Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
Classical linguistic theory assumes that formal aspects, like sound, are not internally related to the meaning of words. However, recent research suggests language might code affective meaning such as threat and alert sublexically. Positing affective phonological iconicity as a systematic organization principle of the German lexicon, we calculated sublexical affective values for sub-syllabic phonological word segments from a large-scale affective lexical German database by averaging valence and arousal ratings of all words any phonological segment appears in. We tested word stimuli with either consistent or inconsistent mappings between lexical affective meaning and sublexical affective values (negative-valence/high-arousal vs. neutral-valence/low-arousal) in an EEG visual-lexical-decision task. A mismatch between sublexical and lexical affective values elicited an increased N400 response. These results reveal that systematic affective phonological iconicity - extracted from the lexicon - impacts the extraction of lexical word meaning during reading.
The article presents the fundamentals of liturgical translation in search for the core of this partial translation theory. Liturgical texts are known to combine three dimensions of religious discourse: semantics (especially dogmatic exegesis), poetics (the specifi c poetics of original Hebrew and Greek texts) and performability (covering particular features of aural perception). The history of investigating liturgical translation counts at least a century. Exactly 100 years ago, Ukrainian researcher Ivan Ohiyenko published a seminal paper whose issues and ideas were repeated and reverberated in most further studies which directly and specifi cally dealt with biblical phrasing cited in the Liturgy, doctrinal correctness and ideological infl uences, matters of interpretative and temporal retranslations, the problem of the correlation between the poetics of the original languages and that of the target language, relevant sound and music qualities of the text. Linguistic patterns and theological hermeneutics shape a special type of equivalence which is applicable to texts for liturgical use – dogmatic equivalence, which can be viewed from four perspectives: terminological essence; lexical or cultural ortheological interpretation; grammatical meaningfulness; phonetic means for theological interpretation and liturgical performability. It is a diffi cult task to keep a proper balance between the attitude of linguists (who concentrate on relations between a sacred text and a reading community) and that of theologians (who stress on the authoritative status of a sacred text although overlook cultural historicity). Thus, dogmatic equivalence is a structural phenomenon which can be divided into diff erent levels, components or dimensions. The interconnection of translation problems will have to deploy the approbated solutions from sci-tech, poetry and literary translation. The revoiltinary principle which is to be acknowledged properly is that even liturgical translation can benefi t from linguistic experimenting. Key words: translation theory, liturgical translation, interpretation, equivalence, cultural norms.
Abstract. Emotions are an important element of human interactions, including those in social media. Despite the prominence of text-based messages in online communication, little is known about how the emotional tone of the messages affects the emotions of the recipients. With three experiments, the current study investigated these effects in the context of online news discussions. Participants first read news discussion threads with a negative, neutral, and positive tone, and then rated their subjective emotional state in terms of valence and arousal. Results showed that negatively toned discussions induced more negative valence and higher arousal ratings than the other conditions. Positive discussions had an opposite effect. Emotionally toned online comments evidently affect the quality and the intensity of the readers’ subjective emotions. We discuss implications for future research and emotion mitigation strategies to improve online discussion quality.
Abstract This study explores variable Spanish subject pronoun expression (e.g., yo veo ~ veo ) in Spanish-English speaking children in different regions of the United States (U.S.): Los Angeles (LA), California, and the Tri-Cities area of the state of Washington. We also compare the U.S. children to monolingual Spanish-speaking children in Mexico. Binary logistic regression analyses of 2,064 verb tokens produced by nine U.S. children and nine children in Mexico, ages 5;11 to 7 years old, show that the children are sensitive to linguistic factors that typically influence children’s Spanish subject pronoun expression in their respective communities. In addition, we find that the LA children’s subject pronoun expression is predicted by lexical frequency. A subsequent analysis of the LA children’s frequent verbs uncovers two phrases with high degrees of prefabrication, yo creo and yo no sé, which, we argue, obscure the LA children’s sensitivity to Reference, all while acting as central exemplars of a [1sg+cognitive verb] construction.
The in-out effect refers to the tendency that novel words whose consonants follow an inward-wandering pattern (e.g., P-T-K) are rated more positively than stimuli whose consonants follow an outward-wandering pattern (e.g., K-T-P). While this effect appears to be reliable, it is not yet clear to what extent it generalizes to existing words in a language. In two large-scale studies, we sought to extend the in-out effect from pseudowords to real words and from perception to production. In Study 1, we investigated whether previously collected affective ratings for English and Dutch words were more positive for inward-wandering words and more negative for outward-wandering words. No systematic relationship between wandering direction and affective valence was found. In Study 2, we investigated whether inward-wandering words are more likely to occur in positive online consumer restaurant reviews written in English and Dutch, compared to negative reviews, and whether this association was stronger for food ratings than for decor ratings. Again, no systematic relationship between wandering direction and review rating emerged. We suggest that the affective states triggered by different consonantal wandering directions might be used as a cue for forming judgments in the absence of other information, but that wandering direction is too low in salience to drive the shape of words in the lexicon.
Using the linguistic indicator “correspondence of the lexical means of the artistic text to the literary language – non-literary forms”, the paper discloses the means of expressing the verbal-semantic level in the structure of the writer’s language and personality. The forms of colloquial language, colloquial speech (surzhyk), slang vocabulary and vulgarisms have been distinguished as examples of communication (mediated by the speech personality of the artistic work’s author) in the social group “schoolchild”. The descriptive method was used for the analysis. Correspondence to the colloquial literary language was evidenced by nouns (‘elektrychka’ – electric train), ‘zahranka’ – a trip abroad), verbs (‘vidchepytysia’ – get away, ‘dokopatysia’ – find out), adjectives (‘babskyi’ – womanly, ‘idiotskyi’ – idiotic), idioms (‘daty po shyi’ – to hit the neck, ‘mozolyty banky’ – to be an eyesore). Correspondence to non-literary forms. These are cases of the use of colloquial speech (surzhyk) – violation of lexical norms (‘vidminyatysia’ – get cancelled, ‘v pershu cherhu’ – first of all), grammatical norms (‘davai vyidemo’ – let’s go out, ‘davai hovory’ – talk now), of the orthographic norm (‘viyskomat’). Jargon words and inflections in the direct speech of schoolchild characters – nouns (‘babky’ – money, zanachka – saved money), verbs (‘valyty’ – leave, ‘zakumaryty’ – bore), adjectives (‘hnylyi’ – rotten, ‘dovbanyi’ – damned), adverbs (‘kliovo’ – cool, ‘chiki-piki’ – well), stable expressions (‘rozkataty hubu’ – want too much, ‘sto pudiv’ – definitely). Swear words and phrases in the dialogues of the characters, there are also nouns (‘mudak’ – idiot), verbs (‘zherty’ – eat too much), adjectives (‘debilnyi’ – moron), fixed expressions (‘khrin yoho znaye’ – nobody knows). School nicknames also served as a marker of communication in the social group “schoolchild”. The results of the research can be used as materials for practical classes in sociolinguistics, language culture, social onomastics, and text linguistics.
With the development of technology and information, language has changed as well. It is no longer important to follow the literary norm. It is important to be able to communicate effectively and to remove communication barriers. Russian students studying in China or Chinese students studying in Russia use slang or fancy words in the intercultural conununication. Russian youth slang as a specific linguistic phenomenon has attracted an increasing number of researchers. Among them are scientists, undergraduates and graduate students, as well as teachers of the Russian language. People are interested in this linguistic phenomenon because of its specificity and linguistic fashion for slang lexical units. When analyzing a foreign language (e.g., Russian), native speakers of Chinese use the same or similar linguistic phenomena for a comparative analysis. This article aims to compare lexical units of modern Russian youth slang with Chinese ones. The article concludes that language fashion exists in both language systems.
Background: Ultra-processed foods (UPF) are becoming extensively available in the food environments. UPF are industrial formulations that are designed to maximize palatability and consumption through a combination of calorie-dense ingredients and chemical additives. UPFs are also aggressively marketed, which may make them more attractive than unprocessed/minimally processed foods (UMPF). Since consumers' purchase decisions are guided by food-evoked emotions, we aimed to provide evidence that UPF visual cues trigger higher emotional responses and approach motivation than UMPF visual cues, with potential impacts on individuals' intention to consume the UPF over the UMPF. Methods: = 174; 144 women; mean age = 20.7 years; standard deviation = 4.35) performed two tasks. In the first task, 16 pictures of foods (8 UPF and 8 UMPF), and 74 pictures from other affective categories, were presented. After viewing each picture, the participants rated it along two basic dimensions of emotion through the Self-Assessment Manikin scale: pleasantness and arousal. In the second task, the participants viewed the same food pictures, and they rated their intention to consume the foods depicted in the pictures. Each picture was plotted in terms of its mean pleasantness and arousal ratings in a Cartesian plane, which resulted in an affective space. Results: Pictures of UPF and UMPF were positioned in the upper arm of the boomerang-shaped affective space that represents approach motivation. Pictures containing UPF triggered higher approach motivation and intention to consume than pictures containing UMPF. We also found a stronger association between emotional responses and intention to consume UPF relative to UMPF. Conclusion: These results shed new light on the role of ultra-processed foods evoked emotions that contribute to less healthy and sustainable food environments.
Music is capable of conveying many emotions. The level and type of emotion of the music perceived by a listener, however, is highly subjective. In this study, we present the Music Emotion Recognition with Profile information dataset (MERP). This database was collected through Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) and features dynamical valence and arousal ratings of 54 selected full-length songs. The dataset contains music features, as well as user profile information of the annotators. The songs were selected from the Free Music Archive using an innovative method (a Triple Neural Network with the OpenSmile toolkit) to identify 50 songs with the most distinctive emotions. Specifically, the songs were chosen to fully cover the four quadrants of the valence-arousal space. Four additional songs were selected from the DEAM dataset to act as a benchmark in this study and filter out low quality ratings. A total of 452 participants participated in annotating the dataset, with 277 participants remaining after thoroughly cleaning the dataset. Their demographic information, listening preferences, and musical background were recorded. We offer an extensive analysis of the resulting dataset, together with a baseline emotion prediction model based on a fully connected model and an LSTM model, for our newly proposed MERP dataset.
How are abstract concepts such as 'freedom' and 'democracy' represented in the mind? One prominent proposal suggests that abstract concepts are grounded in emotion. Supporting this 'affective embodiment' account, abstract concepts are rated to be more strongly positive or more strongly negative than concrete concepts. This paper demonstrates that this finding generalizes across languages by synthesizing rating data from Cantonese, Mandarin Chinese, Croatian, Dutch, French, German, Indonesian, Italian, Polish and Spanish. However, a deeper look at the same data suggests that the idea of emotional grounding only characterizes a small subset of abstract concepts. Moreover, when the concreteness/abstractness dimension is not operationalized using concreteness ratings, it is actually found that concrete concepts are rated as more emotional than abstract ones. Altogether, these results suggest limitations to the idea that emotion is an important factor in the grounding of abstract concepts. This article is part of the theme issue 'Concepts in interaction: social engagement and inner experiences'.
من دروس علم الأصوات الوظيفي (التناوب الحرکي وألوانه الشکلية في کتاب المُطْلِع على أبواب الفقه) (لأبي الفَتْح البَعْلِيّ المتوفى 709هـ) محمد عبد الحميد حويزي مدرس أصول اللغة في کلية اللغة العربية بإيتاي البارود جامعة الأزهر. ملخص البحث/ هذا البحث يتعرض لدرس من دروس علم الأصوات الوظيفي، ألا وهو التناوب بين الحرکات القصيرة في کتاب المطلع على أبواب الفقه، ليبين من خلاله مدى خصوصية هذه الحرکات وصعوبة مسلکها ومدى أهميتها في بناء الصيغ وتنوعها، ويعزز ـ من خلال صهر مواده في بوتقة المناهج اللغوية الحديثة ـ التفاعل بين الماضي والحاضر؛ رجاء العثور على إنجازات باهرة في مجال البحث اللغوي. وقد قضت طبيعة دراسته أن يخرج في مقدمة، وتمهيد، وثلاثة مباحث، وخاتمة، وفهارس. أما المقدمة ففيها عرض موجز للإطار المنهجي للبحث، وأما المباحث فالأول منها: التناوب بين الحرکات المرققة، والثاني: التناوب مع الحرکات المتوسطة، والثالث: التناوب مع الحرکات المفخمة. تليها الخاتمة، ثم الفهارس. وکان من أبرز نتائج هذا البحث: أن اللغة تنعم بانسجام صوائتها القصيرة تبعا للأعراف المنظمة لقواعد الذوق الاستعمالي لدى العرب، والتي من أهمها تأثر الأصوات ببعضها؛ إحداثا للانسجام، وتيسيرا لعملية النطق، واقتصادا في المجهود العضلي، وفي هذا إظهار للدور الکبير التي يؤديه هذا التناوب مع الأصوات ثقيلها وخفيفها. أن ابن جني کان أول من تعامل مع الحرکات وسماها صراحة؛ وقد عالج بها کثيرا من المسائل الصوتية. أن المتقابلات الثنائية أدت دورا مهما في تغيير دلالة المعنى الوظيفي للکلمة، غير أن هذا في أغلب الأحيان لا يکون له دور في تغيير دلالة المعنى المعجمي للکلمة الواحدة؛ لکن نقول إن جل هذه المتقابلات يرجع إلى اختلاف اللهجات في ضبط بنية الکلمة، فقبيلة تنطقها بالفتح، وأخرى تنطقها بالکسر، وثالثة بالضم، وهکذا؛ بيد أن صاحب المطلع لم ينسب هذه اللهجات إلى أصحابها في الغالب، مما دفعنا بالبحث عن هذه اللهجات، ونسبتها إلى قائليها والمصادر التي نسبتها إليها ـ ما أمکن ـ وما أورده العلماء من مفاضلات بين تلک اللهجات. الکلمات المفتاحية: التناوب الحرکي / الصوائت القصيرة / علم وظائف الأصوات / المطلع على أبواب الفقه / أبو الفتح البعلي. Lessons of functional phonology (The kinetic alternation and its formal colors in the book Al-Mutlaa on the Doors of Fiqh) (Of Abu Al-Fath Al-Baali, who died in 709 A.H.) Mohammed Abdul Hamid Hweizi Teacher of the origins of the language in the College of Arabic Language Itay Al-Baroud Al-Azhar University Abstract / This research is exposed to one of the lessons of functional phonology, namely, the alternation between short movements in the book of the Insider on the Chapters of Jurisprudence, to show through it the specificity of these movements and the difficulty of their behavior and the extent of their importance in building formulas and their diversity, and reinforces - by melting its materials into the crucible of linguistic approaches Modern - the interaction between the past and the present; Please find some outstanding achievements in the field of linguistic research. The nature of his studies required him to come out with an introduction, an introduction, three sections, a conclusion, and indexes. As for the introduction, it contains a brief presentation of the methodological framework of the research. As for the investigations, the first is the alternation between thinning movements, the second: alternation with intermediate movements, and the third: alternation with exaggerated movements. Followed by the conclusion, then the indexes. One of the most prominent results of this research was: that the language enjoys the harmony of its short refinement according to the norms that regulate the rules of use taste among Arabs, the most important of which is the influence of sounds with each other. Creating harmony, facilitating the articulation process, and economizing the muscular effort, and in this a demonstration of the great role that this alternation plays with sounds of heavy and light. That Ibn Jinni was the first to deal with the movements and explicitly called them; He dealt with many phonological issues. The binary interviews played an important role in changing the meaning of the functional meaning of the word, but this in most cases does not have a role in changing the meaning of the lexical meaning of a single word. But we say that most of these interviews are due to the different dialects in controlling the structure of the word. By fraction, by third by annexation, and so on; However, the author of the insider did not attribute these dialects to their owners most of the time, which prompted us to search for these dialects, and to attribute them to those who said them, the sources that they attributed to them - as much as possible - and what scholars have stated about the trade-offs between those dialects. key words: Rotational motor / short silences / phonology / insider on the gates of jurisprudence / Abu Al-Fath
Online lexicographical resources for the morphologically rich Indigenous languages in Canada use a wide range of strategies for conveying their language’s morphological system, i.e. how words are inflected and derived, which this paper illustrates in a survey of seventeen bilingual online resources. The strategies these resources employ boil down to two basic approaches to the underlying structure of the resource: 1) a lexical database, or 2) a computational model. Most resources we surveyed are constructed around lexical databases. These assume the word(form) as the basic unit, an assumption that makes it difficult to incorporate the language’s sub-word, morphological structure in full detail. However, one resource uses a computational morphological model to bring the language’s morphology into the core of the lexicon – this proved to be a “low-hanging fruit” in the application of language technology that had been accomplished within a reasonable time-frame, as has been advocated by Trond Trosterud. We discuss the value created and questions raised by this approach and argue that it successfully overcomes the traditional Boasian three-way partition of dictionary, grammar, and text, creating integrated language resources that meet the modern needs of low-resource endangered languages and their communities.
The aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive description of the ideophones of Teko, a Tupi language spoken in French Guiana. This word class, previously only briefly described, is defined in this paper through a systematic comparison to nouns and verbs, at various levels: phonology, word structure, prosody, semantic, morphology, syntax and discourse use. When relevant, it offers quantitative analyses with statistical tests to support the comparison. The analysis is based on a lexical database of 177 ideophones, 420 occurrences in texts and a subset of 101 tokens with audio-recording. It particularly investigates in detail various aspects of prosody, including syllabic structure, pitch, intensity and duration, and pauses. Contrary to the common view on ideophones that postulates a rather marginal status of the latter, this paper shows that ideophones are in fact rather well integrated in the linguistic system of Teko. They yet show regularities that require to consider them a distinct word category. This paper aims at contributing to the growing literature on the cross-linguistic definition and description of ideophones.
A large number of tone languages are distributed throughout Asia. However, despite an abundant amount of descriptive studies on tone inventories of individual languages in the region, our understanding of the characteristics of tones in Asian languages still remains limited due to the paucity of comparative research. Adopting phonological typology as a tool to measure the complexity of tone systems, this chapter presents quantitative analyses of tones collected from the cross-linguistic database and published data on Asian tone languages. It finds that while the distribution of tone types is inversely related with markedness, Asian tone languages generally have more contour tones with larger tone inventories, and that a higher pitch register tends to be utilized more frequently in various tone types. This chapter further addresses the tonal diversity of less known Asian languages that awaits further research.
The language errors could potentially hinder the transmission of information and disturb theconcretization of the act of communication. In the contemporary context, many factors exercise influence on thelanguage especially the social media triggering disregard of the linguistic norms, devaluing the correct use of thelanguage and disrupting the normal flow of communication. These irregularities in the use of the Spanish languageare known as language vices. The subject of this paper is a broad view of the irregularities (that could be of differentgrammatical nature) that could result from the improper use of the Modern Spanish language and encompasses thedefinition, review of the most common types of language vices (pleonasm, solecism, amphibology, barbarism,archaism, and neologism) supported by a series of examples excerpted from relevant sources among whichOrtografía de la lengua Española (RAE:2010). Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (RAE:2005), Gran diccionariode sinónimos, voces afines e incorrecciones (Fernando Corripio, Bruguera, 1979), etc. The purpose of the paper is,in absence of Spanish grammar(s) in Macedonian language and published comparative papers in particular in thefield of lexicology, to fill to some extant the vacuum and shed light on the language vices in the Modern Spanishlanguage, thus arousing the interest of the Macedonian linguists, especially those with knowledge of Spanish forfuture more profound research and their systematization.
The quality of features is one of the main factors that affect classification performance. Feature selection aims to remove irrelevant and redundant features from data in order to increase classification accuracy. However, identifying these features is not a trivial task due to a large search space. Evolutionary algorithms have been proven to be effective in many optimization problems, including feature selection. These algorithms require an initial population to start their search mechanism, and a poor initial population may cause getting stuck in local optima. Diversifying the initial population is known as an effective approach to overcome this issue; yet, it may not suffice as the search space grows exponentially with increasing feature sizes. In this study, we propose an enhanced initial population strategy to boost the performance of the feature selection task. In our proposed method, we ensure the diversity of the initial population by partitioning the candidate solutions according to their selected number of features. In addition, we adjust the chances of features being selected into a candidate solution regarding their information gain values, which enables wise selection of features among a vast search space. We conduct extensive experiments on many benchmark datasets retrieved from UCI Machine Learning Repository. Moreover, we apply our algorithm on a real-world, large-scale dataset, i.e., Stanford Sentiment Treebank. We observe significant improvements after the comparisons with three off-the-shelf initialization strategies.
One of the main goals of the national curriculum is to develop oral speech culture in students, to develop basic speech skills - writing, reading, listening, speaking. In the standard of Georgian language and literature, one of the most important directions of teaching is the development of oral speech, because this direction combines two closely related speech behaviors: listening and speaking.The consistent development of skills related to these speech behaviors is aimed at forming a person who is ready for free, modern communication. This involves the development of oral communication, expression skills, listening skills, social communication and interactive skills. At school, the student learns the results of social experience through textbooks, where the necessary information is given in linguistic form. Language is needed so that a person can express his feelings, emotions, mysterious thoughts with its help.A modern school should provide the upbringing of such a person who possesses not only knowledge, but is able to use this knowledge in life. The goal is not for the student to know as much as possible, but to be able to act adequately in any situation and solve problems.We have to teach the child the spoken language, to master the linguistic norms that have been established in the language throughout history, a child's speech and views are formed by the adoption of these norms, a person needs speech at every step, in every business. After all, speech is a necessary means of expressing thoughts, communicating between people, and perfecting the inner world of a person; It is a type of human action that realizes thinking based on the use of linguistic means; Performs the function of communication, emotional self-expression and influence on other people. Well-developed speech is an important means of active human activity in modern society, and for a student it is a necessary condition for successful learning at school.
Trees are among the most studied data structures and several techniques have consequently been developed for comparing two trees belonging to the same category. Until the end of year 2020, there was a serious lack of suitable metrics for comparing two weighted trees or two trees from different categories. The problem of comparing two tree sets was not also specifically addressed. These limitations have been overcome in a paper published in 2021 where a customizable metric based on hidden Markov models has been proposed for comparing two tree sets, each containing a mixture of trees belonging to various categories. Unfortunately, that metric does not allow the use of non metric-dependent classifiers which take descriptor vectors as inputs. This paper addresses this drawback by deriving a descriptor vector for each tree set using meta-information related to its corresponding models. The comparison between two tree sets is then realized by comparing their associated descriptor vectors. Classification experiments carried out on the databases FirstLast-L (FL), FirstLast-LW (FLW) and Stanford Sentiment Treebank (SSTB) respectively showed best accuracies of 99.75%, 99.75% and 87.22%. These performances are respectively 40.75% and 20.52% better than the tree Edit distance respectively for FLW and SSTB. Additional clustering experiments exhibited 54.25%, 98.75% and 75.53% of correctly clustered instances for FL, FLW and SSTB. No clustering was performed in existing work.
Introduction The American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) Task Force on Academic Global Ophthalmology was convened to catalyze development of AAO guidance and perspectives related to clinical service, education, and research initiatives within the field of Global Ophthalmology. The term “Global Ophthalmology” represents an expansive, cross-cutting, yet growing field with initiatives that may range from teaching to clinical service, to research facilitated through in-country partnerships. This article highlights the why, what, and how related to research and investigation in international settings. While much of this article focuses on low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), multiple principles may be appropriate to research in both resource-limited and resource-replete settings (eg, Ministry of Health and Sanitation partnerships; engagement with local stakeholders; ethical and sociocultural assessment before the initiation of a project). Prior seminal studies in ophthalmology have highlighted the impact of vision science research in LMICs on both vision and systemic health, particularly where leading discoveries have directly led to actions. Examples include seminal work in vitamin A deficiency and mortality,1 ivermectin for onchocerciasis,2,3 azithromycin for the management of trachoma,4 and deployment of manual small incision cataract surgery at scale.5,6 While these bodies of work represent significant advances in our understanding of the burden and treatment of eye disease in LMICs, many vital research questions remain. The Lancet Global Health Commission on Global Eye Health defined eye health as “maximized vision, ocular health and functional ability, thereby contributing to overall health and wellbeing, social inclusion, and quality of life.”7 The contribution of vision health to individual well-being includes improved educational outcomes, work productivity, and reduced disparities. Moreover, numerous studies have shown an association between vision impairment and an increased mortality risk.8–10 To improve eye health globally, survey data and robust indicator data are needed, as well as both discovery and implementation science research.7 In this article, we synthesize recent literature related to the topic of global vision science research drawing from the experience of other surgical disciplines and public health experts to describe principles of research in LMICs and global settings, learnings from experiences in the field, and unmet needs. Case-based examples highlight some of the principles that may help to facilitate engagement for trainees, ophthalmologists, and health care providers who aim to answer important questions related to global ophthalmic health. Sociocultural Context and Ethics Performing culturally competent global vision research demands a clear understanding and appreciation of sociocultural context, local governmental and ethics regulations, and a commitment to local partnerships and engagement. There is no established set of guidelines to direct well-intentioned vision researchers in these pursuits. Rather, culturally competent and ethical global vision research relies on strong local partnerships built on mutual trust. Sociocultural context includes the set of cultural and linguistic norms that shape how ethical research is to be conducted, how research is perceived locally, and the willingness of individuals to participate in research, among myriad of other factors. The context in which research is conducted may also shape bias, including social desirability, acquiescence, and observation biases. Thus, an inadequate understanding of context may not only threaten the ethical and cultural competence of global vision research, but also its validity. Global vision research must include local partners in all stages, from initial needs assessments and project planning to publication. An emphasis on partnership highlights not only the involvement of local researchers, but also the need for equity between colleagues who may hail from the Global South and North. The long history of colonialism and neocolonialism that impacts these partnerships cannot be ignored. There is a growing body of literature that points to inequities in scientific authorship and recognition. Accordingly, issues like authorship should be addressed at the outset of a collaboration and guided by each individual’s role in the project, including the contribution of invaluable local knowledge. Local partners are best positioned to devise and conduct research that is contextually competent. Too often, well-intentioned investigators may plan to address research questions with minimal local relevance. In such cases, the burden on participants and any risks may not be justifiable. It is obligatory to obtain local regulatory approval before commencing global vision research. Foreign ethics review boards are not likely to be familiar with local norms, acceptable practices, or local research priorities. In most cases, foreign researchers should also obtain regulatory approval from their own institution after local approvals are in place. These procedures exist to ensure that the ethics of the research and the collaboration meet institutional and community standards. Implementation Implementation of research requires multidisciplinary teams and partnerships between local researchers, key community stakeholders, governing bodies (eg, Ministry of Health), and community members to create effective research groups with a mutual understanding and shared goal to improving the health outcomes of key beneficiaries.11 Laying the groundwork with strong equitable partnerships is key to successful research initiatives. When developing and designing the study it is important to include local stakeholders and to maintain these relationships along with “shared decision making.” Shared decision making upholds the value that everyone on the team has an equal voice despite power disparities, as well as the need for joint consensus12 when decisions are made. Another key ideal is creating equity among partnerships. This encompasses not only shared decision making, but also a framework that builds capacity, ensures development of local stakeholders, and takes into account inclusive decision making with viewpoints from all.13 Measuring equity can occur through practices such as capacity building, assessing tasks within a team, data sharing, practices of dissemination of research, authorship, and funding transparency.13 Effective team building and collaboration are paramount for implementing a study, but there are other practical considerations to conducting research. Funding needs to be secured and must be adequate to conduct all phases of the study including capacity building. Flexibility with budgets and approval from all partners is imperative. A research study needs to be approved by local governing institutional review board as noted above. Drafting of protocols should include local stakeholders and key researchers to ensure the protocol and consent fit within the norms of the community. To promote respect, it is important to understand the economic, social, and political climate where research activities take place. This includes challenging locations such as outbreak or conflict zones, as well as an understanding of environmental patterns and optimal timings for meetings and travel for study staff. Other local matters that might impact research include political elections, religious celebrations, and holidays. Logistic considerations include laboratory capacity, equipment, electrical needs, and transportation. Research workflows and training should promote skill transfer, with mutual benefits for all stakeholders and the long-term impact of building capacity and sustainability.14 Culture, Language, and Communication There is enormous diversity of languages around the world, and this has important implications for conducting global health research. Communications within the research team may be made challenging when some members are more facile in either the dominant scientific language (often English or another European language) or the local language. Thus, linguistic challenges may arise for both local and foreign team members. In fact, such issues may exist even among study team members from the same country, since in many places there are regional or local languages and dialects that may be used to communicate with research participants or even between study team members, but that are not universally spoken nationally. The implications of these challenges should be addressed early on to mitigate any impact on scientific rigor, contributions to the project, authorship, comfort, and collegiality. Language is also an issue that arises when study instruments or protocols are being implemented in a new context and require linguistic translation. To ensure appropriate cultural and linguistic adaptation of surveys, teams should follow best-practices and procedures,15 including forward translation of instruments, followed by back-translation to the original language to ensure that the intended meanings are retained. In some cases (eg, survey research), cognitive interviewing should then be used to evaluate whether study participants perceive the same intended meaning. While linguistic translation is a complex undertaking, cultural translation may be even more complex. Culture is highly variable even within a single country and it may be challenging to adapt measures from other contexts. Team members with deep local knowledge are best equipped to provide the relevant insights and guide the process of cultural adaptation. Cognitive interviewing can also be a useful tool to gauge cultural appropriateness. Finally, some quantitative methods may be useful for evaluating validity (eg, construct and content validity of survey measures) in a specific study population.16 Capacity Building Global vision research may pose a distinct set of challenges compared with domestic research, and may encompass both addressing a research question, as well as developing local capacity during the process of operationalizing the research methodologies. Infrastructure growth, equipment procurement, and maintenance may also be required, depending on the scope of the project. The overarching objective of global vision research is to improve the vision and eye health of individuals and populations worldwide. This is ideally accomplished by generating generalizable knowledge on vision and eye health; addressing scientific questions with local relevance; and building local research capacity. The importance of growing research capacity in locations where there is inadequate infrastructure, knowledge, or resources to conduct vision research cannot be overstated. Fortifying local capacity will not decrease the relevance of global collaborations, however it does aim to enable greater South-South collaboration, equitable relationships between colleagues, and to open doors for researchers, particularly in resource-limited settings. In fact, across all global settings, there is a need to strengthen vision research capacity among groups and institutions that are historically underrepresented in vision research.17 Research capacity building can take many forms. Dedicated mentorship is often a necessary component of such efforts. In addition, formal predoctoral and postdoctoral research fellowships provide an opportunity for dedicated aspiring researchers to gain skills in key areas like scientific writing, grantsmanship, study design, and biostatistics. Shorter-term workshops and opportunities to participate in mentored research may provide less intensive and time-consuming opportunities to build some of these skills. Capacity building also involves working with stakeholders to ensure that infrastructure exists locally to conduct research, thus decreasing reliance on foreign entities. For example, laboratory capacity to carry out genotyping and complex assays, as well as data science capacity to construct large databases and carry out complex analyses are key resources for many vision research projects. With appropriate resources and capacity locally, researchers need not rely on the resources and priorities of external collaborators to undertake the research that they deem important in their own contexts. Some of these key principles are illustrated in the following case study describing the development of a retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) program and the related infrastructural growth. Case Study: Development of a ROP program in Mongolia The “third epidemic” of ROP has taken hold in LMICs because of increase in neonatal survival. Studies have demonstrated that screening guidelines established in high-income countries do not adequately encompass at-risk infants in LMICs, where infants that develop ROP have been demonstrated to have greater birth weights and gestational ages.18 In 2011, in collaboration with ORBIS International, an international group of investigators worked with local partners at the National Center for Maternal and Child Health in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia to assess the ROP needs in the country. During this initial screening program, several children with high risk for developing severe ROP were identified, in addition to many children who had stage 4 and stage 5 ROP. At that time, screening protocols and treatment of ROP were lacking. Infrastructure development was needed for screening and the clinical care of children at-risk of ROP. This was coupled with the development of data management systems, imaging of the fundus in at-risk infants, and tele-education for local physicians. Following the development of clinical infrastructure, a study in Mongolia was conducted to evaluate screening guidelines utilizing a web-based data management system, which has since been expanded to screening programs in Kathmandu, Nepal, and Coimbatore, India. Investigation of ROP guidelines in Mongolia was facilitated by a data management system that allowed for data management and remote expert reading. An advantage of this system was that international experts could remotely access the clinical data and images and corroborate ROP diagnoses in challenging cases. As a result of the lessons learned from this screening program, iTeleGEN, which is a web-based platform that integrates data management, tele-education modules, and telemedicine, was developed. Pilot projects in Kathmandu and Nepal in ROP screening were conducted, followed by expansion for its used at Aravind Eye Hospital (Coimbatore, India) for both telemedicine and tele-screening of ROP, and has promising utility in the adoption of artificial intelligence-assisted screening programs.19–22 The current screening guidelines utilized in Mongolia are gestational age <34 weeks and birth weight <2000 g, which are evidence-based guidelines developed from this screening program. In the Mongolian cohort, 18 infants (9.3%), including 8 with type 1, were outside of US screening guidelines, demonstrating that guidelines must be specific to the region in which the screening takes place.23 Local providers, NGOs, and international partners were instrumental in clinical program development and research programs that were scalable to different country settings. How to get Involved Participating in international research, teaching, or capacity building can be a vital part of one’s career whether in academic medicine or private practice. While many avenues exist for involvement in global initiatives, finding mentorship is one of the most important aspects for successful individual and program development. A mentor may be valuable in providing introductions and collaborations with pre-existing partnerships. The mentor will know how to navigate a new setting that you may be less familiar with and serve as a guide for your participation. For ophthalmology trainees there are multiple existing learning opportunities. Many residency programs have a global experience built into the residency training program with an increasing number of residency programs with a global track, If this is an aspect of training that one values, it may be ideal to find a program that provides a global research or learning experience. There are also a few ophthalmology residencies that have a global track or curriculum in place with didactics, training, and specific experiences to provide the knowledge to navigate local and global projects, which are described in more detail in this issue of International Ophthamology Clinics. There are currently nine year-long academic global ophthalmology fellowship programs. Programs with active fellowship programs include the Emory Eye Center (Emory University), Kellogg Eye Center (University of Michigan), Dean McGee Eye Institute (University of Oklahoma), Stanford University, Wills Eye Center (Wills Eye Hospital), Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary (University of Illinois), the Moran Eye Center (University of Utah), Seva Foundation, and the Truhlsen Eye Institute (University of Nebraska). These programs offer intensive 1-year training experiences in global ophthalmology that are unique to each institution. Other places to network are the young ophthalmologist at the AAO as well as the Global Ophthalmology Symposium at the AAO annual meeting. A newly formed meeting, the Global Ophthalmology Summit, brings together key global stakeholders in advocacy, education, and research and will be an opportunity for all to network and engage. Working with foundations, nongovernmental organizations, or academic institutions whose mission aligns with the work you would like to be a part of or the service you want to provide are other ways to participate. Funding Funding for global ophthalmology is often challenging and varies depending on the stage of the project, stakeholders involved, and the scope of work involved. For clinical service delivery, self-funded projects may include short-term visits and service delivery (eg, partnering with local care providers for eye screening or surgical services). Work with nongovernment organizations may involve a combination of philanthropy and self-funding. For research projects that evolve into programs, answering specific research questions in partnership with in-country partners may evolve from the pilot phase of funding (eg, pilot grants ranging from $10,000 to $50,000) and require additional funding through federal grants (eg, National Institutes of Health Fogarty International Center and other National Institutes of Health entities), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and various foundations (eg, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation). When considering the program’s funding needs, a range of considerations may need to be accounted for, but broad categories include salary support for investigators and staff, travel costs including air and ground transportation, visa fees, housing, equipment and supplies, facility fees, and administrative costs of local regulatory agencies (e.g., Institutional Review Board fees). Depending on the environment where field research is conducted, other country-specific requirements may also exist including fuel costs, patient transportation fees, interpretation support, and local security. During coronavirus disease-2019, additional budget requirements include costs of laboratory testing before inbound and outbound flights, which varied depending on country-specific requirements (implicit in this budget would be additional housing fees should an individual test positive for coronavirus disease-2019 during travel). Conclusion Through equitable partnerships and collaboration, global vision research has the potential to greatly improve the vision and eye health of people worldwide. In this article we have sought to illustrate some of the key considerations for researchers beginning to undertake collaborations with colleagues from distinct settings. We have also highlighted opportunities to optimize equity in global collaborations, and to ensure that global vision research adheres to the highest standards of ethics and cultural competence.
Implicit discourse relation classification refers to a task of automatically determining relationships between arguments. It has been widely proven that, in a neural classification architecture, decoding discourse relations heavily relies on the reliable semantic representations of arguments. In addition, our previous survey shows that, for a target argument, the external semantic information hidden in the accompanying argument benefits the encoding of the target, either wholly or partially. Moreover, dependency structure appears as the crucial feature for synthesizing word senses of the entire words in arguments. Accordingly, we propose a novel method to enhance the current representation learning of pairwise arguments, which takes into consideration both external semantic information and internal dependency structure. In particular, we inject external semantic information into the Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) unit of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) through the input and forget gates. Different from the existing one-off interactive learning models, our method allows the neuronal memory of internal argument semantics to be affected by external information at each encoding step. On the basis, we apply the parser-based Graph Convolutional Networks (GCN) over the semantic presentations of words, so as to accumulate the closely-related semantic information in terms of dependency structures. We conduct experiments on Penn Discourse TreeBank Corpus of version 2.0 (PDTB 2.0). The test results illustrate that the proposed method enhances the baseline significantly, and it obtains comparable performance compared to the state of the art.
In our research we have found that the Pronouns of address in Costa Rican Spanish are in a constant struggle between standardization and linguistic change, as well as between the norm and variation. For example, in chapter 1 of the thesis, regarding the diachronic approach, we can conclude that the pronoun usted has always been linked to an explanatory and descriptive analysis in Costa Rican Spanish. The studies point out that there is objectivity and neutrality when analyzing the functional and structural categorization of the pronoun. Meanwhile, vos and tú have been the object of a struggle between the prescriptive and the descriptive. In relation to chapter 2, regarding the chapter on attitudes, perceptions and linguistic evaluations concerning the Pronouns of address in Costa Rican Spanish, informants assign different positive evaluations to usted. Respondents focus mostly on clarifying how they use usted to mark positioning and acts of identity. On the other hand, for the same informants, different stereotypes continue to circulate around vos and tú. In the following chapters (3 and 4), in terms of the written language, newspapers as mass media are opting more for tú as part of the use of a standardized modality. On the other hand, in the spoken language, in terms of oral advertising both on television and radio, Costa Rica is following its own linguistic norm. The vos above all and the usted in a certain way are the instruments of expression of the mass media. Likewise, outside the advertising space, tú is the normative pronoun in electronic writing (chapter 5). In summary, there are different statuses of pronouns because the rules are different. For example, at the diacritical and perceptual level usted is the point of reference in usage. While in oral advertising it is vos and in written advertising and electronic writing it is tú. From this perspective, we can confirm, once again, the complexity concerning the Pronouns of address in Costa Rican Spanish, since it moves between different regulations depending on the register.
The article presents the first attempt to study the Hungarian translations of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s The Gambler. The research aims at determining the completeness of the translation of sensemaking elements in the two most popular Hunagarian translations by Endre Szabo (1900) and Erzsebet Guthi Devecserine (1957) to assess the impact of the translation shifts on the preservation of the novel’s idea. The method of studying the original and the translations is based on the concept analysis. Studying the original, the authors have revealed that the concept of passion (composed of such concepts as passion in love, passion for gambling, greed, and pride) is one of the sensemaking elements in the novel. The article focuses on passion in love in three episodes of the introduction which verbalise this concept in the image of Alexey Ivanovich, thus establishing his psychological portrait and describing his attitude to Polina. The worldview in Dostoevsky’s novels is built upon the orthodox values, which define the dominants of the novel axiology. The Hungarian culture is catholic. The contradictions between the Orthodox and Catholic interpretation of passion in general allow hypothesizing that the reproduction of some features of passion in love in translation may be challenging. The analysis of the translations has revealed that the translators rendered some features of the concept practically without loss (appetence, hatred, murder, jealousy, desire, appetite, agony / excruciation, suicide, disease). Theidentified losses (pleasure, extinction of appetence, loss of control) do not distort the sense of the episodes studied as well as the portrait of the character. The authors believe that it was possible to preserve the concept due to a number of factors. Firstly, the translators focused on the similarities rather that differences in the Orthodox and Catholic interpretations of passion. Secondly, the approach of the Hungarian translators is distinguished by an extremely careful attitude to the original: Szabo adheres to the literal reproduction of the original style and Devecserine aspires after the balance between the original and the Hungarian linguistic norm. Contribution of the authors: the authors contributed equally to this article. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.
The convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) technology and natural language processing (NLP) has rapidly increased the demands for an analysis on the natural language that involves plenty of ambiguities not present in formal language. For this reason, the language model (LM), a statistical approach, has been used as a key role in this area. Recently, the emerging field of deep learning, which applies complex deep neural networks for machine learning tasks, has been applied to language modeling and achieved more remarkable results than traditional language models. One of the important techniques that have led neural network-based LM success is the attention mechanism. Attention mechanism makes neural networks pay attention to specific words in the input sentence when generating the output words. However, although the attention mechanism has improved the performance of many neural network models, it requires tons of parameters to achieve the state-of-art level performance. This is because attention mechanism encodes the context of a word by simply accumulating the outputs from the network for all the input words, which may cause information loss. To compensate for this limitation, we propose an extension of attention mechanism by adopting a convolutional neural network to replace the accumulation. With only far fewer parameters, our model achieved comparable performance to the recent state-of-the-art models on the very popular benchmark datasets, yielding perplexity scores of 58.4 on the Penn Treebank dataset and 50.1 on the Wikitext-2 dataset, respectively.
Dependency parsing has become the norm for its advantages of representing syntactic information for numerous tasks of natural language processing (NLP). In Vietnamese, a challenging problem which arises in this domain is the insufficiency of the training resource. Our work presents a new method to automatically convert a Vietnamese constituency treebank into dependency trees. We designed new dependency labels for Vietnamese treebank. Furthermore, in this research, we proposed new head-percolation rules and dependency relations. The experimental results on two state-of-the-art parsers, MaltParser and MSTParser, indicated that our treebank were roughly 13% UAS and 21% LAS higher than previous works.
AbstractThe most important objective of our study was to build and construct a complete and comprehensive morphological analyzing scheme, tagging, and parsing system which can be used for annotating Arabic corpora. In our dissertation, we did an analytical study, implementation, and evaluation of Arabic morphological analysis, tagging, and syntactic analysis starting from raw text. The three different systems were implemented in various methods; for morphological analysis, we use finite-state automaton as discussed in chapter four, after doing the process of tokenization and segmentation of the raw text as explained in chapter three. The tagging system was implemented under a new very rich tag set, which was designed and developed by us. It consists of 30 tags in addition to some other features and linguistic information as described in chapter five. An appropriate set of tags has a direct influence on the accuracy and the usefulness of tagging system. So, the smaller the tag set, the higher the accuracy, and the larger the tag set, the lower the accuracy. Regarding syntactic annotation, we started with developing a syntactic tag for the Arabic language as explained in chapter six. Based on the syntactic tag we started developing chunker by analyzing sentence structure categories that are identified using some grammatical theory. And the last step is parsing which is very common for sentence structure annotation. We tried to bring in as many details as possible for sentence analysis as described in chapter six as well. This thesis provides an overview and annotation scheme for representing the NLP analysis, at the most important stages, such as lexical internal structure level, part-of-speech level, chunk level, and parsing at the sentence level. The main reason for our dissertation was to annotate Arabic corpora morpho-syntactically. The annotation was done semi-automatically which is more efficient and significant to tackle and present solutions for most of the Arabic language problems. The importance of annotated corpora in the present day of natural language processing is widely known. The main idea behind corpus annotation is to add value to a corpus and that will help to be a source of linguistic information for future research and development. Annotated corpora serve as an important tool for investigators of natural language processing, speech recognition, information retrieval, and other related areas. It proves to be a basic building block for developing and constructing different models, tools, and programs for automatic and semi-automatic processing of natural languages.It is very hard and difficult to encode manually all the information needed to encode the natural language to develop and build a tool or program that will annotate text with some necessary information (Brill, E, 1994). Annotation of corpora can be done at various levels such as part of speech, phrase/clause level, dependency level, etc. Part of speech tagging forms the basic step towards building an annotated corpus. Chunking can form the next level of tagging and then parsing the full sentence. Parsing is usually performed after basic morphosyntactic categories have been identified in a text, it brings these categories into higher-level syntactic relationships with one another. Corpora that have been parsed are sometimes known as treebanks as discussed in chapter six.There are various advantages of studying corpus, particularly for the areas of NLP; Machine Translation, Computational Lexicography, Stylistics, etc. It is extremely useful not only in building and formulating rules but also in testing them. Studies on a corpus with a focus on a particular linguistic structure can lead to a better understanding of the problems involved. Corpus can be used as an immediate source to extract and retrieve useful information in building natural language applications.
2), designed by Dennis Shasha (NYU, Computer Science).
Previous Part-Of-Speech (POS) induction models usually assume certain independence assumptions (e.g., Markov, unidirectional, local dependency) that do not hold in real languages. For example, the subject-verb agreement can be both long-term and bidirectional. To facilitate flexible dependency modeling, we propose a Masked Part-of-Speech Model (MPoSM), inspired by the recent success of Masked Language Models (MLM). MPoSM can model arbitrary tag dependency and perform POS induction through the objective of masked POS reconstruction. We achieve competitive results on both the English Penn WSJ dataset as well as the universal treebank containing 10 diverse languages. Though modeling the long-term dependency should ideally help this task, our ablation study shows mixed trends in different languages. To better understand this phenomenon, we design a novel synthetic experiment that can specifically diagnose the model's ability to learn tag agreement. Surprisingly, we find that even strong baselines fail to solve this problem consistently in a very simplified setting: the agreement between adjacent words. Nonetheless, MPoSM achieves overall better performance. Lastly, we conduct a detailed error analysis to shed light on other remaining challenges. 1
Incorporating stronger syntactic biases into neural language models (LMs) is a long-standing goal, but research in this area often focuses on modeling English text, where constituent treebanks are readily available. Extending constituent tree-based LMs to the multilingual setting, where dependency treebanks are more common, is possible via dependency-toconstituency conversion methods. However, this raises the question of which tree formats are best for learning the model, and for which languages. We investigate this question by training recurrent neural network grammars (RNNGs) using various conversion methods, and evaluating them empirically in a multilingual setting. We examine the effect on LM performance across nine conversion methods and five languages through seven types of syntactic tests. On average, the performance of our best model represents a 19 % increase in accuracy over the worst choice across all languages. Our best model shows the advantage over sequential/overparameterized LMs, suggesting the positive effect of syntax injection in a multilingual setting. Our experiments highlight the importance of choosing the right tree formalism, and provide insights into making an informed decision.
Emotional memories are preferentially consolidated during sleep, through the process of memory reactivation. Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) has been shown to boost memory consolidation during sleep, but its neural correlates remain unclear, particularly for emotional memories. Here, we aimed to examine how TMR of emotional material during slow wave sleep (SWS) impacts upon neural processing during a subsequent arousal rating task. Participants were trained on a spatial memory task including negative and neutral pictures paired with semantically matching sounds. The picture-sound pairs were rated for emotional arousal before and after the spatial memory task. Then, half of the sounds from each emotional category (negative and neutral) were cued during SWS. The next day, participants were retested on both the arousal rating and the spatial memory task inside an MRI scanner, followed by another retest session a week later. Memory consolidation and arousal processing did not differ between cued and non-cued items of either emotional category. We found increased responses to emotional stimuli in the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and a cueing versus emotion interaction in the OFC, whereby cueing neutral stimuli led to an increase in OFC activity, while cueing negative stimuli led to decreased OFC activation. Interestingly, the effect of cueing on amygdala activation was modulated by time spent in REM sleep. We conclude that SWS TMR impacts OFC activity, while REM sleep plays a role in mediating the effect of such cueing on amygdala.
<em>This article discusses the transition of language norms at school (phonetic, grammatical, linguistic norm) and the fact that language is a weapon of communication and exchange of ideas between people.</em>
The presence of English has grown in public and commercial spaces of urban localities across the world, yet the French language is gaining an increasing presence in Japan and is thus characterizing its linguistic landscape of its cities. Many language signs in these cities containing names of shops or products in French, appear on storefronts and packages. These texts seemingly convey shop policies or product images rather than a correct use of the French language. These situations require us to cast questions such as the following: 1) Which categories produce signs in French? 2) Which demographics constitute targeted receivers of these signs? 3) To what extent to these demographics comprehend the language n these signs? 4) What are the formal features specific to these signs? 5) What are the motivations and identities of the stakeholders of signs? 6) What are the motives for opting for French rather than other foreign languages in Japanese society? To respond to these questions, in this article, I will report on my preliminary analysis of signage data collected over several years throughout Japan’s urban centres. For this, I will discuss the presence of foreign languages in Japanese society and its language (loanwords, writing systems, foreign language in the media), after which, the article alludes to the ethnolinguistic vitality of French in the society. This vitality of the French language in Japan’s urban linguistic landscapes is described by the form and presence of metalinguistic variation, that is, the form and meaning of elements of French in signage in Japan’s cities.
Listening to music prompts strong emotional reactions in the listeners but relatively little research has focused on individual differences. This study addresses the role of musical preference and familiarity on emotions induced through music. A sample of 50 healthy participants (25 women) listened to 42 excerpts from the FMMS during 8 s while their autonomic and facial EMG responses were continuously recorded. Then, affective dimensions (hedonic valence, tension arousal, and energy arousal) and musical preference were rated using a 9-point scale, as well as familiarity using a 3-point scale. It was hypothesized that preferred and familiar music would be evaluated as more pleasant, energetic and less tense, and would prompt an increase of autonomic and zygomatic responses, and a decrease of corrugator activity. Results partially confirmed our hypothesis showing a strong effect of musical preference but not familiarity on emotion correlates. Specifically, musical preference predicted valence ratings, as well as HR acceleration and facial EMG activity. Overall, current findings suggested a great influence of musical preference on music-induced emotions, particularly modulating hedonic valence correlates. Our findings add evidence about the role of individual differences in the emotional processing through music and suggest the importance of considering those variables in future studies.
Inflammation could impact on the formation and persistence of interoceptive fear and hypervigilance, with relevance to psychiatric disorders and chronic pain. To systematically analyze effects of inflammation on fear learning and extinction, we performed two complementary randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies combining experimental endotoxemia as a translational model of acute systemic inflammation with a two-day multiple-threat fear conditioning paradigm involving interoceptive and exteroceptive unconditioned stimuli (US). Healthy volunteers (N = 95) were randomized to receive intravenous injections of either endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS; 0.4 ng/kg) or placebo prior to fear acquisition (study 1) or extinction training (study2). Treatment effects on behavioral and neural responses to conditioned stimuli (CS) predicting interoceptive or exteroceptive threat were assessed during fear learning and extinction phases, along with US valence ratings. Despite robust inflammatory and emotional responses triggered by LPS, no direct effects of inflammation on US ratings or on the formation or extinction of conditioned fear, as assessed with CS valence ratings, were observed. However, in the group treated with LPS prior to acquisition (i.e., study 1), we found enhanced neural responses to the interoceptive but not the exteroceptive CS in key regions of the central fear circuitry during extinction learning. After extinction, this group further showed enhanced negative valence ratings selectively for the interoceptive US during unexpected US re-exposure when compared to the placebo group. Together, inflammation during fear acquisition may promote the establishment of a more robust neural signature of the interoceptive fear memory trace, which may contribute to altered interoceptive pain perception. The fear extinction circuitry engaged during interoceptive fear memory processing may be particularly vulnerable to inflammation, with transdiagnostic implications for gut-brain mechanisms underlying disturbed interoception in psychiatric conditions and chronic visceral pain.
This repository contains the evaluation sets used in <pre><code>A Benton, T Shi, O İrsoy, and I Malioutov."Weakly Supervised Headline Dependency Parsing". Findings of EMNLP. 2022. </code></pre> This dataset contains parse annotations for English news headlines and a script to produce conllu files joined with original headline text. Parse annotations are joined to the corresponding text by running: <pre> LDC_NYT_DIR="/PATH/TO/UNTARRED/LDC2008T19/" # path to untarred LDC2008T19 python build_eht.py --nyt_dir ${LDC_NYT_DIR} --num_proc 4</pre> This will download the Google sentence compression (GSC) dataset, and build conllu files for GSC examples. If you have the New York Times Annotated Corpus (LDC2008T19) untarred locally, this will also join annotations to the NYT examples (location passed via <code>--nyt_dir</code>). Increase the argument to <code>--num_procs</code> to process more shards from the NYT corpus in parallel and reduce build time. The above was tested with python 3.9.7. The EHT evaluation sets, with gold-annotated POS tags and dependency relations, are built as <code>EHT/gsc.test.conllu</code> and <code>EHT/nyt.test.conllu</code> Silver, projected, trees which we used to train and validate out models are built under <code>GSC_projected</code>. These are not gold parse trees (projected predictions from the article lead sentence), and are shared purely for reproducibility sake.
We illustrate an approach for multilingual treebanks explorations by introducing a novel adaptation to small treebanks of a methodology for identifying cross-lingual quantitative trends in the distribution of dependency relations. By relying on the principles of cross-validation, we reduce the amount of data required to execute the method, paving the way to expanding its use to low-resources languages. We validated the approach on 8 small treebanks, each containing less than 100,000 tokens and representing typologically different languages. We also show preliminary but promising evidence on the use of the proposed methodology for treebank expansion.
The affective variability of bipolar disorder (BD) is thought to qualitatively differ from that of borderline personality disorder (BPD), with changes in affect persisting longer in BD. However, quantitative studies have not been able to confirm this distinction. It has therefore not been possible to accurately quantify how treatments like lithium influence affective variability in BD. We assessed the affective variability associated with BD and BPD as well as the effect of lithium using a computational model that defines two subtypes of variability: affective changes that persist (volatility) and changes that do not (noise). We hypothesized that affective volatility would be raised in the BD group, noise would be raised in the BPD group, and that lithium would impact affective volatility. Daily affect ratings were prospectively collected for up to 3 y from patients with BD or BPD and nonclinical controls. In a separate experimental medicine study, patients with BD were randomized to receive lithium or placebo, with affect ratings collected from week -2 to +4. We found a diagnostically specific pattern of affective variability. Affective volatility was raised in patients with BD, whereas affective noise was raised in patients with BPD. Rather than suppressing affective variability, lithium increased the volatility of positive affect in both studies. These results provide a quantitative measure of the affective variability associated with BD and BPD. They suggest a mechanism of action for lithium, whereby periods of persistently low or high affect are avoided by increasing the volatility of affective responses.
In this paper, we discuss the development of treebanks for two low-resourced Indian languages - Magahi and Braj based on the Universal Dependencies framework. The Magahi treebank contains 945 sentences and Braj treebank around 500 sentences marked with their lemmas, part-of-speech, morphological features and universal dependencies. This paper gives a description of the different dependency relationship found in the two languages and give some statistics of the two treebanks. The dataset will be made publicly available on Universal Dependency (UD) repository (https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Magahi-MGTB/tree/master) in the next(v2.10) release.
Appetitive and aversive learning are both key building blocks of adaptive behavior, yet knowledge regarding their differences is sparse. Using a capsaicin heat pain model in 36 healthy participants, this study directly compared the acquisition and extinction of conditioned stimuli (CS) predicting pain exacerbation and relief. Valence ratings show stronger acquisition during aversive compared to appetitive learning, but no differences in extinction. Skin conductance responses and contingency ratings confirmed these results. Findings were unrelated to individual differences in pain sensitivity or psychological factors. Our results support the notion of an evolutionarily hardwired preponderance to acquire aversive rather than appetitive cues as is protective for acute aversive states such as pain but may contribute to the development and maintenance of clinical conditions such as chronic pain, depression or anxiety disorders.
Recognizing a face as familiar is essential in our everyday life. However, 'familiarity' covers a wide range - from people we see every day to those we barely know. Although face recognition is studied extensively, little is known about how the degree of familiarity affects neural face processing, despite the critical social importance of this dimension. Here we report the results of a multivariate cross-classification EEG experiment, where we study the temporal representational dynamics of the degree of familiarity. Participants viewed highly variable face images of 20 identities. Importantly, we measured face familiarity using subjective familiarity ratings in addition to testing explicit knowledge and reaction times in a face matching task. A machine learning algorithm, trained to discriminate familiar and unfamiliar faces from a separate study, was used to predict the degree of face familiarity from the pattern of the EEG data. We found that the neural representations of the degree of familiarity emerge between 400 - 600 msec post-stimulus onset for famous persons. The correlation between decoding performance and behavioral familiarity was more reliable, occurred earlier and lasted longer when personally familiar and viewers' own faces were included in the analysis. Our findings provide new insights into how the brain represents faces with various degrees of familiarity and show that the degree of familiarity can be decoded reliably from the EEG at a relatively late time window. These results support the idea that representations of familiar faces form part of a general neural signature of the familiarity component of recognition memory processes.
National audience
The Rasa open-source toolkit provides a valuable Natural Language Understanding (NLU) infrastructure to assist the development of conversational agents. In this paper, we show that this infrastructure can seamlessly and effectively be used for other different NLU-related text classification tasks, such as sentiment analysis. The approach is evaluated on three widely used datasets containing movie reviews, namely IMDb, Movie Review (MR) and the Stanford Sentiment Treebank (SST2). The results are consistent across the three databases, and show that even simple configurations of the NLU pipeline lead to accuracy rates that are comparable to those obtained with other state-of-the-art architectures. The best results were obtained when the Dual Intent and Entity Transformer (DIET) architecture was fed with pre-trained word embeddings, surpassing other recent proposals in the sentiment analysis field. In particular, accuracy rates of 0.907, 0.816 and 0.858 were obtained for the IMDb, MR and SST2 datasets, respectively.
We present an incremental syntactic representation that consists of assigning a single discrete label to each word in a sentence, where the label is predicted using strictly incremental processing of a prefix of the sentence, and the sequence of labels for a sentence fully determines a parse tree. Our goal is to induce a syntactic representation that commits to syntactic choices only as they are incrementally revealed by the input, in contrast with standard representations that must make output choices such as attachments speculatively and later throw out conflicting analyses. Our learned representations achieve 93.72 F1 on the Penn Treebank with as few as 5 bits per word, and at 8 bits per word they achieve 94.97 F1, which is comparable with other state of the art parsing models when using the same pre-trained embeddings. We also provide an analysis of the representations learned by our system, investigating properties such as the interpretable syntactic features captured by the system and mechanisms for deferred resolution of syntactic ambiguities.
Abstract Ambiguity in communicative signals may lead to misunderstandings and thus reduce the effectiveness of communication, especially in unpredictable interactions such as between closely matched rivals or those with a weak social bond. Therefore, signals used in these circumstances should be less ambiguous, more stereotyped and more intense. To test this prediction, we measured facial movements of crested macaques (Macaca nigra) during spontaneous social interaction, using the Facial Action Coding System for macaques (MaqFACS). We used linear mixed models to assess whether facial movement intensity and variability varied according to the interaction outcome, the individuals' dominance relationship and their social bond. Movements were least intense and most variable in affiliative contexts, and more intense in interactions between individuals who were closely matched in terms of dominance rating. We found no effect of social bond strength. Our findings provide evidence for a reduction in ambiguity of facial behaviour in risky social situations but do not demonstrate any mitigating effect of social relationship quality. The results indicate that the ability to modify communicative signals may play an important role in navigating complex primate social interactions. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cognition, communication and social bonds in primates’.
Concern over partisan resentment and hostility has increased across Western democracies. Despite growing attention to affective polarization, existing research fails to ask whether who serves in office affects mass-level interparty hostility. Drawing on scholarship on women’s behavior as elected representatives and citizens’ beliefs about women politicians, we posit the women MPs affective bonus hypothesis: all else being equal, partisans display warmer affect toward out-parties with higher proportions of women MPs. We evaluate this claim with an original dataset on women’s presence in 125 political parties in 20 Western democracies from 1996 to 2017 combined with survey data on partisans’ affective ratings of political opponents. We show that women’s representation is associated with lower levels of partisan hostility and that both men and women partisans react positively to out-party women MPs. Increasing women’s parliamentary presence could thus mitigate cross-party hostility.
This paper introduces an algorithm to convert Universal Dependencies (UD) treebanks to Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) treebanks.As CCG encodes almost all grammatical information into the lexicon, obtaining a high-quality CCG derivation from a dependency tree is a challenging task.Our algorithm relies on hand-crafted rules to assign categories to constituents, and a non-statistical parser to derive full CCG parses given the assigned categories.To evaluate our converted treebanks, we perform lexical, sentential, and syntactic rule coverage analysis, as well as CCG parsing experiments.Finally, we discuss how our method handles complex constructions, and propose possible future extensions.