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18265 papers
AbstractThe most important objective of our study was to build and construct a complete and comprehensive morphological analyzing scheme, tagging, and parsing system which can be used for annotating Arabic corpora. In our dissertation, we did an analytical study, implementation, and evaluation of Arabic morphological analysis, tagging, and syntactic analysis starting from raw text. The three different systems were implemented in various methods; for morphological analysis, we use finite-state automaton as discussed in chapter four, after doing the process of tokenization and segmentation of the raw text as explained in chapter three. The tagging system was implemented under a new very rich tag set, which was designed and developed by us. It consists of 30 tags in addition to some other features and linguistic information as described in chapter five. An appropriate set of tags has a direct influence on the accuracy and the usefulness of tagging system. So, the smaller the tag set, the higher the accuracy, and the larger the tag set, the lower the accuracy. Regarding syntactic annotation, we started with developing a syntactic tag for the Arabic language as explained in chapter six. Based on the syntactic tag we started developing chunker by analyzing sentence structure categories that are identified using some grammatical theory. And the last step is parsing which is very common for sentence structure annotation. We tried to bring in as many details as possible for sentence analysis as described in chapter six as well. This thesis provides an overview and annotation scheme for representing the NLP analysis, at the most important stages, such as lexical internal structure level, part-of-speech level, chunk level, and parsing at the sentence level. The main reason for our dissertation was to annotate Arabic corpora morpho-syntactically. The annotation was done semi-automatically which is more efficient and significant to tackle and present solutions for most of the Arabic language problems. The importance of annotated corpora in the present day of natural language processing is widely known. The main idea behind corpus annotation is to add value to a corpus and that will help to be a source of linguistic information for future research and development. Annotated corpora serve as an important tool for investigators of natural language processing, speech recognition, information retrieval, and other related areas. It proves to be a basic building block for developing and constructing different models, tools, and programs for automatic and semi-automatic processing of natural languages.It is very hard and difficult to encode manually all the information needed to encode the natural language to develop and build a tool or program that will annotate text with some necessary information (Brill, E, 1994). Annotation of corpora can be done at various levels such as part of speech, phrase/clause level, dependency level, etc. Part of speech tagging forms the basic step towards building an annotated corpus. Chunking can form the next level of tagging and then parsing the full sentence. Parsing is usually performed after basic morphosyntactic categories have been identified in a text, it brings these categories into higher-level syntactic relationships with one another. Corpora that have been parsed are sometimes known as treebanks as discussed in chapter six.There are various advantages of studying corpus, particularly for the areas of NLP; Machine Translation, Computational Lexicography, Stylistics, etc. It is extremely useful not only in building and formulating rules but also in testing them. Studies on a corpus with a focus on a particular linguistic structure can lead to a better understanding of the problems involved. Corpus can be used as an immediate source to extract and retrieve useful information in building natural language applications.
This study focuses on the negativity bias theory displayed by individuals scoring high on depressive symptoms when viewing emotional stimuli. Based on previous research on negativity bias in depressed individuals, two hypotheses were tested: (1) The valence scores are lower for individuals scoring higher on depressive symptoms when rating high arousal, low valence images, and (2) a magnified LPP amplitude is observed for more depressed individuals when viewing high arousal images with low valence. Participants (N=131) were university students (Mean age= 20.8). The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) images were used as stimuli, and scalp event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to determine levels of depressive symptoms and categorize participants into low, middle, and high levels of depressive symptoms groups. Results showed significantly lower LPP amplitudes and higher mean valence ratings for individuals scoring higher on depressive symptoms compared to the low and mid depressed groups. Based on the results, both hypotheses are rejected as more depressed individuals show flattened emotional responses to highly arousing, unpleasant stimuli.
TuLaR (Tupian Language Resources) is a project for collecting, documenting, analyzing, and developing computational and pedagogical material for low-resource Brazilian indigenous languages. It provides valuable data for language research regarding typological, syntactic, morphological, and phonological aspects. Here we present TuLaR's databases, with special consideration to TuDeT (Tupian Dependency Treebanks), an annotated corpus under development for nine languages of the Tupian family, built upon the Universal Dependencies framework. The annotation within such a framework serves a twofold goal: enriching the linguistic documentation of the Tupian languages due to the rapid and consistent annotation, and providing computational resources for those languages, thanks to the suitability of our framework for developing NLP tools. We likewise present a related lexical database, some tools developed by the project, and examine future goals for our initiative.
This dataset contains all image, complexity and distinctiveness data that was used for: Han, S. J, Kelly, P., Winters, J., & Kemp, C. (2022). Simplification is not dominant in the evolution of Chinese characters. <em>Open Mind</em>. The code for this project can be found here. The file uploaded here is intended to replace the sample data folder that is available in the code repository. Our dataset includes data scraped from hanziyuan.net, as well as data from the following sources: Sun, C. C., Hendrix, P., Ma, J., & Baayen, R. H. (2018). Chinese lexical database (CLD): A large-scale lexical database for simplified Mandarin Chinese. Behavior Research Methods, 50(6), 2606–2629. Wikimedia Commons. (2021). Chinese characters decomposition. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Chinese_characters_decomposition Liu, C.-L., Yin, F., Wang, D.-H., & Wang, Q.-F. (2011). CASIA online and offline Chinese handwriting databases. In 2011 international conference on document analysis and recognition (pp. 37–41). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDAR.2011.17 Chen, P.-C. (2020). Traditional Chinese handwriting dataset. GitHub. https://github.com/AI-FREE-Team/Traditional-Chinese-Handwriting-Dataset
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Analogies between 4 sentences, “a is to b as c is to d”, are usually defined between two pairs of sentences (a, b) and (c, d) by constraining a relation R holding between the sentences of the first pair, to hold for the second pair. From a theoretical perspective, three postulates define an analogy - one of which is the “central permutation” postulate which allows the permutation of central elements b and c. This postulate is no longer appropriate in sentence analogies since the existence of R offers no guarantee in general for the existence of some relation S such that S also holds for the pairs (a, c) and (b, d). In this paper, the “central permutation” postulate is replaced by a weaker “internal reversal” postulate to provide an appropriate definition of sentence analogies. To empirically validate the aforementioned postulate, we build a LSTM as well as baseline Random Forest models capable of learning analogies based on quadruplets. We use the Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB), the Stanford Natural Language Inference (SNLI) and the Microsoft Research Paraphrase (MSRP) corpora. Our experiments show that our models trained on samples of analogies between (a, b) and (c, d), recognize analogies between (b, a) and (d, c) when the underlying relation is symmetrical, validating thus the formal model of sentence analogies using “internal reversal” postulate. © 2022 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
Reviewed by: Postclassical Greek: Contemporary Approaches to Philology and Linguistics ed. by Dariya Rafiyenko and Ilja A. Seržant William A. Ross dariya rafiyenko and ilja a. seržant (eds.), Postclassical Greek: Contemporary Approaches to Philology and Linguistics (Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 335; Berlin: de Gruyter, 2020). Pp. viii + 339. $114.99. This volume brings together a slate of scholars to examine linguistic aspects of postclassical Greek, including the biblical corpus, in an interdisciplinary context. It begins with an essay by the editors Dariya Rafiyenko and Ilja A. Seržant that offers an overview of postclassical Greek itself, which they define as "the entire set of spoken and written varieties of the period from 323 BC up to 1453 AD" (p. 1). Their essay briefly surveys issues of periodization and grammar, with an emphasis on the importance of variation in linguistic description, for which reason Rafiyenko and Seržant join others—rightly so in my opinion—in questioning the separation of linguistics from philology that has prevailed throughout much of the last century. They advocate instead what they call the "rephilologization of historical linguistics" (p. 12). The volume is divided into two sections. The first is "Grammatical Categories," which begins with "Purpose and Result Clauses: ἵνα-hína and ὥστε-hṓste in the Greek Documentary Papyri of the Roman Period," by Giuseppina di Bartolo, who surveys the disappearance of certain semantic distinctions in different moods and a reduction of conjunctions to introduce purpose and result clauses. In "Syntactic Factors in the Greek Genitive-Dative Syncretism: The Contribution of New Testament Greek," Chiara Gianollo considers postnominal genitives in the NT, which allowed for the propagation of an external possession construction. Then, in "Future Periphrases in John Malalas," Daniel Kölligan looks at the earliest Byzantine world chronicler, in whose work certain novel, but not idiosyncratic, expressions of future reference appear alongside older patterns. The next essay is "Combining Linguistics, Paleography and Papyrology: The Use of eis, pros and epí in Greek Papyri," by Joanne Stolk, who contrasts these prepositions with the bare dative in expressions of animate goal of motion and transfer verbs, providing new interpretations for uses otherwise considered exceptional. In "Future Forms in Postclassical Greek: Some Remarks on the Septuagint and the New Testament," Liana Tronci examines diachronic morphology to mark future tense, taking external factors such as register variation within the biblical corpus into account. The next essay, by Brian D. Joseph, is entitled "Greek Infinitive-Retreat versus Grammaticalization: An Assessment"; he argues that the morphosyntactic changes in infinitive use represent degrammaticalization and thus that grammatical change is not always unidirectional. The last essay in the first section of this volume is "Postclassical Greek and Treebanks for a Diachronic Analysis," by Nikolaos Lavidas and Dag Trygve Truslew Haug. They employ diachronic analysis to examine syntactic phenomena such as backward control and thus build a linguistic profile of earlier texts. The second section in this volume includes topics related to sociolinguistic aspects and variation in postclassical Greek. The first essay, by Marina Benedetti, is "The Perfect [End Page 538] Paradigm in Theodosius' Κανόνες: Diathetically Indifferent and Diathetically Non-Indifferent Forms," in which she examines the discussion of the perfect in a fourth-century c.e. grammatical treatise. Next, in "Forms of the Directive Speech Act: Evidence from Early Ptolemaic Papyri," Carla Bruno considers strategies available for inducing others to action, including performative utterances and indirect implicatures, among other possibilities. The next essay is one of the longest in the book: "What's in a (personal) Name? Morphology and Identity in Jewish Greek Literature in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods," by Robert Crellin. He challenges the notion that non-nativized morphology of Hebrew personal names implies low-level Greek, arguing instead that sociolinguistic and literary considerations are at work in the decision to adapt personal names or not. The next essay is "Confusion of Mood or Phoneme? The Impact of L1 Phonology on Verb Semantics," by Sonja Dahlgren and Martti Leiwo, who question whether the extensive nonstandard vowel use in Egyptian Greek texts is evidence of poor command of Greek. They suggest instead that such spellings represent underdifferentiated Greek phonemes and transfer elements from non-Greek prosodic systems. The last...
Reviewed by: Por un lenguaje inclusivo: Estudios y reflexiones sobre estrategias no sexistas en la lengua española by Tina Escaja y María Natalia Prunes Emilia Alonso-Marks Por un lenguaje inclusivo: Estudios y reflexiones sobre estrategias no sexistas en la lengua española Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española, 2021 Editado por Tina Escaja y María Natalia Prunes This edited volume in the Colección El árbol de las palabras, No. 5, that the Academia de la Lengua Norteamericana (ANLE) puts together, provides an overview of the background of inclusive language and research into language inclusivity and gender neutrality, an approach whose practices have met with resistance from the Royal Spanish Academy of Language (RAE) and other associations concerned with the purity and rigor of linguistic forms. Language inclusion is the practice of mindfulness with regards to gender when writing. Academics, writers, teachers and students from different affiliations and communities advocate for implementing forms that avoid linguistic sexism and integrate those in our society today, where women and other gender identities are demanding to have their presence acknowledged and their voices heard. Nevertheless, the language inclusivity initiative has met with resistance, as "invisibility and exclusion continue to permeate the Spanish language for the sake of a tradition that has been questioned in recent years" (17). This tradition is protected zealously by institutions like the RAE, mentioned above, whose founders and followers continue to be mostly men. For the editors, being mindful and intentional about language inclusivity is not a strictly linguistic topic, "but through it, it [End Page 193] manifests in [the language] an explicit political militance" (25). It is a power struggle between the traditional forces that deny the social dimension of language, and the innovation forces that demand an end not only to gender binarism, reflected on the generic masculine as the unmarked gender, but also to blatant gender discrimination forms that still exist in society today. So, the struggle is not only linguistic in nature, but socio-political as well. Escaja and Prunes (2021) have edited a volume containing 10 academic contributions and 10 contributions of free creation into an anthology of critical research studies and reflections about gender inclusive strategies in the Spanish language. The volume does not offer controversial perspectives around the topic of language inclusivity, but rather takes a position clearly pro the use of inclusive language, focusing on introducing alternatives to language inclusion. The short papers are supposed to add an intellectual counterpoint to the strictly academic essays. Accordingly, the 20 contributions have been distributed into two sections. Part I houses the strictly academic contributions, and Part II contains the short, creative pieces. Part I is not organized by themes, theoretical approaches or analytical frameworks. According to the editors, the idea behind this apparent disorganization is for readers "to enjoy the most pluralistic, pleasant reading possible, where interdisciplinarity gets intermingled and complemented" (31). The first study focuses on how language is the vehicle people use to imagine the world. It is used to build "subjectivities," that is, things pertaining to the first person singular. However, one cannot lose sight that language—the word—is a foundational piece of the individual within society; and society utilizes it, among other things, as an instrument to decide what is acceptable or unacceptable, and only those aspects that are deemed acceptable get normalized. The second study centers around the use of gender-neutral forms in the Spanish Constitutions and how these forms meet criteria having to do with linguistic norm and precision on the one hand, and language economy and what is natural, on the other. In the third article, the contributor takes the reader on a historic journey, where the use of language-inclusive forms gets documented through examples found in newspaper articles and teaching files dating back to the beginning of the twentieth century through today. The contributor concluded that it would be ideal to share this experience in Spanish language, literature and culture courses in the USA, so that students could make connections with English and the social movements that have advocated for language inclusivity. Similarly, the fourth study centers around providing the reader a historic overview based on five...
Traditional recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have a fixed, finite number of memory cells. In theory (assuming bounded range and precision), this limits their formal language recognition power to regular languages, and in practice, RNNs have been shown to be unable to learn many context-free languages (CFLs). In order to expand the class of languages RNNs recognize, prior work has augmented RNNs with a nondeterministic stack data structure, putting them on par with pushdown automata and increasing their language recognition power to CFLs. Nondeterminism is needed for recognizing all CFLs (not just deterministic CFLs), but in this paper, we show that nondeterminism and the neural controller interact to produce two more unexpected abilities. First, the nondeterministic stack RNN can recognize not only CFLs, but also many non-context-free languages. Second, it can recognize languages with much larger alphabet sizes than one might expect given the size of its stack alphabet. Finally, to increase the information capacity in the stack and allow it to solve more complicated tasks with large alphabet sizes, we propose a new version of the nondeterministic stack that simulates stacks of vectors rather than discrete symbols. We demonstrate perplexity improvements with this new model on the Penn Treebank language modeling benchmark.
Abstract Dementia caregivers can experience negative affect when interacting with their care recipients. However, few studies have examined the specific factors that predict caregiver negative affect in this dyadic context. We hypothesized that deficits in care recipients’ emotional functioning would be associated with increased intensity of caregivers’ negative affect during interactions with their care recipient. Caregivers (Nf100) reported on two aspects of their care recipients’ emotional functioning: (1) emotion recognition (the ability to recognize other people’s emotions), and (2) negative emotional reactivity (the ability to generate negative emotional responses). Dyads then visited the laboratory and engaged in a 10-minute conversation about an area of conflict in their relationship. Caregivers then watched recordings of their conversation while rating the valence and intensity of their experienced affect using a rating dial. We used these ratings to quantify changes in caregivers’ emotional valence across the course of the conversation. Caregivers of care recipients with greater deficits in emotion recognition demonstrated greater increases in negative affect across the conversation. In contrast, care recipients’ negative emotional reactivity was not related to changes in the valence of caregivers’ affect across the conversation. Findings remained significant even after accounting for caregiver baseline valence ratings, biological sex, and age, as well as the care recipients’ diagnosis and level of cognitive impairment. Results reveal the important role that care recipients’ deficits in emotion recognition play in caregivers’ emotional lives. Caregivers’ negative affect may be more likely to increase when their care recipient has deficits in emotion recognition.
A distinctive feature of the spelling of the contemporary Russian Church Slavonic is the so-called antistih (anti-verse) principle, that is a total, in as much as possible, elimination of grammatical homonymy, with a well-known arsenal of graphic and orthographic tools used: duplicates є, ѡ, ы and ѧ, diacritical marks apostrof (ἀπόστροφος) and kamora (circumflexus). Having considered various recommendations found in educational and scientific literature, and comparing them with the data of texts, the author came to the following conclusions. First, the system of orthographic principles of the Church Slavonic language has a hierarchical organization. Second, the principle of antistih (i.e. differentiating) occupies a dominant position in this hierarchy. Third, antistih has its own internal hierarchy. Fourth, the leading role in this internal hierarchy belongs to the opposition (distinction) of numeric homoforms. Fifth, the use of specific tools is subject to strict laws. The author offers a formulation of spelling rules for dissimilarizing singular and non-singular homophormes, taking into account the system-wide relations of spelling principles, the internal hierarchy of antistich, and the hierarchy of graphic and orthographic tools. The presence of such rules, i.e. an explicitly articulated algorithm, may not only contribute to the standardization of the language but also is valuable in terms of solving concrete practical tasks: methodical (presentation of material: from the teacher to the student), mnemonic (learning of material: from the student to the system of language), normalization per se (orientation in arsenal of linguistic tools: from the originator of the text to the linguistic norm).
The present paper represents an attempt to shed some light upon the phenomenon of language death in Iraqi dialect in relation to the social factors of age, gender and region. For this purpose, 400 informants (200 males and 200 females) have been approached so as to elicit relevant data. They are subdivided according to age group, gender as well as region. The sample used in this investigation is native speakers of Iraqi Arabic. The model is used according to Trudgill (1974). It could be said that the age of the speaker is a social factor with which linguistic variables have been found to correlate very closely. The normal pattern of style and age differentiation occurs when the youngest and the oldest represent the highest scores. When they become older, they will be more influenced by the values of the society. So, they will be affected by their social networks. Thus, they are linguistically more influenced by the standard language. On the other hand, older and retired people are away from the standard forms due to the effect of their peer group. Again, their social networks are narrower than that of the middle aged groups.There is another social pressure on women to acquire correct linguistic norms. Men tend to be favorably disposed to low status speech forms than women. This is may be because of the connotations of 'toughness' and 'masculinity' associated with working class language, so it could be said that woman don't use the dying word.
In parsing phrase structures, supertagging achieves a symbiosis between the interpretability of formal grammars and the accuracy and speed of more recent neural models.The approach was only recently transferred to parsing discontinuous constituency structures with linear context-free rewriting systems (LCFRS).We reformulate and parameterize the previously fixed extraction process for LCFRS supertags with the aim to improve the overall parsing quality.These parameters are set in the context of several steps in the extraction process and are used to control the granularity of extracted grammar rules as well as the association of lexical symbols with each supertag.We evaluate the influence of the parameters on the sets of extracted supertags and the parsing quality using three treebanks in the English and German language, and we compare the best-performing configurations to recent state-of-the-art parsers in the area.Our results show that some of our configurations and the slightly modified parsing process improve the quality and speed of parsing with our supertags over the previous approach.Moreover, we achieve parsing scores that either surpass or are among the state-of-the-art in discontinuous constituent parsing.
Abstract We investigate how discourse relations and their subtypes are signalled, extending the set of discourse signals from connectives and lexical cue phrases to the wide range of semantic, syntactic, and orthographic signals of the RST Signalling Corpus (Das, Debopam & Maite Taboada. 2018. RST signalling corpus. Language Resources and Evaluation 52. 149–184). This extension requires re-evaluating previous predictions on discourse signalling, in particular, those of Sanders, Ted. 2005. Coherence, causality and cognitive complexity in discourse. In M. Aurnague, M. Bras, A. Le Draoulec & L. Vieu (eds.), Proceedings/Actes SEM-05, first international symposium on the exploration and modelling of meaning, 105–114. Biarritz causality-by-default hypothesis, the hypothesis of uniform information density (Frank, Austin & Florian Jaeger. 2008. Speaking rationally: Uniform information density as an optimal strategy for language production. In Proceedings of the 30th annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 933–938. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7d08h6j4 (accessed 18 May 2022)), and the hypothesis that discourse is continuous by preference (Segal, Erwin, Judith Duchan & Paula Scott. 1991. The role of interclausal connectives in narrative structuring. Discourse Processes 14. 27–54; Murray, John. 1997. Connectives and narrative text. Memory and Cognition 25. 227–236). We evaluate the predictions of these theories on the conditional relations in the RST Discourse Treebank (Carlson, Lynn, Daniel Marcu & Mary Ellen Okurowski. 2002. RST Discourse Treebank. LDC2002T07. Philadelphia: Linguistic Data Consortium), using causal relations as a control group. Informativity and continuity are operationalized in terms of semantic complexity and Givón, Talmy. 1993. English grammar: A function-based introduction, vol. 2. Amsterdam: John Benjamins dimensions of deictic shift. Our results show that the hypotheses make accurate predictions only for the relation groups in their entirety but not for the observed in-group variation, in particular, the low amount of marking for the hypothetical subtype of conditional relations. We attribute this difference to the distribution of intra- and inter-sentential occurrences across the conditional subtypes: intra-sentential relations are consistently more marked than inter-sentential ones, and hypothetical relations are special in that they appear predominantly inter-sententially.
Abstract Introduction Inadequate sleep quantity and/or quality in children is known to forecast development of emotional problems, but how sleep microstructure relates to children’s day-to-day emotional functioning remains unclear. Slow wave activity (SWA), or slow fluctuations of cortical activity during slow wave sleep (SWS) in the frequency range 0.75–4.5 Hz, is a marker of homeostatic sleep regulation and reflects synaptic reorganization of cortical areas early in life (Campbell & Feinberg, 2009). Findings regarding SWA among clinically depressed adolescents are mixed, with evidence of SWA reductions (Lopez et al., 2012) and increases (Tesler et al., 2016) compared to controls. Tesler et al. (2016) also showed SWA in frontal areas correlates positively with depressive thoughts. However, we are unaware of studies examining SWA in relation to depressive symptoms and next-day emotional responses among pre-pubertal children, before developmental declines in SWA (Jenni & Carskadon, 2004). Methods We examined relationships between N3 SWA, depressive symptoms, and next-day emotional responses among N=17 un-medicated, healthy children ages 7-11 years (Tanner 1/2). Children completed a baseline assessment and one night of at-home PSG monitoring (10-hour sleep opportunity) then an in-lab emotional assessment the next day where they provided arousal and valence ratings for negative affective images from the International Affective Picture System. Analyses controlled for PSG night total sleep time, and SWA did not differ by gender. Results Results indicated non-significant associations between SWA and child- and parent-reported depressive symptoms. Greater SWA density across frontal (r=-.66; p&lt;.01), central (r=-.70; p&lt;.001) and occipital regions (r=-.61; p&lt;.01), along with frontal SWA amplitude (r=-.61; p&lt;.01), significantly negatively related to valence ratings for negative images (images were rated as less negative). Conclusion While preliminary, findings suggest potential relationships between SWA and emotional functioning in pre-pubertal children. We have previously shown greater SWS corresponds with less same-week negative affect among pre-pubertal anxious children (Palmer & Alfano, 2017); additionally, in a longitudinal study of pre-pubertal children at risk for depression, greater SWS in childhood protected against later development of depression (Silk et al., 2007). Collectively, findings suggest greater SWA prior to pubertal transition may buffer against negative daytime emotional experiences and later depression. Support (If Any)
The baby monitoring system is a kind of smart IoT system helpful for busy working parents. Besides providing basic safety care, it actually also delivers the moments of baby growing and development by all time recording. Hence, in baby monitoring systems nowadays, capturing and recommending the precious moments of infant growth to their parents has become a real-world demand. How to capture the interesting, worthwhile and exquisite moments with commemorative and catering to the parents' preferences is a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a novel image rating framework, namely Infant growth Precious Moment capturing (IPreMom), which is based on the concept of continual learning for comprehensively addressing the problem of automatically capturing the precious moments during infant growth. Through a series of experiments, it was shown that our proposed framework delivers excellent performance compared to the baselines, with up to 40% improvement in terms of MAE. Moreover, the proposed framework has been implanted into a commercial baby monitor on the market. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that solves the problem of automatically capturing the infant precious moments using continual learning and image rating techniques, which is important and has not been well studied in the academic and industrial communities.
This paper presents and discusses a discourse relation annotation scheme for the MUCH corpus of academic writing, based on Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST). The set of proposed relational tags takes into regard both distinctiveness, pedagogical needs and implementability with automatic rules. We show how a pilot grammar with 180 rules can map discourse relations between existing syntactic nodes, exploiting lower-level grammatical/treebank markup and surface clues such as connectives (e.g. conjunctions and prepositions). In an evaluation of a live run on student essays from teacher training courses, the average false positive rate across the most frequent 21 categories was 26.7 % for tags and 17.1 % for relation links. Performance was best for categories with a high percentage of rules using surface connectives and, for in-sentence relations, their corresponding dependency links.
The first time such a newly emerged linguistic variety has been documented at NUML, Islamabad. This language variation means morphological, semantic, connotative deviations from standard linguistic norms. Contact linguistics, code meshing, diversified linguistic backgrounds and their colloquialism play their vital roles in shaping Numlianlect of BS English. The research problem faced by learners of super standard language is that they do not comprehend the newly code meshed discourse in the informal settings of NUML. So, this research raises questions about the exploration of linguistic variations, their formulation process and their denotative and connotative semantic shades. To answer these questions, qualitative and survey-based research design has been employed. The collected data have been analyzed with Labov and Weinreich’s Variation Theory (1960). Major findings reveal that students mix English, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto and Urdu words to produce variant code-meshed linguistic patterns. Connotation, semantic shades and contexts of words have been changed by students.
Familiarity could be a key attribute of attention for visual perception of objects in our environment.Subjective ratings of familiarity with visual objects could be influenced by individuals’ attention and judgment ability. The current study investigated the relationship between subjective familiarity perception of visual objects with the objective measures of individuals’ attention and judgment ability in forty-seven healthy participants. Familiarity ratings of the visual objects belonging to four categories (Human, Inanimate, Animal, Plant) were collected from the participants. Attention and judgment ability of the participants were assessed objectively using attentional blink task and relative area estimation task respectively. Individuals’ who were objectively less attentive and prone to judgment errors manifested a high propensity to subjectively rate the visual objects as more familiar. The current study findings indicate the importance of objective cognitive assessment for fitness testing of jobs that involve one’s subjective visual perception such as pilots, air traffic controllers and navy personnel.
We propose a novel algorithm that improves on the previous neural span-based CKY decoder for constituency parsing. In contrast to the traditional span-based decoding, where spans are combined only based on the sum of their scores, we introduce an order-sensitive strategy, where the span combination scores are more carefully derived from an order-sensitive basis. Our decoder can be regarded as a generalization over existing span-based decoder in determining a finer-grain scoring scheme for the combination of lower-level spans into higher-level spans, where we emphasize on the order of the lower-level spans and use order-sensitive span scores as well as order-sensitive combination grammar rule scores to enhance prediction accuracy. We implement the proposed decoding strategy harnessing GPU parallelism and achieve a decoding speed on par with state-of-the-art span-based parsers. Using the previous state-of-the-art model without additional data as our baseline, we outperform it and improve the F1 score on the Penn Treebank Dataset by 0.26% and on the Chinese Treebank Dataset by 0.35%.
This article is a continuation of the research that the author has carried out analysing the contacts between Belarusian and Latvian languages in Belarusian periodicals published in the 20th century. This study analyses the influence of Polish in the Belarusian language of Latvia, as reflected in the periodicals of the 20th century. The aim of this article is to present some aspects of the influence of Polish in the local Belarusian language. The importance of Polish and Belarusian as contact languages in Latvia is mainly determined by the historical and areal aspects of language contact. Poles and Belarusians are territorial neighbours with close genetic ties and long-standing economic, cultural, and political relations. Poles and Belarusians are Latvian minorities whose history is linked to Latgale. Polish was, for a long time, the dominant language in the religious sphere (Catholicism) and culture, so in the local Belarusian periodicals, it is possible to observe the influence of Polish in the Latvian Belarusian language, which was reflected in the use of some Polish words and word components. As languages come into contact, it can lead to borrowing from one language into another. Interference occurs when linguistic norms are mixed and other linguistic norms are picked up so that deviations from the norms of the mother tongue can occur under the influence of the contact language.
In this paper we investigated two different methods to parse relative and noun complement clauses in English and resorted to distinct tags for their corresponding that as a relative pronoun and as a complementizer. We used an algorithm to relabel a corpus parsed with the GUM Treebank using Universal Dependency. Our second experiment consisted in using TreeTagger, a Probabilistic Decision Tree, to learn the distinction between the two complement and relative uses of postnominal "that". We investigated the effect of the training set size on TreeTagger accuracy and how representative the GUM Treebank files are for the two structures under scrutiny. We discussed some of the linguistic and structural tenets of the learnability of this distinction.
This chapter takes up the issue of authenticity in language pedagogy. Traditional views of authenticity take the native speaker to be the primary authority for linguistic norms. Written standard language is especially highly valued here. It is argued herein that TELL environments are equally valid as learning environments, and that students can use the freedom they provide to develop their own locally negotiated cultural and linguistic norms. Evidence is provided that students on a net-based MA program develop their own norms for reducing language, and use them and other means to mark membership of a local TELL community. Thus, TELL is a rich and authentic environment for learners of English to become what is referred to as “language practitioners.”
Changes in mentalities and the advent of globalization has led to insufficient linguistic resources in the French langage to express some realities relative to women. This has led to an appropriation of the French language by women and particularly the female Cameroonian writer. From This observation, our questioning may carry on the various forms that these linguistic appropriations could have and their underlying meanings. The theory of variationism and the descriptive method are used. The conclusion drawn from this is that the modification of linguistic norms noted in literary texts written by female Cameroonian writers is aimed at claiming a co-propriety of linguistic norms, gender equality and the use of language as a weapon against social inequalities.
Objectives: To assess how patients’ dependent parameters may affect [68Ga]Ga-DOTANOC image quality and to propose a theoretical body mass index (BMI)-adjusted injected activity (IA) scheme, to improve imaging of high weight patients. Methods: Among patients prospectively enrolled (June-2019 and May-2020) in an Institutional Ethical Committee-approved electronic archive, we included those affected by primary gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) or lung neuroendocrine tumour and referred by our Institutional clinicians (excluding even minimal radiopharmaceutical extravasation, movement artefacts, renal insufficiency). All PET/CT images were acquired following EANM guidelines and rated for visual quality (1 = non-diagnostic, 2 = poor, 3 = moderate, 4 = good). Collected data included patient’s body mass, height, BMI, age, IA (injected activity), IA/Kg (IAkg), IA/BMI (IABMI), liver SUVmean, liver SUVmax standard deviation, liver-signal-to-noise (LSNR), normalised_LSNR (LSNR_norm) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) for positive scans and were compared to image rating (poor vs moderate/good). Results: Overall, 77 patients were included. Rating concordance was high (agreement = 81.8%, Fleiss k score = 0.806). All patients’ dependent parameters resulted significantly different between poor-rated and moderate/good-rated scans (IA: p = 0.006, IAkg: p =&lt; 0.001, body weight: p =&lt; 0.001, BMI: p =&lt; 0.001, IABMI: p =&lt; 0.001). Factors significantly associated with moderate/good rating were BMI (p =&lt; 0.001), body weight (p =&lt; 0.001), IABMI (p =&lt; 0.001), IAkg (p = 0.001), IA (p = 0.003), LSNR_norm (p = 0.01). The BMI-based model presented the best predictive efficiency (81.82%). IABMI performance to differentiate moderate/good from poor rating resulted statistically significant (IA-AUC = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.68–0.89; cut-off value of 4.17 MBq*m2/kg, sensitivity = 81.1%, specificity = 66.7%). If BMI-adjusted IA (=4.17*BMI) would have been applied in this population, the median IA would have slightly inferior (−4.8%), despite a different IA in each patient. Advances in knowledge: BMI resulted the best predictor of image quality. The proposed theoretical BMI-adjusted IA scheme (4.17*BMI) should yield images of better quality (especially in high-BMI patients) maintaining practical scanning times (3 min/bed).
Abstract Background and aims: Poor quality of life is a main complaint among individuals with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Self-rated health (SRH) is a powerful predictor of clinical outcomes, and also reflects psychological and social aspects of life and an overall sense of well-being. This population-based twin study evaluates how IBS affects ratings of physical and mental health, and influences perceptions of hindrance of daily activity by physical or mental health. Further, we examine how IBS is related to these SRH measures. Methods: The sample included 5288 Norwegian twins aged 40–80, of whom 575 (10.9%) suffer from IBS. Hierarchical regressions were used to estimate the impact of IBS on perceptions of health, before and after accounting for other chronic physical and mental health conditions. Two dimensions of SRH, physical and mental, and two aspects of functional limitations, the extent to which physical or mental health interferes with daily activities, were included as outcomes in separate models.Co-twin control analyses were used to explore whether the relationships between IBS and the four measures of SRH are causal, or due to shared genetic or shared environment effects. Results: IBS was an independent predictor of poor self-rated physical health (OR = 1.83 [1.42; 2.35]), the size of this effect was comparable to that predicted by chronic somatic conditions. However, in contrast to somatic diseases, IBS was associated with the perception that poorer ratings of mental health (OR=1.46 [1.03; 2.07]), but not physical health (OR = 1.24 [0.96; 1.59]), interfered with daily activity. The co‐twin control analyses suggest that causal mechanisms best explain the relationships between IBS with self-rated physical health and with hindrance of daily activities. In contrast, the relationship between IBS and self-rated mental health was consistent with shared genetic effects. Conclusion: IBS is predictive of poor self-rated physical health. The relationship between IBS and self-rated mental health is best explained by shared genetic effects which might partially explain why mental health interferes with daily activity to a larger degree among those with IBS.
Disgust is an aversive reaction protecting an organism from disease. People differ in how prone they are to experiencing it, and this fluctuates depending on how safe the environment is. Previous research has shown that the recognition and processing of disgusting words depends not on the word's disgust per se but rather on individual sensitivity to disgust. However, the influence of dynamically changing disgust on language comprehension has not yet been researched. In a series of studies, we investigated whether the media's portrayal of COVID-19 will affect subsequent language processing via changes in disgust. The participants were exposed to news headlines either depicting COVID-19 as a threat or downplaying it, and then rated single words for disgust and valence (Experiment 1; N = 83) or made a lexical decision (Experiment 2; N = 86). The headline type affected only word ratings and not lexical decisions, but political ideology and disgust proneness affected both. More liberal participants assigned higher disgust ratings after the headlines discounted the threat of COVID-19, whereas more conservative participants did so after the headlines emphasized it. We explain the results through the politicization and polarization of the pandemic. Further, political ideology was more predictive of reaction times in Experiment 2 than disgust proneness. High conservatism correlated with longer reaction times for disgusting and negative words, and the opposite was true for low conservatism. The results suggest that disgust proneness and political ideology dynamically interact with perceived environmental safety and have a measurable effect on language processing. Importantly, they also suggest that the media's stance on the pandemic and the political framing of the issue may affect the public response by increasing or decreasing our disgust.
Language models based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks have been widely applied to automatic speech recognition, natural language processing research. However, current LSTMs are trained by employing the cross-entropy loss function, which only considers the target category without considering the competing categories during the training processes. Thus, current training methods cannot fully exploit the discriminative information provided by the data labels. To tackle this problem, we propose a Large Margin Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network (LMLSTM) model in this paper. Our model employs the large margin discriminative principle as a heuristic term to navigate the convergence process during training. Our model has improved the discriminative ability of the original LSTM while maintaining the capability when generating sequential data. Our proposed large margin term was tested on the Penn Treebank corpus language modelling task. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed LMLSTM model outperforms current LSTM models in terms of accuracy and perplexity without increasing the depth.
We introduce a method for unsupervised parsing that relies on bootstrapping classifiers to identify if a node dominates a specific span in a sentence. There are two types of classifiers, an inside classifier that acts on a span, and an outside classifier that acts on everything outside of a given span. Through self-training and co-training with the two classifiers, we show that the interplay between them helps improve the accuracy of both, and as a result, effectively parse. A seed bootstrapping technique prepares the data to train these classifiers. Our analyses further validate that such an approach in conjunction with weak supervision using prior branching knowledge of a known language (left/right-branching) and minimal heuristics injects strong inductive bias into the parser, achieving 63.1 F 1 on the English (PTB) test set. In addition, we show the effectiveness of our architecture by evaluating on treebanks for Chinese (CTB) and Japanese (KTB) and achieve new state-of-the-art results. 1
Ten years ago, when the META-NET Network of Excellence conducted a study on language technology support for European languages, Latvian was included in the category of languages with little or no support. During the last decade, notable progress has been made in the development of language resources and tools for Latvian, particularly regarding the creation of advanced datasets like speech corpora and treebanks, state-of-the-art neural language models, machine translation systems, speech technology, and technologies for natural language understanding and human-computer interaction. This paper provides an overview of the most recent activities in the language technology field in Latvia: national and international initiatives, key language resources and tools, key projects and initiatives. We summarize both the recent activities and the most significant achievements after the publication of the META-NET White Paper on Latvian.
Summary This study explores the everyday Otherness experienced by Southeast Asian marriage-migrant women in South Korea. South Korea is increasingly ethnically diverse due to the dramatic rise in international marriages between foreign women and Korean men, most of which are facilitated by marriage brokers. Yet little research has been conducted on marriage-migrants’ experiences of communicating with local Koreans. Drawing on data collected through in-depth interviews with five participants from Cambodia and Vietnam, this study focuses on specific factors that cause conflicts between these women and local Koreans in various social contexts, including the household, workplaces, and wider communities, and how the women respond to such conflicts and manage challenging interactions. The participants’ narratives demonstrate the tensions and conflicts they encounter, which can be divided into three categories: the imposition of Korean ways of living, negative stereotyping, and language use. The women describe being perceived as deviating from Korean society’s cultural and linguistic norms and facing pressure to conform to these norms, which sometimes conflict with their own sense of identity. In addition, they experience marginalization through Othering and negative stereotyping in their interactions with Koreans and struggle to develop a sense of belonging to the host society. The results of this study provide implications for second language programs designed for marriage-migrants, which have the potential to enable marriage-migrants to achieve sustainable development in their second language learning and to support their development of multilingual and multicultural identities.
This paper deals with the evolution of nominal expressions with prenominal possessives in Romance languages. Until now, the prevalent view has been that their historical development follows one of the two diachronic paths: either they stop co-occurring with determiners (French, Spanish) or they start requiring their presence (European Portuguese). One common analysis associates the first case with a transition from a modifier to a determiner semantics of possessives and the second with a retention of a modifier semantics (e.g. Alexiadou 2004). It has also been observed, however, that documented Romance languages each make use of two morphologically distinct possessive paradigms, the so-called short and long forms, and, at least for French, that the short forms co-occur with determiners in historical documents less frequently than the long ones (Butet 2018). We adduce novel quantitative evidence from treebanks of French, Spanish, and Portuguese to the latter observation and show for the first time that the two paradigms followed very different evolutionary trajectories: frequency of determiners goes monotonically up with long possessives and goes up and then down with the short possessives across the three languages. Given these new data, we argue that the only point of evolutionary divergence in Romance possessive DPs is the choice of either the long or the short prenominal possessive in each of the languages, while the semantics of long and short possessives is stable both diachronically and across the three languages we examine. We also argue that the observed diachronic developments are consequences of a pan-Romance rise of a DP grammar. The paper thus contributes to our understanding of the emergence of DP in general and definiteness marking in particular, of the semantico-syntactic architecture of possessive DPs, as well as of the evolutionary divergence and convergence within a language family.
Neural networks (NNs) have been successfully deployed in various applications of artificial intelligence. However, architectural design of NNs is still a challenging problem. This is due to the need to navigate a search space based on a large number of hyperparameters. This forces the search space of possible architectures to grow exponentially. Using a trial-and-error design approach is very time consuming and leads to suboptimal architectures. In addition, approaches, such as neural architecture search based on reinforcement learning and differentiable gradient-based architecture search, often incur huge computational costs or significant memory requirements. To address these challenges, we propose the CURIOUS NN synthesis methodology. It uses a performance predictor to efficiently navigate the architectural search space with an evolutionary search process. The predictor is built using quasi Monte-Carlo sampling, boosted decision tree regression, and an intelligent iterative sampling method. It is designed to be sample efficient. CURIOUS starts from a base architecture and explores the architectural search space to obtain a variant of the base architecture with the highest performance. This search framework is general and covers all important NN architecture types, e.g., feedforward NNs (FFNNs), convolutional NNs (CNNs), recurrent NNs (RNNs), and transformers. We evaluate the performance of CURIOUS on various datasets and base architectures. Through these experiments, we demonstrate significant performance improvements over the baseline architectures. For the MNIST dataset, our CNN architecture achieves an error rate of 0.66%, with <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$8.6\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> fewer parameters compared to the LeNet-5 baseline. For the CIFAR-10 dataset, we use the ResNet architectures and residual networks with Shake-Shake regularization as the baselines. Our synthesized ResNet-18 has a 2.52% accuracy improvement over the original ResNet-18, 1.74% over ResNet-101, and 0.16% over ResNet-1001, while requiring comparable number of parameters and floating-point operations to the original ResNet-18. This result shows that instead of just increasing the number of layers to increase accuracy, an alternative is to use a better NN architecture with a small number of layers. In addition, CURIOUS achieves an error rate of just 2.69% with a variant of the residual architecture with Shake-Shake regularization. We also use the set of optimized hyperparameters found for ResNet-18 on the CIFAR-10 dataset to train and evaluate the model on the ImageNet dataset, and show 3.43% (1.83%) improvement in the top-1 (top-5) error rate compared to the original ResNet-18 model. CURIOUS also obtains the highest accuracy for various other FFNNs that are geared toward edge devices and IoT sensors. In addition, we use CURIOUS to search for deep RNN architectures for the SICK dataset for sentence similarity evaluation. It achieves a mean-squared error of only 0.2060, improving upon the base network performance, without the need to stack multiple long short-term memories. We also use CURIOUS to search for a better NN classifier for the sentiment analysis task on the Stanford sentiment treebank dataset using a pretrained BERT model and again demonstrate improvements in performance.
This article discusses the process of translating Carolina Maria de Jesus’s autobiographical narrative “Favela”, published in Onde estaes felicidade? in 2014, a translation project carried out as an experiment within the SELCS Brazilian Translation Club workshops in October 2021 at University College London. The study identifies points of convergence within the translation, and divergences from expected English cultural and linguistic norms, as well as detailed analyses of several strategies for dealing with problems and concepts such as equivalence, foreignisation, acculturation, and untranslatability. The reflection on translation procedures was guided by the principle of “negative revision”, taking into account the most recent research on the teaching and the practice of literary translation, and paying particular attention to Carolina Maria de Jesus’ autographs, which in themselves dispel several racial, social and cultural stigmas conveyed by the first editions and translations of the author’s work.
Vocal and facial cues typically co-occur in natural settings, and multisensory processing of voice and face relies on their synchronous presentation. Psychological research has examined various facial and vocal cues to attractiveness as well as to judgements of sexual dimorphism, health, and age. However, few studies have investigated the interaction of vocal and facial cues in attractiveness judgments under naturalistic conditions using dynamic, ecologically valid stimuli. Here, we used short videos or audio tracks of females speaking full sentences and used a manipulation of voice pitch to investigate cross-modal interactions of voice pitch on facial attractiveness and related ratings. Male participants had to rate attractiveness, femininity, age, and health of synchronized audio-video recordings or voices only, with either original or modified voice pitch. We expected audio stimuli with increased voice pitch to be rated as more attractive, more feminine, healthier, and younger. If auditory judgements cross-modally influence judgements of facial attributes, we additionally expected the voice pitch manipulation to affect ratings of audiovisual stimulus material. We tested 106 male participants in a within-subject design in two sessions. Analyses revealed that voice recordings with increased voice pitch were perceived to be more feminine and younger, but not more attractive or healthier. When coupled with video recordings, increased pitch lowered perceived age of faces, but did not significantly influence perceived attractiveness, femininity, or health. Our results suggest that our manipulation of voice pitch has a measurable impact on judgements of femininity and age, but does not measurably influence vocal and facial attractiveness in naturalistic conditions.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Poor quality of life is a main complaint among individuals with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Self-rated health (SRH) is a powerful predictor of clinical outcomes, and also reflects psychological and social aspects of life and an overall sense of well-being. This population-based twin study evaluates how IBS affects ratings of physical and mental health, and influences perceptions of hindrance of daily activity by physical or mental health. Further, we examine how IBS is related to these SRH measures. METHODS: The sample included 5288 Norwegian twins aged 40-80, of whom 575 (10.9%) suffer from IBS. Hierarchical regressions were used to estimate the impact of IBS on perceptions of health, before and after accounting for other chronic physical and mental health conditions. Two dimensions of SRH, physical and mental, and two aspects of functional limitations, the extent to which physical or mental health interferes with daily activities, were included as outcomes in separate models. Co-twin control analyses were used to explore whether the relationships between IBS and the four measures of SRH are causal, or due to shared genetic or shared environment effects. RESULTS: IBS was an independent predictor of poor self-rated physical health (OR = 1.82 [1.41; 2.33]), the size of this effect was comparable to that predicted by chronic somatic conditions. However, in contrast to somatic diseases, IBS was associated with the perception that poorer ratings of mental health (OR = 1.45 [1.02; 2.06]), but not physical health (OR = 1.23 [0.96; 1.58]), interfered with daily activity. The co-twin control analyses suggest that causal mechanisms best explain the relationships between IBS with self-rated physical health and with hindrance of daily activities. In contrast, the relationship between IBS and self-rated mental health was consistent with shared genetic effects. CONCLUSION: IBS is predictive of poor self-rated physical health. The relationship between IBS and self-rated mental health is best explained by shared genetic effects which might partially explain why mental health interferes with daily activity to a larger degree among those with IBS.
On the CIFAR-10 (Canadian Institute for Advanced Research-10), ImageNet, and Penn Treebank datasets, Neural Architecture Search (NAS) algorithms obtained better results by computerizing the process of architectural design on the CIFAR-10, ImageNet, and Penn Treebank datasets. Even though the search time has been simplified, search algorithms count on performance prediction or controllers. When used on a new task with a fresh dataset, this may necessitate optimal structuring. The problem of architecture search is not solved because this is done by hand. Using continuous relaxation and gradient descent methods, Differentiable Architecture Search (DARTS) [1] avoids this issue. There are, however, plenty of intriguing methods to make DARTS better. In this paper, we first split the DARTS’s supernet into three (03) sub-supernets and applied neural message passing so that each node in the graph has information from other nodes. The three (03) sub-supernets by using gradient descent to find the best graph represent the whole search space. By adding parameter sharing and transfer learning, our method enhances the final accuracy of one-shot-based DARTS systems consistently. On CIFAR-10, it achieves 98.25% test set accuracy, according to the results.
The article considers the role of tax administration digitalization bodies in the context of current challenges and threats caused by the pandemic in the world and war in Ukraine. The importance of developing the electronic interaction channels between the State Tax Service of Ukraine, tax administrations of OECD countries and taxpayers in the context of Covid-19 and war action is outlined. The focus is on expanding the list of electronic services (for business, private entrepreneurs, IT services), which will increase opportunities for the implementation of the principle of convenience in fulfilling the tax obligation to the state. Continuous development and improvement of services provided by state tax authorities increase the image rating of state institutions, in particular, carry out electronic taxation, which allows: automate internal tax functions; to build electronic information interaction between taxpayers and state tax authorities in the field of taxation; to form effective online communication and ensure fast and secure data exchange between government agencies in the field of taxation; to ensure effective international cooperation in electronic format. The directions for the tax authorities digitalization strategy change for the purpose of effective taxes and fees administration process are offered: granting equal access of citizens, business representatives, tax administrators to digital technologies and new opportunities (to reduce digital gaps); advanced training of personnel for the full development of digitalization of the State Tax Service; increasing the level of automation and digitalization of public services together with the motivation of government agencies.
Background/Aims: Exposure toward positive emotional cues with – and without – reproductive significance plays a crucial role in daily life and regarding well-being as well as mental health. While possible adverse effects of oral contraceptive (OC) use on female mental and sexual health are widely discussed, neural processing of positive emotional stimuli has not been systematically investigated in association with OC use. Considering reported effects on mood, well-being and sexual function, and proposed associations with depression, it was hypothesized that OC users showed reduced neural reactivity toward positive and erotic emotional stimuli during early as well as later stages of emotional processing and also rated these stimuli as less pleasant and less arousing compared to naturally cycling (NC) women. Method: Sixty-two female subjects (29 NC and 33 OC) were assessed at three time points across the natural menstrual cycle and corresponding time points of the OC regimen. Early (early posterior negativity, EPN) and late (late positive potential, LPP) event-related potentials in reaction to positive, erotic and neutral stimuli were collected during an Emotional Picture Stroop Paradigm (EPSP). At each appointment, subjects provided saliva samples for analysis of gonadal steroid concentration. Valence and arousal ratings were collected at the last appointment. Results: Oral contraceptive users had significantly lower endogenous estradiol and progesterone concentrations compared to NC women. No significant group differences in either subjective stimulus evaluations or neural reactivity toward positive and erotic emotional stimuli were observed. For the OC group, LPP amplitudes in reaction to erotic vs. neutral pictures differed significantly between measurement times across the OC regimen. Discussion: In this study, no evidence regarding alterations of neural reactivity toward positive and erotic stimuli in OC users compared to NC was found. Possible confounding factors and lines for future research are elaborated and discussed.