Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
Abstract: Everyday gratitude may shape affect intensity, particularly during challenging times like a pandemic. A group of 140 community-dwelling Canadian participants ( M age = 40.49 years, range: 18–83; 80% women) provided up to 10 days of daily gratitude and affect ratings during the first pandemic wave. Multilevel models show that everyday gratitude was associated with higher positive affect and lower negative affect, independent of age; age was positively correlated with the number of social gratitude events. Participants reported lower negative affect if a social gratitude event involved more than less diverse social partners. The findings point to the merit of examining time-varying associations in gratitude as a potential resource for everyday affect across the adult lifespan.
Most computational models of dependency syntax consist of distributions over spanning trees. However, the majority of dependency treebanks require that every valid dependency tree has a single edge coming out of the ROOT node, a constraint that is not part of the definition of spanning trees. For this reason all standard inference algorithms for spanning trees are suboptimal for inference over dependency trees. Zmigrod et al. (2021b) proposed algorithms for sampling with and without replacement from the dependency tree distribution that incorporate the single-root constraint. In this paper we show that their fastest algorithm for sampling with replacement, Wilson-RC, is in fact producing biased samples and we provide two alternatives that are unbiased. Additionally, we propose two algorithms (one incremental, one parallel) that reduce the asymptotic runtime of algorithm for sampling k trees without replacement to O(kn3). These algorithms are both asymptotically and practically more efficient.
Abstract Introduction Inadequate sleep quantity and/or quality in children is known to forecast development of emotional problems, but how sleep microstructure relates to children’s day-to-day emotional functioning remains unclear. Slow wave activity (SWA), or slow fluctuations of cortical activity during slow wave sleep (SWS) in the frequency range 0.75–4.5 Hz, is a marker of homeostatic sleep regulation and reflects synaptic reorganization of cortical areas early in life (Campbell & Feinberg, 2009). Findings regarding SWA among clinically depressed adolescents are mixed, with evidence of SWA reductions (Lopez et al., 2012) and increases (Tesler et al., 2016) compared to controls. Tesler et al. (2016) also showed SWA in frontal areas correlates positively with depressive thoughts. However, we are unaware of studies examining SWA in relation to depressive symptoms and next-day emotional responses among pre-pubertal children, before developmental declines in SWA (Jenni & Carskadon, 2004). Methods We examined relationships between N3 SWA, depressive symptoms, and next-day emotional responses among N=17 un-medicated, healthy children ages 7-11 years (Tanner 1/2). Children completed a baseline assessment and one night of at-home PSG monitoring (10-hour sleep opportunity) then an in-lab emotional assessment the next day where they provided arousal and valence ratings for negative affective images from the International Affective Picture System. Analyses controlled for PSG night total sleep time, and SWA did not differ by gender. Results Results indicated non-significant associations between SWA and child- and parent-reported depressive symptoms. Greater SWA density across frontal (r=-.66; p<.01), central (r=-.70; p<.001) and occipital regions (r=-.61; p<.01), along with frontal SWA amplitude (r=-.61; p<.01), significantly negatively related to valence ratings for negative images (images were rated as less negative). Conclusion While preliminary, findings suggest potential relationships between SWA and emotional functioning in pre-pubertal children. We have previously shown greater SWS corresponds with less same-week negative affect among pre-pubertal anxious children (Palmer & Alfano, 2017); additionally, in a longitudinal study of pre-pubertal children at risk for depression, greater SWS in childhood protected against later development of depression (Silk et al., 2007). Collectively, findings suggest greater SWA prior to pubertal transition may buffer against negative daytime emotional experiences and later depression. Support (If Any)
This article discusses issues such as the importance of language learning in the education system of Uzbekistan, the relationship between language and society, nation, the status of the Uzbek language as a state language. In addition, the article highlights the basics of communicative and literary literacy of the document and some problems of the Uzbek legal language (translation, thesaurus). At present, when science is developing, new tasks appear for the education system. In particular, the requirement of the time is not only knowledge of the specialty, but also knowledge of the state language, full mastery of the norms of the modern Uzbek literary language. Consequently, a modern lawyer should not only be a professional with a deep knowledge of the laws and rules ofpublic relations, taking into account the specifics of a renewed society in order to establish stability and law and order in society, but also possess linguistic norms. Ensuring the rule of law in society is one of the most important principles of a democratic state, for which laws must be fair by their nature and understandable for people, that is, the language of legal documents created must be detailed and free. Consequently, language and law are closely related concepts. One of the most pressing issues that need to be resolved today is the compilation of an industry language thesaurus, regulation of legal terminology.
This study focuses on the negativity bias theory displayed by individuals scoring high on depressive symptoms when viewing emotional stimuli. Based on previous research on negativity bias in depressed individuals, two hypotheses were tested: (1) The valence scores are lower for individuals scoring higher on depressive symptoms when rating high arousal, low valence images, and (2) a magnified LPP amplitude is observed for more depressed individuals when viewing high arousal images with low valence. Participants (N=131) were university students (Mean age= 20.8). The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) images were used as stimuli, and scalp event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to determine levels of depressive symptoms and categorize participants into low, middle, and high levels of depressive symptoms groups. Results showed significantly lower LPP amplitudes and higher mean valence ratings for individuals scoring higher on depressive symptoms compared to the low and mid depressed groups. Based on the results, both hypotheses are rejected as more depressed individuals show flattened emotional responses to highly arousing, unpleasant stimuli.
The baby monitoring system is a kind of smart IoT system helpful for busy working parents. Besides providing basic safety care, it actually also delivers the moments of baby growing and development by all time recording. Hence, in baby monitoring systems nowadays, capturing and recommending the precious moments of infant growth to their parents has become a real-world demand. How to capture the interesting, worthwhile and exquisite moments with commemorative and catering to the parents' preferences is a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a novel image rating framework, namely Infant growth Precious Moment capturing (IPreMom), which is based on the concept of continual learning for comprehensively addressing the problem of automatically capturing the precious moments during infant growth. Through a series of experiments, it was shown that our proposed framework delivers excellent performance compared to the baselines, with up to 40% improvement in terms of MAE. Moreover, the proposed framework has been implanted into a commercial baby monitor on the market. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that solves the problem of automatically capturing the infant precious moments using continual learning and image rating techniques, which is important and has not been well studied in the academic and industrial communities.
Abstract The affective variability of Bipolar Disorder (BD) is thought to qualitatively differ from that of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), with changes in affect persisting for longer in BD. However, quantitative studies have not been able to confirm this distinction. It has therefore not been possible to accurately quantify how treatments like lithium influence affective variability in BD. We assessed the affective variability associated with BD and BPD as well as the effect of lithium using a novel computational model that defines two subtypes of variability: affective changes that persist (volatility) and changes that do not (noise). We hypothesized that affective volatility would be raised in the BD group, noise would be raised in the BPD group and that lithium would impact affective volatility. Daily affect ratings were prospectively collected for up to 3 years from patients with BD, BPD and non-clinical controls. In a separate experimental-medicine study, patients with BD were randomized to receive lithium or placebo, with affect ratings collected from week -2 to +4. We found a diagnostically specific pattern of affective variability. Affective volatility was raised in patients with BD whereas affective noise was raised in patients with BPD. Rather than suppressing affective variability, lithium increased the volatility of positive affect in both studies. These results provide a quantitative measure of the affective variability associated with BD and BPD. They suggest a novel mechanism of action for lithium, whereby periods of persistently low or high affect are avoided by increasing the volatility of affective responses.
Background: Anhedonia is a frequent cause of functional impairment in psychosis. Although it is plausible that medication-induced D2 receptor blockade could diminish hedonic responding, there is little experimental research testing this hypothesis in humans. Methods: To inspect possible effects of partial D2 blockade on hedonic experiences, we administered 300 mg of Amisulpride or placebo to 85 participants in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Participants were then subjected to an emotional evocation task utilizing standardized pictorial pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant stimuli.Results: We observed lower positivity ratings in the Amisulpride group compared to placebo across all stimulus categories (p =.026, ηp2 =.06) and no group differences in negativity or arousal ratings. The Amisulpride group also showed lower electrodermal responses across all stimulus categories compared to placebo (p =.017, ηp2 =.07). The electrodermal response was especially diminished for pleasant stimuli.Conclusion: We interpret our findings as evidence that D2 blockade via Amisulpride can reduce at-the-moment hedonic responsivity in healthy volunteers. In case these results can be confirmed in drug-naïve patients with psychosis, this could indicate that antipsychotic medication contributes to anhedonia in clinically relevant contexts, probably via antagonistic effects at the dopamine D2 receptor.
The processability account anticipates that learners will make more underpassivization errors than overpassivization errors since passivization entails more processing. Although one study on psych-verbs and a few on unaccusatives examined Turkish L2 learners’ acquisition, no research compared a single set of learners’ acquisitions of these verbs together from a processing point of view. In this regard, the current study aims to investigate whether the processing complexity of passivization influences acquisition of psych and unaccusative verbs. It also questions whether general accuracy levels in Grammaticality Judgement Task (GJT) and degree of familiarity with target verbs are related to their level of accuracy with individual psych and unaccusative verbs. 33 undergraduate-level university students performed on the GJT and a Word Familiarity Rating Task (WFRT). The GJT included 38 items with 12 sentences for psych-verbs, 12 sentences for unaccusative-verbs, 12 sentences for distracters and 2 sentences for examples. The WFRT was a survey questioning familiarity with 6 psych and 6 unaccusative verbs. To analyse the data, a set of nonparametric tests and descriptive statistics were used. The results revealed that learners performed mor The processability account anticipates that learners will make more underpassivization errors than overpassivization errors since passivization entails more processing. Although one study on psych-verbs and a few on unaccusatives examined Turkish L2 learners’ acquisition, no research compared a single set of learners’ acquisitions of these verbs together from a processing point of view. In this regard, the current study aims to investigate whether the processing complexity of passivization influences acquisition of psych and unaccusative verbs. It also questions whether general accuracy levels in Grammaticality Judgement Task (GJT) and degree of familiarity with target verbs are related to their level of accuracy with individual psych and unaccusative verbs. 33 undergraduate-level university students performed on the GJT and a Word Familiarity Rating Task (WFRT). The GJT included 38 items with 12 sentences for psych-verbs, 12 sentences for unaccusative-verbs, 12 sentences for distracters and 2 sentences for examples. The WFRT was a survey questioning familiarity with 6 psych and 6 unaccusative verbs. To analyse the data, a set of nonparametric tests and descriptive statistics were used. The results revealed that learners performed more accurately on unaccusatives than on psych-verbs. They did more underpassivization errors by accepting ungrammatical active constructions of psych verbs. Their performances on psych and unaccusative verbs went parallel with their general accuracy levels in GJT while their degree of familiarity with and accuracy level for two verbs do not correlate with each other.The results suggest that such factors as processability and L1 transfer seem to impact the acquisition. Keywords:Second language acquisition; psych verbs; unaccusative verbs; underpassivization; overpassivization. e accurately on unaccusatives than on psych-verbs. They did more underpassivization errors by accepting ungrammatical active constructions of psych verbs. Their performances on psych and unaccusative verbs went parallel with their general accuracy levels in GJT while their degree of familiarity with and accuracy level for two verbs do not correlate with each other.The results suggest that such factors as processability and L1 transfer seem to impact the acquisition. Keywords:Second language acquisition; psych verbs; unaccusative verbs; underpassivization; overpassivization.
This paper presents and discusses a discourse relation annotation scheme for the MUCH corpus of academic writing, based on Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST). The set of proposed relational tags takes into regard both distinctiveness, pedagogical needs and implementability with automatic rules. We show how a pilot grammar with 180 rules can map discourse relations between existing syntactic nodes, exploiting lower-level grammatical/treebank markup and surface clues such as connectives (e.g. conjunctions and prepositions). In an evaluation of a live run on student essays from teacher training courses, the average false positive rate across the most frequent 21 categories was 26.7 % for tags and 17.1 % for relation links. Performance was best for categories with a high percentage of rules using surface connectives and, for in-sentence relations, their corresponding dependency links.
The first time such a newly emerged linguistic variety has been documented at NUML, Islamabad. This language variation means morphological, semantic, connotative deviations from standard linguistic norms. Contact linguistics, code meshing, diversified linguistic backgrounds and their colloquialism play their vital roles in shaping Numlianlect of BS English. The research problem faced by learners of super standard language is that they do not comprehend the newly code meshed discourse in the informal settings of NUML. So, this research raises questions about the exploration of linguistic variations, their formulation process and their denotative and connotative semantic shades. To answer these questions, qualitative and survey-based research design has been employed. The collected data have been analyzed with Labov and Weinreich’s Variation Theory (1960). Major findings reveal that students mix English, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto and Urdu words to produce variant code-meshed linguistic patterns. Connotation, semantic shades and contexts of words have been changed by students.
In recent years, large-scale pre-trained language models (PLMs) have made extraordinary progress in most NLP tasks. But, in the unsupervised POS tagging task, works utilizing PLMs are few and fail to achieve state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance. The recent SOTA performance is yielded by a Guassian HMM variant proposed by He et al. (2018). However, as a generative model, HMM makes very strong independence assumptions, making it very challenging to incorporate contexualized word representations from PLMs. In this work, we for the first time propose a neural conditional random field autoencoder (CRF-AE) model for unsupervised POS tagging. The discriminative encoder of CRF-AE can straightforwardly incorporate ELMo word representations. Moreover, inspired by feature-rich HMM, we reintroduce hand-crafted features into the decoder of CRF-AE. Finally, experiments clearly show that our model outperforms previous state-of-the-art models by a large margin on Penn Treebank and multilingual Universal Dependencies treebank v2.0.
The advancement of machine learning and artificial intelligence has created potential for the automation of the time-consuming process of analyzing, evaluating, and interpreting large quantities of imagery. In order for the large-scale deployment of artificial intelligence in image analysis to be made possible, a new image rating system akin to the more traditional National Interpretability Rating Scale (NIIRS) must be created, so as to aid in the defining of system requirements in the development of new sensors. Through prototyping models using the open-source object detection library Detectron2 alongside proxy imagery from the Overhead Imagery Research Data Set (OIRDS), current limitations faced by machine learning algorithms in the context of target identification in aerial imagery are brought to light, including how they may affect a new image-rating scale, and insights into how such limitations could be overcome.
Dependency parsing aims to identify syntactic dependencies between words in a sentence.Dependency parsing can provide syntactic features and improve model performance for tasks such as information extraction,automatic question answering and machine translation.The training data size has an significant impact on the performance of the dependency parsing model.The lack of training data will cause serious unknown word problems and model over-fitting problems.This paper proposes various data augment strategies for the problem of low-resource dependency parsing.The proposed method effectively expands the training data by synonym substitution and alleviates the unknown words problem.The data augment strategies of multiple Mixups effectively alleviate the model overfitting problem and improve the generalization ability of the model.Experimental results on the universal dependencies treebanks(UD treebanks) dataset show that the proposed methods effectively improve the performance of Thai,Vietnamese and English dependency parsing under small-scale training corpus conditions.
Gender-based differences in language use have been investigated by researchers for a long time. It has been observed that men and women comply with different linguistic norms in their speeches. This fact not only characterizes their individual style but also portrays their respective masculinity and femininity. However, it has been noted also that linguistic norms are not necessarily gender specific. In this regard, this research paper aims to analyze the politeness-based strategies used by male and female faculty members of the Department of English, University of Gujrat while making conversation. Data was collected through purposive sampling technique keeping in view Lakoff’s politeness principles. For this purpose, the lectures of two male and female faculty members were recorded. The collected data was analyzed to highlight which gender complies more with the principles of politeness, as depicted by Robin Lakoff. The findings proved female faculty members to be more polite as compared to male faculty members. The current research helps future researchers and readers to understand how language works spontaneously among different genders and how communication can be improved by pedagogics while using the politeness principles laid down by Robin Lakoff.
 Keywords: communication, gender, language use, lectures, politeness
This article is a continuation of the research that the author has carried out analysing the contacts between Belarusian and Latvian languages in Belarusian periodicals published in the 20th century. This study analyses the influence of Polish in the Belarusian language of Latvia, as reflected in the periodicals of the 20th century. The aim of this article is to present some aspects of the influence of Polish in the local Belarusian language. The importance of Polish and Belarusian as contact languages in Latvia is mainly determined by the historical and areal aspects of language contact. Poles and Belarusians are territorial neighbours with close genetic ties and long-standing economic, cultural, and political relations. Poles and Belarusians are Latvian minorities whose history is linked to Latgale. Polish was, for a long time, the dominant language in the religious sphere (Catholicism) and culture, so in the local Belarusian periodicals, it is possible to observe the influence of Polish in the Latvian Belarusian language, which was reflected in the use of some Polish words and word components. As languages come into contact, it can lead to borrowing from one language into another. Interference occurs when linguistic norms are mixed and other linguistic norms are picked up so that deviations from the norms of the mother tongue can occur under the influence of the contact language.
Abstract We contribute to the discussion on parsing performance in NLP by introducing a measurement that evaluates the differences between the distributions of edge displacement (the directed distance of edges) seen in training and test data. We hypothesize that this measurement will be related to differences observed in parsing performance across treebanks. We motivate this by building upon previous work and then attempt to falsify this hypothesis by using a number of statistical methods. We establish that there is a statistical correlation between this measurement and parsing performance even when controlling for potential covariants. We then use this to establish a sampling technique that gives us an adversarial and complementary split. This gives an idea of the lower and upper bounds of parsing systems for a given treebank in lieu of freshly sampled data. In a broader sense, the methodology presented here can act as a reference for future correlation-based exploratory work in NLP.
Abstract On the quest for interpreting deep Neural Language Models (NLMs), linguistically annotated probing sets are essential tools for investigating models' linguistic abilities. Such a line of research is currently dominated by dependency-based syntactic annotation formalisms, and particularly by Universal Dependencies treebanks. In this work, we test whether different Syntactic Representation Paradigms (SRP) have an impact on the performance of NLMs. To this aim, we set up a multilingual study where we compare the scores obtained by BERT on a set of probing tasks performed on 10 treebanks annotated according to two paradigms, i.e. the dependency and the constituency one, which diverges on fundamental annotation principles. Results suggest that BERT performance is minimally but consistently affected by SRPs and that such impact mostly concerns specific linguistic phenomena.
The treebank corpus is a collection of the tree that represents a sentence constituency and dependency relation. We are motivated to extract grammar rules from the treebank, that is to decompose the tree data structure and to find grammar rules. After the extraction, we need to validate the adequacy of the grammar so that we inspect the generative power of the obtained grammar. In this phase, the syntactic head is a significant feature, however, in the obtained grammar the head information is missing. Hence, we propose to supplement the lost head information with the type-raising rule of categorial grammar (CG). We extend the same issue to combinatory categorial grammar (CCG) and solve it using the generalized type-raising. Furthermore, we verify our grammar by the formal proof written in the proof assistant system, Isabelle/ HOL.
En): This study is a preparatory step for the analysis of the global text structure (global coherence) in the Prague Dependency Treebank. We analyse the phenomena related to the text structure at the global level, their marking having been carried out as a secondary product of the annotation of implicit discourse relations. These phenomena can be divided into four main groups, which we describe in more detail: 1) internal structure of a narrative line, 2) changes of perspective in the text due to the alternation of speakers, 3) external organization of the text, and 4) compositional rules inherent to the given text genre. These elements are summarized in a table that presents the existing and the upcoming aspects of textual coherence in the Prague Dependency Treebank, which our study aims to enrich.
In this paper we investigated two different methods to parse relative and noun complement clauses in English and resorted to distinct tags for their corresponding that as a relative pronoun and as a complementizer. We used an algorithm to relabel a corpus parsed with the GUM Treebank using Universal Dependency. Our second experiment consisted in using TreeTagger, a Probabilistic Decision Tree, to learn the distinction between the two complement and relative uses of postnominal "that". We investigated the effect of the training set size on TreeTagger accuracy and how representative the GUM Treebank files are for the two structures under scrutiny. We discussed some of the linguistic and structural tenets of the learnability of this distinction.
Abstract Older adults are more dependent on their surrounding environment. Extensive research has demonstrated beneficial effects of both nature and built environment on mental health of older people. However, most previous research used cross-sectional designs failed to test the intraindividual variability between environment, behavior, and mental wellness in daily life. We used ecological momentary assessment (EMA), activity sensors, and GPS tracking to examine the association between real-time environment, mobility and activity, and momentary affect among older adults in Hong Kong. Data collection and data processing was conducted from December 2021 to May 2022. 168 older adults aged 65 to 84 received seven EMA prompts per day during a fifteen-day period, and completed a total of 17,345 momentary assessments of affective states, mobility, and activities. A set of GPS-derived indicators were used to measure the real-time environment. To disaggregate the between- and within-person effects, we used multilevel models to estimate three dimensions of affect, i.e., valence, calmness, and energetic arousal, in EMA observations, nested within individual participants. Preliminary results indicate significant concurrent associations between environmental attributes and momentary affect at the within-person level, while the between-person differences appear to be either null or modest. Being out of home is associated with higher valence ratings (b=0.04, p=0.0427), while exposure to green is associated with a lower level of energetic arousal (b=-0.03, p=0.0163). Greater walkability is consistently associated with higher momentary affect ratings in three dimensions, but these associations are not statistically significant. Implications of these findings for promoting healthy aging will be discussed.
Abstract Preferences for Activity and Leisure (PAL) Cards are a communication tool designed to alert nursing home staff to important resident preferences. This study explored the role of nursing home provider champions implementing (PAL) Cards in their community. Champions (n=35) created PAL Cards for 15-20 residents. A total of 88 monthly interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, checked for accuracy, and coded using the domain “Characteristics of the Individual” from the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Each construct was assigned a general valence rating based on consensus. Four constructs received the highest positive valence ratings and were identified as important facilitators to implementation success, and one construct received a neutral valence. Champions who anticipated the benefits of PAL Cards for their community and recruited a supportive team exhibited high implementation success. Additionally, the champion’s perception of help from staff seemed to increase their own self-efficacy to achieve their goals.
Abstract Introduction Decreased rapid eye movement (REM) frontal theta spectral activity during sleep has been identified following intense negative experiences in both naturalistic and experimental settings. It is unknown, however, whether this spectral marker a) also appears following lower intensity naturalistic negative affective experiences, and b) whether it is responsive to arousal, to negative valence, or to both. Methods In a community sample of adults (N = 50, age range 21-49 [M = 30.30, SD = 7.85]) with no mental health or sleep disorders except bruxism, we separately measured naturalistic experiences of negative valence and arousal 40-60 minutes prior to bedtime, then assessed at-home sleep using a single night of ambulatory polysomnography with 8 electroencephalography channels. REM frontal theta was calculated as the mean relative spectral power density between 4.9-8 Hz at F3 and F4 during REM. Affective experience was assessed with a 0-100 slider rating filled out on participants’ smartphones. Negative valence was assessed by asking, “How negative are you feeling right now?” Arousal was assessed using a composite of somatic and cognitive arousal that reverse scored and averaged two ratings, “How calm is your body?” and “How quiet is your mind?” Analyses were conducted with Bayesian general linear models using flat priors. Results Contrary to our hypothesis, pre-sleep arousal was linearly associated with increased REM frontal theta (ß = 2.06 [0.95, 3.20], pMAP < 0.001). A quadratic association fit the data better than the linear model (Bayes Factor = 250.47), such that, for low to moderate pre-sleep arousal, REM frontal theta power increased as arousal ratings increased, but for moderate to high pre-sleep arousal, REM frontal theta power decreased as arousal ratings increased (ß = -2.04 [-3.18, -0.90], pMAP < 0.001). Both associations remained significant even adjusting for negative valence. Contrary to expectations, pre-sleep negative valence was not associated with REM frontal theta. Conclusion Separately measuring affect dimensions revealed that REM frontal theta power was selectively responsive to naturalistic pre-sleep arousal. At higher arousal ratings, our results matched prior findings. However, at lower arousal ratings, the association was reversed, suggesting that spectral markers may vary across affective intensities and contexts. Support (If Any) National Science Foundation Graduate FellowshipR56, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, “Emotion dysregulation and sleep-time masticatory muscle activity in sleep bruxism,” DE025321
This project contains all the datasets and scripts used for the paper: <br> Pedrazzini, Nilo. 2022. One question, different annotation depths: A case study in Early Slavic. <em>Journal of Historical Syntax</em> (Special Collection 'Annotating Historical Corpora') 6(7). 1-40. DOI: 10.18148/hs/2022.v6i4-11.96<br> Content: - das_marianus.csv: all dative absolutes found through TOROT in the Codex Marianus. Used for case study 1 (on 'deeply-annotated treebanks', Section 1 of the paper). - xadvs_marianus.csv: all conjunct participles found through TOROT in the Codex Marianus. Used for case study 1 (on 'deeply-annotated treebanks', Section 1 of the paper). - absdat_nogr.csv: all dative absolutes found through TOROT (except Codex Marianus), as of June 2020. Used for case study 2 (on 'shallowly-annotated treebanks', Section 2 of the paper). - bdinski_da.csv: dative absolutes found in Story of Abraham of Qidun and his niece Mary (Bdinski Sbornik). Used for case study 3 (on 'strategically-annotated treebanks', Section 3 of the paper). - JHS_Pedrazzini.R: R script for all the frequencies and plots in the paper. - harmon.py: script used to harmonize the Church Slavonic and Old East Slavic spellings in case study 2.
This chapter takes up the issue of authenticity in language pedagogy. Traditional views of authenticity take the native speaker to be the primary authority for linguistic norms. Written standard language is especially highly valued here. It is argued herein that TELL environments are equally valid as learning environments, and that students can use the freedom they provide to develop their own locally negotiated cultural and linguistic norms. Evidence is provided that students on a net-based MA program develop their own norms for reducing language, and use them and other means to mark membership of a local TELL community. Thus, TELL is a rich and authentic environment for learners of English to become what is referred to as “language practitioners.”
Changes in mentalities and the advent of globalization has led to insufficient linguistic resources in the French langage to express some realities relative to women. This has led to an appropriation of the French language by women and particularly the female Cameroonian writer. From This observation, our questioning may carry on the various forms that these linguistic appropriations could have and their underlying meanings. The theory of variationism and the descriptive method are used. The conclusion drawn from this is that the modification of linguistic norms noted in literary texts written by female Cameroonian writers is aimed at claiming a co-propriety of linguistic norms, gender equality and the use of language as a weapon against social inequalities.
This paper addressed the problem of structured sentiment analysis using a bi-affine semantic dependency parser, large pre-trained language models, and publicly available translation models. For the monolingual setup, we considered: (i) training on a single treebank, and (ii) relaxing the setup by training on treebanks coming from different languages that can be adequately processed by cross-lingual language models. For the zero-shot setup and a given target treebank, we relied on: (i) a word-level translation of available treebanks in other languages to get noisy, unlikely-grammatical, but annotated data (we release as much of it as licenses allow), and (ii) merging those translated treebanks to obtain training data. In the post-evaluation phase, we also trained cross-lingual models that simply merged all the English treebanks and did not use word-level translations, and yet obtained better results. According to the official results, we ranked 8th and 9th in the monolingual and cross-lingual setups.
Typology of semantic shifts has been in the focus of linguistic typology for the last 20 years. Emergence of cross-linguistic databases and linguistic platforms has taken the study of semantic changes to the new level, as it enlarged the sample of the languages under investigation. Yet the languages of Russia are only scarcely represented in the global databases and do not make a substantial contribution to this field. The LingvoDoc platform, which stores unique materials on the languages of Russia, upon certain enhancements can fill in this gap.
We propose a morphology-based method for low-resource (LR) dependency parsing. We train a morphological inflector for target LR languages, and apply it to related rich-resource (RR) treebanks to create cross-lingual (x-inflected) treebanks that resemble the target LR language. We use such inflected treebanks to train parsers in zero- (training on x-inflected treebanks) and few-shot (training on x-inflected and target language treebanks) setups. The results show that the method sometimes improves the baselines, but not consistently.
Objectives: To assess how patients’ dependent parameters may affect [68Ga]Ga-DOTANOC image quality and to propose a theoretical body mass index (BMI)-adjusted injected activity (IA) scheme, to improve imaging of high weight patients. Methods: Among patients prospectively enrolled (June-2019 and May-2020) in an Institutional Ethical Committee-approved electronic archive, we included those affected by primary gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) or lung neuroendocrine tumour and referred by our Institutional clinicians (excluding even minimal radiopharmaceutical extravasation, movement artefacts, renal insufficiency). All PET/CT images were acquired following EANM guidelines and rated for visual quality (1 = non-diagnostic, 2 = poor, 3 = moderate, 4 = good). Collected data included patient’s body mass, height, BMI, age, IA (injected activity), IA/Kg (IAkg), IA/BMI (IABMI), liver SUVmean, liver SUVmax standard deviation, liver-signal-to-noise (LSNR), normalised_LSNR (LSNR_norm) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) for positive scans and were compared to image rating (poor vs moderate/good). Results: Overall, 77 patients were included. Rating concordance was high (agreement = 81.8%, Fleiss k score = 0.806). All patients’ dependent parameters resulted significantly different between poor-rated and moderate/good-rated scans (IA: p = 0.006, IAkg: p =&lt; 0.001, body weight: p =&lt; 0.001, BMI: p =&lt; 0.001, IABMI: p =&lt; 0.001). Factors significantly associated with moderate/good rating were BMI (p =&lt; 0.001), body weight (p =&lt; 0.001), IABMI (p =&lt; 0.001), IAkg (p = 0.001), IA (p = 0.003), LSNR_norm (p = 0.01). The BMI-based model presented the best predictive efficiency (81.82%). IABMI performance to differentiate moderate/good from poor rating resulted statistically significant (IA-AUC = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.68–0.89; cut-off value of 4.17 MBq*m2/kg, sensitivity = 81.1%, specificity = 66.7%). If BMI-adjusted IA (=4.17*BMI) would have been applied in this population, the median IA would have slightly inferior (−4.8%), despite a different IA in each patient. Advances in knowledge: BMI resulted the best predictor of image quality. The proposed theoretical BMI-adjusted IA scheme (4.17*BMI) should yield images of better quality (especially in high-BMI patients) maintaining practical scanning times (3 min/bed).
Objective: Adverse childhood experiences, ranging from childhood trauma to neglect or mistreatment, show associations with alcohol dependence in adulthood. Alcohol researchers have not yet clearly demonstrated the potential impact of childhood maltreatment on everyday drinking in alcohol consumers who do not have an alcohol use disorder (AUD). This study examined whether a history of childhood neglect results in differential ratings of stress, affect, and desire to drink, during typical alcohol consumption in moderate to heavy drinkers without an AUD. Methods: The parent study from which these analyses were generated recruited overall healthy, albeit moderate to heavy alcohol users who fell above National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) classifications for low-risk drinking. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) responses were collected, and real-time surveys were collected in participants' natural environments approximately every three hours between 9 a.m. and 9 p.m. using iPhones equipped with a study-created application probing stress, affect, and desire for alcohol, while participants followed their typical drinking routine (3 days) and during a brief period of imposed abstinence (3 days). Results: Thirty-six participants averaging 41 years of age and consuming an average of 17 (±5) drinks per week participated in this study. CTQ responses showed low prevalence of childhood abuse, but moderate to high emotional (M = 17.39, SD = 6.77) and physical neglect (M = 11.11, SD = 3.31) scores. Multilevel modeling revealed significantly higher stress and lower affect ratings among participants reporting higher physical neglect. Alcohol consumption was significantly associated with decreased stress, and increased affect and desire for alcohol. A significant interaction showed that as childhood physical neglect ratings increased, the benefits observed following drinking (of decreased stress, and increased affect and desire for alcohol) were reduced. Conclusions: These results suggest that moderate to heavy healthy daily drinkers with histories of greater childhood physical neglect experience poorer mood and higher stress on a daily basis, with smaller improvement experienced from drinking alcohol. Among moderate to heavy daily drinkers without an AUD, those with greater childhood physical neglect experience poorer mood and higher stress on a daily basis, and have smaller improvements in stress, affect and desire while/following drinking alcohol than those with less childhood physical neglect.
How does social support bolster resilience? Here, we present a new dyadic paradigm to study causal mechanisms of acute and ecologically valid social support in the laboratory. The Dyadic Stress and Support Task (DSST) consists of a psychosocial stress phase and a recovery phase. During DSST stress, a pair of participants take turns to perform public speaking and mental arithmetic in front of a panel. Unable to see or touch each other, they witness each other’s performance and feedback. During DSST recovery, the pair either interact freely with each other for 5 minutes (social support condition) or interact separately with an experimenter (non-support condition). To establish the validity of the DSST, we tested 21 pairs of long-term close friends in a pilot study. Primary outcome measures were ratings of affective state and bodily arousal (VAS scales 0-100). Secondary outcome measures were heart rate and salivary cortisol. DSST stress successfully induced subjective Stress Activation, increased Negative Affect and decreased Positive Affect. We also observed increased heart rate and salivary cortisol. After DSST recovery, Stress Activation and Negative Affect ratings were reduced in both groups. Positive Affect was completely restored to pre-stress baseline levels in the Social support group, while remaining significantly lower in the Non-support group. The DSST successfully induced stress and negative affect and captured stress recovery in both groups. Free-form interaction with the friend enhanced recovery of affective state, supporting the validity of spontaneous interaction between friends as a model of social support.
Abstract Background and aims: Poor quality of life is a main complaint among individuals with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Self-rated health (SRH) is a powerful predictor of clinical outcomes, and also reflects psychological and social aspects of life and an overall sense of well-being. This population-based twin study evaluates how IBS affects ratings of physical and mental health, and influences perceptions of hindrance of daily activity by physical or mental health. Further, we examine how IBS is related to these SRH measures. Methods: The sample included 5288 Norwegian twins aged 40–80, of whom 575 (10.9%) suffer from IBS. Hierarchical regressions were used to estimate the impact of IBS on perceptions of health, before and after accounting for other chronic physical and mental health conditions. Two dimensions of SRH, physical and mental, and two aspects of functional limitations, the extent to which physical or mental health interferes with daily activities, were included as outcomes in separate models.Co-twin control analyses were used to explore whether the relationships between IBS and the four measures of SRH are causal, or due to shared genetic or shared environment effects. Results: IBS was an independent predictor of poor self-rated physical health (OR = 1.83 [1.42; 2.35]), the size of this effect was comparable to that predicted by chronic somatic conditions. However, in contrast to somatic diseases, IBS was associated with the perception that poorer ratings of mental health (OR=1.46 [1.03; 2.07]), but not physical health (OR = 1.24 [0.96; 1.59]), interfered with daily activity. The co‐twin control analyses suggest that causal mechanisms best explain the relationships between IBS with self-rated physical health and with hindrance of daily activities. In contrast, the relationship between IBS and self-rated mental health was consistent with shared genetic effects. Conclusion: IBS is predictive of poor self-rated physical health. The relationship between IBS and self-rated mental health is best explained by shared genetic effects which might partially explain why mental health interferes with daily activity to a larger degree among those with IBS.
Word-centred neglect dyslexia is most commonly conceptualised as a deficit caused by attentional biases within spatially-coded internal representations of words. However, recent research has suggested that at least some cases of word-centred neglect dyslexia are unrelated to visuospatial neglect and instead involve a deficit of self-inhibition in a phonological route to reading. Here, we set out to provide novel insight into potential underlying mechanisms modulating the occurrence of word-centred lateralised reading errors in healthy participants. A sample of 47 healthy readers completed a novel attentional cueing paradigm in which they sequentially identified lateralised cues and read presented words under limited exposure conditions. Reading responses were analysed to determine whether word-centred neglect dyslexia could be simulated in healthy readers, to compare the strengths of induced biases, and to identify systematic differences in lexical characteristics between target words and neglect dyslexia reading errors. Healthy participants produced frequent lateralised reading errors in both horizontal and vertical reading stimuli with &gt;50% of errors classed as neglect dyslexic. Cues appended to word beginnings elicited significantly more reading errors than cues at word ends, illustrating the interaction between existing reading spatial attentional biases and cue-induced biases. Neglect dyslexia reading errors were found to contain significantly more letters per word and had higher concreteness ratings than target words.These findings demonstrate that word-centred neglect dyslexia can be simulated using stimulus-centred attentional cues in healthy readers. This suggests that some cases of word-centred neglect dyslexia may involve a deficit of inference or inhibition rather than a spatial-attentional bias within an internally coded reference frame.
TuDeT: Tupían Dependency Treebank
In this paper, we introduce a dependency treebank of spoken second language (L2) English that is annotated with part of speech (Penn POS) tags and syntactic dependencies (Universal Dependencies). We then evaluate the degree to which the use of this treebank as training data affects POS and UD annotation accuracy for L1 web texts, L2 written texts, and L2 spoken texts as compared to models trained on L1 texts only.
The article is devoted to the problem of the formation of language competence of junior schoolchildren in the process of prevention and correction of disorders of written speech in them. In children with persistent disadvantages of oral speech at phonetic - phonemic underdevelopment (PPU), general speech underdevelopment (GSU), systemic underdevelopment of speech (SUS) at delayed mental development (DMD) deficiencies of pronunciation of sounds and phonematic processes are observed. In addition, insufficient formation of lexical and grammatical generalizations, cognitive and communicative functions of speech are characterized for children with GSU, SUS at DMD. These shortcomings in the development of various components and functions of speech as a system make it difficult for such children to form the ability to distinguish and, in accordance with the rules, use different units of language. The article reveals the directions and features of the formation of language competence of junior schoolchildren. The work of the formation of knowledge about language units (sound, letter, syllable, word, combination of words, sentence, text), parts of speech (noun, verb, adjective, pronoun, preposition, adverb), combination of words and types of sentences is considered. The formation of skills of speech analysis and synthesis (phonemic analysis and synthesis; analysis and synthesis of syllable; analysis of sentence by words, synthesis of sentences from words), skills of elementary morphological analysis of parts of speech, morphemic analysis of a word, elementary syntactic analysis of sentences is highlighted. The formation of language competence of children with PPU, GSU, SUS at DMD should improve the effectiveness of correctional and developmental work on the prevention and overcoming of disorders of written speech in them. The formation of this competence will stimulate manifestations of cognitive activity in the study of native language, will contribute to better awareness of schoolchildren about compliance with language norms and rules, more conscious and controlled implementation of written tasks.
The word stylistics is derived from style. Stylistics is a branch of applied linguistics concerned with the scientific study of style in texts, especially, in what we call literary linguistics with all features such as phonological, lexical, and syntactical which directly affect the meaning of an utterance, stylistics is the process of the application of linguistics concepts and allied disciplines to the analysis and interpretation of samples of communication through language. Some useful concepts in stylistics: Foregrounding – emphasis on textual feature; which can put the meaning in questions may be achieved through unusual or strange collocations, meaningful repetitions, contrast, deliberate deviation from the norms/ rules/ conventions. Key words: linguistics, stylistics, foregrounding, and deviation المستخلص ان کلمة الأسلوبيات مشتقة من الأسلوب.فعلم الاساليب هو فرع من فروع علم اللغة التطبيقي ، يهتم بالدراسة العلمية للأسلوب في النصوص ، خاصة ، ولکن ليس حصريًا ، فيما نسميه علم اللغة الأدبي بکل ميزاته مثل علم الصوت ، والمعجم ، والنحوية التي تؤثر بشکل مباشر على معنى الکلام ، إنها عملية تطبيق المفاهيم من علم اللغة والتخصصات المرتبطة بها في تحليل وتفسير عينات الاتصال من خلال اللغة. تکمن بعض المفاهيم المفيدة في علم الأسلوبيات في: المقدمة - الترکيز على الميزة النصية ؛ التي يمکن أن تضع المعنى في الأسئلة التي يمکن تحقيقها من خلال عمليات الارتباطات اللغوية غير العادية أو الغريبة ، والتکرار الهادف ، والتباين ، والانحراف المتعمد عن القواعد المعروفة / القواعد / الاتفاقيات. الکلمات الأساسية: علم اللغة ، علم الأساليب ، المقدمة ، والانحراف
Au Moyen Âge, les vieilles femmes concentrent plusieurs formes de marginalité et des caractéristiques sociales et existentielles problématiques. Ce travail propose d’étudier les représentations littéraires qui en sont faites en Occident en utilisant un corpus large constitué d’œuvres vernaculaires et latines, littéraires mais aussi médicales et religieuses, de l’Antiquité jusqu’au début de la Renaissance. La production majoritairement masculine est marquée par une certaine misogynie dans le contexte de discours religieux, savants et populaires qui, généralement négatifs envers la vieillesse au féminin, l’utilisent préférentiellement pour aborder la laideur, la déchéance et la monstruosité esthétiques et morales. Cependant, les personnages de vieilles femmes sont rares et leurs emplois ne se limitent ni à un unique rôle stéréotypé d’adversaire dévalorisé, ni au type monolithique de l’entremetteuse ou de la sorcière. Tantôt épisodique, tantôt obsédante; insignifiante ici, là chargée de significations symboliques complexes et parfois ambivalentes; tour à tour pure utilité narrative et personnage au sens plein du terme, la vetula interroge les normes médiévales, entre conformisme moral, transgression sexuelle, subversion idéologique et menace de l’ordre masculin. Mais il s’agit aussi d’une figure proprement littéraire, située au croisement stratégique d’enjeux stylistiques, rhétoriques et de querelles de clercs à la portée considérable, tant à propos des pratiques d’écriture qu’en ce qui concerne la question de la misogynie. Profondément orienté dès le plan lexical, cet imaginaire a été analysé sous l’aspect thématique, qui a permis de singulariser les problèmes posés par le corps féminin sénile et la question du contrôle des dames de grand âge soupçonnées de déviance, mais aussi sous l’angle des rôles actantiels et symboliques. Cet examen permet de constater que la vieille femme est ambivalente, à la fois périphérique et étonnamment incontournable, malgré le silence et sa relégation dans les marges, dès lors qu’on s’attache à comprendre les ressorts des discours sur les femmes au Moyen Âge et à sonder l’histoire littéraire, qui a réservé à la figure une place inattendue dans la fabrique des textes.
The present article is concerned with multilingual similarities of Europeanisms that have similar lexical and semantic structures in modern multilingual multi-genre European media-discourse. The cross-linguistic investigation of Europeanisms covers three European languages, namely German, English and Ukrainian. The purpose of this scientific research is to characterize the semantics, creation and functioning of Europeanisms-neologisms in modern multilingual, multi-genre media-discourse The Europeanisms will be understood here in terms of its geographic boundaries, European cultural heritage, European mental, social and material culture, their cultural foundation, the modern European self-awareness, the common norms and values of Europe, the European spirit as a worldview guide. First I take a short retrospective view on Ukrainian and European approaches to the problems discussed in this article. Europeanisms are sufficiently represented in the modern medical, economic, political, military, household, educational, digital media-discourse und cyber-discourse. It was found that the most active processes of word formation occur in the modern European media-discourse. Common methods of word formation of Europeanisms are affixation, compounding, contamination, and contraction. The negative ideological connotation of new eponymous pejoratives formed from the surnames of modern political leaders, and of new Europeanisms-exoethnonyms was revealed. The given European eponyms and exoethnonyms acquire an emotional and evaluative color with additional connotative meaning. By several similar examples of Europeanisms in diverse discourses it is qualified that English is the most important donor language for them. Despite the extremely unfavorable conditions of the pandemic and the (cyber)war, a number of original occasionalisms have become established in the European multilingual multi-genre media-discourse.
This research discusses the lexicon used for traditional technology systems in the Tolaki community. Lexicon is a language component containing all information about the meaning and usage of words; the richness of words a language has. Lexicon runs into a shift due to certain factors such as changes in norms, culture, and environment caused by the development of science and technology. This research aims to analyze the level of shift and change in the meaning of the lexicon for traditional technology systems in the Tolaki community in Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. The method is qualitative descriptive. The data are taken from written sources, literature studies, by examining and recording some lexicons from the book “Tolaki Culture” by Abdurrauf Tarimana related to the lexicon in the traditional technology system of the Tolaki community. The validation of the data is then substantiated by questionnaire distribution in which the informants fill in lexicon data about agricultural technology systems and imply them in Tolaki language. The theory used is the lexical-semantic theory proposed by Pateda. The results showed that the lexicon for the Tolaki agricultural technology system is extinct and there is a shift in the lexicon.
The article analyzes the epistolary discourse of Ján Kollár using the categories and concepts of modern linguistic pragmatics. The subject of the study was 16 letters addressed to V. Ganka, V. Kopitar, K. Ya. Erben, S. Grobon, V. A. Maciejowski in the period from 1824 to 1851. The study of the material is based on the method of subjectobject interpretation of the addressee’s communication. The analysis of Ján Kollár’s texts showed that his epistolary discourse is a speechlanguage work that was created with regard to the chronologically determined national epistolary tradition. Contacts and the content of Ján Kollár’s communication concerned primarily the socio-political and cultural sphere related to his professional activities. The socio-cultural dimension, within which the communication took place, determined the addressee’s socio-pragmatic role, and their civil position, influenced the topics of the correspondence, its personal and subject components, and assumed dialogue. The components of the studied epistolary discourse are characterized by the following features: formality — informality, distance — non-distance of communication, the hierarchy of relations, and observance of etiquette norms with their mainly emotional verbal design. Markers of politeness in Ján Kollár’s letters are etiquette lexical means, as well as tropes metaphors, and phraseology, which are methods of expressing the author’s empathic moods. Individual features include numerous author innovations. Thus, the social and socio-psychological characteristics of the author affected the language, structure, and content of his epistolary discourse. Kollár’s epistolary legacy is also important in the extralingual aspect. It serves as an additional source for studying the role of the author in social, literary, and scientific circles of his time.
Common Usage vs Codified Standard: Problems with the Codification of Anglicisms in the Contemporary Russian Language This article focuses on the important problem of codification of the most recent borrowings of British and American English origins in the contemporary Russian language. Standardization of loanwords is a current issue of vital importance, as it has a global reach, which means that it affects not only the Russian language but many other national languages that are under the influence of the English language – the contemporary lingua franca. The codification of the lexis of foreign origin is examined based on material obtained from contemporary lifestyle magazines published in Russian. This type of press disseminates borrowed neologisms particularly intensively and, at the same time, creates the language use of the given discourse. The excerpted vocabulary items have been confronted with the lexis of the most recent Russian spelling dictionaries. The deliberations contained in this paper show a fragment of linguistic reality changing under the influence of ubiquitous English language, where common usage competes with the linguistic norm. The article shows the difficulties caused by lexical transfer of loanwords faced by specialists in prescriptive linguistics (e.g. a common problem of orthographic variation). Norma uzualna vs norma skodyfikowana. O problemach kodyfikacji anglicyzmów we współczesnym języku rosyjskim Niniejszy artykuł zwraca uwagę na istotny problem kodyfikacji najnowszych zapożyczeń anglo-amerykańskiej proweniencji we współczesnej ruszczyźnie. Temat standaryzacji zapożyczeń jest aktualny i niezwykle ważny, bowiem ma on zasięg globalny, zatem dotyczy nie tylko języka rosyjskiego, lecz wielu innych języków narodowych, które znajdują się pod wpływem angielszczyzny – współczesnej lingua franca. Badanie kodyfikacji leksyki obcego pochodzenia oparto na materiale zaczerpniętym z najnowszych rosyjskojęzycznych czasopism kolorowych typu life style. Ten rodzaj prasy szczególnie ochoczo rozpowszechnia zapożyczone neologizmy, jednocześnie kreuje uzus danego dyskursu. Wyekscerpowany materiał porównano z leksyką zawartą w najnowszych słownikach ortograficznych języka rosyjskiego. Niniejsze rozważania dają obraz fragmentu rzeczywistości językowej zmieniającej się pod wpływem wszechobecnej angielszczyzny, w której uzus konkuruje z normą językową. Ponadto wskazano tu szereg problemów wywoływanych zapożyczeniami leksykalnymi, z którymi zmagają się specjaliści z obszaru językoznawstwa normatywnego (np. powszechny problem wariantywności ortograficznej zapożyczeń).
The article is an attempt to answer the question: is it justified to include in the academic dictionaries’ lexical units of substandard vocabulary — elements of colloquial speech, vernacular, jargon, slang, etc.? The article discusses whether it is justified to include in the academic dictionaries’ lexical units of substandard vocabulary — units of colloquial speech, vernacular, jargon, slang, etc. At different times, the authors of academic dictionaries were reproached (and are reproached today) for excessive democracy: according to critics, the normative dictionary should reflect strictly standard norm, the description of the substandard vocabulary in the normative dictionary is unacceptable. The problem mentioned above is studied on the material of two dictionaries — the Academic Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language and the Academic Russian Orthographic Dictionary. The first part of the article is devoted to the description of representation of units of non-codified subsystems of the Russian language in Academic Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, the second part of the article deals with problems connected to the presentation of reduced words in the orthographic dictionary. The author refutes the thesis about the inadmissibility of including units of substandard lexis in the academic standard dictionary. The author comes to the conclusio that reflection of elements of non-codified subsystems in the normative dictionary does not lower the quality of the dictionary, but, on the contrary, it is necessary for the description of the standard language.
В статье предпринята попытка дать общую характеристику толкования норм, регламентирующих международное сотрудничество в сфере уголовного судопроизводства, вследствие чего показаны некоторые особенности уяснения подлинного смысла положений международного и внутригосударственного права. В ходе подготовки работы в основном были использованы лингвистические методы (компонентный анализ лексических значений и анализ переводческих трансформаций). Автором доказано, что в ходе взаимодействия государств в уголовно-процессуальной сфере прежде всего стоит опираться на комплексный подход, заключающийся в сочетании буквального и функционального принципов. Продемонстрировано, что акцессорным элементом в этой деятельности является использование подготовительных материалов к договорам о международном сотрудничестве в сфере уголовного процесса. The article attempts to give a general description of the interpretation of the norms governing international cooperation in the field of criminal justice, as a result of which some features of understanding the true meaning of the provisions of international and domestic law are shown. During the preparation of the work, linguistic methods were mainly used (component analysis of lexical meanings and analysis of translation transformations). The author proves that in the course of interaction between states in the criminal procedure sphere, first of all, it is worth relying on an integrated approach, which consists in a combination of literal and functional principles. It is demonstrated that an accessory element in this activity is the use of preparatory materials for agreements on international cooperation in the field of criminal procedure.
The training process of future journalists is of great importance in higher education institutions. The aim of it is to form creative, competent, innovation-oriented professionals who are good with words, able to express their thoughts and quickly adapt to a multicultural environment, and use knowledge, skills and abilities to succeed. This is due to modern requirements for the journalistic profession, society's demand for professional skills, improving the communicative and linguistic level of future professionals. The article examines the issue of studying stylistics of mass media as an academic discipline in the training process of media officers. It also reveals the problem of improving the stylistic skills of journalism students in the process of mastering the course as an important factor in their training. The necessity of work on stylistic dexterity of speech in the context of improving the professional skills of a journalist is substantiated as well. It points out the importance of stylistics of mass media in the modern teaching process of future media officers as a means of forming a highly educated language personality that a modern journalist should be like. It is concluded that the stylistics of the media has great communicative potential, which contributes to the communicatively appropriate use of language in the future journalistic profession. Additionally, the study of this educational component will contribute to the assimilation of future journalists of the norms of modern Ukrainian literary language, and the formation of skills to create and edit media texts of different genres and styles. During the study of the educational component "Stylistics of mass media" higher education students master the skills of literate, expressive, clear speech, acquire skills in stylistic editing, use of oral and written forms of all functional styles, following spelling, orthoepic, lexical and grammatical, punctuation, thus improving their communication skills.