Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
Based on the data drawn from the Pioneer magazine of the 1970s and 1980s, the author sets the aim to design a discursive model of the woman in the Soviet children's press. The object of study is explored in terms of positive propaganda. Drawing on social constructionism, discourse analysis and multimodal analysis, it is argued that the model of the Soviet woman in the magazine for children was organised around the three parameters: professional activity, social engagement, and family and personal life. The representations of the woman reproduced the state policy aimed at her massive involvement in production and public life. Also, the woman was recognized as an organizing center of a family and a personality capable of being strong and resilient in the most difficult situations. The model was conveyed through various semiotic resources, including a set of genres (fiction and non-fiction) and personalities, pragmatic strategies, photos and illustrations. The author pinpoints the key strategies of representation: positive evaluation, precision, emotionalization, and ambivalent representation. They were actualized through lexical and grammatical resources, multimodal complexes, and the logic of narrative. The strategic usage of linguistic and multimodal means indicates that the representations of the Soviet woman in the magazine for children did not play a passive role justifying social expectations. Instead, they were employed to construct social norms and practices. Thus, the younger generation received axiologically charged representationsthat translated the model of the social structure and the role of the woman, reflected the modern realities and at the same time set the desired patterns of social practices in accordance with state policy for grown-ups.
The lexical layer of a language is determined by the way of life, culture, level of thinking, worldview of people who speak this language. While concrete words embody the ethnoculture and life of the people, and abstract words name the worldview, the way of thinking of a cer-tain people, ethical, aesthetic, cultural, spiritual concepts and norms. This article analyzes the abstract names’ meanings of the state in Uzbek lan-guage. Their semantic groups, semantic structure, semantic development are studied in this article. There analyzed and distinguished the abstract names of expressing psychological, mental, physical state. Each selected lexico-semantic group of language are taxonomically classified.
Words that can be easily placed in contexts are more easily processed, yet norms for context availability are limited. Here, participants rated 3,000 words for context availability and sentence availability, a new metric predicted to capture information relating to textual variation. Both variables were investigated alongside other word-level characteristics to explore lexical-semantic space. Analyses demonstrated that context availability and sentence availability are distinct. Context availability covaries with concreteness and imageability, while sentence availability captures information relating to contextual variation, frequency and ambiguity. Analyses of megastudy data showed that both context availability and sentence availability uniquely facilitated lexical decision performance.
Foundational Hebrew NLP tasks such as segmentation, tagging and parsing, have relied to date on various versions of the Hebrew Treebank (HTB, Sima'an et al. 2001). However, the data in HTB, a single-source newswire corpus, is now over 30 years old, and does not cover many aspects of contemporary Hebrew on the web. This paper presents a new, freely available UD treebank of Hebrew stratified from a range of topics selected from Hebrew Wikipedia. In addition to introducing the corpus and evaluating the quality of its annotations, we deploy automatic validation tools based on grew (Guillaume, 2021), and conduct the first cross domain parsing experiments in Hebrew. We obtain new state-of-the-art (SOTA) results on UD NLP tasks, using a combination of the latest language modelling and some incremental improvements to existing transformer based approaches. We also release a new version of the UD HTB matching annotation scheme updates from our new corpus.
between 1946 and 2022. The collected data were analysed using CiteSpace 5.8.R3 and VOSviewer 1.6.18. The results included tabulation, visualisation, and mapping for the past, present, and future directions of the field of psycholinguistics. We identified key authors, works, journals, and concepts in the existing evidence concerning (children's) language acquisition, production, comprehension, and dissolution. The study contributes to the systematic study of existing scholarship in the field of psycholinguistics by documenting the progress of the field and informing relevant researchers about the current state of the field of psycholinguistics. Having grouped the 32,586 documents in psycholinguistics, 12 clusters were identified. These include (1) examining individual difference in affective norm and familiarity account; (2) examining refractory effect in the role of Broca's area in sentence processing; (3) using eye movement to study bilingual language control and familiarity account; (4) exploring familiarity account through relative clauses; (5) the study of formulaic language and language persistence; (6) examining affective norm and sub-lexical effect in Spanish words; (7) examining lexical persistence in multiplex lexical networks; (8) the study of persistence through cortical dynamics; (9) the study of context effect in language learning and language processing; (10) the study of neurophysiological correlates in semantic context integration; (11) examining persistence as an acquisition norm through naming latencies; and (12) following a cross-linguistic perspective to study aphasic speakers.
Enriching the active vocabulary of younger schoolchildren is an important problem of modern secondary education institutions. In this context, Ukrainian phraseology is an effective tool, which not only enriches speech but also develops an interest in studying and learning the Ukrainian language, which is extremely important today. In addition, although phraseology is not a subject of systematic study in primary school, mastering its units in Ukrainian language lessons while studying a specific material will contribute to the enrichment of the active vocabulary of a junior high school student. Working with phraseological units makes it possible to expand the active vocabulary of a junior high school student with phraseological units, and therefore, to familiarize, first of all, with etiquette norms, with the peculiarities of Ukrainian national etiquette.The article raises the actual problem of enriching the active vocabulary of younger schoolchildren through the study of phraseological units in Ukrainian language classes. Phraseology is an effective tool that contributes to the improvement of the grammatical structure of speech and helps to master Ukrainian speech etiquette. The content aspect of concepts related to phraseology is revealed; the possibilities of using phraseological units in Ukrainian language lessons in primary grades are analyzed. Lexical-phraseological and grammatical exercises, which are offered when studying specific material, will help younger students not only to understand the meaning of certain phraseological units but also encourage them to use them in their own speech. Keywords: phraseology; phraseologism; phraseological units; parts of speech; speech culture; active dictionary; culture of communication; primary school; grammar exercises.
This article discusses the norms of studying the written speech of adolescent girls from a graphological point of view. Networks of graphology and its importance in linguistic expertise, the role of letter changes in determining the author of the text, the results of research to determine the specific features of the letter forms of adolescent girls written speech and natural and altered (spontaneous) writing the differences between the speeches are highlighted. The study of written speech focuses on a number of linguistic features inherent in speech, including spelling, phonetics, lexical-semantic, stylistic and grammatical differences, and individuality. Some of the topographic changes that occur in the written speech of adolescent girls, the author's psychological, individual, as well as linguistic views on graphological criminology are described through letter forms.
Slang is a very interesting concept that generally exists in any language. In particular, this layer of the lexical system of the language is very actively expanding in modern times, we would say that it is becoming more widespread among young people and new ones are being formed. This is especially due to the fact that many of the restrictions that have existed so far in public and private life have been removed, and therefore it manifests itself in language, people are able to express their views. In some cases, it seems that the use of slang is due to illiteracy, but in fact this is not the case. Slangs, as a rule, differ significantly from the norm of literary language. Of course, this is not always the case. It is the first to react to every event and change in society and is able to assimilate them, and therefore slangs are more popular among young people. Slang is distinguished from dialects and dialects by its vocabulary. The words in its lexical system are mainly divided into three groups: a) words taken from another language; b) specially installed words; c) words with changed meaning, etc. Words in slang are unusual. This feature enhances the listener's sense of expressiveness and expressiveness. As a result, there is an opportunity to spread. Elements of slang are rapidly spreading and used in the art world, albeit by a small number of people. Slang is not the same in all nations. Thus, in many nations it is weak, and in some nations it is strong. For example, slang related to hunting and trade was widespread in Russian until the beginning of the 20th century. The origin, formation and development of slangs, as well as tracking their transformation into literary language over time, researching their cognitive relationship, summarizing these ideas, classifying slang, studying their origin and use from a social and functional point of view can be considered a scientific innovation of our research.
The aim of this article is to present the basic capabilities of the Google search engine in the process of analysing multi-word lexical combinations. Our assumption is that the Google search engine can be regarded as a kind of linguistic database ready to be used as a practical linguistic tool. The text is an overview, therefore the presented material is limited to the necessary minimum, i.e. fifty randomly-selected phraseological compounds. In the introduction, we list ( and briefly discuss ) the tools available for studying Polish-language multi-word lexical combinations. With such an outlined background, we may characterise the Google search engine as a linguistic database. Finally, in the relevant part, we present the ways of using this tool with selected examples. In the summary, we discuss the possibilities offered by the use of a constantly-updated linguistic database which the Internet search engine under review can be considered to be.
This article provides qualitative and quantitative data to establish the effectiveness of the polylingual approach application in the second foreign language classroom. The relevance of the research is associated with the need to develop guidelines and teaching materials for polylingual classrooms. In the context of classroom polylingualism, one of the key elements is the phenomenon of the cross-language interference, which generates problems in intercultural communication at the discourse level. The studies of interference conducted so far are mainly dedicated to its phonetic and lexical subspecies, attention is drawn to the morphosyntactic aspect of teaching a second foreign language. The novelty of the research is that for the first time a purposeful study of cross-language interference as a pedagogical resource in teaching several foreign languages is carried out, the expediency of using the polylingual approach is substantiated. Previous research in the field has shown that the polylingual approach might be applied in a polylingual classroom studying foreign languages, but has neither established the conditions and principles, nor proposed the corresponding teaching materials. This study substantiates the need for the implementation of the polylingual approach based on taking into account cross-language interference; the rationale is determined by the solution of professional tasks which students of the humanities are facing when acquiring both universal and professional skills, the visible presence of positive and negative cross-language interference in the grammatical aspect of the second foreign language. Due to the fact that there is no single definition of cross-language interference, we have developed one that is relevant for our research, emphasizing that interference can be both an independent transfer of the norms of one language to another, and the result of code-switching. During the first term we surveyed and observed the target audience, pursuing the aim to collect and classify the data referring to the typical mistakes made in the classroom caused by cross-language interference. A total of 56 1st- and 2nd-year students and 43 professors participated in the research. The students took part in the trial training of the polylingual approach (two terms), which contained the application of the designed teaching and learning materials and a block of module assessment and final assessment, evaluating progress in studies and the decline of the mistakes marked on the 1st stage. The professors commented on their experience of the application of the approach and their wish to apply it in general. The results reveal that the polylingual approach may be successfully implemented in the chosen context if the proposed model and algorithm are followed. The findings suggest that the polylingual model is universal and can be further used in any polylingual classroom of the second foreign language as a basis for its unique educational context.
In this study it was investigated whether Catalan dominant bilinguals from Girona performed differently on a Spanish vocabulary test in comparison to Spanish monolinguals from Toledo. The test measured both lexical knowledge and lexical accessibility. The test was administered to two groups of bilinguals and monolinguals: one aged 5-6 and another aged 8-9. The monolinguals outperformed the bilinguals at both ages, but most of the Catalan dominant bilinguals fell within monolingual norm at age 8-9, despite the fact that at group level the differences were still observable.
About a fifth of all children in Sweden learn the societal language Swedish outside of the home, i.e., they have Swedish as a second language (L2). Many of these children have lower socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds, which predicts lower language proficiency. The aim of the present study is twofold: to contribute to a greater understanding of L2-Swedish proficiency in preschoolers with lower SES backgrounds, and to find out how proficiency tests should be adapted for bilingual children such that the tests are valid, i.e., unbiased to the language status (L1 or L2). We investigate test performance on a Swedish receptive language proficiency test (the Comprehension scale of The New Reynell Developmental Language Scales, NRDLS) which has a monolingual norming sample. The participants are 51 bilingual children (3-5-years of age) with Arabic as their L1, and who attend preschools in Swedish neighborhoods with lower SES. Results indicate that in contrast to the norming sample, bilingual children’s raw scores for subsections of the test are not progressively more difficult. Thus, we need to be aware that bilingual children’s high proficiency in a particular aspect of the language does not necessarily imply that they are proficient in aspects that would be considered easier from a monolingual perspective. In addition, there are indications that unfamiliarity with L2 lexical items, that are typically acquired early in L1, causes bilingual children to fail on tasks aimed at assessing syntactic skills, even though they appear to understand the syntactic pattern. We conclude with suggestions for special considerations and adaptations to assess individual L2-comprehension in preschoolers more accurately, such that practitioners in turn can support the children’s language development.
It is known that oral speech is nowadays the most dynamic and variable segment of the language system. The incessant changes in accent norms and their dynamics largely determine the relevance of this study. The preference issues of both the choice of the accent pattern in a particular word and the use of certain lexical units in speech by the modern youth are also relevant. This article addresses the issues of accentuation in a number of nouns that have accentuation variants. The purpose of the work is to describe accentuation in the lexemes under consideration according to modern orthoepic dictionaries, correlate the obtained results with the data of previously published orthoepic dictionaries, and also reveal preferences in accentuation in these lexemes among Russian students of two technical universities in Ivanovo - Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology and Ivanovo State Polytechnic University. An attempt to establish appropriate correlations between normative and conventional implementations of accent models of the specified group of lexical units was made. Basing on the study, the authors conclude that there was no single variant of stress in the control group of lexemes. It was found that, despite the possible variation provided by lexicographic orthoepic sources, modern students prefer to use only one variant of word stress in oral speech. Thus, a significant divergence was revealed between normative and conventional realizations of accent patterns of nouns.
В статье обращается внимание на важность владения выпускниками современных российских вузов не только профессиональными, но и коммуникативными компетенциями, способностью к эффективному общению в процессе профессиональной деятельности. В связи с этим отмечается значимость курса «Основы деловой коммуникации», в рамках которого в высшей школе изучаются различные аспекты устной и письменной коммуникации, уделяется большое внимание культуре речи делового человека, коммуникативным качествам речи, в том числе правильности, нормам современного русского литературного языка. В работе обобщается опыт изучения орфоэпических и лексических норм современного русского литературного языка студентами экономического факультета Ивановского государственного энергетического университета в процессе изучения данной дисциплины. Кратко описаны этапы работы студентов при изучении орфоэпических норм, приведены примеры заданий на этапе работы со связными текстами, включающими «проблемные» слова. Описывается опыт работы над лексическими нормами, отмечается важность знакомства студентов с классификацией возможных лексических ошибок, в том числе неверным выбором слова из ряда подобных, речевой избыточностью, нарушением лексической сочетаемости. Приведены примеры специально смоделированных связных текстов и заданий к ним. В данных текстах «запрограммированы» разные виды языковых ошибок, в том числе орфоэпических и лексических. Автор приходит к выводу, что подобные тексты и задания, при выполнении которых от студентов требуется не только найти языковые ошибки и отредактировать текст, но и указать характер ошибок, обосновать свой выбор языковых средств в связном тексте, формируют у первокурсников навыки редактирования текста на более высоком уровне по сравнению со школьным, открывают возможности более осознанного отношения к языку как важнейшему средству коммуникации. The article draws attention to the importance for modern Russian universities’graduatesto have not only professional, but also communicative competencies, as well as the ability to communicate effectively in the process of professional activity. In this regard, the importance of the course «Fundamentals of Business Communication» is discused, paying attention to the fact that various aspects of oral and written communication are studied at the higher school.Moreover, great attention is paid to the culture of speech of a business person, communicative qualities of speech, including correctness, norms of modern Russian literary language. The article summarizes the experience of studying the orthoepic and lexical norms of the modern Russian literary language by students of the Faculty of Economics of the Ivanovo State Power University while studying this discipline. The stages of students' work in the study of orthoepic norms are briefly described, examples of tasks at the stage of working with connected texts including «problematic» words are given. The experience of working on lexical norms is described, the importance of students’ being aware of the classification of possible lexical errors, including incorrect choice of a word from a number of similar ones, speech redundancy, violation of lexical compatibility is noted. Examples of specially modeled coherent texts are given, in which all kinds of language errors, including orthoepic and lexical errors, and tasks for these texts are programmed. The author comes to the conclusion that such tasks, in which students are required not only to find language errors and proofread the text, but also to indicate the nature of the errors, justify their choice of language means in a coherent text, form first-year students' text editing skills at a higher level as compared to school, open up opportunities for a more conscious attitude to language as an essential means of communication.
In his book, Obole, Aka Morchiladze retells a well-known historical event with a charm of a story-teller characteristic of him. While reading Obole, the past events come to life and we have wonderful opportunities to travel in time and space. Furthermore, we are endowed with a certain sensibility to meet and keep fictional characters forever in our memory. The author possesses a unique style of telling any story so that it reaches the deepest bottom of readers’ hearts and makes them totally engaged with the subject matter. Aka Morchiladze often employs dialectical lexis in his fiction. In this relation, we should mention that in most cases, the writer does not use one specific dialect in one work but he uses a blend of various dialect patterns. This is not true for Obole for here the author favors the Lechkhumian dialect. Thus, the vast majority of dialect forms are those of the Lechkhumian.There are instances of phonetical processes such as assimilation in the book. The diphtongs [ai, oi ] are transformed as [ei]; respectively: [au] →[eu], [au] →[ou]. For instance, there is [geikhara] (გეიხარა), instead of [gaikhara], [shoushva] (შოუშვა) instead of [sheushva], [chourbine] (ჩოურბინე) instead of [chaurbine], [choujeqi] (ჩოუჯექი) instead of [chaujeqi]. We also have an example of sound metathesis in the following: [navkhe] (ნავხე) instead of [vnakhe]; an example of extra sound formation: sound [v] is formed in front of [o] in the following words [vori] [vorve] [vorsartuliani] instead of [ori] [orive] [orsartuliani]. There are cases of the final sound omissions, especially in complex sentences with the conjunction; we have [ro] instead of [rom] (so that). Also, the writer often uses [cha] and [mi] verbal prefixes instead of the prefix [da]. In Aka morchiladze’s fiction proper names are often made diminutive by suffixes which is characteristic of certain dialects of western Georgia. Here too, we have some diversions from the norm. Namely, we have [e] instead of [a] which becomes even more complex and has the suffixes [-ik] [-uk-el] [-ik-un] [-ik-o] preceeding it. In Obole by Aka Morchiladze there are also such lexical units of colloquial spoken speech such as slangs and barbarisms. By using them, the writer gives additional semantic and stylistic air to the text and makes its expressiveness more marked. Consequently, the langueage of the book acquires ironical, playful manner.
Camfranglais is the language of young Cameroonians who are trying to adapt it to French. Despite the diversity of forms imposed by the mixture of French, English, pidjin-english and other identity languages, it is noticed that the lexico-morphological system of camfranglais function within the base on the French language rules. The morphological transformations occurred on words portray the variations of grammatical categories imposed by the discursive situations. It has been found that speakers resort to derivation, more precisely to suffixation in creating words which enrich the lexicon. Thus, the creation of new words and their usages have been noticed in language use on the part of speakers who were under focus in different campuses and university rooms such as Maroua, Ngaoundéré and Yaoundé in 2015. Direct and interactive observations from sociolinguistics have helped in collecting data that were analyzed. The analyses were done following a normative approach with the intention of showing how Camfranglais establishes its norms. The morpho-syntactic rules which buttress the dynamism of this sociolect are observed at the lexical level of the verbal and syntactic systems.
Abstract In this paper, we propose and justify the cross‐linguistic study of the concept of truth through empirical studies of truth predicates, with results of such studies. We first conceptually explore the possibility of cross‐linguistic disagreement about truth purely due to linguistic norms governing truth predicates, which may imply a kind of pluralism about the concept of truth. We then consider the conditions under which we would be justified in inferring this sort of pluralism from the fact of such cross‐linguistic disagreement. Next, we report results of three studies on the use of English “is true” and Japanese two truth predicates, as well as “is correct” and its Japanese counterpart. We then report another set of studies using a different vignette, where the radical cross‐linguistic difference observed in earlier studies disappeared. These data together suggest that the moral‐political factor in the truth‐bearer (utterance) strongly affects the uses of Japanese truth predicates but not those of English. Finally, we will discuss the implications of the studies and results reported here, and the empirical possibility of what we call lexical alethic pluralism, for debates over relativism, theories of meaning, and the deflationary and inflationary theories of truth.
This research discusses the lexicon used for traditional technology systems in the Tolaki community. Lexicon is a language component containing information about the meaning and usage of words, the richness of words a language has. Lexicon runs into a shift due to certain factors such as changes in norms, culture, and environment and the development of science and technology. The level of shift and the change in the meaning of the lexicon for traditional technology systems in Tolaki community, Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi are analyzed with the method of qualitative descriptive analysis. The data are taken from written sources, literature studies, by examining and recording some lexicons from the book "Tolaki Culture" by Abdurrauf Tarimana. This book discusses the lexicon used for traditional technology systems in the Tolaki community. The validation of the data is then substantiated by questionnaire distribution in which the informants fill in lexicon data for agricultural technology systems and imply them in Tolaki language. The lexical-semantic theory by Pateda is applied and the results of the data analysis show that the lexicon for agricultural technology system in Tolaki is extinct and undergoing a shift. 115 lexicons of traditional technology systems are analyzed and among them are 50 (44%) lexicons undergoing extinction, 29 (25%) undergoing a shift, and 36 (31%) undergoing no shift.
من دروس علم الأصوات الوظيفي (التناوب الحرکي وألوانه الشکلية في کتاب المُطْلِع على أبواب الفقه) (لأبي الفَتْح البَعْلِيّ المتوفى 709هـ) محمد عبد الحميد حويزي مدرس أصول اللغة في کلية اللغة العربية بإيتاي البارود جامعة الأزهر. ملخص البحث/ هذا البحث يتعرض لدرس من دروس علم الأصوات الوظيفي، ألا وهو التناوب بين الحرکات القصيرة في کتاب المطلع على أبواب الفقه، ليبين من خلاله مدى خصوصية هذه الحرکات وصعوبة مسلکها ومدى أهميتها في بناء الصيغ وتنوعها، ويعزز ـ من خلال صهر مواده في بوتقة المناهج اللغوية الحديثة ـ التفاعل بين الماضي والحاضر؛ رجاء العثور على إنجازات باهرة في مجال البحث اللغوي. وقد قضت طبيعة دراسته أن يخرج في مقدمة، وتمهيد، وثلاثة مباحث، وخاتمة، وفهارس. أما المقدمة ففيها عرض موجز للإطار المنهجي للبحث، وأما المباحث فالأول منها: التناوب بين الحرکات المرققة، والثاني: التناوب مع الحرکات المتوسطة، والثالث: التناوب مع الحرکات المفخمة. تليها الخاتمة، ثم الفهارس. وکان من أبرز نتائج هذا البحث: أن اللغة تنعم بانسجام صوائتها القصيرة تبعا للأعراف المنظمة لقواعد الذوق الاستعمالي لدى العرب، والتي من أهمها تأثر الأصوات ببعضها؛ إحداثا للانسجام، وتيسيرا لعملية النطق، واقتصادا في المجهود العضلي، وفي هذا إظهار للدور الکبير التي يؤديه هذا التناوب مع الأصوات ثقيلها وخفيفها. أن ابن جني کان أول من تعامل مع الحرکات وسماها صراحة؛ وقد عالج بها کثيرا من المسائل الصوتية. أن المتقابلات الثنائية أدت دورا مهما في تغيير دلالة المعنى الوظيفي للکلمة، غير أن هذا في أغلب الأحيان لا يکون له دور في تغيير دلالة المعنى المعجمي للکلمة الواحدة؛ لکن نقول إن جل هذه المتقابلات يرجع إلى اختلاف اللهجات في ضبط بنية الکلمة، فقبيلة تنطقها بالفتح، وأخرى تنطقها بالکسر، وثالثة بالضم، وهکذا؛ بيد أن صاحب المطلع لم ينسب هذه اللهجات إلى أصحابها في الغالب، مما دفعنا بالبحث عن هذه اللهجات، ونسبتها إلى قائليها والمصادر التي نسبتها إليها ـ ما أمکن ـ وما أورده العلماء من مفاضلات بين تلک اللهجات. الکلمات المفتاحية: التناوب الحرکي / الصوائت القصيرة / علم وظائف الأصوات / المطلع على أبواب الفقه / أبو الفتح البعلي. Lessons of functional phonology (The kinetic alternation and its formal colors in the book Al-Mutlaa on the Doors of Fiqh) (Of Abu Al-Fath Al-Baali, who died in 709 A.H.) Mohammed Abdul Hamid Hweizi Teacher of the origins of the language in the College of Arabic Language Itay Al-Baroud Al-Azhar University Abstract / This research is exposed to one of the lessons of functional phonology, namely, the alternation between short movements in the book of the Insider on the Chapters of Jurisprudence, to show through it the specificity of these movements and the difficulty of their behavior and the extent of their importance in building formulas and their diversity, and reinforces - by melting its materials into the crucible of linguistic approaches Modern - the interaction between the past and the present; Please find some outstanding achievements in the field of linguistic research. The nature of his studies required him to come out with an introduction, an introduction, three sections, a conclusion, and indexes. As for the introduction, it contains a brief presentation of the methodological framework of the research. As for the investigations, the first is the alternation between thinning movements, the second: alternation with intermediate movements, and the third: alternation with exaggerated movements. Followed by the conclusion, then the indexes. One of the most prominent results of this research was: that the language enjoys the harmony of its short refinement according to the norms that regulate the rules of use taste among Arabs, the most important of which is the influence of sounds with each other. Creating harmony, facilitating the articulation process, and economizing the muscular effort, and in this a demonstration of the great role that this alternation plays with sounds of heavy and light. That Ibn Jinni was the first to deal with the movements and explicitly called them; He dealt with many phonological issues. The binary interviews played an important role in changing the meaning of the functional meaning of the word, but this in most cases does not have a role in changing the meaning of the lexical meaning of a single word. But we say that most of these interviews are due to the different dialects in controlling the structure of the word. By fraction, by third by annexation, and so on; However, the author of the insider did not attribute these dialects to their owners most of the time, which prompted us to search for these dialects, and to attribute them to those who said them, the sources that they attributed to them - as much as possible - and what scholars have stated about the trade-offs between those dialects. key words: Rotational motor / short silences / phonology / insider on the gates of jurisprudence / Abu Al-Fath
Uniquely among the global languages, French is assumed to have a monocentric pronunciation norm, based on the usage of Paris. In the opening chapter of this volume, Marc Chalier challenges this perception and asks whether endogenous norms have emerged outside France. After setting out the normative background in Chapter 2 and presenting his methodology in Chapter 3, the author addresses this question by comparing Paris with two peripheral francophone zones (French-speaking Switzerland and Quebec) from three perspectives, examined in Chapters 4 to 6. The first of these (‘Représentations et attitudes’) reports questionnaire responses, from a representative non-specialist panel in each geographical area, to questions relating to perceptions of ‘correct’ French pronunciation. For Parisian informants, the norm is viewed in centre–periphery terms within France, with Paris, then Tours, and finally a general ‘Nord de la France’ seen as a model. Away from Paris, Canadian respondents showed greater acceptance of an endocentric norm than their Swiss counterparts. All three panels identified broadcast news presenters as representatives of the spoken norm, and it is to these that the author turns in Chapter 5 (‘Productions’). Twenty radio or television journalists in each site were asked to read aloud the stimulus text from the Phonologie du français contemporain project and a separate word list, their production then being subjected to phonetic analysis with respect to a number of locally variable vowel oppositions. Results from Paris presented rather a mixed picture. Here, traditional normative oppositions such as /a/–/α/, or /ε/–/e/ in open syllables were found to be better maintained in word-list style than in the reading passage, and in some cases appeared to be lexically conditioned, with /ε/–/e/ for example being more consistently realized for the pair épais–épée than for étaient–été. While the Swiss informants showed some adherence to local norms, there was considerable internal variability and evidence of a more general shift towards an exocentric français de référence. Much stronger support for an overt endocentric norm was evident in Quebec, where no fewer than eight of the nine identified local phonological features were found to be regularly produced by Radio Canada news reporters. In Chapter 6 (‘Perceptions’), non-specialist panels were asked to evaluate these recordings, focusing on the ‘correctness’ or otherwise of these same local features, and their suitability for news broadcasting or teaching of French to non-natives. For Paris, something of a disjunction emerged between representation of the norm and actual production: informants — particularly those with high levels of education — positively evaluated maintenance of traditional prescriptive oppositions which were not, in fact, consistently realized. Of the two peripheral francophone communities, Quebec again proved far more ready to embrace the local norm as ‘correct’. The author concludes that French is subject to a ‘tendance bicentrique’ (p. 445), favouring separate European and Canadian pronunciation norms. This volume is an impressive piece of research, and is written with admirable clarity. My one reservation is that its presentation mirrors rather too closely the doctoral thesis on which it is based. A more economical structure might have reduced the length of the volume by about a third, and lent sharper focus to its interesting and important findings.
Around two decades ago, legal anthropologist Merry posed the question, "what can we learn about law and globalization today from revisiting the law and colonization literature?" She emphasized how colonial arrangements transformed and affected the fundamental character of contemporary and international law. While peacebuilders, development experts, and human rights activists embrace law as a tool for social change, others have looked back on the history of legal development in the Global South to warn that the rule of law served as a framework for social control. It preserved authority and punished rebellious acts that threatened order while promoting development and social progress. As a result of this reminder, the critical peacebuilding literature has begun to pay attention to how the rule of law and transitional justice frameworks may serve as conceptual, lexical, and discursive foundations for post/neo-colonial control. This article used a historical, empirical, and comparative study of post-war Sierra Leone and Liberia to argue that the transplantation of legal norms and technologies has become more professionalized. In contrast, international efforts to rebuild the rule of law have reinforced social domination by legitimizing external actors as peacebuilders and reconstituting the relationship between the domestic political class and global capital. Social domination refers to the attempt to build an unequal playing field, wherein the country's political and economic elites can leverage and reproduce earlier forms of power relations and domination to consolidate their security within the state apparatus and benefit disproportionately from the security created by a large external presence.
The article analyzes the concept of “stylistic competence”, which is defined as the ability to learn the stylistic system of the language at the phonetic, lexical-semantic, phraseological and grammatical levels. The main concepts of stylistics have been clarified. The object and subject of studying stylistics have been characterized. Such sections of stylistics as stylistics of language, stylistics of speech and stylistics of fiction have been studied. The concept of “language style” and “speech style” has been distinguished. The problem of compliance with stylistic norms and features of formation of stylistic abilities and skills has been outlined. The linguistic-didactic system for the formation of students’ stylistic competence has been defined, which includes: approaches to learning (functional-stylistic, which ensures effective work on the representation of the features of the functioning of language units, their implementation in each style; the formation of fluency in speaking skills), learning patterns (patterns of language learning and patterns of speech learning); teaching principles (general didactic and linguistic didactic); groups of exercises (according to the content of the main material, according to the method of execution) and specific methods (observation of stylistic functions of language units, stylistic experiment; stylistic editing; stylistic construction).
Statement of the problem. The paper discusses multiple deviations of science texts in the English language written by Russian novice writers from the norms and expectations of the international discourse community. The purpose of the article is to propose a concept of utilizing computer linguistics tools of automated text analysis for pedagogical purposes to identify real needs of students in science writing in English. The methodology is based on the contrastive discourse-analysis of two corpora: students’ research paper manuscripts and published research papers by international expert writers. Both corpora belong to one engineering discipline and were compiled specifically for the research purposes. The contrastive corpus analysis was conducted by means of a computer linguistics tool Gramulator. Research results. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of differential bigrams in Gramulator demonstrated that the writing by novice Russian authors significantly differs from the expert writing. The considered bigrams indicated lower lexical diversity; insufficient skills in using grammar that is absent in the Russian language; tendency to underuse predicative clauses and hedging devices; tendency to overuse words and phrases typical of Russian scientific style, as well as referencing and specifying words and phrases. Conclusions. The proposed concept is aimed to make the academic writing process more student-centered. The identification of common linguistic problems in the novice researchers’ writing may raise students’ awareness of the differences in the rhetorical choice in the two languages, improve strategic skills in making the proper choice when writing their own texts, and, thus, approach to the norms and expectations of the target discourse community.
In Spanish clitic-doubling constructions, the clitic should agree in number with its coreferential doubled noun phrase. However, the present corpus analysis with data from 21 Spanish varieties reveals that, under certain structural configurations, number agreement is not always realized on the third-person dative clitic. In fact, the data shows that non-agreement appears to be the norm when the indirect object is a lexical noun phrase (77 vs. 23%). In this paper, I investigate two possible explanations for this phenomenon: (i) a processing account via an attraction effect and (ii) a syntactic account based on intervention effects. These two hypotheses make clear and testable predictions that I examine by means of conditional inference trees and Bayesian generalized mixed-effects logistic regression modeling. The results of the statistical analyses are incompatible with an intervention account because this type of phenomenon is not sensitive to semantic features of the intervening element or to the true controller of agreement. Thus, I propose that the data is best analyzed as the interplay between attraction and the morphosyntax of the unmarked. In Spanish, this results in attraction effects from the DO in the unmarked word order and inanimate IOs showing a sort of differential dative marking, where animate IOs show a preference for full agreement. The findings reported herein show evidence of a complex and highly dynamic agreement mechanism of the clitic and highlight the probabilistic nature of morphosyntactic processes.
The article discusses the advantages of using axiological scales in the analysis of the level of values reflected in the Uzbek language proverbs. Axiolinguistics is a science that integrates axiology and linguistics and is interrelated with linguoculturology, psycholinguistics, sociology, and cognitology. Axiolinguistics has emerged as a result of highlighting the role of lexical units in the expression of axiological content. The article discusses the main goals, tasks and main issues of axioinguistics. Linguistic definition of evaluation and value, methods of evaluation are described. Scales are the methods of measurement and evaluation used in the exact and natural sciences. In recent years, as a result of the use of scales in the socio-humanitarian spheres, linguistic, psycholinguistic, axiolinguistic scales have emerged. The scale method evaluation level is also important in determining the norm of the relationship. The role of axiolinguistic scales in illuminating the content level reflected in the proverbs is illustrated by case studies. The results and conclusions are presented on the basis of the axiolinguistic scale. Recommendations for using this method are given.
The article systematizes and analyzes the stylistic terminology presented in scientific studies, works on language culture, stylistics, and translation studies by representatives of the Kharkiv Philological School of the 20s-30s of the 20th century. Cross-cutting theoretical and practical issues related to the development of the terminological tools of Ukrainian linguistic stylistics during the period of its formation as a separate branch of linguistics are traced. The relevant stylistic categories relied on by researchers of the language and style of Ukrainian classical writers, the language of science and journalism are noted: modern literary language, living language, folk language, sense of language, linguistic taste, peculiarities of the Ukrainian language, scientific language, artistic language, language of the press, literary norm, literary form, verbal formulas, linguistic phenomenon, specific meaning, context, synonyms, construction not characteristic of the Ukrainian language, uzus. Emphasis is placed on the fact that in the works of M. Sumtsov, O. Kurylo, O. Sinyavskyi, M. Hladkyi, M. Sulima, M. Johansen, S. Smerechynskyi, L. Bulakhovskyi, B. Tkachenko, O. Finkel, the terms and facts of the language in the broad context of other languages, with the involvement of foreign language counterparts. Underscored the advantage of studying stylistic means in practical terms as an additional characteristic of lexical, phraseological, grammatical phenomena, as a means of diversification, development of general literary norms. The characteristic features of this period are noted: 1) the instability of terminology, 2) the presence of variants in the terminological system of stylistics, 3) the consistent use of the lexemes language and language in term compounds. Substantial achievements of scientists were the justification of stylistics as a separate educational discipline, the definition of the main concepts of stylistics, the systematization of linguistic phenomena according to separate functional styles and according to the carriers of the corresponding linguistic properties; formulation of practical advice on the use of lexical groups, phraseological units, grammatical forms; analysis of idiosyncratic features of Ukrainian literary classics. The study of a specific terminological system in diachrony outlines the trends in the development of linguistic terminology in general.
Automatically detecting the intent of an utterance is important for various downstream natural language processing tasks. This task is also called Dialogue Act Classification (DAC) and was primarily researched on spoken one-to-one conversations. The rise of social media has made this an interesting data source to explore within DAC, although it comes with some difficulties: non-standard form, variety of language types (across and within platforms), and quickly evolving norms. We therefore investigate the robustness of DAC on social media data in this paper. More concretely, we provide a benchmark that includes cross-domain data splits, as well as a variety of improvements on our transformer-based baseline. Our experiments show that lexical normalization is not beneficial in this setup, balancing the labels through resampling is beneficial in some cases, and incorporating context is crucial for this task and leads to the highest performance improvements 7 F1 percentage points in-domain and 20 cross-domain).
This research discusses the lexicon used for traditional technology systems in the Tolaki community. Lexicon is a language component containing all information about the meaning and usage of words; the richness of words a language has. Lexicon runs into a shift due to certain factors such as changes in norms, culture, and environment caused by the development of science and technology. This research aims to analyze the level of shift and change in the meaning of the lexicon for traditional technology systems in the Tolaki community in Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. The method is qualitative descriptive. The data are taken from written sources, literature studies, by examining and recording some lexicons from the book “Tolaki Culture” by Abdurrauf Tarimana related to the lexicon in the traditional technology system of the Tolaki community. The validation of the data is then substantiated by questionnaire distribution in which the informants fill in lexicon data about agricultural technology systems and imply them in Tolaki language. The theory used is the lexical-semantic theory proposed by Pateda. The results showed that the lexicon for the Tolaki agricultural technology system is extinct and there is a shift in the lexicon.
Descriptive studies of general and discipline-specific academic writing genre conventions have paved the way for pedagogical materials that build real-world skills for novice academic writers. To name some better-known cases, breakthroughs have taken place in this regard in the fields of psychology, engineering, and chemistry. However, attested scholarship on rhetorical patterns in humanities writing, such as published literary criticism (hereafter?LC?) is less common. This dearth of research affects scholars of literature produced by Spanish-speakers who write in both English and Spanish. Many L1 Spanish user scholars must often publish their research in English, rather than Spanish, to maintain institutional employment. Postsecondary Spanish majors in the U.S. must also demonstrate competence in literary criticism to gain credentials. To address the needs of these groups, the present study examines the potential of lexical bundles, qualitative content, and multidimensional analyses to help describe LC from a lexico-grammatical perspective. Such findings may facilitate an arrival at a comprehensive schematic of strategies used by expert-level literary scholars in Spanish and English. First, using multidimensional analysis, linguistic features characteristic of literary criticism writing are analyzed and interpreted in the context of prior multidimensional analyses to offer insight on ways in which the written norms of LC compare to those espoused in other genres previously analyzed. Next, the study examines the syntactic structures and functions of lexical bundles used in English and Spanish LC writing, with particular attention to quasi-equivalent and language-specific bundles. Finally, the study proposes a taxonomy of communicative strategies utilized by literary scholars in their arguments. Devised via qualitative content analysis, this taxonomy may extend the functional analysis of bundles in LC. These findings offer further insight into the macrostructures of literary criticism, as well as the sentence-level strategies that serve as building blocks for expert-level writing in the genre.
The semantic variant of a primary progressive aphasia (svPPA) is characterized by progressive disruption of semantic knowledge. This study aimed to compare the semantic features of words produced during a narrative speech in svPPA and the logopenic variant of PPA (lvPPA) and to explore their neuroanatomical correlates. Six patients with svPPA and sixteen with lvPPA underwent narrative speech tasks. For all the content words, a semantic depth index (SDI) was determined based on the taxonomic structure of a large lexical database. Study participants underwent an MRI examination. Cortical thickness measures were extracted according to the Desikan atlas. Correlations were computed between SDI and the thickness of cortical regions. Mean SDI was lower for svPPA than for lvPPA. Correlation analyses showed a positive association between the SDI and the cortical thickness of the bilateral temporal pole, parahippocampal and entorhinal cortices, and left middle and superior temporal cortices. Disruption of semantic knowledge observed in svPPA leads to the production of generic terms in narrative speech, and the SDI may be useful for quantifying the level of semantic impairment. The measure was associated with the cortical thickness of brain regions associated with semantic memory.
In Chinese Internet spaces, "fishing" is a form of non-literal communication that tries to lure or bait others. We conducted a case study of fishing on a Chinese Q&A platform in which we deconstructed the linguistic structure of the fishing language and identified its features by employing analysis techniques informed by Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). Additionally, we examined the relationship between fishing practices and the specifics of the underlying communication platform. We found that fishing can be characterized as a reaction to rigid norms of politeness and friendliness imposed on users by platform owners. Our analysis reveals that fishing is organically connected with other social interaction within the community and facilitates autonomous and active negotiation of boundaries and linguistic norms for online discussion of controversial topics. We challenge the characterization of non-literal communication as "abnormal," and contribute a more refined understanding of online linguistic norms, community cohesion, and civil engagement.
Reviewed by: Histoires de dire 2: petit glossaire des marqueurs formés sur le verbe dire by Jean-Claude Anscombre et Laurence Rouanne Carole Salmon and Amanda Dalola Anscombre, Jean-Claude, etLaurence Rouanne. Histoires de dire 2: petit glossaire des marqueurs formés sur le verbe dire. Peter Lang, 2020 ISBN 978-3-0343-3751-9. Pp. 638. The second in a series on discourse markers formed on the verb dire, this volume seeks to establish the rigorous study of this underrepresented grammatical subclass from both a usage and theory-based perspective. The introduction to the collection begins with a theoretical discussion of what a discourse marker functionally and structurally is—a fixed non-lexical group of words with syntactic autonomy that serves to indicate a stance taken by the speaker at the moment of utterance. Focus then moves to establishing the prevalence of discourse markers containing the verb dire in normative French (130+ in total)—c’est pour dire, qu’on se le tienne pour dit, est-ce à dire, etc.—and centering the discussion on the 23 of them under examination in this edition. One part dictionary, the other part treatise in linguistic theory, the work proceeds in alphabetical order by discourse marker, each chapter structured à la dictionary entry meets scientific article: summary, introduction/description of corpus, establishment of morphological and distributional properties, examples, theoretical considerations, linguistic analysis leading to functional determination, conclusions. Ten of the eleven chapters draw evidence from synchronic data, taken from online speech corpora (frTenTen12, Corpus du français parlé parisien, among others), Google Books, and Google News, while one chapter considers longitudinal data from the sixteenth century to present-day, taken from an online corpus of written text (Frantext). Through the course of the entries, it is demonstrated to the reader how au(x) dire(s) de X, for example, can be conceived of as an adverbial phrase that expresses the speaker’s epistemic stance toward the contents of its grammatical complement, while avoir beau dire can be linked to three different uses over the last five centuries: one that renders the words uttered by dire useless, one as a conjunction with the pragmatic function of bien que ‘although’, and one as a discourse marker that takes an assertive stance on the language that immediately precedes or follows it. The collection winds up in an ordered list of discourse markers that regroups both the contents of this volume and the previous one, linking each expression back (in a separate column) to its author(s) and volume for easy reference. What makes this text unique is its ability to bring linguistic theory and usage norms to the dictionary format, such that any user who might look up an expression would instantly find themselves nose-to-nose with detailed instructions on how to use it, theory supporting each of its functional, semantic, and pragmatic variants, and real-world examples from text and speech attesting them throughout the documented history of the language. As such, the collection’s target audience is as wide as its linguistic coverage: students/users of [End Page 264] the French language will benefit from the examples and metalinguistic descriptions, while formal and French-focused linguists will find much to reflect on in the theoretical discussions. Comprehensive for those who want it, accessible for those who do not, this linguistically fortified “superdictionary” of dire discourse markers is the ultimate hybridized addition to your French-language or linguistics bookshelf. [End Page 265] Carole Salmon and Amanda Dalola University of South Carolina Copyright © 2022 American Association of Teachers of French
The purpose of this study is to describe and analyse the interference of the Kazakh and Russian languages at the lexical level as a result of the interaction of the two languages and to identify the special features of the use of the Russian language among Kazakhs. The material of the study is the results of an experiment conducted in a school with 29 pupils in Grade 9 with Kazakh as the language of instruction at the Nur-Sultan Lyceum School No. 48. The first part of the study consists in the fact that the subjects were offered words with which they had to form phrases from the proposed pairs. In the second part of the experiment, students were offered sentences in Kazakh that had to be translated into Russian. The study considered various views on the definition of the phenomenon of interference resulting from the interaction of language systems in the context of bilingualism, during linguistic contacts. Interference is expressed in deviations from the norm and the system of the studied language under the influence of the native. In addition, the causes of interference were described, which are explained not only by linguistic, but also by extralinguistic factors.
The texts associated with aircraft maintenance are fundamental in the maintenance process and in aircraft security. Aviation maintenance manuals ‒the core of this documentation‒ have to comply with regulations concerning content, format and expression. To ensure uniformity, manuals abide by a specification which regulates writing practices accommodating them to the controlled natural language ASD-STE100, a simplified version of English used as a standard in the industry. Through the qualitative analysis of a corpus of maintenance texts, this paper characterizes aviation instructions manuals as a genre by (i) illustrating the most relevant restrictions imposed by the specification and their implementation at the surface levels glossed in the specification and (ii) providing a description of the rhetorical macrostructure of instructional texts. The analysis reveals discrepancies between actual use and the rules which concern lexical, phrasal or sentential units; compliance with the rhetorical macrostructure seems to be the norm, however. As an explanation, it is hypothesized that deviations occur in areas where the specification clashes with standard technical writing practice, supporting thus the view that genres are mediated by social practices. Although further quantitative analysis is pending, this description of the use of ASD-STE100 might prove of interest both to scholars and practitioners.
Meta-analyses have found that people high in psychopathy categorize (or "recognize") others' prototypical facial emotion expressions with reduced accuracy. However, these have been contested with remaining questions regarding the strength, specificity, and mechanisms of this ability in psychopathy. In addition, few studies have tested holistically whether psychopathy is related to reduced facial mimicry or autonomic arousal in response to others' dynamic facial expressions. Therefore, the current study presented 6 s videos of a target person making prototypical emotion expressions (anger, fear, disgust, sadness, joy, and neutral) to N = 88 incarcerated adult males while recording facial electromyography, skin conductance response (SCR), and heart rate. Participants identified the emotion category and rated the valence and intensity of the target person's emotion. Psychopathy was assessed via the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R). We predicted that overall PCL-R scores and scores for the interpersonal/affective traits, in particular, would be related to reduced emotion categorization accuracy, valence ratings, intensity ratings, facial mimicry, SCR amplitude, and cardiac deceleration in response to the prototypical facial emotion expressions. In contrast to our hypotheses, PCL-R scores were unrelated to emotion categorization accuracy, valence ratings, and intensity ratings. Stimuli failed to elicit facial mimicry from the full sample, which does not allow drawing conclusions about the relationship between psychopathy and facial mimicry. However, participants displayed general autonomic arousal responses, but not to prototypical emotion expressions per se. PCL-R scores were also unrelated to SCR and cardiac deceleration. These findings failed to identify aberrant behavioral and physiological responses to prototypical facial emotion expressions in relation to psychopathy.
A gentle touch is an essential part of human interaction that produces a positive care effect. Previously, robotics studies have shown that robots can reproduce a gentle touch that elicits similar, positive emotional responses in humans. However, whether the positive emotional effects of a robot's touch combined with speech can be enhanced using a multimodal approach remains unclear. This study supports the hypothesis that a multimodal interaction combining gentle touch and speech by a robot enhances positive emotional responses. Here, we conducted an experiment using a robotic arm to perform a gentle touch combined with speech and compared three conditions: touch alone, speech alone, and touch with speech. We assessed participants' subjective ratings of valence, arousal, and human likeliness using subjective emotional responses. Furthermore, we recorded facial electromyography (EMG) from the corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus major muscles and measured skin conductance levels (SCLs) as physiological emotional responses. Our results show that touch combined with speech elicited higher subjective valence and arousal ratings, stronger zygomaticus major EMG and SCL activities than touch alone. The results suggest that the positive emotional effects of robotic touch can be boosted by combining elements of speech.
The first three papers featured in Issue 4/2021 of Balgarski ezik present results of the work on a project titled Everyday Life in the Middle Ages according to Lexical Data from Bulgarian and Romanian – a bilateral effort between the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and the Romanian Academy. Mariyana Tsibranska-Kostova’s paper Magic and its Faces (the 61st Canon of Trullo in Slavic Translations) proposes an analysis of several representatives of the lexical-semantic group of performers of magical practices according to three translations of the canon. The author discusses the word-formation structure of the lexical group as well as the semantic adaptation of Greek names for unknown realia. The text of the 61st Canon of Trullo is published as an appendix. Elka Mircheva provides a discussion on the topic of Bad Thoughts are Worse than Illness (to the Analysis of Medieval Texts) by analysing examples of illness in Pope Gregory the Great’s Dialogues which have been interpreted by earlier studies as cases of psychological conditions. The author’s analysis points to the fact that some of these occurrences are evidence of the influence of bad thoughts resulting in unacceptable reprehen-sible behaviour. Vanya Micheva’s paper Names for Living Places in the Bulgarian Language Picture of the World in the Middle Ages deals with the linguistic and semantic realisations of the concept of living places in the Old Bulgarian classical and original works from the 9th – 11th centuries and in the works of Patriarch Euthymius. The author traces the process of enrichment of the names for living places and the changes in the conceptual content of the studied lexemes. Tatyana Braga’s paper A Little-known Damaskin from the Karlovo-Adzhar School of Calligraphy and Art: Odessa Damascus № 36 (62) – Palaeography, Codicology, Dating offers a meticulous palaeographic and codicological description of a Bulgarian written monument, the Odessa Damaskin № 36 (62) from the manuscript collection of V.I. Grigorovich. Nadka Nikolova’s paper Общ язик с виражение народно. The Language Norms in the Translation of A. Granitski’s За Тръговско писмописанїе (On Commercial Letter Writing), 1858 presents the results of a study on Anastas Granitski’s contribution to the establishment of the structural basis and spelling and language norms of the Bulgarian literary language of the Revival period. On the basis of her observations on adjectives, numerals, pronouns and verbs, the author comes to the conclusion that the text reveals significant convergence of written and spoken language. Maria Mitskova addresses some Issues in the Verb Morphology of Bulgarian Dialects in the Studies of Three European Slavicists from the First Half of the 19th Century – Vuk Karadžić, Victor Grigorovich, Stefan Verković. The paper emphasises the contribution of the first Slavicists whose work marks the origination of the scientific interest in one of the most characteristic features of Bulgarian verbs. Elena Kanevska-Nikolova and Simeon Marinov present a study on the Names for Women’s Outerwear in the Rhodope Folk Clothing based on ma-terial excerpted from various ethnographic, regional historical and dialectological studies. The authors examine ambiguous and synonymous terms, main word-formation patterns, as well as the etymology of some of the names under study. They go on to analyse the terminological unity of many names for women’s outerwear characteristic of both confessional groups to which the Bulgarian population in the Rhodopes belong. Georgi Mitrinov’s paper Is there a Pomak Dialect in Bulgaria? is a critical look at a study by Emel Balakchi dealing with the Bulgarian Rhodope dialects. The author addresses Balakchi’s attempt at presenting the Rhodope dialects as Pomak dialects, while ignoring the presence of a native Bulgarian Christian population in the Rhodopes. Using numerous examples, Georgi Mitrinov reveals the study’s lack of scientific competence and objectivity in presenting the characteristic features of the Bulgarian Rhodope dialects. The issue concludes with a paper that remains outside its thematic scope. Stative Predicates in Contemporary Linguistic Theories by Svetlozara Leseva, Hristina Kukova and Ivelina Stoyanova offers a critical overview of the thematic classes of stative verbs based on a contrastive study of several thematic classifications. The authors analyse the different views of the properties of stative predicates from an aspectual and semantic perspective.
The modern educational space is constantly changing, looking for new and interesting forms of learning and providing the process of acquiring knowledge. Higher education is being reformed, in particular, innovative methods and means of providing educational services are emerging, the structure of classes and forms of organization of various types of work are changing. It is noted that technical and informational means of training play a key role in the system of training future specialists. In addition, the Internet is an important auxiliary structural element in the work of the teacher. The article presents educational, informative and methodical materials necessary for studying the discipline “Ukrainian language (for professional purposes)”. The complex of tasks is aimed at the development of students’ communicative skills and abilities: to research of lexical and grammatical categories of modern Ukrainian literature languages for optimal language behavior in the professional sphere; to master terminological vocabulary, skills of work with highly specialized dictionaries; to analyze the feasibility of using lexical, morphological, syntactic language means in accordance with communicative intentions; to master the oral and written norms of speech etiquette in professional activities doctor; to learn to differentiate the functional styles of modern Ukrainian literature languages in general and get acquainted with the distinctive features of the scientific medical text. The proposed system of tasks will help to master the skills and abilities to communicate orally and in writing in accordance with the goals and social norms of speech behavior in professional spheres and situations. It was analyzed how to improve the education quality of medical students studying of the “Ukrainian language (for professional purposes)”, using Google services. It was suggested that Gmail, Google forms, Google Docs, Google Slides, Blogger can be effectively used in education for communication between academic staff and their students, as well as improve the quality and availability of their training resources. The materials described in the article are intended for Ukrainian students of medical specialties.
The article studies the linguistic features of the poem "Ana v ugyl" ("Mother and Son"), which is a coeval of the poem "Kyyssai Yusuf" by Kul Gali (the 11 th century). Several little-known sources of this work have reached us. We have introduced them into scientific circulation. The novelty of this work lies in the fact that we have carried out a comparative analysis of the lexical composition of these works, studied their isogosses, and the features of local beliefs. Based on the identified internal relationship, the article proves that both works belong to Bulgar-Tatar literature. The discovered linguistic facts indicate the uniformity of the literary language norms of the Bulgar-Tatars from the Middle Volga region. A comparative study of the works has made it possible to reveal the features of the original literary-fictional koine of the Tatars' ancestors who lived in the Middle Ages.
Olfactory perception, and especially affective responses of odors, is highly flexible, but some mechanisms involved in this flexibility remain to be elucidated. This study investigated the odor perceptions of several essential oils used in aromatherapy with emotion regulation functions among college students. The influences of people's characteristics including gender, hometown region, and fragrance usage habit on odor perception were further discussed. Odor perception of nine essential oils, which can be divided into the ester-alcohol type (e.g., lavender oil) and terpene type (e.g., lemon oil) were evaluated under three odor concentrations. The results indicated that chemical type, but not concentration, significantly influenced the odor perception and there was no interaction between the two factors in this study. The arousal and emotional perception scores of odors with terpene-type oil were significantly higher than odors with ester-alcohol type. In terms of people's characteristics, participants from the southern Yangtze river gave a higher familiarity rating to almost all of these odors. The habits of fragrance usage also significantly influenced some of the odors' subjective intensity and emotional perception ratings. However, there were no significant gender differences in most of the odor perceptions. In addition, familiarity and pleasantness were positively correlated, and emotional perception and subjective intensity also showed a weak correlation. These results suggested that users' cultural characteristics could be considered to be important factors that affect the essential oil's odor perception in aromatherapy.
The article covers the concepts of media linguistics and media ecology as the leading areas of modern media studies, their terminology and issues. Different approaches to the definition of media ecology are given and its role and tasks in different spheres of life are indicated. The scientific achievements of some Ukrainian and German linguists and media experts in the field of studying the German media space are analyzed in order to find ways of positive influence of mass media on society, in particular the influence of media ecology on media competence, cultural and ethical norms, communication between all members of society. The importance of studying the strategies and tactics of the influence of the media on the consolidation and isolation processes in society is emphasized. In addition, the article provides a linguistic analysis of the coverage of one of the most pressing global problems of today – coronavirus vaccination – in the German media source “ZEIT ONLINE” in order to establish its impact on the life of German society. In particular, the most commonly used lexical items and phrases are identified, which reflect the main topics of this problem, namely: compulsory vaccination, attitude of citizens to vaccination, dismissal of unvaccinated citizens from work or even dismissal, vaccination of children, government measures to prevent coronavirus and more. It is established that the coverage of the problem of vaccination in the German media is a clear example of the isolating impact of the media on society, as this issue is debatable and causes a lot of controversy during the discussion. In conclusion, it is noted that the use of appropriate means, in particular linguistic, in the media can significantly affect social processes, both isolation and consolidation. Possession of strategies and tactics of influence is crucial for the formation of public opinion on the global problems of mankind and the direction of its life.
Imageability – the ease of generating a mental image for a word – has been commonly used as a predictor of word recognition but its effects are highly variable across the literature, raising questions about the robustness and stability of the construct. We compared six existing imageability norms in their ability to predict RT and accuracy in lexical decision and word naming across thousands of words. Results showed that, when lexical and sensorimotor sources of variance were partialled out, imageability predicted little unique variance in word recognition performance and effect sizes varied greatly between norms. Further analysis suggested that such heterogenous effect sizes are likely due to inconsistent strategies in how participants interpret and rate imageability in norming studies, despite consistent instructions. Our findings suggest that the ease of generating a mental image for a word does not reliably facilitate word recognition and that imageability ratings should be used with caution in such research.
TuDeT: Tupían Dependency Treebank
Abstract Typing is a ubiquitous daily action for many individuals; yet, research on how these actions have changed our perception of language is limited. One such influence, deemed the QWERTY effect, is an increase in valence ratings for words typed more with the right hand on a traditional keyboard (Jasmin & Casasanto, 2012). Although this finding is intuitively appealing given both right-handed dominance and the smaller number of letters typed with the right hand, an extension and replication of the right-side advantage is warranted. The present paper re-examined the QWERTY effect expanding to other embodied cognition variables (Barsalou, 1999). First, we found that the right-side advantage is replicable to new valence stimuli. Further, when examining expertise, right-side advantage interacted with typing speed and typeability (i.e., alternating hand key presses or finger switches), portraying that both skill and procedural actions play a role in judgment of valence on words.
Abstract This article presents a discussion on the main linguistic phenomena which cause difficulties in the analysis of user-generated texts found on the web and in social media, and proposes a set of annotation guidelines for their treatment within the Universal Dependencies (UD) framework of syntactic analysis. Given on the one hand the increasing number of treebanks featuring user-generated content, and its somewhat inconsistent treatment in these resources on the other, the aim of this article is twofold: (1) to provide a condensed, though comprehensive, overview of such treebanks—based on available literature—along with their main features and a comparative analysis of their annotation criteria, and (2) to propose a set of tentative UD-based annotation guidelines, to promote consistent treatment of the particular phenomena found in these types of texts. The overarching goal of this article is to provide a common framework for researchers interested in developing similar resources in UD, thus promoting cross-linguistic consistency, which is a principle that has always been central to the spirit of UD.
The modern tendencies of values, life principles and social dogmas development dictate new rules of behavioural norms and public ambitions determination. In conditions of the up-to-date global dynamic struggle against domestic violence, touching all categories of the society through the whole history of humanity, all modern languages, especially English, transform due to actualization of the family abuse topic. While the historical genre represents the tendency of normalization and justification of domestic violence, the sections of politics, law and sociology show more equitable and progressive directions of agitation, invoking the society to combat against this issue. The central target of the article is to analyze lexical modifications of English language to form the common attitude towards the intimate partner violence theme and uncover the ways language makes an impact on people`s thinking referred to this current problem. Using the discourse analysis method, the lexical units of the family abuse topic in different contexts and meanings have been considered, which made it possible to shape the attitude of social institutes and the community in general towards the domestic violence problem.
The field of psycholinguistics has recently questioned the primacy of word frequency (WF) in influencing word recognition and production, instead focusing on the importance of a word's contextual diversity (CD). WF is operationalised by counting the number of occurrences of a word in a corpus, while a word's CD is a count of the number of contexts that a word occurs in, with repetitions within a context being ignored. Numerous studies have converged on the conclusion that CD is a better predictor of word recognition latency and accuracy than frequency. These findings support a cognitive mechanism based on the principle of likely need over the principle of repetition in lexical organisation. In the current study, we trained the semantic distinctiveness model on communication patterns in social media platforms consisting of over 55-billion-word tokens and examined the ability of theoretically distinct models to explain word recognition latency and accuracy data from over 1 million participants from the Mandera et al. English Crowdsourding Project norms, consisting of approximately 59,000 words across six age bands ranging from ages 10 to 60 years. There was a clear quantitative trend across the age bands, where there is a shift from a social environment-based attention mechanism in the "younger" models, to a clear dominance for a discourse-based attention mechanism as models "aged." This pattern suggests that there is a dynamical interaction between the cognitive mechanisms of lexical organisation and environmental information that emerges across ageing.
Questions relating to feminization in linguistics are increasingly topical in relation to the invisibilization of women, the disproportion between male and female representations, LGBT+ media promotion and the "sudden need" to promote so-called inclusive writing. These concerns, which originated in the 18th century, are supported by the recommendations of the High Council for Equality (2015) and have an impact on the structural functioning of the French language. Such an avenue, which does not take into account the social specificities and the contexts of linguistic dissemination in the Francophonie, poses the problem of the dynamism of the French language, of its need to promote equity between male and female representations. This aspiration leads objectively to lexical creativity, the questioning of syntactic and morphological rules but also to a disruption of the grammatical norm.