave to the syllable, he de-familiarizes the verb to listen. The wave alone has no meaning, but it is meaningful in terms of the poet's intention when it is put in a hybridization. In the surrealist atmosphere of the poem “limbo”, Adūnīs combines the word abjadiyyat (alphabets) with the word stars and creates a metaphorical combination of the merging of these two different linguistic families as follows: I was returned/My body is a gentle book/ The alphabet of stars and clouds wrote it/ My body moves towards the light at night and the bodies are galaxies (Adūnīs, 1996, Vol. 2, p. 370). The attribution of the word abjadiyyat (alphabet) to stars is because the body of the poet in limbo is a hybridization of the book of deeds and a galaxy of the results of those deeds. So the alphabet of the stars must be its writer. Because the poet considers his body to be a combination of books and galaxies, the hybridization of the alphabet of the stars, which are in complete harmony with these two, is necessary. This hybridization leads to the formation of such repetitive words in the form of similes, lexical, and semantic aberrations, as well as de-familiarization with the act of writing and highlighting this practice. The network of the supernatural and the network of nature are other networks that promote their poems. To express his feelings towards the beloved, Shāmloo in the poem (the sixth hymn) takes the tree from the family of nature and the miracle from the other side, and by mixing the two, the garments of the following are covered on it: I am not a miracle tree / only one of my trees (Shāmloo, 2004: 1036) Shāmloo is a tree like other ones and that tree is not the expected miracle. The hybridization of a miracle tree is a composition in the form of the past tense. Although the word tree and the concept of miracle go back to different language families, since the tree has long had a special and sacred place in mythology; therefore, the choice of these two families with obvious differences in networks is defensible in terms of communication. It has the poet’s intention of rejecting the expectation of something extraordinary from him. Adūnīs, like Shāmloo in his poem The Land of Magic, chooses the words earth and magic from different families, preparing such a capacity to express his feelings: And my land is constantly a land of magic / I confuse the air / I injure the face of the water / I go out of my house to the sea. (Adūnīs, 1996, vol. 1, p. 188). In this poem, Adūnīs wears the mask of an adventurous Sinbad and goes to war only with the unhealthy social conditions, to achieve his utopia. The poet is not disappointed; because his land, like the land of magic, announces unexpected events. The use of this eloquent combination in the noun phrase, which implies continuity, and the use of the verb (لم تزل: continuous) is a double emphasis on the expectation of being extraordinary from the poet's land. The network of religion and the network of nature is also one of the networks considered by the two poets. As Shāmloo chooses the word Sajjadeh (prayer rug) from the family of religion and soil from the words of nature in the poem "Rainy Design" and by combining them, he creates such works of art: Then / the holy silence of the sun setting on the soil prayer rug, / and the heavy hesitation of the bloody knife (Shāmloo, 2004, p. 1003). The poet believes in the sanctity of the sun and the earth; therefore, the composition of the soil prayer rug, which is a favorably compound in the form of simile, has created lexical and semantic aberrations. Despite the apparent distance of these two words in terms of lexical family and semantic infrastructure, since "in many languages, it is called the human being of the earth" (Eliade, 1996, p. 168). Accordingly, in terms of the concept of sacredness between the prayer rug and the soil is remarkable. In his poem “dream”, Adūnīs mentions the glorious past of the Arab countries with longing, remembering the past. Hybridization in this section, by combining the words of Surah and verse from religion and the words of cloud and stone from the family of nature, expresses the concepts intended by the poet. I entered the religious ceremonies of the Caliph / The womb of the waters and the sedition of the tree / I saw the trees that want me / And I saw rooms between its branches / And the boards and the windows are hostile to me / And I saw children for whom I recited / I heard, I recited for them / verses of the cloud and the verse of the stone (Adūnīs, 1996, Vol. 1, pp. 262-263). At this time, referring to the customs of the caliphate, Adonis called the seditions of that period the sedition of the tree. The trees of sedition, amid their foliage, are terrifying rooms. But inside these horrible rooms, there are clean and good children who are ready to receive the truth; Therefore, the poet recites for them verses of the cloud and verses of stone. Hybridization of verses of cloud and verse of stone indicate the sacredness of the elements of nature that the poet in the form of similes of two different language families to better convey their intended concepts, and thus he uses repetitive words for lexical and semantic aberrations. Conclusion Part of the literary value of the poetry of these two poets, from the point of view of novel verbal knowledge, depends on the use of hybridization networks. The same tendency towards hybridization-like combinations has increased the frequency of use of metaphorical arrays in their poetry. Accordingly, in addition to lexical anomalies, it has also caused semantic anomalies. Sometimes the second word
The article investigates functional techniques of extralinguistic expression in multimedia texts; the effectiveness of figurative expressions as a reaction to modern events in Ukraine and their influence on the formation of public opinion is shown. Publications of journalists, broadcasts of media resonators, experts, public figures, politicians, readers are analyzed. The language of the media plays a key role in shaping the worldview of the young political elite in the first place. The essence of each statement is a focused thought that reacts to events in the world or in one’s own country. The most popular platform for mass information and social interaction is, first of all, network journalism, which is characterized by mobility and unlimited time and space. Authors have complete freedom to express their views in direct language, including their own word formation. Phonetic, lexical, phraseological and stylistic means of speech create expression of the text. A figurative word, a good aphorism or proverb, a paraphrased expression, etc. enhance the effectiveness of a multimedia text. This is especially important for headlines that simultaneously inform and influence the views of millions of readers. Given the wide range of issues raised by the Internet as a medium, research in this area is interdisciplinary. The science of information, combining language and social communication, is at the forefront of global interactions. The Internet is an effective source of knowledge and a forum for free thought. Nonlinear texts (hypertexts) – «branching texts or texts that perform actions on request», multimedia texts change the principles of information collection, storage and dissemination, involving billions of readers in the discussion of global issues. Mastering the word is not an easy task if the author of the publication is not well-read, is not deep in the topic, does not know the psychology of the audience for which he writes. Therefore, the study of media broadcasting is an important component of the professional training of future journalists. The functions of the language of the media require the authors to make the right statements and convincing arguments in the text. Journalism education is not only knowledge of imperative and dispositive norms, but also apodictic ones. In practice, this means that there are rules in media creativity that are based on logical necessity. Apodicticity is the first sign of impressive language on the platform of print or electronic media. Social expression is a combination of creative abilities and linguistic competencies that a journalist realizes in his activity. Creative self-expression is realized in a set of many important factors in the media: the choice of topic, convincing arguments, logical presentation of ideas and deep philological education. Linguistic art, in contrast to painting, music, sculpture, accumulates all visual, auditory, tactile and empathic sensations in a universal sign – the word. The choice of the word for the reproduction of sensory and semantic meanings, its competent use in the appropriate context distinguishes the journalist-intellectual from other participants in forums, round tables, analytical or entertainment programs. Expressive speech in the media is a product of the intellect (ability to think) of all those who write on socio-political or economic topics. In the same plane with him – intelligence (awareness, prudence), the first sign of which (according to Ivan Ogienko) is a good knowledge of the language. Intellectual language is an important means of organizing a journalistic text. It, on the one hand, logically conveys the author’s thoughts, and on the other – encourages the reader to reflect and comprehend what is read. The richness of language is accumulated through continuous self-education and interesting communication. Studies of social expression as an important factor influencing the formation of public consciousness should open up new facets of rational and emotional media broadcasting; to trace physical and psychological reactions to communicative mimicry in the media. Speech mimicry as one of the methods of disguise is increasingly becoming a dangerous factor in manipulating the media. Mimicry is an unprincipled adaptation to the surrounding social conditions; one of the most famous examples of an animal characterized by mimicry (change of protective color and shape) is a chameleon. In a figurative sense, chameleons are called adaptive journalists. Observations show that mimicry in politics is to some extent a kind of game that, like every game, is always conditional and artificial.
The article is a study of the formation of a methodology for studying the stylistics of the Russian language. The goal is to trace the origin of the methodology for studying stylistics in the works of authors who chose it as the subject of their research. In the course of the work, in the process of studying various sources of information, it became known that many scholars-philologists turned to this topic, for example: V.V. Vinogradov, A.I. Efimov, M.N. Lotina, A.N. Veselovsky, A.A. Potebnya and many others. Stylistics received the status of an independent science in the XX century, at the same time, its study was of interest to people much earlier. Particular attention is paid to the exercise systems of T.I. Chizhova and S.N. Ikonnikov, designed to study the stylistic features of the text. S.N. Ikonnikov drew attention to the combination of analytical and creative exercises. The system of exercises developed by T.I. Chizhova. There are two types of exercises in her system: exercises to observe the use of phonetic, lexical and other means of speech; exercises to observe speech styles and their key features. Noteworthy is the fact that T.I. Chizhova is assigned a special role as a stylistic exercise in her didactic complex. It includes the following types of exercises: exercises for the analysis and study of individual sections of science related to language (phonetics, vocabulary, etc.); exercises for mastering certain stylistic principles of the language and in its sections; exercises for teaching coherent speech; exercises for understanding the norms, characteristics of individual styles of speech (scientific, journalistic, etc.).
Nowadays, no works in Tuvinian linguistics consider the specificity of anthroponyms borrowed from the Mongolian language, peculiarities of their adaptation and functioning in Tuvan Buddhist texts. Meanwhile, studying this word group can shed light on the formation and functioning of the Tuvan Buddhist vocabulary and reveal additional data on the history of the formation of lexical and phonetic features of the Tuvinian language associated with the Tuvan- Mongolian language and cultural contacts. It is worth studying Mongolian borrowed anthroponyms in the Tuvan translation of the Buddhist work “Üleger-Dalay” – the sutra “Sea of Proverbs,” the only Tuvan Buddhist source not influenced by the Russian-speaking Buddhist literature actively published and translated into Tuvan since the 1990s. The specificity of the Mongolian anthroponyms analyzed is that their nominative function simultaneously characterizes the referent and reflects its essence. They are divided into six thematic groups: names-epithets of Buddha, names associated with Buddhist practices, names indicating the inner qualities of a person, names of celestials, names associated with natural objects, names with somatismatic components indicating the appearance or associated with the circumstances of the referent’s birth. They are divided into three structural types: 1-component, 2-component (most of them), and 3-component. All borrowed Mongolian names have mostly been adapted to the phonetic norms of the Tuvinian language. The main ways of phonetic transformation are assimilation, formation of long vowels, replacement of some sounds and sound combinations with other sounds, simplification of vowels.
The paper is an in-depth study of how the principles and rules of the metrical theory of phonology have found their way to apply to Iraqi Arabic words and expressions. Iraqi lexical items have amassed evidence illustrating that both foot and stress are the hub of phonological designs of parametric prominence entailed in mapping and building up word syllables. Nevertheless, this is not a free-for-all which is far beyond restrictions or exceptions. Some constraints are not imposed to deviate from the metrical norms of Iraqi words nor some exceptions are made to distort their lexical frames, but rather they are adopted to emphasize that any theory's premises are generally the same but its applicable ends are definitely different in so far as the language or the dialect in question is concerned. The paper also digs deep certain metrical phenomena taking place in Iraqi word stress patterns like the extra metrical behavior of some word syllables and segments, and cyclic and non-cyclic parameters of some morphological operations of words.
The article presents educational, informative and methodical materials necessary for studying the theme “Professional communication a physician and a patient with symptoms diseases of the digestive system’s organs” in classes on the discipline “Professional medical communication of a doctor with a patient in Ukrainian language”. The complex of tasks is aimed at the development of students’ communicative skills and abilities: to study the vocabulary to denote the organs of the digestive system, gastrointestinal diseases; be able to build monologue and dialogic expressions that describe the causes and symptoms of the digestive system’s diseases, using learned lexical units and phrases; to develop skills of collecting the anamnesis of gastroenterological diseases; memorize phrases and sentences for first aid in food poisoning, in emergencies during stomach pain; to create modern informative and expert systems for developing lesson’s materials. The proposed system of tasks will help to master the skills and abilities to communicate orally and in writing in accordance with the goals and social norms of speech behavior in typical spheres and situations. Taking into account different methods and forms of work, the tasks with which it was possible to ensure the active participation of each student in the class, to stimulate interest and desire to study medical terminology in accordance with the topic of the class are singled out. It was suggested a variety of test and creative tasks to check the knowledge of the student’s studied topic. The materials described in the article are intended for foreign students of medical specialties who speak the language at a sufficient level. Tasks selected on the basis of four main types of speech activity (listening, speaking, reading, writing) will help foreign students not only to expand their vocabulary, but also to achieve social interaction in a foreign language professional sphere.
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 115%;"><strong><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Jameel Noori Nastaleeq"; mso-bidi-language: ER;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Jameel Noori Nastaleeq"; mso-bidi-language: ER;">Stylistics is defined as the study of style, Phonetics, Morphology, Syntax and Semantics as tools of criticism, relatively modern sources of discovering hidden meaning and layers of expression. According Nills Erik Enkvist the style of a poet is analyzed through Language he used. He suggests this analysis upon the basis of two aspects of style. (1) Choice between alternative expressions. (2) Derivation from the norm. Majeed Amjad having unique style and poetics must be analyzed on modern parameters of stylistics. Majeed Amjad has his own distinguish style among the urdu poets. He carved out a new style other. He experimented with metrical forms and rhythms. Stylistic analysis of Amjad’s poetry Lenlighteen the individual traits of his style. Stylistics choice of lexical items, phonetics, Morphological choices and grammatical sources shows distinctive features of his poetics and literary style.</span>
Language Variation in Bernese Swiss German In the atlas of German-speaking Switzerland (SDS) (cf. Hotzenkocherle et al. 1962-2003) we find data on the greater area of Bern (Berner Mittelland), collected around 1944. Since then, only very specific factors of this particular linguistic variety have been examined, e.g. Hodler 1969 on Bernese German syntax, Marti 1976 on Bernese German grammar more generally or Siebenhaar 2000 on social varieties in the city of Bern, but the dialect has not been examined in its entirety. Therefore, developments which origin in language contact or speaker mobility and have effectively influenced the dialects of this region, have not been documented to the present day. In my project the focus is on language change in the research area and on reasons for the present changes. Currently I collect new data for Bern and its greater area according to selected variables already surveyed in the SDS, and I then compare the new data to the original data. In addition to the variables originating in the SDS, also some new variables are taken into account. Of special interest are borrowings from foreign languages, e.g. the realization of engl. steak (stɛɪk vs. ʃtɛik(x) vs. ʃti:kx) or recent lexical changes as from Swiss German Nidle (ni:dlə) [cream] to Rahm (rɑ:m), a variant which is mainly used in southern Germany and Austria. My survey includes 20 places in the greater area of Bern where I record 4 speakers per place. The speakers are classified in three age groups (18-35, 35-65, 65+) and I also take an agriculturalist into account. This occupational group is meant to be more traditional in respect of language, as the language atlas of Middle Franconia (cf. Mang 2004) shows repeatedly. In this respect, my project differs clearly from the SDS, where mainly NORMs have been taken into account (one or two per place). I suggest the main reasons for language change in my research area in speaker mobility and migration movement. Already the present, relatively small set of data shows tendencies, which support my suggestions, as e.g. the decline of pronunciation according to Staub's law (/n/--> o_fricative; with vowel lengthening and/or diphthongisation) shows. Whereas the pronunciation of the variable Fenster [window] was represented by (faeiʃtəɾ) in the majority of places examined in the SDS within the greater area of Bern, today the realization (faenʃtəɾ) is common to be found. Currently, more variables and places are examined in order to present the shift of the isogloss as soon as possible. References: Baumgartner Heinrich, Hotzenkocherle Rudolf (1962-2003). Sprachatlas der deutschen Schweiz. Bern, Basel: Francke Verlag Baumgartner, Heinrich (1940). Stadtmundart: Stadt- und Landmundart: Beitrage zur bernischen Mundartgeographie. Bern: Lang Christen Helen, Glaser Elvira und Friedli Matthias (2012). Kleiner Sprachatlas der deutschen Schweiz. Frauenfeld: Verlag Huber Hodler, Werner (1969). Berndeutsche Syntax. Bern: Francke Verlag Mang, Alexander (2004). Sprachatlas von Mittelfranken. Sprachregion Nurnberg (Band 6). Heidelberg,: Universitatsverlag C. Winter. Marti, Werner (1985). Berndeutsch-Grammatik fur die heutige Mundart zwischen Thun und Jura. Bern: A. Francke Siebenhaar Beat, Staheli Fredy, Ris Roland (2000). Stadtberndeutsch: Sprachportrats aus der Stadt Bern. Murten: Licorne-Verlag
This article presents the results of a study of the Mari numeral phrases in terms of the influence of the Russian language. The aim of this work is to trace the role of Russian borrowings in the formation of Mari numeral phrases, primarily in the expression of their components, and to reveal other changes that have arisen under the influence of similar phrases and structures of the Russian language. The study was conducted on the basis of the lexical card index of the MarNIIYALI (Mari Scientific Research Institute of Language, Literature and History), which is based on written sources of the meadow-eastern literary norm, namely, its electronic part in the amount of about one thousand author's sheets. During the collection and analysis of material, elements and techniques of the following research methods were applied: descriptive and analytical (observation with the identification of the studied facts in sources, their generalization, interpretation and classification, description), comparative (regular comparison of Mari models with Russian ones for identity and non-identity), comparative-historical (in other cases, indications of the origin of the words), quantitative (counting models of various groups containing Russianisms). According to the results of the research, Russian borrowings may play a role of a head word (3 units in 4 models) and a dependent component (mainly substantive case forms and postpositional constructions, numerals, as well as some pronouns and adverbs of degree in 14 models). 3 models with cardinal numbers as a head very rarely can be represented by phrases with Russianisms in both components. As a result the syntactic units in some models and the models of numeral phrases themselves were replenished, the last ones by 3 units. Also the shifts in the forms of grammatical number of dependent nouns in some models appeared.
В данной статье рассматривается в семантическом контексте с обрядовым действом лексика в сибирских тюркских и монгольских языках, связанная с культом гор, земли и воды. Основными языками исследования являются алтайский, бурятский и якутский с привлечением монгольских, хакасских, тувинских параллелей. У тюрко-монгольских народов прослеживаются общие принципы организации сакрального пространства, концептуально схожие ритуальные действа в коллективном обряде, посвященном духам-хозяевам местности, присутствуют универсальные атрибуты и символы, характерные для шаманизма и буддизма. Впервые проведен сопоставительный анализ лексем, семантики и символики слов, связанных с обрядовыми действами и сопровождающий их вербальный контекст. Целью работы является выявление сохранности, распространения и трансформации культурных универсалий, имеющих вербальное выражение. Актуальным представляется исследование древнейших культурных кодов, сохранившихся в предметной и акциональной сферах обрядности. Понятие культурного кода в изучении обрядности позволит получить ключ к пониманию культурной картины мира и расшифровать глубинный смысл составных частей обряда (смыслов, знаков, символов, норм и т. д.). В итоге констатируем, что некогда существовала единая тюрко-монгольская традиция шаманизма, имевшая общую культурно знаковую систему, что подтверждается лексическим материалом и их обрядовым контекстом. Рассмотренные два основных ритуала жертвоприношения (кровавые и бескровные) доказывают как древние связи, так устойчивую универсальную последовательность и сохранность акциональных кодов в обрядовом событии монгольских и тюркских народов Сибири. Выявлено, что ключевые лексемы, используемые в предметном коде, имеют универсальную семантическую нагрузку в обрядовом событии. Лексические соответствия и схожие ритуальные предметы и действа, скорее всего, доказывают восхождение обряда к единым корням с последующими региональными и временными трансформациями. Установлено, что одинаковые атрибуты ритуала со схожим или разным лексическим обозначением являются архетипами, отражающими общие культурные коды тюркских народов Сибири и монгольских этносов. The authors consider the vocabulary of Siberian Turkic and Mongolian languages, related to the cult of mountains, land and water in a semantic context with the ritual action. The main languages of the study are Altai, Buryat and Yakut with the involvement of Mongolian, Khakas, and Tuvan parallels. In rites of Turkic-Mongolian people devoted to the host spirits of the area, the general principles of the organization of the sacred space, conceptually similar ritual actions are traced. There are universal attributes and symbols which are illustratory of shamanism and Buddhism. For the first time, a comparative analysis of lexemes, semantics and symbolism of words related to ritual actions and accompanying their verbal context was carried out. The purpose of the work is identifying the preservation, dissemination and transformation of cultural universals with verbal expression. A study of the oldest cultural codes preserved in the subject and actional spheres of rite seems relevant. The concept of a cultural code in the study of rite will provide a key to understanding the cultural picture of the world and allows deciphering the deep meaning of the components of the rite (meanings, signs, symbols, norms, etc.). As a result, we state that there was once a united Turkic-Mongolian tradition of shamanism, which had a common culturally significant system. It is confirmed by lexical material and their ritual context. The considered two main rituals of sacrifice (bloody and bloodless) prove both ancient ties and a stable universal sequence and the preservation of national codes in the ritual event of the Mongolian and Turkic peoples of Siberia. It is revealed that the key lexemes used in the subject code have a universal semantics in the ritual event. Lexical correspondences and similar ritual objects and actions most likely prove the ascension of the rite to single roots with subsequent regional and temporary transformations. It was established that the same attributes of the ritual with a similar or different lexical designation are archetypes reflecting the general cultural codes of the Turkic peoples of Siberia and Mongolian ethnic groups.
The purpose of this research is to study issues of interdisciplinary approach to teaching the Englishlanguage interaction to multinational non-immigrant masters of Arts within legal domain, to identify key communicative skills essential for lawyers' collaboration.This research uses a qualitative approach.The methodological basis is constituted by conceptual provisions of worldwide researchers of theory and methodology of teaching foreign languages, intercultural communication, competence approach, content and language integrated learning (CLIL), English for specific purposes (ESP), theoretical phonetics in linguistics.The novelty is in the interdisciplinary approach to teaching professionally-focused English-language intercultural interaction within legal domain to multinational non-immigrant masters of Arts at RUDN University which is based on three basics: received pronunciation (RP), legalese, and communicative competence formation.179 texts at an intermediate level selected from numerous authentic resources reflecting law realities in Russia, the USA and UK were chosen; stress location factors in poly-stressed words were studied in the selected lexical corpus.Compiled by multinational non-immigrant students trilingual mini-vocabularies: triplets of polysyllabic English, Russian and their mother-tongue words (English -Russian -Serbian/ Lezghian/ Kyrgyz, etc.) brought originality to this research.By the method of comparison and grouping, the study analysed a series of surveys of 50 masters of Arts aged 21-27 years to identify the resultativeness of the chosen interdisciplinary approach.This research practical value is in deepening multinational non-immigrant law-students' knowledge of the English and Russian languages through mastering their RP proficiency, writing and speaking skills of legal opinions' argumentation and justification, the norms of law competent elucidation.The results of the presented interdisciplinary approach can be applied by researchers of law and linguistics.
Since law has an international character and any official world relations require a legal basis, the question of the translation of legal discourse arises. The problem of translating terminology is one of the main problems of translating legal texts. Translation of a legal discourse text must be accurate, brief, clear, meet generally accepted norms of literariness language and not contain ambiguous formulations. Particular attention is required by the fact that a source language term may be conveyed by several terms in the target language, so the translator must address the challenges of an adequate translation of the term, given the scope of the estimated equivalents in the target language. Furthermore, the use of translation techniques, such as loan translation, transcoding and lexical-semantic substitution play an important role in the translation of a legal text. The aim of the article is to study the specifics of translation of English-language legal discourse. The realization of the aim implies solving a number of tasks, such as: 1) definition of characteristic features and types of legal discourse; 2) analysis of difficulties arising for the translator in the translation of legal terminology and ways to prevent them; 3) study of the specifics of legal language and translation techniques that can be used in the absence of an equivalent in the target language. Scientific novelty. In the article the English-language legal discourse is considered the Englishlanguage legal discourse as normative, scientific, and educational legal texts, legal documents, judicial decisions, scholarly commentaries, speeches of lawyers, judges, testimonies of trial participants, the correct translation of which depends on the knowledge of legal terminology and expertise in the field of law. As a conclusion, the article emphasizes that the study of English-language legal discourse requires further research, as there are many difficulties during its translation, which are associated with the specificity of terminology.
The aim of the article is to analyze the implementation of the concept “family” in the speech genre of an autobiographical story. The research material is 200 oral autobiographical stories, which were recorded in the villages of Tomsk Oblast during dialectological expeditions from 1946 till 2021. The informants are residents of villages of Tomsk Oblast; they are representatives of different types of speech culture (native speakers of dialect and literary language). All stories are characterized by a relatively stable theme, means of language implementation, and structure, which allows qualifying them as a speech genre whose communicative purpose is to tell about life from the moment of birth to the moment of communication. The novelty of the article is connected with: (1) its appeal to the problem of interaction and mutual influence of the concept and the speech genre in oral everyday discourse, (2) the identification of cognitive features of the concept, (3) the definition of factors of transformation of ideas about the family in ordinary consciousness. The analysis of the concept makes it possible to obtain new data about the speech genre of the autobiographical story and its construction. The speech genre shows the dependence of the features of the content and implementation of the concept “family” on the sphere of functioning. This factor determines the theoretical significance of the results obtained. The analysis of the concept in the speech genre is carried out using the method of modeling and description of the conceptual, figurative, and value layers in the structure of the concept. As a result of contextual analysis, 16 cognitive features were identified; they are represented in the conceptual layer of the concept “family” and actualized in the speech of informants (family size, social status, compliance with moral norms, relations between family members, attitude to work, etc.). The conceptual layer is developed in detail in the oral everyday communication of Siberians. It is represented by a large number of lexical units. The figurative layer of the concept is characterized by single actualizations. At the same time, the variety of their expression is noted: metaphor, metonymy, comparisons are used. The world of the family can form the initial and resulting spheres of metaphorical models. In the initial sphere, the world of plants (roots, mushrooms), products (noodles) is mainly reflected; the semantics of unity and kinship is actualized in the initial sphere. The value layer of the concept “family” is well represented in the oral autobiographical discourse. It indicates that the family occupies one of the main places in the system of life values of peasants. The specifics of structuring this concept in the oral everyday discourse are determined mainly by the attitudes, norms of traditional culture (the family should be large, friendly, hardworking, young members of family honor the older ones, etc.). At the same time, changes in the system of family values determined by sociohistorical processes are noted. These changes are evaluated ambiguously by informants, and the family is still one of the main values of life for them. Regional (natural, social, historical, geographic) specificity is reflected in the actualization of the concept.
Purpose – This article interrogates the United Nations’ Pact for the Future and its annexed Global Digital Compact as an emerging blueprint for centralized digital governance, asking how the proposed coordination of data, identity and platform oversight may reshape power, rights and sovereignty. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing on Global Governance Theory, Surveillance Capitalism, Foucauldian Governmentality and Agenda-Setting/Framing, the study deploys an advanced secondary-data strategy that integrates qualitative content analysis, NLP-assisted critical discourse analysis and comparative cross-sector review of 25 policy texts, summit speeches and scholarly sources. Findings – Lexical and semantic mapping reveals that key frames such as disinformation, information integrity and resilience legitimise expansive trans-national oversight while obscuring state and corporate propaganda. Cross-referencing with the rapid diffusion of biometric digital-ID programmes and programmable central-bank digital currencies uncovers a convergent, four-step “digital-control stack” (global electrification → universal connectivity → digital public infrastructure → discursive suppression) that could recalibrate civil liberties, market competition and theological conceptions of human dignity. Practical implications – Without robust safeguards—independent oversight bodies, interoperable rights-preserving standards and enforceable data-protection regimes—the Compact risks hard-wiring surveillance-capitalist incentives into international law and accelerating techno-authoritarian norms. Originality/value – The article offers the first holistic synthesis of political-economic, sociotechnical and theological critiques of the Pact, advancing a dynamic governance-loop model that explains how discursive framing, infrastructure roll-out and behavioural compliance mutually reinforce centralised authority. It provides evidence-based recommendations to align digital cooperation with pluralism, national sovereignty and biblical principles of human agency.
The article is devoted to the organization of the Russian speaking students communication in the area of training "Organization and transportation of passengers and their safety". According to the author, the language competence means the possession of orthoepic, punctuation, lexical and grammatical norms, and communicative competence means mastering special speech knowledge. Examples of assignments for training, development of communication in Russian for students of a technical college in the direction "Organization and transportation of passengers and their safety".
The aim of the investigation is to study word formation processes in the semantics of weather lexis in the online narrative of weather news stories in British newspapers.Methods. The source base of the study is represented by a corpus of electronic texts of the new genre “weather news story” in British electronic quality (www.thetimes.co.uk, www.theguardian.com/uk) and mass (www.www.thesun.co.uk, www.thedailymail.co.uk) newspapers (2014–2017). The research is methodologically based on structural-semantic and functional research methods. The application of a functional approach in our study enables the identification of the specifics of functioning and organization of lexical units in the contextual environment of the online narrative taking into account their role in the formation of content and meaning of weather news stories. At the same time, the use of descriptive and comparative methods allows revealing more deeply the individual (author) features of the texts under study.Results. A review of the literature confirms the idea that the creation of new words is based on the models and word formation types that are already established in the language or re-emerging. The modern word formation of weather lexis in weather news stories is characterized by typical methods of word formation, among which we distinguish the affixation, compounding, blending, shortening, and conversion. The common types of word formation in the genre under research are affixation and compounding. The most common prefixes are prefixes with the contrasting semantics un-, anti-, de- and the diminutive prefix mini-, among the noun suffixes -ation, -er, -ism, ity, -ness and adjective suffixes y, -ly, -al, -ic, -ish, -ent, -ous. Both dictionary (normative) and occasional (author) forms are distinguished. The use of occasional forms serves as an expressive means of reflecting the author’s worldview, where the author deliberately violates language norms to provide a certain expressive background to the story.Conclusions. The analysis of word formation of weather lexis in weather news stories shows that its organization occurs through the prism of word formation features of the narrative and diversifies weather news stories.Key words: word formation, lexis, abbreviation, shortening, compounding, blending, conversion, weather news story. Мета. Мета статті – дослідження дериваційних процесів у семантиці номінацій погоди в онлайн-наративі про погодні новини британських газет.Методи. Джерельна база дослідження представлена корпусом електронних текстів неожанру weather news story інтернет-версій британських періодичних якісних (www.thetimes.co.uk, www.theguardian.com/uk) і масових (www.www.thesun.co.uk, www.thedailymail.co.uk) видань (2014–2017 рр.). Дослідження методологічно ґрунтується на положеннях структурно-семантичного та функційного методів. Застосування функційного підходу у проєкції на наше дослідження дає змогу виявити спе-цифіку функціювання й організації лексичних одиниць у контекстуальному середовищі онлайн-наративу з огляду на їх роль у процесі змісто- та смислотворення погодних новин. Водночас застосовано описовий і порівняльний методи, які допомогли глибше розкрити індивідуально-авторські особливості текстів онлайн-наративу про погодні новини.Результати. Досліджено дериваційні процеси у семантиці номінацій погоди. Здійснений огляд літератури підтвердив ідею про те, що творення нових слів відбувається за тими моделями, за тими словотворчими типами, які вже встановилися в мові або знову виникають. Сучасному дериваційному процесу номінацій погоди в ОНПН властиві типові способи словотворення, серед яких виокремлюємо афіксальний спосіб, спосіб словоскладання, телескопію, скорочення і конверсію. Найпоширені-шими способами словотворення у корпусі дослідження є афіксальний і словоскладання. Найпоширенішими префіксами, які слугували утворенню нових номінацій погоди, є префікси з контрарною семантикою un-, anti-, de- та зменшувальний префікс mini-, серед суфіксів ‒ відіменникові -ation, -er, -ism, ity, -ness і відприкметникові y, -ly, -al, -ic, -ish, -ent, -ous. У корпусі досліджуваних текстів виокремлено узуальні/словникові й оказіональні/авторські форми. Визначено, що вживання оказіональних форм слугує експресивним засобом вираження індивідуально-авторської мовної картини, де автор свідомо порушує мовні норми, аби надати певного експресивного фону оповіді.Висновки. Проведений аналіз дериваційних процесів у семантиці номінацій погоди в онлайн-наративі про погодні новини показав, що організація лексичних одиниць на позначення погоди відбувається крізь призму словотвірних особливостей оповіді. Дериваційні процеси в семантиці номінацій погоди зумовили наявність широкої палітри лексики в ОНПН, яка демонструє авторський чинник його організації та урізноманітнює оповідь.Ключові слова: словотвір, лексика, абревіація, скорочення, словоскладання, телескопія, конверсія, weather news story.
Statement of the problem. The article is devoted to the interaction of advertising and specific stylistic components in the speech form of the proper name of a business enterprise which is a distinctive feature of the modern stage of language evolution. The research is carried out on the variety of inclusion of specific vocabulary in the proper names of business enterprises (PNBE) as well as grammatical forms of items belonging to other styles of speech in which they are adapted to the requirements of advertising. Besides, they are obliged to preserve legally important individualization of the proper name and its informative integrity. Results of the study. The complexity of interaction within the studied speech form of language units that differ in their initial stylistic relatedness has become evident. The direction diversity of legal and advertising requirements increases the number of speech units used for the proper names of business enterprises, translates specific vocabulary into the category of figurative proper names which encourages the emergence of new lexical units (we call them lexical equivalents) in the language system. These units are combined by the ability to convey the same specific meaning. Yet the typology of the found functional units, their number and other properties are not properly analysed. Conclusion. The development of trade and economic relations in the modern society, the need for their legal registration offers preliminary in many aspects varieties for the interaction of styles. They turn to be on the way to the state of the language norm used for the units of written speech which had been formed for centuries. At present, reasonable communication that is necessary for the field of formal (trade, economic and legal) relations is performed on the principles of linguistic usage which is systemically localized in colloquial speech.
This paper presents the project of a large multi-genre treebank for Brazilian Portuguese, called Porttinari. We address relevant research questions in its construction and annotation, reporting the work already done. The treebank is affiliated with the “Universal Dependencies” international model, widely adopted in the area, and must be the basis for the development of state of the art tagging and parsing systems for Portuguese, as well as for conducting linguistic studies on morphosyntax and syntax for this language.
The aim of the paper is twofold: (1) to automatically predict the ratings assigned by viewers to 14 categories available for TED talks in a multi-label classification task and (2) to determine what types of features drive classification accuracy for each of the categories. The focus is on features of language usage from five groups pertaining to syntactic complexity, lexical richness, register-based n-gram measures, information-theoretic measures and LIWC-style measures. We show that a Recurrent Neural Network classifier trained exclusively on within-text distributions of such features can reach relatively high levels of overall accuracy (69%) across the 14 categories. We find that features from two groups are strong predictors of the affective ratings across all categories and that there are distinct patterns of language usage for each rating category.
Sentiment analysis uses a series of automated cognitive methods to determine the author's or speaker's attitudes toward an expressed object or text's overall emotional tendencies. In recent years, the growing scale of opinionated text from social networks has brought significant challenges to humans' sentimental tendency mining. The pretrained language model designed to learn contextual representation achieves better performance than traditional learning word vectors. However, the existing two basic approaches for applying pretrained language models to downstream tasks, feature-based and fine-tuning methods, are usually considered separately. What is more, different sentiment analysis tasks cannot be handled by the single task-specific contextual representation. In light of these pros and cons, we strive to propose a broad multitask transformer network (BMT-Net) to address these problems. BMT-Net takes advantage of both feature-based and fine-tuning methods. It was designed to explore the high-level information of robust and contextual representation. Primarily, our proposed structure can make the learned representations universal across tasks via multitask transformers. In addition, BMT-Net can roundly learn the robust contextual representation utilized by the broad learning system due to its powerful capacity to search for suitable features in deep and broad ways. The experiments were conducted on two popular datasets of binary Stanford Sentiment Treebank (SST-2) and SemEval Sentiment Analysis in Twitter (Twitter). Compared with other state-of-the-art methods, the improved representation with both deep and broad ways is shown to achieve a better F1 -score of 0.778 in Twitter and accuracy of 94.0% in the SST-2 dataset, respectively. These experimental results demonstrate the abilities of recognition in sentiment analysis and highlight the significance of previously overlooked design decisions about searching contextual features in deep and broad spaces.
Abstract The paper presents a novel and unified morphological description of numerals and pronouns, as compiled for the newest edition of the Prague Dependency Treebank (Prague Dependency Treebank – Consolidated 1.0) and its integral part the morphological dictionary MorfFlex. On the basis of considerable experience with real data annotation and the use of the morphological dictionary, particular changes were proposed. For both of the parts of speech a new set of subtypes was proposed, based mainly on the morphological criterion and its combination with semantic properties and other relevant features, such as definiteness in numerals and possessivity, reflexivity, and clitichood in pronouns. Each subtype has a specific value at the 2 nd position of the morphological tag, which serves also as an indicator of the applicability of other tag categories.
This paper studies the use or nonuse of the word « que » in Quebec French. Historical records show that in Old French and in 17th century French, the word « que » is optional in sentences such as « Je pense que »... Looking at the occurrences of « que » found in the Sankoff-Cedergren and Montreal 84 corpora of spoken French, the author shows that the occasional absence of « que » in Quebec French today is not the resuit of an ill-educated misuse of the language, but is rather an option which has developed within a systematic grammar distinctive to Quebec. For reasons linked to the linguistic norm, this is an option that many people choose not to exercise.
Abstract Background The Montessori Method underpinned by the principle of person-centered care has been widely adopted to design activities for people with dementia. However, the methodological quality of the existing evidence is fair. The objectives of this study are to examine the feasibility and effects of a culturally adapted group-based Montessori Method for Dementia program in Chinese community on engagement and affect in community-dwelling people with dementia. Methods This was a two-arm randomized controlled trial. People who were aged 60 years or over and with mild to moderate dementia were recruited and randomly assigned to the intervention group to receive Montessori-based activities or the comparison group to receive conventional group activities over eight weeks. The attendance rates were recorded for evaluating the feasibility. The Menorah Park Engagement Scale and the Apparent Affect Rating Scale were used to assess the engagement and affect during the activities based on observations. Generalized Estimating Equation model was used to examine the intervention effect on the outcomes across the sessions. Results A total of 108 people with dementia were recruited. The average attendance rate of the intervention group (81.5%) was higher than that of the comparison group (76.3%). There was a significant time-by-group intervention effect on constructive engagement in the first 10 minutes of the sessions (Wald χ 2 = 15.21–19.93, ps = 0.006–0.033), as well as on pleasure (Wald χ 2 = 25.37–25.73, ps ≤ 0.001) and interest (Wald χ2 = 19.14–21.11, p s = 0.004–0.008) in the first and the middle 10 minutes of the sessions, adjusted for cognitive functioning. Conclusions This study provide evidence that Montessori-based group activities adapted to the local cultural context could effectively engage community-dwelling Chinese older people with mild to moderate dementia in social interactions and meaningful activities and significantly increase their positive affect. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04352387. Registered 20 April 2020. Retrospectively registered.
Long short-term memory (LSTM) applications need fast yet compact models. Neural network compression approaches, e.g., the grow-and-prune paradigm, have proved to be promising for cutting down network complexity by skipping insignificant weights. However, current compression strategies remain mostly hardware-agnostic and network complexity reduction does not always translate to execution efficiency. In this work, we propose a hardware-guided symbiotic training methodology for compact, accurate, yet execution-efficient inference models. It is based on our observation that hardware may introduce substantial non-monotonic behavior, which we call the latency hysteresis effect, when evaluating network size versus inference latency. This observation raises question about the mainstream smaller-dimension-is-better compression strategy, which often leads to a sub-optimal model architecture. Leveraging the hardware-impacted hysteresis effect and sparsity, we enable a symbiosis of model compactness and accuracy with execution efficiency, thus reducing LSTM latency while increasing its accuracy. We have evaluated our approach on language modeling and speech recognition applications. Relative to the traditional stacked LSTM architecture obtained for the Penn Treebank dataset, we reduce the number of parameters by 18.0× (30.5×) and measured run-time latency by up to 2.4× (5.2×) on Nvidia GPUs (Intel Xeon CPUs) without any accuracy degradation. For the DeepSpeech2 architecture obtained for the AN4 dataset, we reduce the model size by 7.0× (19.4×), word error rate from 12.9% to 9.9% (10.4%), and measured run-time latency by up to 1.7× (2.4×) on Nvidia GPUs (Intel Xeon CPUs). Our method consistently outperforms prior art for both applications, with compact, accurate, and execution-efficient inference models.
This article discusses issues such as the importance of language learning in the education system of Uzbekistan, the relationship between language and society, nation, the status of the Uzbek language as a state language. In addition, the article highlights the basics of communicative and literary literacy of the document and some problems of the Uzbek legal language (translation, thesaurus). At present, when science is developing, new tasks appear for the education system. In particular, the requirement of the time is not only knowledge of the specialty, but also knowledge of the state language, full mastery of the norms of the modern Uzbek literary language. Consequently, a modern lawyer should not only be a professional with a deep knowledge of the laws and rules of public relations, taking into account the specifics of a renewed society in order to establish stability and law and order in society, but also possess linguistic norms. Ensuring the rule of law in society is one of the most important principles of a democratic state, for which laws must be fair by their nature and understandable for people, that is, the language of legal documents created must be detailed and free. Consequently, language and law are closely related concepts. One of the most pressing issues that need to be resolved today is the compilation of an industry language thesaurus, regulation of legal terminology.
Abstract Engagement in a wide array of mental, social, and physical leisure activities confers several health benefits. Indeed, theories of successful aging argue that an active lifestyle serves as an important criterion for maintaining high levels of psychological, functional, and physical well-being in old age. Findings from parallel studies also show that people who hold positive (self-)views of aging exhibit higher and maintained levels of well-being over time. Yet, whether views of aging enhances the link between activity engagement and well-being - and whether they do so on a daily basis – remains unknown. This study therefore sought to extend prior literature by examining the relationship between activity engagement, subjective age, and affective ratings within-person over several days. Old adults (N = 115; Age: Range = 60 – 90, M = 64.65, SD = 4.86) in the Mindfulness and Anticipatory Coping Every Day (MACED) study completed an 8-day daily diary. Participants reported on their positive and negative affect, the age they subjectively felt compared to their actual age, and the number and types of leisure activities in which they engaged. Results from multilevel analyses indicate that people felt more positive on days when they also engaged in more activities (total across mental, social, physical types) than usual. Moreover, the effect of activity engagement was most pronounced on days when people felt younger than usual. No effects were found for negative affect. Preliminary findings suggest that people benefit psychologically from daily leisure activities and a positive self-view of aging.
L’article s’inscrit dans la thématique de la francophonie et l'essor de normes endogènes. Il retrace les différentes étapes qui ont été parcourues au Québec, des quelques dizaines de canadianismes de bon aloi prescrits par l’Office de la langue française (OLF), en 1969, à une description scientifique du français en usage au Québec, explicitée et diffusée dans le dictionnaire en ligne Usito depuis 2014. L’article fait état des diverses études visant à caractériser le français québécois standard, notamment les marques et spécificités linguistiques propres au français québécois standard (particularités orthographiques, typographiques, morphologiques et lexicales dans tous les domaines de la vie courante et professionnelle). Il présente également l’aménagement de la variation linguistique et l’explicitation de la norme endogène dans le dictionnaire en ligne Usito. Il décrit, entre autres éléments, avec exemples tirés du dictionnaire, le traitement de la variation linguistique, la hiérarchisation des usages, dont les marques normatives, et autres éléments faisant partie de la norme endogène au Québec. Il montre en outre l’importance des marqueurs de l’identité culturelle (exemplification, citations, articles thématiques, etc.). Il s’attarde enfin aux aspects pédagogiques du dictionnaire (tolérance à l’erreur, structuration des articles, important réseau de liens hypertextes, tableau latéral à droite des articles, interface de navigation, etc.). Il conclut quant à l’importance de la mise à jour constante du contenu du dictionnaire, de son adaptation aux diverses clientèles visées et au renouvellement des fonctionnalités au regard de l’évolution des technologies, afin d’offrir une utilisation simple et instinctive de tous les aspects de la langue.
This study aimed to characterize factors that influence early dialect development in a language environment with multiple dialects. Children were evaluated for these dialect effects compared with normal hearing referenced measures of speech and language development that are commonly implemented in hearing-impaired children. Dialect exposure and use were assessed longitudinally in Chinese children (2-6 years old) that were raised in a community where Putonghua (PTH) and Sichuanhua (SCH) Mandarin dialects were used. Lexical tones in these dialects are different. A total of 20 boys and 20 girls (2 years old at the beginning of the study) that attended the same nursery school were included in this study. SCH was used by the majority of subjects <4 years old. The majority of subjects >4 years old used either dialect, with a few users of both dialects at this age. PTH tone perception did not differ significantly as a function of dialect use. Tone recognition and discrimination were >90% accurate by 6 years old, in contrast to previous results for children with minimal exposure and use of PTH. Children with approximately ⩾50% PTH exposure might be accurately assessed with norm-referenced speech materials spoken in PTH, regardless of their preferred dialect. However, the current norm-referenced assessments of children with minimal PTH exposure and nonusers of the dialect might be inaccurate.
Abstract In recent years, a number of applications on Swiss German have been released. They all crowdsource dialectological data, yet until recently their main focus has been on lexical and phonological features. In 2018, we launched the app gschmöis, an app designed to (1) give users an insight into dialectological research, and (2) collect Swiss German data on all linguistic levels, but with a strong emphasis on morphosyntactic phenomena. At the beginning, three rounds were published. Since then new rounds were published periodically. By including not only lexical and phonological features, we want speakers of Swiss German to become aware of differences in the grammar of various Swiss German dialects.The same linguistic phenomena are covered by multiple questions, and some of the questions are duplicated from more traditional projects, like atlas projects on Swiss German. This allows for comparison across different question types (i.e. translation tasks vs. multiple choice questions), different collection methods (fieldwork methods used in the SDS, written questionnaires used in the SADS, and crowdsourcing via the smartphone application gschmöis ), and different groups of informants (NORMs vs. speakers of Swiss German of various gender and age groups). Furthermore, the older data of previous projects can directly be compared with the crowdsourced data, so that recent dialect change can be detected.
There still lacks preciseness about the nature of the connection between psycholinguistic variables and the core of conceptual meaning. This article explores the relation between Age of Acquisition (AoA), Imaginability, Semantic richness, Familiarity and Concreteness in the constitution of semantic core meaning. We used a key recognition task, designed with 120 concepts and their first 5 attributes, extracted from the Semantic Attributes Norms in Spanish. 300 students took part in a concept recognition task, where they were asked to recognize certain concepts through different triads of attributes. The most influential variables were AoA and Imaginability. These results are congruent with studies that suggest the AoA as the most appropriate variable to explain results in lexical decisions tasks.
Abstract Foreign language learners frequently use words from their previously acquired language(s) in the target language, especially if these languages are related (Ringbom, Håkan. 2001. Lexical transfer in L3 production. In Jasone Cenoz, Britta Hufeisen & Ulrike Jessner (eds.), Cross-linguistic influence in third language acquisition: Psycholinguistic perspectives, 59–68. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters). Such insertions are referred to as ‘lexical transfer’, commonly divided into ‘transfer of form’ and ‘transfer of meaning’ (Bardel, Camilla. 2015. Lexical cross-linguistic influence in third language development. In Hagen Peukert (ed.), Transfer effects in multilingual language development, 111–128. Amsterdam: John Benjamins; Ringbom, Håkan. 2001. Lexical transfer in L3 production. In Jasone Cenoz, Britta Hufeisen & Ulrike Jessner (eds.), Cross-linguistic influence in third language acquisition: Psycholinguistic perspectives, 59–68. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters). Lexical transfer challenges the monolingual habitus prevailing in foreign language classes which requires students to rely exclusively on the target language and inhibit other influences. Thus, in such English classes, students should avoid the use of different languages and ideally only produce monolingual English output. In this context, the current study investigates the use of lexical transfer instances in short English texts written by bilingual (Russian/Turkish-German) and monolingual (German) secondary school students (initially attending year 7) from a longitudinal perspective. It assesses i) whether the students increasingly adhere to the imposed normative rules and ii) what influence background variables such as language background (mono- vs. bilingual), type of school (higher vs. lower academic track), gender (female vs. male), or age (four measurement points over a period of 2.5 years) exert on the use of lexical transfer instances. Apart from gender, all factors impact lexical transfer in a statistically significant way, evoking different norm-based explanations.
Resumo: Este artigo tem como proposta a identificação de possíveis normas lexicais gerais e regionais a partir da descrição e da análise da variação espacial para o popularmente denominado “pão francês”, em uma perspectiva geolinguística e léxico-semântica. Para tanto, adota-se a visão da norma linguística, com base em Coseriu (1979), somada às contribuições de Camara Junior (1964), Rona (1969), Cunha (1987), dentre outros. A diversidade de nomeações para esse alimento foi documentada por meio da questão 186 do Questionário Semântico-Lexical (QSL) dos Questionários (COMITÊ NACIONAL DO PROJETO ALiB, 2001) aplicada pelas equipes que compõem o Projeto Atlas Linguístico do Brasil (ALiB), em 250 localidades brasileiras (interior e capitais). Na composição do corpus desta análise, foram selecionados 1000 informantes com o perfil fundamental de escolaridade, contemplando as dimensões diassexual e diageracional. Com base na cartografação linguística e cotejo da disseminação das variantes lexicais obtidas e na consulta a obras lexicográficas, foram identificadas as formas de uso geral e regional, além de traços de influência interétnica e de fluxos migratórios internos e externos. Ainda, constatou-se a polimorfia de designações, por efeito da presença do referente no cotidiano brasileiro, atestando a relevância desse alimento, consumido desde os primórdios da história da civilização. Palavras-chave: Geolinguística; Projeto ALiB; normas lexicais; regionalismos; pão francês. Abstract: this article aims to identify possible general and regional lexical norms from the description and analyse of spatial variation to the popularly denominated “french bread”, on a geolinguistic and lexical and semantic perspective. For that, the adoption of the view of linguistic norm, based on Coseriu (1979), added to Camara Junior (1964), Rona (1969), Cunha (1987) contributions, among others. The diversity of nomination for this food has been documented throught 186 question from Semantic-Lexical Questionnaire (SLQ) of Questionários (COMITÊ NACIONAL DO PROJETO ALiB, 2001) applied by crews that compose the Project Linguistic Atlas of Brazil (ALiB), on 250 Brazilian localities (countryside and capitals). On this analysis, they were selected 1000 informants with Primary education, diassexual and diageracional dimensions. Based on linguistic cartography and comparation of lexicals variants dissemination and the consultation to varied dictionaries, they were identified general and regional forms, in addiction to interethnic influences and migratory moviments traces. Furthermore, the observation of the polymorphy of designations, result of presence of the referring in Brazilian daily, certifying the relevance of this aliment, consumed since the beginning of the history of civilization. Keywords: Geolinguistics; ALiB Project; lexical norms; regionalisms; French bread.
AbstractThe article first analyzes the research in the field of sociolinguistics, focusing on the social nature of language, the relationship between language and society, theoretical issues of sociolinguistics, language ontology, functional classifications of language, linguistic devices. The conceptual apparatus of sociolinguistics and the most common terminological units used in scientific works on sociolinguistics are analyzed and described, the processes of formation, development and problems of the field of sociolinguistics are described. The article also focuses on the phenomenon of euphemism, its interpretation as an event that is integral to the emergence of language and thought, developed as a phenomenon that has gone through evolutionary stages, such as language itself. connection with speech activity in the process of communication, social, psychological, linguistic bases; the expression of units, the pronunciation of which in Uzbek is contrary to moral norms, which is considered unpleasant and shameful, their lexical-semantic at the stage of euphemism of certain discourse / speech communication, speech factors such as structural appearances are proven; Extensive research on the formation factor, etymological source, spiritual group, functional aspect, national-mental characteristics of language phenomena in world linguistics, euphemisms as an ecological phenomenon and a means of cultural communication in gender, social, pragmatic, linguacultural, lexicographic, as well as sociolinguistic an attempt has been made to prove the need for in-depth study through the analysis of scientific sources.
The article offers a linguosophical approach to the artistic linguistics of A. Krymskyi, historian-orientalist, writer (prose writer and poet), polyglot, philologist, translator. More than a hundred years have passed since A. Krymskyi wrote the novel “Andriy Lahovskyi”, and the author’s artistic narrative is of interest not only to historians of Ukrainian literature, but also to culturologists, psychologists, and language historians. The analysis of the artistic narrative of the Krymskyi as philologist is carried out in the following aspects: linguistic and structural characteristics of the text (vocabulary, phraseology, syntax) in comparison with the literary norm of modern Ukrainian, pragmalinguistic modeling of markers of the society represented by linguistic portraits of characters. characters. The conclusion about the interaction of colloquial and book (foreign language borrowings) sources in the modern reception of the history of the Ukrainian literary language of the end of the XIX – the beginning of the XX century is made. Numerous foreign words-terms, in particular in the field of psychiatry, are indicative of A. Krymskyi’s artistic narrative, especially when it comes to the state of the character’s psyche. foreign terminological vocabulary contrasts with the emotionally expressive content of colloquial structures, Ukrainian phraseology and interspersed foreign language mintexts. Text markers of social stratification of society include psycholinguistic evaluative statements of the author about the situational behavior of the characters. A. Krymskyi’s artistic narrative reveals signs of the author’s philological thinking, his constant attention to the explanation of the meanings of words, to the translation of foreign names. A significant number of lexical, word-forming, grammatical variants of the Ukrainian language are recorded in the individual style of the writer. Comparing them with lexicographic sources reveals the author’s preferences, time markers of the dynamic literary norm of the late nineteenth – early twentieth century.
This article presents data on lexical development of 881 Israeli Hebrew-speaking monolingual toddlers ages 1;0 to 2;0. A Web-based version of the Hebrew MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (H-MB-CDI) was used for data collection. Growth curves for expressive vocabulary, receptive vocabulary, actions and gestures were characterized. Developmental trajectories of toddlers with various demographic characteristics, such as education, income, religiosity level, birth order of the child, and child-care arrangements were compared. Results show that the lexical growth curves for Hebrew are comparable to those reported for other languages. Sex, birth order, and child-care arrangements were found to influence the size of lexicons. It is recommended that the trajectories presented here be used as norms for lexical growth among typical Hebrew-speaking toddlers in the second year of life.
"Book language" offers a richer linguistic experience than typical conversational speech in terms of its syntactic properties. Here, we investigated the role of long-term syntactic experience on syntactic knowledge and processing. In a preregistered study with 161 adult native Dutch speakers with varying levels of literacy, we assessed the contribution of individual differences in written language experience to offline and online syntactic processes. Offline syntactic knowledge was assessed as accuracy in an auditory grammaticality judgement task in which we tested violations of four Dutch grammatical norms. Online syntactic processing was indexed by syntactic priming of the Dutch dative alternation, using a comprehension-to-production priming paradigm with auditory presentation. Controlling for the contribution of nonverbal intelligence quotient (IQ), verbal working memory, and processing speed, we observed a robust effect of literacy experience on the detection of grammatical norm violations in spoken sentences, suggesting that exposure to the syntactic complexity and diversity of written language has specific benefits for general (modality-independent) syntactic knowledge. We replicated previous results by finding robust comprehension-to-production structural priming, both with and without lexical overlap between prime and target. Although literacy experience affected the usage of syntactic alternates in our large sample, it did not modulate their priming. We conclude that amount of experience with written language increases explicit awareness of grammatical norm violations and changes the usage of (prepositional-object [PO] vs. double-object [DO]) dative spoken sentences but has no detectable effect on their implicit syntactic priming in proficient language users. These findings constrain theories about the effect of long-term experience on syntactic processing.
The Audiovisual Translation (AVT) and Media Accessibility fields have found an ongoing interest in corpus research both for descriptive purposes (Matamala, 2008; Baños, 2013; Reviers, 2017) and for teaching purposes (Rica Peromingo, 2019; Baños, 2021). In an interdisciplinary fashion, Blanca Arias-Badia’s book Subtitling Television Series. A Corpus-Driven Study of Police Procedurals specifically takes on the task of describing the principal linguistic features of crime fiction television scripts and their corresponding Spanish subtitles. Its interdisciplinary nature lies on the combination of Television Studies, Linguistics and Translation Studies (TS). Notably, the author explores the notion of norms and patterns through the lens of these three disciplines, all by situating the source text and the target text in the spoken word to written language continuum. The book follows a clear structure of nine chapters including a theoretical and methodological contextualisation of the (quantitative and qualitative) morphosyntactic and lexical analysis of the Corpus of Police Procedurals [...]
Cognitive systems face a tension between stability and plasticity. The maintenance of long-term representations that reflect the global regularities of the environment is often at odds with pressure to flexibly adjust to short-term input regularities that may deviate from the norm. This tension is abundantly clear in speech communication when talkers with accents or dialects produce input that deviates from a listener's language community norms. Prior research demonstrates that when bottom-up acoustic information or top-down word knowledge is available to disambiguate speech input, there is short-term adaptive plasticity such that subsequent speech perception is shifted even in the absence of the disambiguating information. Although such effects are well-documented, it is not yet known whether bottom-up and top-down resolution of ambiguity may operate through common processes, or how these information sources may interact in guiding the adaptive plasticity of speech perception. The present study investigates the joint contributions of bottom-up information from the acoustic signal and top-down information from lexical knowledge in the adaptive plasticity of speech categorization according to short-term input regularities. The results implicate speech category activation, whether from top-down or bottom-up sources, in driving rapid adjustment of listeners' reliance on acoustic dimensions in speech categorization. Broadly, this pattern of perception is consistent with dynamic mapping of input to category representations that is flexibly tuned according to interactive processing accommodating both lexical knowledge and idiosyncrasies of the acoustic input.
Objective. The objective of the article is to determine the status of the youth’s argot and its role in modern French, as well as to identify the most productive models of the formation of the youth’s argot, which makes the language of young people more expressive and emotional. Methods. The work uses a complex of general scientific and special research methods, namely linguistic observation and description, analysis, systematization and generalization of scientific literature, which make it possible to understand the features of the French youth’s argot and its meaningful characteristics. Results. Young people’s language functions within any language and exists at all times, it changes only the quantitative composition and scope of application under the influence of both linguistic and non-linguistic factors. There are argots in the vocabulary of every modern young Frenchman, since they greatly simplify the understanding of any phenomena and increase the speed of assimilation of new information material. In recent decades there has been a constant evolution of the argot, which manifests itself in the growing penetration of argots into all spheres of life, it ceases to be a closed language and become part of the vocabulary of a significant number of French people. Global informatization has a particular impact on the French language. Over the past decades, the Internet has evolved from a specialized computer network into an open source of mass communication. And here, its own electronic youth culture is being formed, which is reflected in the emergence of new grammatical, syntactic, punctuation, lexical and other norms. The reasons for the formation of the modern youth’s argot is the saving of time and efforts, which gives rise to a huge number of different abbreviations of words and phrases; belonging of young people to a particular social group and classifying information from outsiders, which leads to a large number of argot; the desire to avoid the use of obscene expressions, in an abbreviated form lose the element of vulgarity; a desire to express their emotions and provide expressions of expressiveness and emotionality. Youth’s argot is not just a desire to rebel against generally accepted norms or lack of literary baggage for codified communication. It is a completely linguistic creativity, which develops especially rapidly during the period of social upheavals, cultural shifts. The author examines the content characteristics of youth’s argot.
Statement of the problem. At present, the teaching of a foreign language at a technical university rests on a competency-based approach. An important role in the linguistic education of the future specialists plays the formation of the students’ sociolinguistic competency, which is traditionally included in the structure of the sociocultural competency according to the national methodology.The formation of the sociolinguistic competency of the technical university students at the lessons of English has its distinctive features and is associated with introducing them to the culture and history of the country of the studied language, working with authentic professionally oriented materials, studying the norms of the native speakers’ communication behavior, the phenomena of territorially and socially determined linguistic variability. Results. The research that has been carried out gives reason to argue that the students’ typical mistakes and difficulties associated with the choice of the geographically determined phonetic variants and the geographically and socially determined lexical variants in the process of communication indicate that the sociolinguistic competency of the students is formed insufficiently. Conclusion. The focus of the teacher’s attention on the formation of the sociolinguistic competency in the educational process, explaining to the students the nature of the language variation phenomena, analyzing the reasons for the ambiguity of the nomination in each special case help the students to successfully overcome the problems of choosing a language variant in the communication process, and to become more confident users of English.
AbstractThis research work is devoted to the features of the translation of legal terminology from English into Uzbek. The need for professional translation today manifests itself in all spheres of life. Including these legal services are necessary in professional activities. A high-quality written translation on legal topics will be useful, for example, both for the owner of a judicial organization who has concluded a lucrative contract abroad and for an ordinary foreman who wants to read a competent translation of instructions for legal documents.
The article contains an overview of new trends in Ukrainian literary and colloquial language development in historical retrospect and dynamics. In particular, changes in the lexical structure of language, new phenomena in word formation, morphology and syntax, innovative shifts in styles, etc., in the context of communicative strategies and tactics, rhetorical, stylistic, and linguistic norms and techniques adopted in various spheres of communication are considered. The article is aimed at forming ideas and gaining knowledge in the field of the theory of the modern Ukrainian language in those sections that are distinguished by the greatest significance of the theoretical approach (grammar, syntax), as well as skills and abilities in those parts that require an applied application (culture of oral and written communication, stylistics, rhetoric, genre studies, the principles of spelling). With the dominant idea of the pluralism of norms and an orientation towards their non-rigid codification, there is also an idea of the loosening of the norms of the literary language, of the grave and even dangerous condition experienced by the modern Ukrainian literary language.
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed behavioural norms and how people conceptualise everyday life. It has led to prolific use of specific terminology that is new or was previously outside the lexical boundaries of common use. Terms like ‘social distancing’, ‘lockdown’ and ‘new normal' were previously jargon limited to specialist fields. The COVID-19 pandemic which spread globally in 2020 has led to great social change and an associated lexical influence. To study this phenomenon, we examine the lexical effects of COVID-19 on the Indonesian language, through analysis of two well-known Indonesian national newspapers – Kompas and Suara Pembaruan, for the month of May 2020. This was at a time of growing awareness of COVID-19 in Indonesia, that included a partial lockdown in Jakarta. As such, there was a great deal of attention to COVID-19 in the mass media. To study this, we apply quantitative content analysis to the sample data to identify the range and frequency of words borrowed from English. We examine this use of code-switching to also undertake qualitative analysis, exploring the various socio-linguistic dimensions of those borrowed terms. Some usage was found to address lexical gaps in Indonesian language, where other usage appeared more for stylistic, emphatic purposes, drawing on the semiotic power of English in the Indonesian context. Code-switching reiteration was particularly prominent in the sample data. We argue that through code-switching reiteration, the print media can introduce new foreign vocabulary to Indonesian readers, which subsequently generates opportunities for language change. COVID-19 has expedited this process, meaning that there has been an increased likelihood of Indonesian language change during 2020.
Qat, Catha edulis has become synonymous with Yemen, as the phenomenon of Qat chewing in Yemen dates back hundreds of years in history. No social, cultural, or political gathering in the afternoon time can do without Qat. Afternoon time becomes the sign of Qat sessions and socialization. Despite Yemen's openness to other cultures and the recent revolution in all kinds of social media, Yemenis do not stop the habit of chewing Qat. The purpose of the present research work is to analyze 'Qat' as a linguistic sign consisting of a signifier and a signified to understand its various social, cultural, and political signifieds that give it the semiotic power to dominate all aspects of life in Yemen and to ground the coinage of many lexical items that are culturally specific to Qat culture and Yemeni dialects. The present paper uses semiotics as a research method in which it adopts Saussure's linguistic model of sign, signifier, and signified and Barthes' concepts of denotation and connotation. Semiotically, this paper shows that the Yemeni people are not addicted to Qat as a drug, as might be assumed by some foreigners who are not familiar with the sign system of Yemeni culture. The Yemeni people are addicted to Qat as a polysemous sign that is associated with values, norms, rituals, enjoyment, relationship, and socialization at the connotative level.