Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
Music is capable of conveying many emotions. The level and type of emotion of the music perceived by a listener, however, is highly subjective. In this study, we present the Music Emotion Recognition with Profile information dataset (MERP). This database was collected through Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) and features dynamical valence and arousal ratings of 54 selected full-length songs. The dataset contains music features, as well as user profile information of the annotators. The songs were selected from the Free Music Archive using an innovative method (a Triple Neural Network with the OpenSmile toolkit) to identify 50 songs with the most distinctive emotions. Specifically, the songs were chosen to fully cover the four quadrants of the valence arousal space. Four additional songs were selected from DEAM to act as a benchmark in this study and filter out low quality ratings. A total of 277 participants participated in annotating the dataset, and their demographic information, listening preferences, and musical background were recorded. We offer an extensive analysis of the resulting dataset, together with a baseline emotion prediction model based on a fully connected model and an LSTM model, for our newly proposed MERP dataset.
With the development of technology and information, language has changed as well. It is no longer important to follow the literary norm. It is important to be able to communicate effectively and to remove communication barriers. Russian students studying in China or Chinese students studying in Russia use slang or fancy words in the intercultural conununication. Russian youth slang as a specific linguistic phenomenon has attracted an increasing number of researchers. Among them are scientists, undergraduates and graduate students, as well as teachers of the Russian language. People are interested in this linguistic phenomenon because of its specificity and linguistic fashion for slang lexical units. When analyzing a foreign language (e.g., Russian), native speakers of Chinese use the same or similar linguistic phenomena for a comparative analysis. This article aims to compare lexical units of modern Russian youth slang with Chinese ones. The article concludes that language fashion exists in both language systems.
Статья посвящена жизни и научной деятельности исследователя современного хакасского языка А. С. Кызласова в связи с его 60 - летним юбилеем. В ней рассматриваются главные этапы его биографии и творческой работы. Производится анализ содержания основных научных трудов А. С. Кызласова, обозревается его вклад в хакасское языкознание и образовательную сферу республики Хакасия. Сферы научных интересов юбиляра: исследование терминов родства и свойства в хакасском языке, изучение фонетико - морфемной структуры корневых лексем и становления национальных норм хакасского литературного языка, составление словарей различных типов, исследование источников формирования лексического строя современного хакасского языка. А. С. Кызласов также подготовил два учебных пособия для учителей национальных школ. The article is devoted to the life and scientific activity of the researcher of the modern Khakass language A. S. Kyzlasov in connection with his 60th anniversary. It examines the main stages of his biography and creative work. The content of the main scientific works of A. S. Kyzlasov is analyzed. His contribution to Khakass linguistics and the educational sphere of the Republic of Khakassia is reviewed. Areas of scientific interests of the hero of the day: the study of kinship terms and properties in the Khakass language, the study of the phonetic and morphemic structure of root lexemes and the formation of national norms of the Khakass literary language, compilation of dictionaries of various types, as well as the research of sources of formation of the lexical structure of the modern Khakass language. A. S. Kyzlasov also prepared two textbooks for teachers of national schools.
Uniquely among the global languages, French is assumed to have a monocentric pronunciation norm, based on the usage of Paris. In the opening chapter of this volume, Marc Chalier challenges this perception and asks whether endogenous norms have emerged outside France. After setting out the normative background in Chapter 2 and presenting his methodology in Chapter 3, the author addresses this question by comparing Paris with two peripheral francophone zones (French-speaking Switzerland and Quebec) from three perspectives, examined in Chapters 4 to 6. The first of these (‘Représentations et attitudes’) reports questionnaire responses, from a representative non-specialist panel in each geographical area, to questions relating to perceptions of ‘correct’ French pronunciation. For Parisian informants, the norm is viewed in centre–periphery terms within France, with Paris, then Tours, and finally a general ‘Nord de la France’ seen as a model. Away from Paris, Canadian respondents showed greater acceptance of an endocentric norm than their Swiss counterparts. All three panels identified broadcast news presenters as representatives of the spoken norm, and it is to these that the author turns in Chapter 5 (‘Productions’). Twenty radio or television journalists in each site were asked to read aloud the stimulus text from the Phonologie du français contemporain project and a separate word list, their production then being subjected to phonetic analysis with respect to a number of locally variable vowel oppositions. Results from Paris presented rather a mixed picture. Here, traditional normative oppositions such as /a/–/α/, or /ε/–/e/ in open syllables were found to be better maintained in word-list style than in the reading passage, and in some cases appeared to be lexically conditioned, with /ε/–/e/ for example being more consistently realized for the pair épais–épée than for étaient–été. While the Swiss informants showed some adherence to local norms, there was considerable internal variability and evidence of a more general shift towards an exocentric français de référence. Much stronger support for an overt endocentric norm was evident in Quebec, where no fewer than eight of the nine identified local phonological features were found to be regularly produced by Radio Canada news reporters. In Chapter 6 (‘Perceptions’), non-specialist panels were asked to evaluate these recordings, focusing on the ‘correctness’ or otherwise of these same local features, and their suitability for news broadcasting or teaching of French to non-natives. For Paris, something of a disjunction emerged between representation of the norm and actual production: informants — particularly those with high levels of education — positively evaluated maintenance of traditional prescriptive oppositions which were not, in fact, consistently realized. Of the two peripheral francophone communities, Quebec again proved far more ready to embrace the local norm as ‘correct’. The author concludes that French is subject to a ‘tendance bicentrique’ (p. 445), favouring separate European and Canadian pronunciation norms. This volume is an impressive piece of research, and is written with admirable clarity. My one reservation is that its presentation mirrors rather too closely the doctoral thesis on which it is based. A more economical structure might have reduced the length of the volume by about a third, and lent sharper focus to its interesting and important findings.
The paper is devoted to the analysis of lexical, grammatical and stylistic destructive phenomena typical for the language of mass culture, based on the material of the Japanese fashion magazine "Cosmopolitan Japan". In the field of the vocabulary of the language of fashion magazines, we observe a proliferation of unmotivated English borrowings, which mostly duplicate the meaning of genuine Japanese words, and therefore do not enrich the lexicon. A considerable number of such words are incomprehensible to Japanese readers, and therefore play not an informative, but an emotional role, decorating the text and making it "fashionable" and "stylish". The number of English borrowings in a fashion magazine may even exceed the number of Japanese words. In the field of morphology, a characteristic feature of the language of mass culture is the presence of hybrid units as the result of hybrid word formation and are mostly formed according to the "English borrowing + Japanese suffix" model. This method is the most common in creating verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. The created morphological hybrids do not correspond to either Japanese or English word formation norms, and therefore are a destructive phenomenon that negatively affects the language. In the field of syntax, we observe an overuse of syntactic expressive figures, in particular those based on missing speech components (ellipsis, nominative sentences). The predicate (or its verb part) usually undergoes reduction, which makes such sentences fragmentary, similar to spontaneous speech of a colloquial and everyday nature. Excessive use of ellipsis and nominative sentences interferes with the established syntactic norms of the Japanese language. The overuse of parcellation as a phenomenon that destroys the traditional syntactic structure of the Japanese sentence (which is characterized by a fixed order of words) seems to be equally destructive. A negative stylistic phenomenon is also the mixing of expressive styles and the indistinction of speech registers, which is also critical for the Japanese language, that is characterized by a category of politeness and a clear distinction between "high" and "low" styles. The above-mentioned phenomena are destructive, interfering with the recipient's "sense of language" and language norms, which can lead to a significant decline in language culture among young people being the main consumers of mass culture.
Today, the Uzbek language Uzbek national exchange as a means of social mission to fulfill. This nation of representatives of social communication, full maintenance service. Linguistics anthroponyms on a number of scientific studies have been charged in this area, however, a lot of issues. In addition, the development of the Uzbek tilininng today, linguists, scientists, writers, poets invaluable contribution. Because of their great work in the Uzbek language to display most of the areas of qat`iy established norms, language, units of the linguistic samples of the recommended procedures. The nature of the history of the peoples living in Uzbekistan in the Uzbek language, the holy work of a high level of works of art designed and created. In particular, the period of independence, instead of literary works with text frequent onomastik units and others. In this regard, it is important to study the lexical-semantic and methodological features of anthroponyms in the text of a work of art. This article is the text of the work of art anthroponyms unique features works of art, think about the role. As well as short stories, creative antroponimlarning be disclosed by means of examples
Universal Dependencies is an international community project and a collection of morphosyntactically annotated data sets (“treebanks”) for more than 100 languages. The collection is an invaluable resource for various linguistic studies, ranging from grammatical constructions within one language to language typology, documentation of endangered languages, and historical evolution of language. In the tutorial, I will first quickly show the main principles of UD, then I will present the actual d...
The word stylistics is derived from style. Stylistics is a branch of applied linguistics concerned with the scientific study of style in texts, especially, in what we call literary linguistics with all features such as phonological, lexical, and syntactical which directly affect the meaning of an utterance, stylistics is the process of the application of linguistics concepts and allied disciplines to the analysis and interpretation of samples of communication through language. Some useful concepts in stylistics: Foregrounding – emphasis on textual feature; which can put the meaning in questions may be achieved through unusual or strange collocations, meaningful repetitions, contrast, deliberate deviation from the norms/ rules/ conventions. Key words: linguistics, stylistics, foregrounding, and deviation المستخلص ان کلمة الأسلوبيات مشتقة من الأسلوب.فعلم الاساليب هو فرع من فروع علم اللغة التطبيقي ، يهتم بالدراسة العلمية للأسلوب في النصوص ، خاصة ، ولکن ليس حصريًا ، فيما نسميه علم اللغة الأدبي بکل ميزاته مثل علم الصوت ، والمعجم ، والنحوية التي تؤثر بشکل مباشر على معنى الکلام ، إنها عملية تطبيق المفاهيم من علم اللغة والتخصصات المرتبطة بها في تحليل وتفسير عينات الاتصال من خلال اللغة. تکمن بعض المفاهيم المفيدة في علم الأسلوبيات في: المقدمة - الترکيز على الميزة النصية ؛ التي يمکن أن تضع المعنى في الأسئلة التي يمکن تحقيقها من خلال عمليات الارتباطات اللغوية غير العادية أو الغريبة ، والتکرار الهادف ، والتباين ، والانحراف المتعمد عن القواعد المعروفة / القواعد / الاتفاقيات. الکلمات الأساسية: علم اللغة ، علم الأساليب ، المقدمة ، والانحراف
The article analyses two early translations of Aleksandr Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin into Italian. The first Italian critics of Eugene Onegin in the 19th century (Cesare Boccella, Enrico Montazio, Carlo Tenca) were convinced that the novel was weak and did not deserve to be translated. However, two translations appeared in the 19th century. The first translation of 1856 belongs to Louis Delatre, a Frenchman who assimilated in Italy. Delatre visited Russia, where he met Pyotr Vyazemsky, whose stories about Pushkin inspired Delatre to translate five of Pushkin’s works, including Eugene Onegin. The second translation was published in 1858 under the pseudonym A. B., currently attributed to A. Besobrasoff - Anna Ivanovna Bezobrazova, a Russian noblewoman. Comparing the original and the translations, the author identifies and describes the aspects of the original subject to translation shifts (genre definition, structure, lexical and stylistic levels) and determines the specificity of the early Italian reception of the novel. Louis Delatre. The translation of poetry into prose, the rearrangement of fragments within the text, the reduction of “useless details” (including significant structural elements of the original), the addition of notes, the replacement of Russian realities with Italian equivalents reveal an orientation towards greater clarity and ease of perception. The change in the style of the original and the focus on the Italian literary tradition indicate the identification of a foreign work through the prism of Italian culture. The factors stated above are indicative of the adaptation and orientation towards an unprepared reader, who is not familiar with a foreign culture. Delatre acts within the framework of the historically conditioned norms of translation practice, whose task at this stage is to bring the original closer to the reader, to facilitate his acquaintance with a foreign text. Anna Besobrasoff. On the one hand, the focus on the “plot”, the search for Italian equivalents, the addition of notes and descriptions are also characteristic of a historically conditioned adaptive translation strategy. On the other hand, literal translation, style neutralization, elimination of a specific group of “useless details” are rather typical of the translator’s individual reception, probably a consequence of the student’s goal of translation, the translator’s desire to “practice the beautiful Italian language.” Both translations did not attract the attention of literary criticism and did not significantly influence the formation of the idea of Eugene Onegin in Italy at an early stage. The first Italian translations were more an accident rather than a regularity, since they stemmed from the translators’ personal interest in the novel, rather than a request from the recipient culture. This can be confirmed by the date of the next translation - it appeared only in 1906. The author declares no conflicts of interests.
Based on the data drawn from the Pioneer magazine of the 1970s and 1980s, the author sets the aim to design a discursive model of the woman in the Soviet children's press. The object of study is explored in terms of positive propaganda. Drawing on social constructionism, discourse analysis and multimodal analysis, it is argued that the model of the Soviet woman in the magazine for children was organised around the three parameters: professional activity, social engagement, and family and personal life. The representations of the woman reproduced the state policy aimed at her massive involvement in production and public life. Also, the woman was recognized as an organizing center of a family and a personality capable of being strong and resilient in the most difficult situations. The model was conveyed through various semiotic resources, including a set of genres (fiction and non-fiction) and personalities, pragmatic strategies, photos and illustrations. The author pinpoints the key strategies of representation: positive evaluation, precision, emotionalization, and ambivalent representation. They were actualized through lexical and grammatical resources, multimodal complexes, and the logic of narrative. The strategic usage of linguistic and multimodal means indicates that the representations of the Soviet woman in the magazine for children did not play a passive role justifying social expectations. Instead, they were employed to construct social norms and practices. Thus, the younger generation received axiologically charged representationsthat translated the model of the social structure and the role of the woman, reflected the modern realities and at the same time set the desired patterns of social practices in accordance with state policy for grown-ups.
The article is devoted to the study of the process of borrowing and adaptation of English loan words in the Ukrainian language. It is established that in the lexical system of the Ukrainian language foreign words make up about 10%, 70 – 80% of which are English loan words. The presence of a significant share of English loan words in the Ukrainian language is due to a number of extra- and intralinguistic factors: the development of economic, cultural and political ties; quantitative and qualitative complication of various spheres of language communication; diversity of norms of speech behavior; expansion of regulatory limits; achievements of English-speaking countries in certain fields of activity; striving for linguistic economy; the need to replenish the composition of expressive language means; the need to clarify and detail the concepts available in the language; «Americanization»; imitation of fashion. The study systematizes English loan words in the Ukrainian language and distributes them by spheres of use (sociopolitical, financial and economic, culture and art, technical, mass communication, sports, science, and education). Three stages in the process of adaptation of English loan words into the Ukrainian language are distinguished: 1) the initial stage, which is characterized by a change in the morpheme structure of English loan words; 2) in-depth, related to the selection of the same components in groups of English loan words based on the similarity of final elements and the development of new suffixes of English origin in the Ukrainian language; 3) the stage of full adaptation, which is characterized by participation of English loan words in the process of word formation through the mediation of Ukrainian language suffixes, the formation of new complex words based on English loan words and Ukrainian or previously borrowed words, as well as the consolidation of the spelling form of complex words. It is established that the inclusion of English loan words in the lexical structure of the Ukrainian language and their active use in oral and written speech leads to the formation of synonymous pairs containing proper Ukrainian counterparts.
The article deals with the lexical correspondences to the Hebrew hapax legomena in the Book of Job, presented in the translation of Job into Ruthenian (prosta(ja) mova) as a part of the Vilnius Old Testament Florilegium (F 19–262) (approx. 1517–1533) and in the Bible by Francis Skoryna (1517–1519). Both versions are compared with the handwritten Church Slavonic Gennadius Bible (1499) and the printed Ostrog Bible (1581). Two Polish bibles — Radziviłł (Brest) Bible (1563) and the Nesvizh Bible (1568–1572) by Symon Budny — are considered as well. Special attention was given to the cases when translations of biblical hapaxes were the result of prescriptive (conditioned by the canonical context and traditional exegesis) activity of translators. In such cases, the knowledge of implicit information that should be verified in the translation was of particular importance. On the other hand, we analyze the translations of unfamiliar words resulting from conjectural variation, when hapaxes were interpreted on the basis of grammatical and syntactic norms and according to the meaning of the context. Not devoid of subjectivity, such variants were often transferred into subsequent translations, turning into dogmatized formulations. During historical development of the original language, the conjectural translation of individual words and entire text fragments partly compensate the translator's lack of the necessary linguistic and extralinguistic information. Thus, while working on the translation of the Book of Job at the end of the 15th–16th centuries, the translators of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had to solve a number of problems — from searching for their own translations’ versions when interpreting "dark" passages to the need to meet those normative guidelines that were dictated by biblical translations, exegetical writings, and other authoritative texts.
The phenomenon of repetition actually exists in language.The general concept of repetition can be defined as the repetition of separate elements of the language (glossems) -sounds, morphological parts of the word, words and syntactic constructions.Accordingly, it is possible to say that there is a whole system of repetitions in the language: sound repetition, morphological repetition, lexical repetition, syntactic repetition.Thus, the place of lexical repetition in the general repetition system is determined.More or less research work has been carried out on syntactic and morphological, as well as phonetic repetitions in Azerbaijani linguistics.But lexical repetitions have not yet attracted attention.However, in our language, such repetitions are very widespread and have rich features.All types of repetition that will be discussed here are related to grammatical events and the sentence structure of the Azerbaijani language.We would like to pay particular attention to the words "sentence structure" (also "sentence structure").Because sometimes "lexical repetition" means that two expressions (sentences, phrases) have the same structure or the phenomenon of syntactic parallelism.However, lexical parallelism is more of a stylistic phenomenon than a grammatical one.One of the verbalization ways of background knowledge is the use of constructions with lexical repetitions.In theory, background knowledge can be described on the basis of three tandems:-Extralinguistic and metadyl knowledge -Descriptive and prescriptive -General and local knowledge The first one of these tandems deals with either extralinguistic factors in reality or linguistic conventions, the latter concerns with either statistic norms based on inductive generalizations or normative imaginations.The third one deals with the scope of information or its importance for the speaker of a given language.Interpretations of the texts can be realized not only with linguistic knowledge, but also extralinguistic and contextual knowledge.
The norm for abstracts of research articles (RAs) is important and will win the RAs more chances of being received. The analysis of how abstracts are written in papers published in well-recognized international journals can serve as a reference to help writers conform to the norm. This paper, adopting Hyland’s classification and Santos’ framework, employing a corpus-based method, compares how native and Chinese writers use lexical chunks differently in abstracts from a perspective of move analysis. The results show that Chinese writers tend to use more lexical chunks; there is no significant difference in the functional distribution on the whole but significant differences are found in two moves of “situating the research” and “discussing the research”.
In the article the content and specifics of students’ work with Ukrainian historical dictionaries in the context of the educational paradigm of future lecturers of the Ukrainian language are clarified. This topic is covered in the context of the analysis of educational and professional programs developed and implemented in the educational process by the lecturers of the Department of Ukrainian Philology of Khmelnytsky National University. The presentation of theoretical positions in diachronic linguistics should be based on illustrative material of historical dictionaries of the Ukrainian language, which should be presented with the help of computer technology available to all participants in the educational process. It is necessary to involve both vocabulary material of academic lexicography and the latest developments of linguists. To acquire lexicographic skills, students solve cognitive, training, creative research tasks on the origin of words, development of lexical meaning of language units, foreign language parallels for borrowed tokens, grammatical characteristics of nouns, phonetic, graphic, spelling variability of words, chronology of their functioning, norms of the modern Ukrainian language, etc. It is expedient to carry out a comparative analysis of lexicographical publications of historical and linguistic courses, paying attention to the peculiarities of the description of language material, selection of source base, construction of dictionary articles, etc. When performing lexical, etymological, grammatical, stylistic exercises, future lecturers are aware of the need to refer to the dictionary. Skills in managing the acquired lexicographic knowledge are necessary to prepare students for research activities. Students perform creative and exploratory tasks that allow them to recognize, systematize, analyze, compare various phenomena and facts reflected in lexicographic sources, comment and evaluate them according to the topic and purpose of the study. Important factors in improving the effectiveness of such activities may be the participation of students in scientific problem groups, circles, participation in scientific conferences, preparation and publication of scientific articles, etc. We consider the creation of electronic dictionaries of various directions to be a promising direction of modern and historical lexicography.
Abstract Introduction Inadequate sleep quantity and/or quality in children is known to forecast development of emotional problems, but how sleep microstructure relates to children’s day-to-day emotional functioning remains unclear. Slow wave activity (SWA), or slow fluctuations of cortical activity during slow wave sleep (SWS) in the frequency range 0.75–4.5 Hz, is a marker of homeostatic sleep regulation and reflects synaptic reorganization of cortical areas early in life (Campbell & Feinberg, 2009). Findings regarding SWA among clinically depressed adolescents are mixed, with evidence of SWA reductions (Lopez et al., 2012) and increases (Tesler et al., 2016) compared to controls. Tesler et al. (2016) also showed SWA in frontal areas correlates positively with depressive thoughts. However, we are unaware of studies examining SWA in relation to depressive symptoms and next-day emotional responses among pre-pubertal children, before developmental declines in SWA (Jenni & Carskadon, 2004). Methods We examined relationships between N3 SWA, depressive symptoms, and next-day emotional responses among N=17 un-medicated, healthy children ages 7-11 years (Tanner 1/2). Children completed a baseline assessment and one night of at-home PSG monitoring (10-hour sleep opportunity) then an in-lab emotional assessment the next day where they provided arousal and valence ratings for negative affective images from the International Affective Picture System. Analyses controlled for PSG night total sleep time, and SWA did not differ by gender. Results Results indicated non-significant associations between SWA and child- and parent-reported depressive symptoms. Greater SWA density across frontal (r=-.66; p<.01), central (r=-.70; p<.001) and occipital regions (r=-.61; p<.01), along with frontal SWA amplitude (r=-.61; p<.01), significantly negatively related to valence ratings for negative images (images were rated as less negative). Conclusion While preliminary, findings suggest potential relationships between SWA and emotional functioning in pre-pubertal children. We have previously shown greater SWS corresponds with less same-week negative affect among pre-pubertal anxious children (Palmer & Alfano, 2017); additionally, in a longitudinal study of pre-pubertal children at risk for depression, greater SWS in childhood protected against later development of depression (Silk et al., 2007). Collectively, findings suggest greater SWA prior to pubertal transition may buffer against negative daytime emotional experiences and later depression. Support (If Any)
Philippine English (PhE) stands out from Outer Circle Postcolonial Englishes in having resulted from American, not British, colonialism. While almost all other World Englishes in the Outer Circle are products of a former status as colonies in the British Empire, the Philippines was an American colony between 1898 and 1946, and was anglicized remarkably quickly and efficiently. This chapter inquires into the exact nature of the relationship between PhE and American English (AmE). Legal texts on education and language policy mention “English” as a co-official language and as a possible medium of instruction in some subjects, but make no mention of AmE as an explicit norm or target. Lexical and grammatical variability has been subcategorized according to relevant parameters which have been suggested to vary between the two main varieties.
The author examines the notions of semantic binary complexes in Russian anthropological linguistics (linguoculturology) and counter-meanings (anti-concepts) of the highest level of abstractness “unhappiness”, “injustice” and “ungratefulness.” These notions have not yet been given due attention. There is a lack of unity of opinion regarding the essence of the contrasting members of the binomial and regarding the understanding of meaning and antithesis, where there are two main points of view: 1) the anti-concept opposes the concept on any basis; 2) the basis of the opposition of the concept and the anti-concept is exclusively an axiological feature. It is also established that the most significant difference between unhappiness and happiness is the greater specificity of the first, which at the linguistic level is manifested in the ability of the lexeme “neschastje” to take a plural form, which is impossible for “schastje”. If justice is an example of an abstract category, then its “antipode” – injustice is quite concrete: this is a certain state of affairs. Psychologically, injustice is ahead of justice in time of formation, and if for the abstract name “spravedlivost” the plural is a deviation from the norm, then the concreteness of the name “nespravedlivost” is evidenced by the ease with which it takes the form of the plural. The “nominative density” of lexical indicators of gratitude is not particularly high, but it certainly takes place. At the same time, ingratitude has no other means of expression other than those derived from the stem “nespravedliv-“. In the semantics of ingratitude, there are just as many, if not more, characteristics that are not associated with antonymic features common with gratitude. Thus, it can be argued that, psychologically, the formation of opposing pairs of higher-level concepts begins with a more specific negative counterterm, at the same time, the nominative density of the means of expressing the anti-concept does not necessarily exceed the nominative density of the concept.
In this paper, the realization of fundamental functions of legal contracts is studied. To this purpose, the macrostructure of the contract (Gläser 1990) is analyzed, and the text part segments that occur in contracts are mapped and described, focusing on the speech acts that are being performed. The corpus of the survey consists of 23 German tenancy contracts, of which some form part of the mapping and some are selected for further exemplary analysis. Genre analysis is the point of departure of this study to look further into the functional element, using the notions of macrostructure and speech acts. A contract text fundamentally realizes two overall functions; firstly, it creates a legal relationship between the contract parties, and secondly, it establishes the rights and obligations of the two parties. Realizations of the latter function by far takes up the greatest part of the contract text, and the contract often provides answers to a lot of questions about what the parties can, must and must not do, as the norms of the contract process itself are established. The contract texts, used in practice, are usually very extensive when it comes to legal provisions, but in fact only very few text part segments are obligatory and genre constitutive, while most of the text part segments are optional. The investigation seeks to categorize the text part segments and show their individual contribution to the fulfillment of the overall functional complex of the contract. More precisely, the paper seeks to investigate which text part segments are obligatory and which are optional, which lexical features are characteristic in each of the text part segments as well as to what extent variations occur.
People experience the same event but do not feel the same way. Such individual differences in emotion response are believed to be far greater than those in any other mental functions. Thus, to understand what makes people individuals, it is important to identify the systematic structures of individual differences in emotion response and elucidate how such structures relate to what aspects of psychological characteristics. Reflecting this importance, many studies have attempted to relate emotions to psychological characteristics such as personality traits, psychosocial states, and pathological symptoms across individuals. However, systematic and global structures that govern the across-individual covariation between the domain of emotion responses and that of psychological characteristics have been rarely explored previously, which limits our understanding of the relationship between individual differences in emotion response and psychological characteristics. To overcome this limitation, we acquired high-dimensional data sets in both emotion-response (8 measures) and psychological-characteristic (68 measures) domains from the same pool of individuals (86 undergraduate or graduate students) and carried out the canonical correlation analysis in conjunction with the principal component analysis on those data sets. For each participant, the emotion-response measures were quantified by regressing affective-rating responses to visual narrative stimuli onto the across-participant average responses to those stimuli, while the psychological-characteristic measures were acquired from 19 different psychometric questionnaires grounded in personality, psychosocial-factor, and clinical-problem taxonomies. We found a single robust mode of population covariation, particularly between the 'accuracy' and 'sensitivity' measures of arousal responses in the emotion domain and many 'psychosocial' measures in the psychological-characteristics domain. This mode of covariation suggests that individuals characterized with positive social assets tend to show polarized arousal responses to life events.
The aim of the study is to identify possible ways of conveying the objective translation difficulties encountered in the English literary tales. The article examines the distinctive stylistic features of “Just So Stories” by R. Kipling. The scientific originality of the study lies in a comprehensive analysis of its translation at different levels of the language, whereas previously the focus was only on separate aspects. As a result of the study, the regularities were found in the approach to the translation of the devices at the phonetic, lexical and syntactic levels of the language, and some language phenomena. The results obtained have shown the prevalence of the transformations leading to the loss of a number of stylistic features, but adapting the text to Russian linguistic norms and fairytale traditions.
Au Moyen Âge, les vieilles femmes concentrent plusieurs formes de marginalité et des caractéristiques sociales et existentielles problématiques. Ce travail propose d’étudier les représentations littéraires qui en sont faites en Occident en utilisant un corpus large constitué d’œuvres vernaculaires et latines, littéraires mais aussi médicales et religieuses, de l’Antiquité jusqu’au début de la Renaissance. La production majoritairement masculine est marquée par une certaine misogynie dans le contexte de discours religieux, savants et populaires qui, généralement négatifs envers la vieillesse au féminin, l’utilisent préférentiellement pour aborder la laideur, la déchéance et la monstruosité esthétiques et morales. Cependant, les personnages de vieilles femmes sont rares et leurs emplois ne se limitent ni à un unique rôle stéréotypé d’adversaire dévalorisé, ni au type monolithique de l’entremetteuse ou de la sorcière. Tantôt épisodique, tantôt obsédante; insignifiante ici, là chargée de significations symboliques complexes et parfois ambivalentes; tour à tour pure utilité narrative et personnage au sens plein du terme, la vetula interroge les normes médiévales, entre conformisme moral, transgression sexuelle, subversion idéologique et menace de l’ordre masculin. Mais il s’agit aussi d’une figure proprement littéraire, située au croisement stratégique d’enjeux stylistiques, rhétoriques et de querelles de clercs à la portée considérable, tant à propos des pratiques d’écriture qu’en ce qui concerne la question de la misogynie. Profondément orienté dès le plan lexical, cet imaginaire a été analysé sous l’aspect thématique, qui a permis de singulariser les problèmes posés par le corps féminin sénile et la question du contrôle des dames de grand âge soupçonnées de déviance, mais aussi sous l’angle des rôles actantiels et symboliques. Cet examen permet de constater que la vieille femme est ambivalente, à la fois périphérique et étonnamment incontournable, malgré le silence et sa relégation dans les marges, dès lors qu’on s’attache à comprendre les ressorts des discours sur les femmes au Moyen Âge et à sonder l’histoire littéraire, qui a réservé à la figure une place inattendue dans la fabrique des textes.
It is quite worrisome that syntactic norms and values, which ideally guide the arrangement of words, phrases, clauses and other lexical categories, are not strictly upheld and followed by many researchers and even research bodies. That implies violating some basics of research ethics. This study rises to make a critical exposition of syntactic rules in research ethics, which are often violated. Relying on observation and secondary data, the study demonstrates that poor knowledge and negligence of syntactic rules largely accounts for the violation of syntactic rules in research works by researchers and many concerned research bodies. It shows that unacceptable grammatical structures have grave implications for the overall given research work. Also, phrase structure rules correlate with interpretative rules, just as syntax and semantics also correlate. The study concludes that since language is rule-governed, the violation of syntactic rules in research work implies the violation of language rules and research ethics. The study is anchored on the syntactic theory of Universal Grammar, which explains how standard syntactic rules and research ethics are universal, and must be followed in order to have acceptable and correct sentences and research.
This article performs a comparative analysis of diachronic translations of Agatha Christie’s novel Ten Little Niggers/Ten Little Indians/And Then There Were None (intralingual translations into American English and interlingual translations into French, German and Russian) in terms of adequacy of literary translation and following the norms of inclusive language. The paper found that the intralingual translation into American English is a culturally determined adaptation of the original text excluding culture-specific concepts perceived differently in the American culture. While classical interlingual translations of the novel into German, French and Russian follow the norms of adequacy and equivalence, modern interlingual translations reflect the desire of translators to make various lexical and lexico-grammatical transformations in order to avoid invective vocabulary, which often leads to the loss of text-forming dominants of the novel (the modern translation into French is such an example). Further, the importance of preserving the intertext, which reflects the author’s artistic intention, is demonstrated. The symbolic dominants of the novel are considered here in their historical and sociocultural context. It is concluded that these dominants are closely related to the collective ideas about racial differences in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Moreover, it is shown that following new language norms in translation should not violate the unity of a literary work; hence the importance of conveying the author’s intention and the historical and sociocultural context of the work. Finally, recommendations are given to translators as to finding a balance between the requirements of political correctness and adequacy of translation.
This research aims to find out the women’s language features that used by the main female character in “To Kill a Mockingbird Novel 1960” using Lakoff’s theory (1975) Women’s Language theory. The research will also describe how the main female character expressed every sentence that has women’s language features with stylisctic analysis and show the situation in the sentence with Hyme’s (1974) Speaking theory. The descriptive analytics approach was applied in this research to characterize the aspects and qualities of the subject. The research findings show that lexical hedges or fillers, tag question, rising intonation on declaratives, empty adjective, emphatic emphasis, superpolite form, hypercorrect grammar, avoidance of powerful swear words, and intensifier are nine features of women's language used by the main female character. The researcher also finds how the main female character expressed her sentences with linguistic deviation and literary analysis. And the researcher discovers 8 elements of situation that happened in the conversation, namely setting, participant, ends (goal), act sequence, key, instrumentalities, norms of interaction, and genre. The research was able to identify the women's language features and define how they are communicated as well as the situation in the conversation as a conclusion.
The importance of criminal law protection of honor and reputation and imprecise legal conceptual determination of insult, as a basic and general criminal offense against honor and reputation, pointed to the need to determine in theory and court practice the parameters that will help the courts when deciding whether in the particular case the criminal offense of insult exists or not. On this occasion, an objective criterion is applied, according to which an insulting statement is assessed from the aspect of existing customary, moral, and other norms in specific time and space. The variability of the concept of honor, which often changes its content and scope, also creates the need for language analysis of the degrading statements, which can sometimes be helpful in assessing whether in a particular case there is a criminal offense of insult or not. Connecting law with linguistics provides an interdisciplinary overview of the relationship of language, style, and composition of legal documents and their conditionality by specifics of individual fields of law. The attitude to the use of language which exists in legal theory and practice is significant and worth studying, and in the focus of interdisciplinary contribution to this issue, there is a criminal law overview of the use of language tools in criminal offenses against honor and reputation. The legal part of the analysis was used, above all, the dogmatic method in order to determine the true meaning of the analyzed norms, and the normative method as a method of studying the social function of the norms. The historical method was used to show the criminal protection of honor and reputation in various historical periods, which was accompanied by the use of the sociological method to explain social factors of occurrence and development of the phenomena. In order to assess existing normative solutions, the axiological method was used. The language analysis of the criminal offense of insult was performed using a descriptive method, and the content analysis was used as a research technique. For the purposes of research, a special sample was formed, which consists of thirty judgments for the criminal offense of insult. In the corpus of the court judgments of Kragujevac courts, the repertoire of lexical assets used for the purpose of injury to honor and reputation was separated. Sublings of the mother, pejoratives, vulgarism, metaphorical nominations with negative connotation, and lexemes marked by the bearer of socially unacceptable traits and ethnicities used with derogatory meaning are among the most common funds. Public insults in writing, in the form of comments on social networks or forums, have greater weight than orally imposed insults in the presence of several faces.
The baby monitoring system is a kind of smart IoT system helpful for busy working parents. Besides providing basic safety care, it actually also delivers the moments of baby growing and development by all time recording. Hence, in baby monitoring systems nowadays, capturing and recommending the precious moments of infant growth to their parents has become a real-world demand. How to capture the interesting, worthwhile and exquisite moments with commemorative and catering to the parents' preferences is a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a novel image rating framework, namely Infant growth Precious Moment capturing (IPreMom), which is based on the concept of continual learning for comprehensively addressing the problem of automatically capturing the precious moments during infant growth. Through a series of experiments, it was shown that our proposed framework delivers excellent performance compared to the baselines, with up to 40% improvement in terms of MAE. Moreover, the proposed framework has been implanted into a commercial baby monitor on the market. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that solves the problem of automatically capturing the infant precious moments using continual learning and image rating techniques, which is important and has not been well studied in the academic and industrial communities.
The article explores the contribution of Nelly Lukozheva to the development of the genre in the Adyghe children’s dramatic tale. Until now, in Adyghe literary criticism, there is no research work on modern children’s literature, and many genres of Adyghe children’s literature and drama are still poorly studied. The appeal of the playwright-librettist Nelly Lukozheva to folklore mo-tives in globalization problems should be considered as a certain trend that has recently been not-ed in domestic multinational literature. Currently, the genre of literary fairy tale in the Kabardino-Circassian language occupies an important place in modern Adyghe literature. The world of the author’s artistic fairy tales reflects the life philosophy of the author and the moral and ethical norms and laws of society and the state, transmitted through symbols, signs, metaphors and vari-ous sentiments. The play-fairy tale “Starstone” by Nelly Lukozheva provides a relevant subject of research, because the author turns his close attention to the cultural, ethnic, lexical and social functions of fairy tales. Therefore, the emergence of recent works of drama makes it possible to touch the spiritual culture of the Adyghe people. Dramatic works as fairy tale plays are of special scientific interest both in theoretical terms and in studying the forms and features of the existence of folklore. The proposed article also draws attention to the presence in the fairy tale play of Nelly Lukozheva of ethnic information at the level of themes, ideas, style and some specific aspects, reveals artistic conflict and gives images of the heroes characteristics in her fairy tale play “Star-stone.”
يقدم هذا البحث نظاما لاكتشاف وتصحيح الأخطاء الإملائية للغة العربية للشبكة العنكبوتية (Web Spell Checker) قمنا بتصميمه باستخدام نظام WebSpellChecker Engine. نظامنا متاح للمستخدمين على شكل خدمة ويب سحابية (Cloud Web Service) يمكن دمجها مع أي موقع أو تطبيق متاح على الشبكة العنكبوتية، كما يمكن دمجه مع تطبيقات الأجهزة الذكية وذلك من خلال واجهة لبرمجة التطبيقات (Application Programming Interface) تتيح التدقيق الإملائي لنصوص اللغة العربية المدخلة إلى مواقع وتطبيقات الشبكة العنكبوتية وتطبيقات الأجهزة الذكية. يستطيع نظامنا التعامل مع نسبة كبيرة من الكلمات التي تغطي العربية الفصحى بشكل عام والعربية الفصحى الحديثة (Modern Standard Arabic) بشكل خاص باستخدام معجم حاسوبي (Lexicon). صُمم هذا المعجم باستخدام قائمة كلمات ضخمة (Word List) مفتوحة المصدر (Open Source). بُنِيَت هذه القائمة باستخدام قاعدة بيانات معجمية (Lexical Database) مفتوحة المصدر مخصصة للتحليل الصرفي (Morphological Analysis) للأسماء والأفعال العربية صُمِّمَت باستخدام تقنية الآلات منتهية الحالات (Finite State Automata). تحتوي قائمة الكلمات المذكورة على الصيغ الصرفية والاشتقاقية (Inflected and Derived Forms) المحتملة لكلمات اللغة العربية الفصحى (على سبيل المثال: كَتَبَ، ويكتبان، كتبوا، فسيكتبن، كاتِبة، للكاتِبَين، المكتوب). كما تم تزويد النظام بالقدرة على إعادة ترتيب (Re-Ranking) مقترحات التصحيح الآلي الناتجة من تطبيق خوارزمية مسافة تحرير ليفينستين (Levenshtein Edit Distance Algorithm) المستخدمة في التصحيح الحاسوبي الآلي للأخطاء الإملائية من خلال إعطاء الأولوية لإظهار مقترحات التصحيح الآلي للأخطاء الإملائية الشائعة لدى مستخدمي اللغة العربية وذلك باستخدام قوانين إملائية وصوتية سياقية (Context Sensitive Orthographic and Phonological Rules). استُخدِم المعجم الحاسوبي والقوانين الإملائية والصوتية السياقية المذكورة لتزويد النظام بالمعرفة اللغوية التي تمكنه من اكتشاف وتصحيح الأخطاء الإملائية في نصوص اللغة العربية الفصحى المدخَلة إلى مواقع الشبكة العنكبوتية.
The medical profession is closely related to the speech activity, so the doctor must be able to master the word, because it plays a key role in the relationship between doctor and patient. Today, the purpose of learning a language in a non-language institution of higher education is not only to acquire skills of professional communication, but also the formation of language personality in general. The article considers the didactic possibilities of the professional text in the classes on the educational component «Ukrainian language (for professional use)». It is noted that in the medical institution of higher education the professional and language training of the future doctor takes place in parallel. It is emphasized that working with texts provides an opportunity to demonstrate the functioning of language phenomena in the professional sphere, to develop skills in constructing texts in the specialty. The ability to create their own statements is related to the ability to perceive, understand, analyze another person's speech and reproduce it. The author notes that only by working with professional texts, future doctors enrich their vocabulary, perceive the meaning of words, professional terms; explain spelling, lexical, morphological, syntactic, stylistic norms, and this contributes to the formation and improvement of their own speech. The definition of «professional text» is clarified and presented in detail. Texts and tasks to them are offered and expediency of their use for development of communicative abilities and skills in the future professional activity is proved.
The word-stock of any language may be subdivided into the sets. The elements of one are native, the elements of another are borrowed. Borrowings are modified in phonetic shape, spelling or meaning according to the standards of the recipient language. The process of interpenetration is constantly going on. One penetrated into a certain language system, a loan word is assimilated and undergoes semantic changes. The greater are the changes, the weaker is the connection of the word with its traditional use in the original language. According to the latest lexicographic data we can speak of a formation tendency of new lexical equivalents in Indo-European languages and the necessity to study them. The French language, which is the object of the study of language, consists of several varieties. The vocabulary of the language is constantly changing, to a greater or lesser extent. Changes are tracked and recorded, which allows to adequately understand modern language, which is developing as a living thing. Social changes of time, caused by changes in the structure of the socio-political system, changes in ownership and composition of active participants in communication, cause a conscious change in language norms. This is expressed primarily in the growth of variant elements of communication, a large number of new loanwords and terms, and, finally, in stylistic changes in the meaning of oral and written language, with a marked change in the domestic sphere of communication. The problem, investigated in the article, is connected with the history of penetration of foreign words, among them English, into the French language and vice versa. Everybody can withness the influence of English borrowings in one foreign language nowadays, the process of adaptation of Anglicisms. The aim of the paper is to confirm loanwords in the French language that are a result of lexical interference of two languages – two cultures – in contact. The material of the investigation is about 70 per cent of Anglicisms, picked out from the latest mass media publications in French. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the fact that Anglicisms make up a part of the French word-stock, replenish the language vocabulary
In their provocative article, Nelson Flores and Jonathan Rosa have captured how dominant notions of competence reinforce normative whiteness as universal and fail to account for processes of racialization in language learning. Building upon their goal of “shifting the locus of enunciation in ways that provide a glimpse into alternative worlds beyond colonial logics,” in this commmentary, we illustrate one such alternative in which language and languaging are anchored in Indigenous notions of relationality, the worldview that everything is interrelated, and by extension, interdependent. This view aligns with the deep connection that Indigenous communities make to their languages and the specific geographical, sociopolitical, and cultural contexts of their use. Relational frameworks thus counter the dispossession experienced by many Indigenous communities due to the colonial practice of separating languages from these contexts (see Davis, 2017, pp. 40–42). Similarly, by facilitating knowledge coproduction in ways that are locally specific and accountable, a relational approach serves to undo practices of teaching and assessing language learning in ways that uncritically adopt Eurocentric (“universal”) norms (McIvor, 2020; Mellow, 2000). We enter this discussion as scholar–practitioners based at a public university in the lands of the Cahuilla, Tongva, Serrano, and Luiseño peoples. Melissa Venegas is a white settler, PhD student, and former K–12 Spanish instructor. Her current research involves critical approaches to language education that examine language hierarchies and validate US varieties of Spanish. Wesley Y. Leonard is a citizen of the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma and a linguist who serves as a Native American Studies faculty member. His experiences being told that his community's efforts to learn their “extinct” language from documentation would not succeed inspired his current work in language reclamation, a mode of language recovery that replaces colonial logics with Indigenous community needs, goals, and worldviews. Clearly, in its narrow conceptualization, linguistic competence is theoretically lacking. Its assumptions about language ignore the social contexts that are fundamental to language learning and use, and its focus on an ideal speaker–hearer as the unit of analysis misaligns with how languaging actually occurs. In contrast, an analytic that considers language users and learners as networks of relations points to different metrics and units of analysis––language ecologies rather than languages-as-objects and diverse communities rather than an abstract prototype. Below, we explore examples of how language learning can be framed through an approach anchored in relationality and the ensuing notion of relational accountability, the responsibility of being accountable to relationships such as those between people and nonhuman relations, institutions, and lands. While this principle applies for all language communities, we draw special attention to those that have experienced severe ruptures to core relationships due to colonial dispossession and cultural genocide. In these contexts, exercising relational accountability entails active interventions to restore the relationships that have been disrupted or severed. The initial goal may not be “proficiency,” but rather to strengthen cultural ties or relationships with Elders (Lukaniec & Palakurthy, 2022, p. 344). As Flores and Rosa have pointed out, narrow definitions of language, as well as dominant notions of linguistic competence, render racialized students as “deficient” in academic language because of their supposed reliance on home or community language patterns. In addition to erasing the legitimacy of current language users’ practices, we further note how these dominant frameworks have replicated colonial logics that inhibit language reclamation potential. For instance, Miami people at one point had shifted fully to English, thus becoming “incompetent” in relation to myaamiaataweenki (speaking Miami) with relationships anchored in language similarly damaged. Decolonial framings of “competence,” however, might instead reference a community's collective ability to use their language(s), including future use as a result of reclamation (Leonard, 2008). Relational accountability entails building capacity to realize this potential through appropriate interventions in language teaching, development, and assessment. This is exemplified in ANA ‘ŌLELO, a Hawaiian proficiency scale developed by and for Hawaiians to reflect community values and ways of being (Kahakalau, 2017). The tool was designed to not only measure linguistic proficiency but also to perpetuate the Native Hawaiian culture. For example, the scale considers the ability to perform protocol, an important aspect of Native Hawaiian culture. Moreover, as Flores and Rosa have described, normative notions of competence elevate some people to a fully human status while diminishing the humanity of racialized Others. We observe that this conceptualization also advances colonial violence by erasing the nonhuman relatives that have central roles in many Indigenous cultures. However, appropriate interventions can counteract these erasures. For example, Engman and Hermes (2021) described an ecological approach to language learning that recognizes land as a relative. Young Ojibwe learners participated in forest walks near what is now Hayward, Wisconsin, and the Lac Courte Oreilles Ojibwe Reservation. The participants engaged in collective meaning-making involving discussions of naming items, with the land as an interlocutor. Requests for names of items in Ojibwe went beyond lexical labeling, instead serving as invitations to consider broader relationships, for example, How did it get here? Who put it in this configuration? What is our relationship to the object? As another example, Corntassel and Hardbarger (2019) described land-based pedagogies with Cherokee youth and Elders in the territory of the Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma. Participants took photographs of items meaningful to them that could exemplify Cherokee community sustainability and perpetuation of Cherokee lifeways (p. 96), which they then presented at a community symposium. Such an approach exemplifies relational accountability to the land, community, and intergenerational knowledge, and acknowledges learners’ experiences and expertise as vital to community well-being. As Opaskwayak Cree scholar Shawn Wilson concluded in his foundational Research Is Ceremony: Indigenous Research Methods, knowledge production and sharing become accountable to Indigenous ways of being and knowing through a relational framework because “relationships do not merely shape reality, they are reality” (Wilson, 2008, p. 7). The activities described above demonstrate language learning as a process anchored in relationality. People are learning language, but rather than this being a decontextualized goal assessed through normative notions of linguistic competence, it represents an outcome of cultivating relationships that allow communities to thrive.
As the ability to express written opinion is fundamental in every society, the pressure for gaining writing competence has increased in many areas, especially for academia where it serves as a prerequisite to career development and academic success. Writing academically can be a challenging task, irrespective of whether one is a native or nonnative speaker (Hyland, 2019). Developing literacy in academic writing can be particularly demanding when one has to write in a second or additional language. Linguistic demands aside, learners have to adapt to the unfamiliar discourse norms and conventions that are widely practiced and expected in the new language. Nevertheless, meeting the norms often implies greater difficulties for some groups of learners than others, and the learning processes for each learner might vary (Zawacki & Cox, 2014). Many teachers are unaware of the differences and even if they are, they have to explore the effects of such differences in their practice. This volume is thus a timely, research-based response to the growing concerns about writing in contexts or environments where the norms and expectations are different, with a focus on academic genres and practices. It is likely to be of interest to scholars and practitioners who would like to gain a greater knowledge of teaching, supervising, and evaluating academic writing. Compared to previous books on writing across cultures and disciplines, this volume covers a comprehensive spectrum, which outlines the multifaceted challenges learners face in writing, learning to write, and writing assessment. Taken together, the chapters present various theoretical perspectives and empirical findings to address the issue of crossing literary borders, particularly in academic writing contexts. They illustrate the range and variety of the cultural, social, and linguistic issues writers are confronted with when entering into a new discourse community, facing new genres, or studying for a new discipline. In doing so, the book provides valuable insights into the hidden agenda, social injustice, and other issues that otherwise would remain implicit in writing instruction and testing regimes. In the following, we introduce the content of this book, review its significance and contribution, and comment on the possible omissions. Structurally, this volume comprises eight chapters that outline the challenges “border-crossers” might face in academic writing. Golden and Kulbrandstad in Chapter 1 critically review various dimensions acting as obstacles for those who traverse borders, inside or outside academia, including the hidden agendas and social injustice implicit in language tests, the rhetorical differences in academic writing between different cultures, and language raters’ bias and unwillingness to embrace emerging varieties of English. As an opening chapter, the first chapter serves as an overview of the culture-dependent differences in writing norms, language teaching, and assessment between the East and West, and North and South. By mapping out the challenges that are germane to individual, cultural, and disciplinary differences, readers will be well anchored to go deeper into the following chapters to explore border-crossers’ experience in the increasingly multilingual and multicultural societies and possible actions to help their border-crossing adventures. Golden and Kulbrandstad in Chapter 2 delve into how the rater variability operates as an obstacle. They report an empirical study in which experienced raters evaluated two versions of texts written in Norwegian by nonnative test-takers, one version was the original texts produced in an official language test and the other version with linguistic errors being corrected, and find that raters vary in the weight given to different text traits (e.g., features related to the content, structure, and style). They presume that the Vietnamese-speaking writers might adopt a safety strategy, transferred from their former education in which formal correctness was highly stressed, and thus striving to avoid errors but at the expense of lacking the features favored by the raters. A novelty of this study lies in its research design where raters evaluate L2 writing with errors being corrected, which has seldom been conducted in the field of cross-culture rhetoric. In this way, raters’ views of the relative importance of qualities rather than accuracy, whose impact can be so great that it overshadows other qualities (Gebril & Plakans, 2014), can be better explored. This chapter provides an extensive critical review of seminal and recent works on rater behaviors in language-testing situations, which can be very informative for teachers, raters, and language-testing researchers to understand the overt and covert factors in writing assessment. Also, it adds to this line of research by bringing to the fore the challenges pertinent to raters’ varied views of how important different text features are for evaluation. More importantly, the different cultural traditions between learners’ previous and current school systems are posited to partially account for L2 writers’ writing performance. Other researchers in the field of L2 writing (Chen & Zhang, 2019) have also encountered instances where students might have resorted to prior learning experience when writing in a second language. Given the importance of learners’ prior experience for writing and assessment, we expect that there will be more research in the future that examines the role and impact of culture-dependent factors in writing and testing. Language-structure-related challenges are discussed in Chapter 3, which we consider as the most intriguing chapter of the book. Through text exploring and linguistic profiles building, Rosmawati's study sheds light on the different types of syntactic constructions in L2 students’ writing. She posits that at the language structure level, writing academically in English presents a major hurdle to students of non-Anglophone backgrounds; the challenges might result from a lack of awareness of the syntactic characteristics of academic English writing, such as concise language with dense information mainly at the lexical and phrasal levels. One noticeable difference between the study in Chapter 3 and previous relevant studies, as Rosmawati argues, is the combined use of textual coding and a multilevel synchrony mapping method to arrive at the linguistic profiles. A drawback of many of the currently available measures of syntactic complexity is that while they could give a numerical representation of syntactic complexity at each textual level, they cannot reveal what underpins or constitutes such representations. By combining the multilevel synchrony mapping method and textual coding, she succeeds in gaining a visual representation of the underpinning structures of the learner's texts, filling in a research gap caused by the drawbacks inherent in the existing measures. Rosmawati's study makes a great contribution to the field of L2 writing as, first of all, she explores the texts with a focus on nominal construction, one of the most representative traits of academic prose but left largely underexplored. Her findings provide empirical evidence in support of the proposition that academic writing at the advanced level is characterized by compact language with dense information through complex nominal structures. Also, she explores the feature of nestedness, which cannot be examined using other measures of syntactic complexity, thus capturing a more nuanced picture of the profiles of syntactic complexity in the texts produced by each learner. With such understanding, readers are well prepared to look for the causes of the manifestation of the syntactic complexity and the challenges that lead to such manifestation. Chapter 4 attends to the linguistic challenges demonstrated by English-as-an-additional-language (EAL) learners when writing in the core curriculum content areas of science. Fang and Li's Chapter 4 reports on a textual analysis study in which they draw on the systematic functional linguistics (SFL) concepts of genre and register to inform their analysis of the writing samples produced by two adolescent EAL learners. One of the main lessons to be learnt from this chapter is that EAL learners face considerable challenges in producing texts that realize the purpose of discipline-legitimated genres and meet typical school expectations for language use. Another merit of this chapter is a genre-based approach to writing instruction that aims at content learning and literacy development at the same time. The instructional procedure is succinctly presented, together with potential effects based on empirical evidence from prior research. Given the vital role of writing in science and science learning, we expect that there will be more research in the future implementing and examining the pedagogical effectiveness of the genre-based writing approach proposed here. This would be especially helpful for writing instructors who need to prepare their EAL students for further learning or practicing in science. Chapter 5 centers around EAL learners’ challenges in developing the expected academic literacy drawing on perspectives from doctoral candidates. It fills a gap by exploring their experiences of accessing support for writing development at the initial stage of doctoral studies, a particularly challenging but underexplored phrase. One of the main findings is that despite the idiosyncratic nature of the doctorate, there are shared circumstances and experiences that contribute positively to the writing development of four interviewed EAL doctoral candidates, including consultation with and receiving feedback from language advisors, supervisory guidance on language issues, and experiences of engaging with scholarly activities. Botelho de Magalhães in Chapter 5 highlights the significance of expanding EAL doctoral candidates’ opportunities to engage with academic discourse, such as participating in academic practices, to support their growth as writers. Instructors teaching at graduate level and supervisors might find this chapter especially helpful. With English being the lingua franca of academia, supervising EAL doctoral students to write academically might be their daily routine. The recommendations and suggestions in this chapter might be able to help facilitate their doctoral students, who acquired a different variety of English from that in the new academic environment, in the development of academic writing abilities. This book's emphasis on the norms that writers bring with them from their previous educational experiences and cultural backgrounds comes into focus in Chapter 6. Leskinen reports a study in which she explores immigrant students’ agency when participating in new academic literacy practices in L2 Finnish, centering on their beliefs and lived experiences. Through narrative analysis, Leskinen points to the value of taking stock of learners’ knowledge base, such as their multilingual resources and external resources, providing further support of the postulation that students’ fund of knowledge can be leveraged to improve their writing (Wei et al., 2020). Furthermore, Chapter 6 contributes to the research on academic literacies in a second language by exploring Finnish, a less widely taught language compared to English and thus underexplored in existing research. Another novelty of Chapter 6 is its application of a dialogical approach to the analysis of students’ agency in L2 academic literacies. Leskinen calls for individual support for immigrant students in academic reading and writing instruction as they might not see the new literacy practice as relevant for learning. It is a shame that more thoughts on possible solutions to the predicament are not offered. Further research should extend on Leskinen's study and investigate what individual support should be provided in pedagogical practice. Chapter 7 is devoted to a cross-cultural comparison of Chinese and British student writings by exploring their use of rhetorical strategies of persuasion. Using a cross-corpora approach, Dong reports the similarities and variations in the rhetorical use of persuasive strategies by native and non-native students. The findings presented in Chapter 7 can be especially helpful for instructors teaching argumentative writing to English-as-a-foreign/second-language (EFL/ESL) learners. Firstly, an explicit instruction of the persuasive devices used by native writers (e.g., reason-oriented linguistic devices) could help L2 writers to establish a similar convincingness in their arguments compared to native writers. Another interesting finding is that the Chinese students displayed a stronger preference for pathos linguistic devices to appeal to readers’ emotional response, while the British students were more likely to resort to reason-oriented linguistic devices. Dong proposes that the differing practices of persuasive strategies between native and nonnative students reflect the latent conventionalized ideologies and sociocultural values underpinning persuasion construction. This chapter calls attention to the different ideologies that might underpin the argumentative writings in the two corpora. It bears pedagogical implications as instructors could foster EFL/ESL students’ awareness of appropriate use of persuasive devices when conveying assertions and establishing persuasion to improve their argumentative writing abilities. The last chapter concludes the book by bringing to the forefront the preparation that researchers, supervisors, and teachers alike need to consider in facilitating the transition and reposition of EAL students. Zhang depicts the border-crossing journey as a transformational apprenticeship in which learners face multiple challenges, including linguistic challenges, contrastive rhetoric, differences in rhetorical traditions, affordance, and disadvantages of being bilingual. The last chapter extends the discussion of learners from the East learning to write in norms practiced in the West beyond merely summarizing the obstacles. He highlights the importance of enhancing EAL students’ metacognition to improve their academic writing. In his view, EFL/ESL students, as biliterate or multiliterate users, need to be made aware of the multiresources they themselves bring into the learning-to-write process. Their already well-developed, high-proficient literacy can be leveraged by the teachers. Chapter 8 draws our attention to a common while often neglected understanding that English for academic purposes (EAP) is no easy task, regardless of whether one is a native or nonnative speaker. It is important for writing instructors to have such an understanding as this idea is crucial to both boosting EAL students’ morale and helping them to overcome the inferiority complex. This handbook has numerous impressive features. One of the most noticeable features is that the overall theme of crossing borders is reflected in the research topics, geographical locations, and contributor profiles of all chapters. It contributes to the existing scholarship by exploring literacy border-crossing experience from the East to the West as well as across Europe. This book has a strong cohesiveness, particularly because all authors employ a consistent structure for each chapter. All the eight chapters possess a format that reflects a typical empirical study, an introduction, a background with a review of relevant literature, followed by findings and discussion, and a conclusion. Although each chapter can be viewed as a stand-alone study, the eight chapters work best when viewed as a whole. Another winning feature is that it successfully captures all the key issues in literacy border-crossing within a single volume without overwhelming the readers with a large amount of information. The book includes a variety of topics, such as writing norms and assessment, writing proficiency development, and testing regime and practices, within a reasonable number of chapters (eight chapters) and total pages (184). Each contributor of the book has enough space to delve deeply into the topic of their particular chapter. Therefore, this book strikes a balance between being informative and not overwhelming with its abundant content. In spite of the merits, the book has its limitations. The majority of the studies included in this volume adopt an exploratory research design, using case study design, corpus-based approach, or other qualitative design. Therefore, the current edition offers few illustrations of pedagogical applications and many of the instructional approaches discussed here stay at the theoretical level (e.g., Chapters 4 and 6). Perhaps a future edition may offer not only the theories and future directions, but also evidence from pedagogical implementations. On the whole, this volume fulfills its intended purpose and brings to prominence the various obstacles learners have to overcome in developing writing abilities across cultures and disciplines. The practical stance taken by all the contributors along with the compelling findings is both timely and relevant as it highlights the linguistic and social issues writers from diverse cultures face when writing in new circumstances and genres. For those teaching or working in the field of L2/FL writing, the recommendations and implications discussed in the chapters are applicable as they can be adopted or adapted to the specific teaching needs. Despite the omissions, we believe that this book is a must-read for scholars, practitioners, and graduate students seeking to better understand writing in countries where the norms differ from the expectations or writing in new discourse communities set in new disciplines. It is the responsibilities of researchers from here on to design solid studies to maintain the gains in the research on writing across borders. This work was supported by a grant from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities for project 2662021WGQD001. The peer review history for this article is available at https://publons.com/publon/10.1111/ijal.12436.
The article reflects the results of scientific and philological research, which made it possible to analyze the ways of translating the image of Ukraine in English translations of Ukrainian poetry. Based on the generalization of the research results of scientific sources, the concept of literary translation as a linguistic problem is revealed. A special connection between the artistic image and the linguistic category on the basis of which it is formed is noted. The main requirements for the translation of works of art are highlighted, among them: accuracy, conciseness, clarity and literacy. It has been established that the main difficulty of literary translation is the accurate understanding of lexical units and the relationship between what the author wanted to convey to the reader and what the translator translated. Two aspects of the Ukrainian poetry translation are highlighted: linguocognitive and linguocultural. It is determined that the linguistic and cultural aspect of translation analysis allows to identify the features of reflection in the English poetic translation of the value dominants of Ukrainian ethnoculture based on the comparison of the cultural concept name, symbols of culture and emotional expression, and linguocognitive allows to highlight the features of the concepts system reflection of the Ukrainian author in the figurative system of English translations of his lyrics. The concept and role of the cultural concept UKRAINE in English translations, which is expressed by lexical means of a particular language, are studied. There are four components of the cultural concept: conceptual, value, symbolic and figurative. It is revealed that the elements of imagery and symbolism are structural parts of the cultural concept. It has been found that the translator’s understanding of the author’s system of concepts is a condition for reproducing the image of his country in translation. The symbols of Ukrainian culture in poetic works are analyzed, which are multi-valued subject images that express values and worldviews. The artistic symbol is considered to be one of the types of figurative concept with a multilevel structure of reference and the main aspects of its analysis should include determining the depth of the original symbol and its culturological components. Analysis of the translation of symbols showed that the most commonly used way of reproducing Ukrainian poetic symbolism is tracing, less commonly used methods of transcription, transliteration and equivalent translation. It is determined that the symbolism reproduced in the translation cannot convey all the cultural components and semiological depth, because the associative connections with the place of its origin are interrupted. It causes a symbolic appropriation of the image of Ukraine in the target culture, and at the same time conveys its ethnic uniqueness. The main ways of conveying the image of Ukraine in translations of Ukrainian lyrics are revealed, as a result of which literary translation adapts to the norms of the language of translation and becomes accurate and clear. The following lexical transformations in translation have been singled out: transcription, transliteration, equivalent translation, tracing and contextual substitution method. A comparative analysis of the translation of symbols and images of Ukraine in translations of Ukrainian poetry. Comprehensive research has shown that the most prevalent methods of translation are contextual substitution, equivalent translation and tracing. Thus, the article fulfills all the tasks are fulfilled in the work and it is also determined that the components of symbolism and imagery are a structural part of the concept of UKRAINE in general.
The article analyzes the presence of the possible world of film text in A.P.Zvyagintsev’s and O.I.Negin’s screenplay Dislike. This text for the first time became the subject of philological analysis using comparative and contextual-functional methods. The director’s published comments allow tracing the path from the literary screenplay itself to the film text. As a result of the sampling of linguistic material, which reveals the presence of the possible world of the film text in the script, the specificity of its categories (integrity, coherence, completeness, dynamics, etc.) was revealed. The possible world of cinema text determines the a priori variability and uncertainty of the script text. The article reflects the features of the scenario functioning of lexical-grammatical and syntactic language means. The screenplay and the film text are interdependent, but not identical entities. It has been established that the development of the technical parameters of the film text has an indirect effect on the film script. One of the aims of the study is to critically analyze the notions that the screenplay does not have the merits of a literary text. In the course of analyzing the presence of a possible world of film text, the working hypothesis was confirmed that a film script is a text with a motivated violation of communicative and pragmatic norms (accuracy, relevance, expressiveness). It represents a new type of text, the anomalies of which are due to its intended purpose for semiotic translation into cinematic text, the diverse nature of its receptive program.
This chapter provides an interesting and cohesive collection of articles documenting, the call ‘Standard Average European hosts Africa and Asia in the new millennium’. Urban varieties belong to all genders and age-groups in a variety of functions, “male youthspeak” is more restricted. Urban varieties are defined by their difference from the older standard and dialect forms of the languages, and are in the process of settling on their own norms, difficult as that may be in a brave new world of code-switching, rapid technological lexical expansion and the intrusions of European languages. The modern products, pastimes and concepts that prove increasingly attractive to young people come packaged in English; at best, speakers manage a hybridity between community language and colonial and/or European language. The opening up of a linguistic and stylistic continuum is well illustrated in Yazgül Simsek & Heike Wiese’s account of the new migrant forms of German.
Defined as fixed, unchangeable, and hereditary, the family name carries characteristics of historical and geographical identity. They originate from different word classes and different dialectal or homeland idioms. Therefore, their grammatical and lexical characteristics show certain particularities in relation to the standard language norm. Description of morphological and morphosyntactic characteristics of surnames in language manuals is mostly indicated in the case of foreign surnames, cases of declension of female sur-names ending in -a, writing and declension of double surnames. Not rarely, Croatian surnames and their declension patterns are causing problems for Croatian language speakers. This paper analyzes surnames of the region of Zadar, their formation patterns as well as their peculiarities in relation to the standard language form. Analyzed surnames are chosen according to their re-presentation and include all formation suffixes of surnames of the region of Zadar. This paper also tries to define to what extent speakers of the Croatian language have difficulties in defining their declension patterns. The starting assumption of the research study is that, because of their geographical distribution or frequency of use, certain surnames are closer and more familiar to Croatian native speakers. Hence, less deviation from the standard is observed in their declension by comparison to the declension of surnames that are less represented or less widespread.
The article reveals the peculiarities of the development of choreographic education in Ukraine in pre-professional forms of organization in the 20s of the XX century. In the aspect of socio-political and cultural determinants, the organizational and pedagogical foundations of choreographic training of the younger generation in the structure of general and out-of-school education are analyzed. The educational value of the phenomenon of pre-professional dance creativity is clarified. It has been observed that during the study period children's dance amateurism was formed in the educational, cultural and artistic spheres in institutions of various functional purposes: in general education institutions, dance vocational schools, art studios, children's and youth clubs. The dissemination of elementary choreographic knowledge also took place in various mass forms of aesthetic and educational leisure: concerts, literary and musical matinees, evenings, and mass folk festivals.Based on the analysis of the educational sector's reporting documentation of the time, it was found that official support for school and out-of-school amateur children's choreography was centralized, regulated by norms and methods, and subordinated to the ideological narratives of the society of the time. Physical education bias dominated the arrangement of the content of school motor training. The priority direction of leisure time choreographic activities of schoolchildren in institutions of mass culture is the attraction to newly created mass dance forms of Soviet origin, lexically simple and accessible for assimilation. The main principles of mass children's choreographic performance were the availability of dance vocabulary, a combination of elementary natural movements, jumps, running, simplicity and artistry of musical accompaniment.It is proved that in the period under study, the formation of the content of pre-professional choreographic training of children and students involved the correlation of ideological and educational tasks. Mass choreographic forms were interpreted primarily as an effective component of the overall system of class education. At the same time, it was noted that the quality level of children's amateur choreography in the system of cultural and mass work remained generally low, despite its popularity in society. The need to improve pre-professional dance creativity in various forms of organization remained relevant.
This paper presents and discusses a discourse relation annotation scheme for the MUCH corpus of academic writing, based on Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST). The set of proposed relational tags takes into regard both distinctiveness, pedagogical needs and implementability with automatic rules. We show how a pilot grammar with 180 rules can map discourse relations between existing syntactic nodes, exploiting lower-level grammatical/treebank markup and surface clues such as connectives (e.g. conjunctions and prepositions). In an evaluation of a live run on student essays from teacher training courses, the average false positive rate across the most frequent 21 categories was 26.7 % for tags and 17.1 % for relation links. Performance was best for categories with a high percentage of rules using surface connectives and, for in-sentence relations, their corresponding dependency links.
The present article is concerned with multilingual similarities of Europeanisms that have similar lexical and semantic structures in modern multilingual multi-genre European media-discourse. The cross-linguistic investigation of Europeanisms covers three European languages, namely German, English and Ukrainian. The purpose of this scientific research is to characterize the semantics, creation and functioning of Europeanisms-neologisms in modern multilingual, multi-genre media-discourse The Europeanisms will be understood here in terms of its geographic boundaries, European cultural heritage, European mental, social and material culture, their cultural foundation, the modern European self-awareness, the common norms and values of Europe, the European spirit as a worldview guide. First I take a short retrospective view on Ukrainian and European approaches to the problems discussed in this article. Europeanisms are sufficiently represented in the modern medical, economic, political, military, household, educational, digital media-discourse und cyber-discourse. It was found that the most active processes of word formation occur in the modern European media-discourse. Common methods of word formation of Europeanisms are affixation, compounding, contamination, and contraction. The negative ideological connotation of new eponymous pejoratives formed from the surnames of modern political leaders, and of new Europeanisms-exoethnonyms was revealed. The given European eponyms and exoethnonyms acquire an emotional and evaluative color with additional connotative meaning. By several similar examples of Europeanisms in diverse discourses it is qualified that English is the most important donor language for them. Despite the extremely unfavorable conditions of the pandemic and the (cyber)war, a number of original occasionalisms have become established in the European multilingual multi-genre media-discourse.
This study focuses on the negativity bias theory displayed by individuals scoring high on depressive symptoms when viewing emotional stimuli. Based on previous research on negativity bias in depressed individuals, two hypotheses were tested: (1) The valence scores are lower for individuals scoring higher on depressive symptoms when rating high arousal, low valence images, and (2) a magnified LPP amplitude is observed for more depressed individuals when viewing high arousal images with low valence. Participants (N=131) were university students (Mean age= 20.8). The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) images were used as stimuli, and scalp event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to determine levels of depressive symptoms and categorize participants into low, middle, and high levels of depressive symptoms groups. Results showed significantly lower LPP amplitudes and higher mean valence ratings for individuals scoring higher on depressive symptoms compared to the low and mid depressed groups. Based on the results, both hypotheses are rejected as more depressed individuals show flattened emotional responses to highly arousing, unpleasant stimuli.
Online lexicographical resources for the morphologically rich Indigenous languages in Canada use a wide range of strategies for conveying their language’s morphological system, i.e. how words are inflected and derived, which this paper illustrates in a survey of seventeen bilingual online resources. The strategies these resources employ boil down to two basic approaches to the underlying structure of the resource: 1) a lexical database, or 2) a computational model. Most resources we surveyed are constructed around lexical databases. These assume the word(form) as the basic unit, an assumption that makes it difficult to incorporate the language’s sub-word, morphological structure in full detail. However, one resource uses a computational morphological model to bring the language’s morphology into the core of the lexicon – this proved to be a “low-hanging fruit” in the application of language technology that had been accomplished within a reasonable time-frame, as has been advocated by Trond Trosterud. We discuss the value created and questions raised by this approach and argue that it successfully overcomes the traditional Boasian three-way partition of dictionary, grammar, and text, creating integrated language resources that meet the modern needs of low-resource endangered languages and their communities.
Slang is a very interesting concept that generally exists in any language. In particular, this layer of the lexical system of the language is very actively expanding in modern times, we would say that it is becoming more widespread among young people and new ones are being formed. This is especially due to the fact that many of the restrictions that have existed so far in public and private life have been removed, and therefore it manifests itself in language, people are able to express their views. In some cases, it seems that the use of slang is due to illiteracy, but in fact this is not the case. Slangs, as a rule, differ significantly from the norm of literary language. Of course, this is not always the case. It is the first to react to every event and change in society and is able to assimilate them, and therefore slangs are more popular among young people. Slang is distinguished from dialects and dialects by its vocabulary. The words in its lexical system are mainly divided into three groups: a) words taken from another language; b) specially installed words; c) words with changed meaning, etc. Words in slang are unusual. This feature enhances the listener's sense of expressiveness and expressiveness. As a result, there is an opportunity to spread. Elements of slang are rapidly spreading and used in the art world, albeit by a small number of people. Slang is not the same in all nations. Thus, in many nations it is weak, and in some nations it is strong. For example, slang related to hunting and trade was widespread in Russian until the beginning of the 20th century. The origin, formation and development of slangs, as well as tracking their transformation into literary language over time, researching their cognitive relationship, summarizing these ideas, classifying slang, studying their origin and use from a social and functional point of view can be considered a scientific innovation of our research.
The study of foreign languages in modern society becomes an integral part of the professional training of specialists of various fields of activity, and their further career growth may largely depend on the degree of their language training. Studying the Ukrainian language as a foreign one contributes to the development of communicative competence, forms the student’s ability to use it as means of communication. At the center of the educational process for foreign students should be activities aimed at developing knowledge and communication skills in the Ukrainian language in a professional context. Its purpose is the formation and improvement of communication skills and abilities of students studying the Ukrainian language, that is, the ability to communicate using a foreign language in various situations in the process of professional interaction with other communication participants. In the learning process, it is possible to take some tasks that ensure the formation and improvement of professional communication in a foreign language: actualization of knowledge of lexical units and grammatical rules; formation of the ability to choose and use adequate language norms depending on the purpose and situation of communication; improving the ability to understand different types of communicative situations, as well as to build coherent and logical utterances; development of abilities to choose verbal and non–verbal means in case of communication failure; expanding knowledge about the socio–cultural features of the representatives of the countries of the language being studied, their traditions and norms of language behavior, as well as the formation of the ability to understand and adequately use them in the process of communication, while keeping student’s own culture. It is necessary to emphasize the special relevance of business communication in the orientation of preparation for personal and professional development of the student. At the same time, language information is the most reliable and perfect social means of communication and information acquisition, which serves as an exchange of thoughts and feelings and at the same time expresses the meaning of social relations. Therefore, the motivation of communicative orientation is one of the most important means of increasing the effectiveness of students’ foreign language learning. Key words: speech activity, dialogue, monologue, communicative approach, communicative task, initiating replica, replica–reaction.
This article deals with Russian derived verbs of behaviour, formed on the basis of substantive and adjectival stems by means of suffixation. The aim of the analysis is to identify and characterize the structural, lexical and designative specificity of this class of words from the derivational-semantic aspect. The study showed that the four word-formation models that are the most productive and popular in Russian speech are those that include suffixes-nicha(t?), -stvova(t?), -i(t?), and -ova(t?), within which the explication of?behavioural semantics? takes place. Lexical derivation is accompanied by active metaphorization, as a result of which the verbal lexeme acquires expressive-evaluative connotation (often pejorative) and functional and stylistic marking (?colloquial? or?bookish?). The article characterizes motivational relations and lexical and word-formation semantics of verbs formed according to a particular model and reveals their designative-evaluative and regulative function. Verbs of behaving and acting reflect stereotypical ideas of native speakers of Russian about desirable, exemplary or undesirable, socially proscribed forms of human interaction with the surrounding world. Their derivational dynamics allows for objectification of basic moral and ethical meanings and deontic norms in the mental and cultural space of the Russian language, which indicates the axiological component of the process of verb designation.
In 2004 I composed a small polemic for GLQ ominously titled “Geopolitics Alert!” That effort was followed by a cautionary essay in 2007 called “The Voyage Out: Transacting Sex under Globalization,” and finally, in 2016, a coedited special issue, “Area Impossible,” on the fraught couplings of area studies and queer studies (Arondekar and Patel 2016). If you're sensing a theme, or even a tiresome repetition of cautions and concerns, you're not wrong. At stake then and now remains the critical labor of geopolitics in the mappings of queer/trans studies or, more precisely, the instrumentality of area/region in the legitimacy of sexuality/ gender's discursive regimes. While the early debates around the geopolitical cleaved largely to a language of lament, erasure, and general outrage (hence my alarmist early polemic in 2004), there was a seeming clarity of corrective purpose. Queer studies was (is?) too exhaustingly white and not right, a by-product of an extractive US-centered knowledge supply chain. The turn to the transnational, the global, the geopolitical, the regional, was seen as an intervention, an epistemic dike that would stem the tide of US-funded queer takeovers. Alongside the rise of queer of color critique and many other theoretical kin in indigenous, disability, animal studies, and more, there was a sense that queer/trans studies was experiencing a radical sea change.1Even as such transnational turns and voyages out expanded the terrains of our engagements, I wonder now, as I did then, could such geo/histories, geo/objects forge critical vernaculars both within and without a US-based queer studies? After all, Gayatri Spivak's (2003) early pronouncement (yes, it was 2003!) on the enduring asymmetries of knowledge economies has hardly been reversed. The “inconvenience” of too many languages, too many histories, too many divergent objects of studies colors much of what we continue to do today. As a scholar who works in South Asia, I am always nudged (however gently) to provide glossaries, translations of terms that at least 1 billion folks else/where inhabit and understand. We still live inside monolingual and/or metrolingual landscapes, populated by an appetite for geopolitical diversity that nevertheless returns us to the gift of the master language. To be clear, such monolingualism (epistemic and literal) exists as much in the rest as it does in the West. There remains a dearth of scholarly writing in nonmetropolitan languages across all hemispheres, even as queer/trans subjects flourish and proliferate every day.2 As such, Spivak's (2003: 10) principled “too bad” rejoinder still demands attention, and perhaps further translation. Is the “too bad” an incitement to action, a rousing yet paradoxical acceptance of the necessary but impossible task of learning other/wise? Or more bluntly, is it a plangent admonishment that learning from below is always an exercise in humility and incommensurability?3 All I can say is that the punchy “too bad” stands as a stark reminder that we will never know enough, learn enough, and indeed extract enough, for the subaltern to speak. And that endures as our inconvenient truth.I have returned often to this Spivakian dictum, more so when I sat down to compose this review essay. Even as queer/trans-ness is lambasted as the new neoliberal, crony capitalist mission, a messy bricolage of pinkwashed ideology, homonationalism, feminist governance, and a whole lot of gay and trans internationals (I may have missed a few more choice descriptors), could trans/queer studies think with and along these geopolitical knowledge asymmetries as the very conditions of scholarly production? Could queer hermeneutics, slanted through geopolitics, help us bypass this worlding industry in which state and capital continually refurbish refusal as product? While it is laudable to have scholarship on India, Egypt, Philippines, or Brazil (pick your favorite queer else/where) take center stage for an issue or two, would such scholarship become the citational foundation for queer understanding? Would we ever bypass the hoary press of the North/South binary and focus more on South-South conversations? After all, queer/trans epistemologies are always spaced forms, familiar lexical imaginaries, housed within the languages of geopolitics and difference. Reproductive futurism is always geopolitical futurism; queer utopia is equally queer geography, where other worlds are continually reproduced as contexts, exemplars, at best interruptions in a journey that inevitably and necessarily shepherds us back into the diversified holdings of an American studies project. If sexuality's difference is always marked by gender, race, class, caste, and more (jettison that white child please), it is equally a story of spatialized difference. To put it more ambitiously, could our voyages out forge a queer/trans geopolitics? Or as my coeditor Geeta Patel and I asked in our special issue, could histories of area be histories of sexuality?Such foundational concerns and more animate the wide-ranging scholarship of Rahul Rao, Evren Savcı, and Howard Chiang, the three authors whose timely and trenchant works are in conversation here. Axiomatic for all three scholars is the clear understanding that there can be no coherent theory of geopolitics. For each, their varied geographies rattle and rouse the very concepts (nation, identity, history, religion) that they are summoned to translate and theorize. Each text extrapolates from a sedimented history of area and/or region that mobilizes the abstractions and institutions of the geopolitical as cautious signs and sites of scholarship on gender/sexuality. As such, we have divergent and sometimes contradictory translations of the geopolitical that render gender/sexuality in different tenors, genres, and politics: postcolonial studies (Rahul Rao), Middle Eastern/Islamic studies (Evren Savcı), and Sinophone studies (Howard Chiang). In what follows I will engage with each author's efforts to think of the geopolitical (in all its varied avatars) less as a mark of distinguishing exemplarity (or contextual specifics) but more as a signifier and episteme of histories of gender/sexuality. At stake thus is less a summation of their complex and rigorous arguments (for that, read their wonderful books please!) but more an attention to the epistemological and disciplinary conventions that summon geopolitical heterogeneity. Rahul Rao speaks through his vexed disciplinary and intellectual home in international relations; Evren Savcı marshals the vernaculars of sociology, ethnography, and affect; and Howard Chiang wrestles with the evidentiary regimes of historiography and area studies. Conceived amidst escalating climates of authoritarianism, sectarianism, militarization, and political violence in India, Uganda, Turkey, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and mainland China (PRC), the three books dexterously embrace the challenge of writing histories of gender/sexuality within conditions of peril and possibility. Legal rights and representation of queer/trans collectivities expand and/or contract alongside the surveillance and persecution of all forms of dissent, protest, and refusal.While each book signals the stakes of its interventions through a central concept-metaphor, be it Rao's focus on postcolonial temporalities, Savcı’s project of queer translation, or Chiang's turn to transtopia, there is a shared agon of arrival in every narration. A “productive paradox” (Savcı 2021: 2) propels the three authors into their writing, a displacement, if you will, of the inherited temporalities and epistemologies of queer/trans theory. Most stridently, for Rao, it is his unease with the “temporal lag and rupture” of histories of sexuality (xx), the tiresome dialectic of Western imposition and non-Western incorporation that he wishes to exceed, and indeed jettison. Rao's work is clearly derivative of Jasbir Puar's critical corpus, especially her insight on statecraft and homo/nationalism, and in many ways, Out of Time is an effort to extend Puar's (2002, 2007) work across more comparative and divergent geopolitical contexts. Indeed, one of the striking achievements of Rao's analysis is his ability to think comparatively within a South-South postcolonial framework, providing a rare reading of empire's shadow across continents and collectivities. Uganda (the worst place to be gay) and India (the most aspirational place to be gay) set the stage for us as the multipronged project of queer freedom unfolds across conflicted and collaborative relationships with inherited colonial laws, postcolonial statecraft, and transnational supply chains, fueling both resistance and compliance. Rao is at his critical best, for example, when he charts genealogies of homophobia as homegrown iterations of the “foundational grammar” of the postcolonial state (215), in his careful reading of the mythology of Mwanga, a nineteenth-century Ugandan king. Mwanga, whose alleged homosexuality ironically sutures the “native” past to a neoliberal postcolonial present (214), is equally embraced and disavowed within Ugandan public memory as a source and scourge for the emergence of LGBTQ freedoms.Rao's theorization of homocapitalism (a new kin of/to homonationalism) emerges as the text's key intervention. Unlike more rehearsed denigrations of capitalism that uphold romanticized movement histories as counterpoint, Rao's contributions seek more nuanced ground. What is lost, Rao asks, when the postcolonial state and postcolonial queer movements both cede to networks of capital that mobilize gender and sexuality inclusion (let's bring in the queers) at the very moment of their continued erasure (let's bring in the upper-class, upper-caste queers)? More resources (and rights) are accessed even as nonmarket-allied queer lives survive amidst landscapes of precarity and deprivation. Given that Rao begins his book by querying “how time matters differently in the queer postcolony” (2), it is only thus fitting that he ends with a temporality of resistance and possibility against the relentless march of homocapitalism.4 To do so, Rao turns to the “backwardness” movements of trans/Dalit collectivities who choose pathways of nonlinearity to secure economic rights and legal representation (174). While the census category of Other Backward Castes (OBC) delegates lower-caste bodies to a telos of stalled development and progress, the same category is refurbished to amplify lower-caste struggle. To be “backward” within the topographies of census and data is not to surrender the time of modernity, but to seize it from the stranglehold of upper-caste and normative linearity. To be “backward” is to belong multiply: past colonial categories revitalize and rupture present bodies of resistance.Rao's invocation of a resilient homocapitalism translates into the more specific complex of “neoliberal Islam” in Turkey in Savcı’s provocative Queer in Translation: Sexual Politics under Neoliberal Islam. If Rao suggests that the rise of neoliberalism proliferates morality crises in Ugandan society that in turn spawn myriad representations of homo/trans phobia, Savcı amplifies that claim through the twinning rise of neoliberal Islam and the explosion of LGBTQ movements in Turkey. Savcı charts a lively and counterintuitive history of trans/queer movements in Turkey (2000s), which emerge at the very moment of the ascension of the so-called moderate Islamist party, Adalet ve Kalınma Partisi (AKP: Justice and Development Party), a pro-West, pro-globalization party. The efflorescence of queer/trans history alongside the electoral affirmation of a Muslim vote in a Muslim-majority country stages the central translation of the book, making the combative dichotomy of Islamist extremism versus Western neoliberalism an untenable fiction. Such a coupling between Turkey's AKP and queer/trans movements, Savcı notes, however, is short-lived. In 2015 the AKP renewed police persecution of PRIDE marches, spawning a new generation of dissent and activism. The book is a riveting account of that seismic shift, from AKP's embrace of queer/trans rights to their rejection of them, from the encouragement of queer visibility to the crushing of all dissent.Savcı’s analysis of such a shift bypasses the familiar and tired mantra of a radicalizing Islam in a Muslim-majority country. Instead, Savcı attributes AKP's reliance on modalities of securitization, surveillance, and moral conservatism to a burgeoning neoliberal citizenry that nestles Islam within supply chains of capital distribution. To speak of a neoliberal Islam, or more radically to center neoliberal Islam as a vector of queer analysis, reorders the grammar of queer critique. No more an object of search and rescue, or the maligned and “subjugated other of Western modernity” (3), neoliberal Islam confounds the very languages of Euro-American queer articulation. As Savcı pointedly notes, the caricature of locals (the treasure trove of anthropology) either as failed/foiled subjects of queer freedom, or alternately as exemplary radical forms, evacuates any thick engagement with queer/trans movements in Muslim-majority countries. It is only critical translation that troubles such staged binaries and provides us with a historically situated “ethnographic study of the contemporary Turkish Republic as a lived reality grounded in political economy and government rule” (3).At times, Savcı’s theorizations of queer translation rest on a linguistic turn and, at other moments, on an interruption of a conventional geopolitical rendering of Islam. We are reminded (as Spivak noted all those years ago) that there are multiple and often competing category forms that make up the histories of gender and sexuality. The English-centrism of queer/trans studies eschews the multilingualism of diverse bodies of Islam. After all, Turkey's Sunni majority is counterposed by other minoritized Islams, just as queer/trans history inhabits a myriad of layered and contrasting forms. What is most compelling in Savcı’s emphasis on queer translation as a modality of geopolitics is that it speaks to the historical ontologies of linguistic categories, mediated through transfers of power and capital. Translation becomes the episteme of the geopolitical, moving us away from the focus on subjects and subjectivity as the only pathway to queer justice.Governance with and in neoliberal Islam translates the cultural into the economic, requiring new vernaculars of queer analysis. Savcı reminds us (as does Rao) that gay (neo) liberalism (through its alliances with racial capitalism) creates subjects who consume and migrate into homonormative kinship forms (family, marriage), even as they are seen to be in constant need of protection, surveillance, and security. Yet such broader repudiations of neoliberalism often presume Islamophobia as its active component. How does one engage such critiques in spaces where Muslims are not the minority, as they are in the Euro-American translation of Islamophobia? Turkey decisively ruptures such inherited languages of queer critique in its relationship to Islam as a lived, contradictory, and vibrant ethos. From the confounding and sensational murder of a gay Kurdish man, to unholy kinships between religious hijabi women and LGBTQ activists, from the emergence of the public commons that is Gezi Park, to new economic alliances, Savcı leaves us with a rich compendium of queer keywords. We are in constant living translation.To close, I want to turn to Chiang's Transtopia in the Sinophone Pacific, a dizzyingly ambitious book that wrestles with asymmetries of disciplinary forms and historiographical evidence amidst ongoing geopolitical upheaval in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the PRC. While Rao and Savcı speak to the paradoxical and “out of time” couplings of neoliberal governance and queer/trans movements and their translations, Chiang invests more in a “continuum” model whereby “transtopic” historical thinking dwells in the plethora of representations (material, psychic, social, etc.) that yoke themselves to transgender existence. Identarian models of transgender forms, Chiang argues, limit the horizons of epistemic possibility, requiring a recuperative and/or stabilizing presence that elides the vastness and ubiquity of their histories. And we have a wide array of histories available for perusal: Harry Benjamin's (1885–1986) sexological treatises, the genealogy of a spectacular Chinese trans category, renyao (literally “human prodigy”) castrated subjects in Sinophone cinema, and, finally, the checkered history of transgender activism in the Asia Pacific. And like Rao and Savcı, Chiang too brings together studies and transgender stage and of the of Chiang's however, remains less After all, by now, we know that there exists a of gender and Western What does is Chiang's on the and of geopolitics in our of forms. The book, for begins with Chiang's at the Queer in where the of as historical presence is just as on in Hong Western historiography to and Chinese to of the of at the very moment when Hong police across a few Chiang, such asymmetries of the central geopolitics in any history of gender and not to of but to the historical that our analysis. Savcı and Rao, Chiang is equally to shift the for neoliberalism the critique of models of and capital. The is less to and Hong to the stage of history, but more to the of history As such, one key of the book is a of what Chiang of (3), in which the multilingualism and of Chinese as a historical object are or Chiang works with of Sinophone and on the of where remains the and Sinophone collectivities in Hong and work in with Chinese in the from Hong of to a place with as We the of and to an understanding of gender as of the with no trans As a of Chiang does his best work in 1 when he follows the rise of the American through the and representations of From and to and a historiography of emerges in which each geopolitical of a different story of gender's difference. Transtopia is thus a of historical of and difference is not in it the very forms of its emergence in histories of sexuality. That may be the of this book, as it demands new for the of trans there is clearly much more to say all three what remains clear is their of queer of analysis. To say that there is within these around would be an Each text dwells on the of such epistemologies of and to queer/trans studies to the task of geopolitics, not as an for or but as a of and often impossible that task may it the of queer/trans studies.
Previous research has traditionally used first language (L1) English linguistic norms as a benchmark to assess second language (L2) production (Cook, 1992) and to select experimental stimuli in bilingual studies (Vaid & Meuter, 2017). Despite the immense contribution of this approach, L1 benchmarks may not completely represent the linguistic experience of L2 users, and they might limit our understanding of multicompetence or the state of knowing multiple languages (Cook, 1991; Klein, 1998; Vaid & Meuter, 2017). A few attempts to develop indices that more closely represent L2 linguistic experience have been made (e.g., Monteiro et al., 2020; Naismith et al., 2018), but researchers have been slow to respond to the need for more L2 benchmarks. The primary aim of this dissertation is to help address this gap by developing lexical benchmarks based on L2 corpora and L2 behavioral data collected for this dissertation. The corpus-based benchmarks included L2 lexical frequency indices, L2 range indices, and L2 semantic context indices based on Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) and Word to Vector (Word2vec) computational methods. The benchmarks based on behavioral data included L2 word recognition indices from a word naming task performed by bilinguals studying in the United States (N = 94). These benchmarks were validated against psycholinguistic data of L2 lexical processing and human judgments of L2 writing proficiency. The results suggested that the L2 benchmarks were successful predictors of L2 writing quality and L2 word processing and were more predictive than L1 benchmarks in some cases. Analysis of individual output also suggested that the L2 benchmarks provide frequency and word recognition information that may be unique to L2 users.
The in-out effect refers to the tendency that novel words whose consonants follow an inward-wandering pattern (e.g., P-T-K) are rated more positively than stimuli whose consonants follow an outward-wandering pattern (e.g., K-T-P). While this effect appears to be reliable, it is not yet clear to what extent it generalizes to existing words in a language. In two large-scale studies, we sought to extend the in-out effect from pseudowords to real words and from perception to production. In Study 1, we investigated whether previously collected affective ratings for English and Dutch words were more positive for inward-wandering words and more negative for outward-wandering words. No systematic relationship between wandering direction and affective valence was found. In Study 2, we investigated whether inward-wandering words are more likely to occur in positive online consumer restaurant reviews written in English and Dutch, compared to negative reviews, and whether this association was stronger for food ratings than for decor ratings. Again, no systematic relationship between wandering direction and review rating emerged. We suggest that the affective states triggered by different consonantal wandering directions might be used as a cue for forming judgments in the absence of other information, but that wandering direction is too low in salience to drive the shape of words in the lexicon.
Artiklis arutleme inimestelt semantilist leksikaalset infot koguva uurimuse peamiste probleemide üle. Kirjeldame katset, millega kogume konkreetsushinnanguid eestikeelsetele sõnadele. Artikli eesmärk on analüüsida semantiliste tunnuste hinnangutena kogumist kui meetodit tervikuna. Hinnangute kogumise metoodikat on vaja sisuliselt ja kriitiliselt hinnata, sest sellise info kogumine on nii keelepsühholoogia kui ka keeletehnoloogia valdkonnas aina olulisemal kohal. Esmalt käsitleme konkreetsust ja abstraktsust kui mõisteid ning seda, kuidas neid varem uuritud on. Seejärel anname ülevaate uuringutest, mis on kogunud konkreetsushinnanguid teiste keelte sõnade kohta ning toome välja selliste hinnangute peamised kasutusalad. Kolmandaks anname ülevaate eestikeelsete sõnade konkreetsushinnanguid koguvast katsest ning sellega kaasnevatest probleemidest nii sisu kui ka vormi osas. *** Collecting concreteness ratings for Estonian words This paper analyzes introspection as a method of collecting large amounts of semantic data from human participants. Semantic indexes, such as lexical concreteness ratings, are becoming increasingly predominant in current psycholinguistic and language technology research. However, human introspection and categorized semantic properties also constitute fields over which researchers traditionally quarrel. Hence, an analysis of the issues introduced by this methodology is needed, with the aim of sparking discussion and introducing doubt into overly confident frameworks, hopefully even leading to more uniform and solid research designs where fewer classic mistakes are made. In this paper, we first discuss the concepts of concreteness and abstractness as well as the usefulness of such lexical indexes, followed by the description of a vast experiment collecting concreteness ratings from at least 2000 Estonian speakers. In the main part of the paper, however, we discuss a number of stimulus-based and organisatory issues, which this method either inherently entails or might introduce, as well as make suggestions for overcoming them.
The purpose of the article is to study the structural (syntactic) aspect of pleonastic formations, build a structural concept and thereby prove their semantic significance, as well as informative interpretation. The object of analysis is pleonastic expressions and their pragmatic functions based on the material of publicist and artistic discourses. The subject of analysis is the comparison of the transaction (transmission) of the author’s and the “communicative isolation” of the meaningful lexical unit – pleonasm. The result of the study is the recognition of the normality of the use of this phenomenon, but subject to certain conditions: only models with homogeneous components with the meaning of a person, phenomenon, quality, state, basically, complement, clarify the conceptual content of the expression. The semantics of the object or subject is redundant in models with predicative units. These constructions are usually found in colloquial and publicistic styles, which does not allow them to be attributed to the norm of the modern Russian literary language. Structural models with a subordinate relationship with the meaning of an object, attribute, action (agreement) are also considered superfluous.