Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
Bloom (1981) argued that English has a salient counterfactual marker--the subjunctive to express hypothetical and implicational meanings whereas Chinese has no distinct lexical, grammatical or intonational device to signal entry into the counterfactual realm. He suggested that the lack of a linguistic means to mark counterfactuality in Chinese influences the cognitive behavior of speakers of Chinese: they are less likely to reason counterfactually. To test his hypothesis, he presented stories featured by counterfactuality to both English and Chinese speakers and compared their responses to counterfactual questions. The overall result of his experiment was that his American English subjects scored significantly higher than Chinese subjects. Bloom interpreted his findings as evidence for the weak form of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: language influences thought and linguistic differences entail corresponding cognitive differences. This dissertation intends to demonstrate, through a survey of literature and interviewing of native Chinese informants, that although Chinese does not have a syntactic means equivalent to the subjunctive in English to mark counterfactuality, it does have lexical devices to express hypothetical and implicational meanings. In addition, there are contextualization cues such as stress, pitch and intonation that make counterfactuality explicit. The fact that some Chinese were reluctant to respond to Bloom's hypothetical questions as he had expected may not be a reflection of differences in cognitive processes, but rather a reflection of differences in cultural values. Data collected for this dissertation also indicate that differences in linguistic categorization are not necessarily paralleled by cognitive differences. The educational implication of this dissertation is: to be a competent speaker in any language it is not sufficient only to learn linguistic forms. It is essential to learn the culture and social norms of a particular society and the use of language in contexts: topic, setting and participants in order to communicate appropriately and effectively.
Abstract As hypothesized by Bem (1981)’s Gender Schema Theory, individuals regulate themselves and their expectations towards others according to the gender norms in a community. The current study examines children’s gender schema regarding the language styles in compliments addressed to both the gendered self and others. Two types of oral discourse completion tasks were designed for the purpose, where twenty-five Mandarin-speaking children were instructed to pay compliments in a normal-speaking style and an imitated style of the opposite gender. Machine learning algorithms were implemented to analyze the variations of language features at lexical, discourse-pragmatic, and discourse-semantic levels. The results show that, compared to lexical features such as lexical richness and word choices, discourse-pragmatic features are more prone to gender ideologies and exhibit style-shifting in children’s imitation of the opposite sex when addressing compliments. At the discourse-semantic level, a significantly low probability of positivity was demonstrated in girls’ imitated compliments, according to the results of the logistic regression. In general, the findings support the presence of gender-differentiated language styles among pre-adolescent children. In particular, girls at this age have developed the stereotype that boys tend to use language with a less prosocial sentiment for the manifestation of their “maleness”. Directions for improving the experimental design and uncovering the possible confounding mechanisms were discussed to illuminate the multidimensional complexity of the cross-gender variations in the more nuanced speech traits, such as the use of intensifiers.
Detecting offensive language is a challenging task. Generalizing across different cultures and languages becomes even more challenging: besides lexical, syntactic and semantic differences, pragmatic aspects such as cultural norms and sensitivities, which are particularly relevant in this context, vary greatly. In this paper, we target Chinese offensive language detection and aim to investigate the impact of transfer learning using offensive language detection data from different cultural backgrounds, specifically Korean and English. We find that culture-specific biases in what is considered offensive negatively impact the transferability of language models (LMs) and that LMs trained on diverse cultural data are sensitive to different features in Chinese offensive language detection. In a few-shot learning scenario, however, our study shows promising prospects for non-English offensive language detection with limited resources. Our findings highlight the importance of cross-cultural transfer learning in improving offensive language detection and promoting inclusive digital spaces.
Pakistani English, recognized as a unique non-native, emerging, and indigenous variety of English, has evolved into an independent norm-dependent, and institutionalized language form. Diverging from Standard British English, it exhibits distinctive features in morphology, syntax, lexis, grammar, and phonology, shaped by socio-cultural, religious, and regional influences, contributing to its singular linguistic and cultural identity. Utilized across various domains, including education, commerce, and science and technology, Pakistani English plays a pivotal role within the Pakistani context. This comprehensive study sheds light on Pakistani English, encompassing its historical development, and conducting an in-depth exploration of its linguistic characteristics, namely lexical, morphological, syntactic, and phonological features. Additionally, it meticulously delineates the distinctions between Pakistani English and Standard British English. The research adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative analysis of linguistic data with ethnographic insights, providing a holistic understanding of Pakistani English's intricate interplay between language and culture. The study underscores the significance of these findings in advancing the fields of linguistic and cultural studies, offering valuable insights into the complex dynamics of language evolution and its profound impact on cultural identity and communication in the contemporary world.
The article is dedicated to the analysis of lexical and grammatical transformations in the process of translating international legal documents from English into Ukrainian. The linguistic aspect is of great importance in ensuring accuracy and compliance in conveying legal norms and obligations. The article examines lexical and grammatical transformations from the classification of L. Naumenko and A. Hordeyeva, which translators apply to adapt the text to the Ukrainian audience and take into account the linguistic and cultural specifics. The article analyzes various types of translational transformations and their role in the translation process, considering the perspectives of renowned scholars who have made significant contributions to the understanding of this concept, such as L. S. Barkhudarov, I. Korunets, I. Sinyahovska, I. Melchuk, J.-P. Vinay, J. Darbelnet, I. Zorenko, L. Naumenko, A. Gordieieva, Ya. I. Retsker, V. Karaban, I. Klymenko, T. Levytska, A. V. Fedorov, A. D. Schweitzer, I. Orlova, M. Shemuda, and O. O. Selivanova. The research emphasizes the importance of analyzing lexical and grammatical transformations in ensuring the accuracy and adequacy of the translation of international legal documents such as the European Convention on Human Rights and the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and highlights the diversity of approaches to their classification and application in translation. The article provides examples of specific transformations used by translators to preserve legal accuracy and maximize consideration of linguistic specificity in the translation of such documents, and it analyzes the most commonly used translation transformations in international documents that ensure their precision and clarity.
The article reveals the general requirements for the qualification papers of future Mathematics teachers in the context of observing linguistic and stylistic norms of the scientific style, forming the language culture of a modern teacher. The social and communicative importance of the influence on the development of the teachers’ mathematical and scientific language has been analyzed. The peculiarities of the scientific language and the main flaws of its written presentation – the scientific style text – in the qualification papers of Mathematics teachers, who obtain the second educational level, have been revealed. Considerable attention has been paid to the formation of mathematical texts, in particular to issues of modern mathematical terminology. Typical linguistic and stylistic mistakes of authors, which they make when writing, editing and translating mathematical texts, have been analyzed. These mistakes to the specifics of scientific technical terminology, lexical and stylistic features of the style of scientific language have been related. Examples of the most frequently used lexical constructions and stable inflections in mathematical texts have been given. Recommendations on avoiding mistakes when constructing a text in a scientific style have been given. Selecting appropriate Ukrainian equivalents of commonly used lexemes of the Russian language, using established word combinations, and observing the grammatical norms of the literary language have been provided.
Nigerian hip-hop artists utilize linguistic techniques to navigate cultural and societal boundaries. While past research on Nigerian hip-hop has delved into its use of English variations, portrayal of women, and the framing of identities and beliefs, there has been limited exploration of the language’s role in depicting internet fraud. This study adopts an applied linguistic lens and an interdisciplinary methodology to analyze the portrayal of internet fraud in tracks by six renowned Nigerian hip-hop artists: Okafor Golden Chinedu (X Busta), Mikel Mint (Jupitar), Patrick Nnaemeka Okorie (Patoranking), Babatunde Olusegun Adewale (Modenine), Abolore Adegbola Akande (9ice), and Olumide Edwards Adegbulu (Olu Maintain). Drawing from the principles of Moral Disengagement and Lexical Semantics, the research elucidates how these artists linguistically navigate societal norms when addressing theme of internet fraud.
Reading is a complex process involving multiple stages. An impairment in any of these stages may cause distinct types of reading deficits- distinct types of dyslexia. We describe the Malabi, a screener to identify deficits in various orthographic, lexical, and sublexical components of the reading process in French. The Malabi utilizes stimuli that are sensitive to different forms of dyslexia, including "attentional dyslexia", as it is traditionally refered to, characterized by letter-to-word binding impairments leading to letter migrations between words (e.g., "bar cat" misread as "bat car"), and "letter-position dyslexia", resulting in letter transpositions within words (e.g., "destiny" misread as "density"). After collecting reading error norms from 138 French middle-school students, we analyzed error types of 16 students with developmental dyslexia. We identified three selective cases of attentional dyslexia and one case of letter-position dyslexia. Further tests confirmed our diagnosis and demonstrate, for the first time, how these dyslexias are manifested in French. These results underscore the significance of recognizing and discussing the existence of multiple dyslexias, both in research contexts when selecting participants for dyslexia studies, and in practical settings where educators and practitioners work with students to develop personalized support. The test and supporting materials are available on Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/3pgzb/).
The article examines the dynamics of word formation of names of persons of the feminine gender during the 20th and early 21st centuries. The trends of prescriptive and descriptive norms in connection with non-linguistic factors of different historical periods are clarified. The vocabulary of feminine nouns had signs of natural language development until the end of the 20th century and acquired threatening proportions in the last decade, which can lead to the destruction of the phonetic, morphonological structure of the word and the literary norm in general. The issue of creating feminine names in the Ukrainian literary language has gained significant resonance in recent years. Among the reasons for its actualization, linguists cite the powerful socialization of modern women, their involvement in the spheres of “male” activity, state-building tendencies to assert national identity (“restoration” of the purity and authenticity of the language), the impact of the democratization of society on the literary standard. Language always responds to the demands of society and this is one of the drivers of its natural development, but provided that these changes correspond to its structural features, in the case of names of persons of the feminine gender, to the potential possibilities of word creation. As evidenced by language practice, this is the main and defining problem that can have not only negative, but also destructive consequences for the grammatical system in general. Any word-formation models are embedded in the language a priori, and have certain precedents throughout its historical development. The creation of personal names has a long tradition in the Ukrainian language and is primarily based on the principles of the internal structure of the dictionary. The most important and unchanged for all generations of linguists were the instructions of the norm-makers of 20th century on the natural development of the language, which is decisive for its life activity as a whole. At the current stage of language functioning, the normativity of a word depends on its compliance with the phonetic and morphological structure of the Ukrainian lexicon and the lexical norm in general.
The article analyzes the peculiarities of the use of uppercase in the current spelling of the mo dern Ukrainian literary language. Аuthor compared the new rules with the previous editions of the Ukrainian spelling code of 1994 (Ukrainian spelling. 4th edition, corrected and supplemented. Kyiv, 1994. §§ 34—40) and 1999 (Ukrainian spelling. Project of the newest edition / Edited by V.V. Nimchuk. Kyiv, 1999. §§ 37—47). It should be stressed (emphasized) that this problem did not previously and does not cause significant discussions among Ukrainian linguists. A mention should be made in the current spelling, compared to the pre vious editions, the corresponding rules are developed in more detail. Proposals for supplemen ting / clarifying the rules for the use of uppercase / lowercase letters with new recommendations are outlined. The author clarified the wording of some points and notes, the spelling of: 1) compound Arabic anthroponyms with the components ibn and bint; 2) full official titles of the highest church officials; 3) official compound names of authorities, institutions and organizations, societies and associations; and also added new examples: 1) illustrative material; 2) a list of graphic abbreviations, etc. To draw the conclusion, one can say that the “uppercase” section in the current spelling is structured in terms of content and clear in terms of linguistic design in accordance with modern lexical and grammatical norms. Keywords: uppercase, proper names, small letter, toponyms, Ukrainian spelling.
This dataset offers a multilingual corpus for studying Persian translations of Plato’s Crito in comparison with the Ancient Greek source text. It is designed for scholars and students working in fields such as translation studies, computational linguistics, and philology. This repository includes: The Ancient Greek text of Crito (Burnet edition) Five Persian student translations, word-level and sentence-level alignments Three finalized Persian translations, word-level andsentence-level alignments, including UD treebank annotations Two English translations (Jowett and Fowler), sentence-level aligned One German translation (Schleiermacher), sentence-level aligned A Greek–Persian lexical wordlist for Crito Source Texts & References Greek text: Plato. Platonis Opera, ed. John Burnet. Oxford University Press. 1903.Source: Perseus Digital Library – https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0169%3Atext%3DCrito%3Asection%3D43a Student Persian translations: Produced during a Greek translation course by elementary students after a 30-hour introductory course to Ancient Greek. Each translation was made using Ancient Greek commentaries, lexicons, and parallel English and German translations available in this dataset. Alignments were created by the translators using Ugarit.These translations are available as word-level and sentence-level alignments. The word alignments are extracted from Ugarit, but they are still visualized on Ugarit. Translators’ Ugarit profiles: - Shouresh Assimi: https://ugarit.ialigner.com/userProfile.php?userid=50956- Aylar Mahmoudzadeh Sarabi: https://ugarit.ialigner.com/userProfile.php?userid=63464&tgid=9576- Nima Mohammadi: https://ugarit.ialigner.com/userProfile.php?userid=52434&tgid=9362- Kimia Nikpour: https://ugarit.ialigner.com/userProfile.php?userid=52378- Farshid Rahimi: https://ugarit.ialigner.com/userProfile.php?userid=50932&tgid=9727 Finalized Persian translations: Three finalized Persian translations, revised under the supervision of Farnoosh Shamsian.These translations are available as word-level and sentence-level alignments, accompanied by UD treebank annotation English translations: Fowler’s translation:Plato, H. N. Fowler, W. Lamb, Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vol. 1, translated by Harold North Fowler; Introduction by W.R.M. Lamb, volume 1, Harvard University Press and Wiliam Heinemann Ltd., Cambridge, MA and London, 1966.Fowler's translation on Perseus Digital Library:https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=plat.+crito+43aAlignment: Sentence-level Jowett's translation:Plato, B. Jowett, Crito, The Internet Classics Archive, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/crito.html.Alignment: Sentence-level German translation: Plato, F. Schleiermacher, Platons Werke, In der Realschulbuchhandlung, 1809Link to the text on Project Gutenberg:https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/platon/platowr1/kriton.html Alignment: Sentence-level Dataset Contents To ensure proper rendering of Persian RTL text, files are available in both CSV and XML formats when necessary. Student translations aligned at sentence-level:Sentence-level alignments of the Ancient Greek text of Plato’s Crito with all five student Persian translations, two English translations (Jowett and Fowler), and one German translation (Schleiermacher).The sentence number is the treebank sentence ID followed by the Stephanus paginations.Files and Formats available:crito_sentence_alignments_student_translations.csvcrito_sentence_alignments_student_translations.xlsxNotes: All eight translations aligned to the same sentence boundaries as the Greek text. Student alignment data extracted from Ugarit:Word-level alignments of the student translations, which were done throughout the course by each student on Ugarit. The zip file includes five folders, each containing the Ugarit user ID of the student who did the translation and the alignment, followed by their last name in parentheses. Each folder includes the alignments of Crito done by the student, exported from Ugarit as a JSON file. The name of each JSON file is the identifier of the alignment on Ugarit.Formats available:student_alignments_ugarit.zip, containing JSON files Three finalized Persian translations aligned at sentence-level:Sentence-level alignments of the Ancient Greek text of Crito with the three finalized Persian translations under the supervision of Farnoosh Shamsian. The sentence number is the treebank sentence ID followed by the Stephanus paginations. Formats available:crito_finalized_translations_sentence_alignment.csvcrito_finalized_translations_sentence_alignment.xlsx Three finalized Persian translations aligned at word-level to the UD treebanks:Word-level alignments of the three finalized Persian translations to the Ancient Greek text, accompanied by UD Treebank annotations. These alignments are done by a single annotator according to alignment guidelines previously published on Zenodo here:Shamsian, F. (2023). Alignment Guidelines for Greek-Persian. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.8039931Formats available:crito_finalized_translations_treebank_word_alignment.csvcrito_finalized_translations_treebank_word_alignment.xlsxNotes: The translations are aligned to the treebanks provided by the Pedalion project, which were automatically generated and manually corrected. See more here: https://perseids-publications.github.io/pedalion-trees/ A Greek-Persian wordlist:A bilingual wordlist containing Greek–Persian lexical correspondences for every Greek word attested in Plato’s Crito.Formats available:crito_greek_persian_wordlist.csvcrito_greek_persian_wordlist.xlsx Notes This is the actively maintained and most complete release. An earlier version (only the three finalized translations) is now outdated, but still archived on Zenodo for reference here: Shamsian, F., Assimi, S., Mahmoudzadeh Sarabi, A., Mohammadi, N., Nikpour, K., & Rahimi, F. (2023). Persian Translations of Crito, Three Versions with Word-level Alignment. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8333681 Refrences to the consulted print sources and other Persian translations: Adam, J. (1888). Platonis Crito. Cambridge University Press. Emlyn-Jones, C. (1999). Crito. London: Bloomsbury Academic. Fowler, H. N., Lamb, W. R. M., & Shorey, P. (1966). Plato in Twelve Volumes: With an English Translation. Harvard University Press. Jowett, B. (1909). The Apology, Phaedo, and Crito of Plato, with introduction, notes and illustrations. New York P.F. Collier & son. http://archive.org/details/apologyphaedocri0000plat Plato (1938) Hekmate Soghrāt va Aflātun (M. A. Foroughi, Trans.) Tehran: Majles Publishing house. Plato (1979) Dore-ye Āsāre Aflātun (H. Lotfi, Trans.) Tehran: Kharazmi. Plato (1989) Vāpasin Ruzhāye Soghrāt (J. Jahanshahi, Trans.) Tehran: Porsesh. Plato (2013) Mohākeme-ye Soghrāt (L. Golestan, Trans.) Tehran: Markaz. Plato (2023) Kriton (I. Shafi’-Beyk, Trans.) Tehran: Ney. Schleiermacher, F. (1910). Platons Apologie und Kriton. Verlag Philipp Reclam.
Abstract Introduction During laboratory-based, voluntary exposure to total sleep deprivation (TSD), relatively large decreases in positive mood and relatively small increases in negative mood have been observed, with the magnitudes of change varying across individuals. People differ in their trait emotion reactivity, i.e., their sensitivity to emotion-evoking stimuli or events. As higher reactivity is associated with greater difficulty regulating emotion, we hypothesized this trait could moderate mood changes during TSD. Methods N=96 healthy adults (ages 21-38, 47% female) participated in one of three 4-day/3-night in-laboratory TSD studies. In each study, after 10h baseline sleep, participants were exposed to 38h TSD, followed by 10h recovery sleep. Participants completed the Emotion Reactivity Scale (ERS), and their self-reported affect was assessed every 2-4h during wake using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The 11 test bouts during TSD shared across studies were included in analyses (day 2: 09:00, 13:00, 21:00, 23:00; day 3: 01:00, 03:00, 05:00, 07:00, 09:00, 13:00, 21:00). Positive and negative affect ratings were analyzed with linear mixed-effects regression with fixed effects of test bout (categorical), ERS score (continuous), and their interaction, covariates for study, sex, and age, and a random intercept over participants. Results Participants showed the expected decrease in positive affect as a function of test bout (time awake and time of day, p< 0.001), and a smaller, non-significant increase in negative affect (p=0.17). Higher ERS scores were associated with increased negative affect during TSD (p=0.002), but this effect was small, and negative affect showed a floor effect. Emotion reactivity was not a significant predictor of decreased positive affect during TSD (p=0.97). Conclusion As hypothesized, emotion reactivity predicted individual variability in negative affect during TSD, but unexpectedly it did not predict the decrease in positive affect associated with TSD. This suggests that the trait measured by the ERS may be biased toward negative affect, and/or that positive affective changes may be more difficult to predict during the low arousal state induced by TSD. Studies inducing greater variability in negative affect during TSD (e.g., through exposure to a stressor) are needed to confirm our findings. Support (if any) NIH CA167691, ONR N00014-13-1-0302, and CDMRP W81XWH-16-1-0319 and W81XWH-20-1-0442.
There is mounting evidence suggesting that the effectiveness of positive psychological interventions can be influenced by a variety of factors, including one’s cultural context. Identifying target variables that can effectively serve to improve individual well-being under these boundary conditions is a crucial step when developing viable interventions. To this end, we examined how gratitude disposition, self-esteem, and optimism relate to the subjective (SWB) and psychological well-being (PWB) of Japanese individuals. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that while self-esteem was predominantly more strongly associated with SWB compared to gratitude disposition, the latter was more strongly associated with the PWB dimensions, particularly personal growth, positive relations with others and purpose in life. These results were largely corroborated by a second expanded dataset. In addition, we used experience sampling over a four-week period to examine how momentary affect ratings related to overall daily evaluations. We found that both gratitude disposition and self-esteem moderated the association between momentary positive affect and “good day” evaluations but in opposite ways; increasing gratitude disposition strengthened the association, while increasing self-esteem weakened it. All in all, the current results suggest that while gratitude, self-esteem, and optimism influence individual well-being as a whole, they each likely play distinct roles as enablers of SWB and PWB in the examined cohort.
* Introduction This is the Khmer ALT of the Asian Language Treebank (ALT) Corpus. Please refer to<br> http://www2.nict.go.jp/astrec-att/member/mutiyama/ALT/index.html<br> for an introduction of the ALT project. The process of building the Khmer ALT began with sampling about 20,000 sentences from English Wikinews, and then these sentences were translated into Khmer language.<br> <br> The English Wikinews<br> https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Main_Page<br> is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License.<br> https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ * License Khmer ALT has been developed by NICT and CADT (a.k.a. NIPTICT). The license of Khmer ALT is Academic Research Non-Commercial Limited CC-BY-NC-SA Reference-Type License Agreement Terms and Conditions The use of this material (copyrighted material, data, etc.) is permitted under the conditions similar to the Creative Commons "Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike" License. However, the purpose of use shall not only be "NonCommercial" but must be “for Academic Research and Non-Commercial”.<br> The detailed legal provisions are listed at the end of the document, but the outline is as follows. You are free to:<br> Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format<br> Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material<br> The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms. Under the following terms:<br> Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.<br> Academic Research&Non-Commercial — You may use the material only for academic research purposes and may not use it for commercial purposes.<br> ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. In this Terms and Conditions, academic research purposes are not associated with the interpretation of the Creative Commons License, and shall refer to "the purpose of intellectual creative activities conducted by persons belonging to institutions of higher education and research institutes, etc. in order to develop a better and affluent society through exploration of the truth about nature, humans, society, etc., discovery of new principles and laws, and application of these in a wide range of fields from natural sciences to human and social sciences." Non-commercial means: not for the purpose of any contribution to a for-profit or commercial business. The outcome of research and development activities initially undertaken without the purpose of contributing in any way to a for-profit or commercial business shall not be permitted to be used later to contribute to one. The legal provisions of this license are: the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode) plus the following rider clauses. On that note, the Terms and Conditions of this license are not equal to that of the Creative Commons license—they were inspired by them and share most of the terms and conditions with them, but shall be considered as a different license. Rider Clauses<br> 1. "Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License" in the title and preamble shall read "Academic Research Non-Commercial Limited CC-BY-NC-SA Compliant License Agreeement Terms and Conditions".<br> 2. Article 1 c and g shall be deleted.<br> 3. Article 1 k shall be amended as follows:<br> k. "Academic Research Purposes" shall refer to the purpose of intellectual creative activities conducted by persons belonging to institutions of higher education and research institutes, etc. in order to develop a better and affluent society through exploration of the truth about nature, humans, society, etc., discovery of new principles and laws, and application of these in a wide range of fields from natural sciences to human and social sciences, and does not consider contribution to for-profit or commercial businesses as its main or secondary purpose. Activities initially undertaken without the purpose of contributing to a for-profit or commercial business, shall no longer be considered as "academic research purposes" as soon as they decide to contribute to one.<br> 4. Article 3 b.1. shall be replaced by the following:<br> 1. The Adapter's License that You apply must be this License.<br> 5. In all provisions, "NonCommercial" shall read "Academic Research Purposes" and "this Public License" shall read "this License". Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License<br> <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode> * Usage 1. Compile the source codes.<br> 2. Run with no option to see the instruction.<br> 3. Follow the instruction to generate the treebank.
Goal pursuits have long been associated with how good or bad people feel. The exact affective influence of approaching the end of a deadline-bound task, however, remains unclear. People's effort level usually increases as they approach a deadline, yet while some theories predict this pattern will correspond to an increase in positive affective state, others may suggest that affective state will follow an opposite trend. Here, participants (n = 22; 14 women) performed a deadline-bound spaceship game paradigm designed to measure U-shape patterns in effort allocation by the frequency of keypresses. Participants vocally rated how they feel on a scale ranging from -5 ("very bad") to +5 (very good) every 30 seconds through the game. We found that both effort level and affective ratings followed a U-shape pattern through the task. This result supports an opportunity cost model of goal gradients which suggests that people postpone competing activities in favor of performing a focal task when approaching a deadline.
MOBA as one of the many popular subgenres today, Mobile Legend, Arena of Valor, League of Legend and Lokapala based on the large number of downloads can be mentioned as popular MOBA games, but the rating of these four applications is below 4.0 on the Google Play platform Store, this happens because some users may think that this mobile MOBA game has several advantages, but also some disadvantages that affect ratings. This study aims to determine the results of sentiment analysis on mobile MOBA games using Google Play Store reviews. Then it is processed using Python programming to create a model with the linear kernel Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm to classify the dataset. From the results of the classification model test using 19,579 data, where there were 10,017 positive sentiment data and 9,562 negative sentiment data and the distribution of train data and test data was 70%: 30%, obtained an accuracy of 82.64% and then re-evaluated using the Cross Validation method using 5 times so that an accuracy of 83.38% is obtained Keywords: MOBA, Sentiment Analysis, Machine Learning, SVM, Cross Validation
This dataset is an extraction of the data contained in <em>LinkEast</em>, a lexical database of Eastern Polynesian languages. <em>LinkEast </em>is housed at the Université de la Polynésie française, within <em>Anareo</em>, a digital infrastructure dedicated to research on and documentation of the languages of French Polynesia. This data (v1.0) is based primarily on the Linguistic Atlas of French Polynesia (Charpentier & François, 2015). References:<br> Charpentier, Jean-Michel, & François, Alexandre, 2015, <em>Atlas linguistique de la Polynésie française</em>, Berlin et Papeete, Mouton de Gruyter et Université de la Polynésie française.
We propose a method for the classification of objects that are structured as random trees. Our aim is to model a distribution over the node label assignments in settings where the tree data structure is associated with node attributes (typically high dimensional embeddings). The tree topology is not predetermined and none of the label assignments are present during inference. Other methods that produce a distribution over node label assignment in trees (or more generally in graphs) either assume conditional independence of the label assignment, operate on a fixed graph topology, or require part of the node labels to be observed. Our method defines a Markov Network with the corresponding topology of the random tree and an associated Gibbs distribution. We parameterize the Gibbs distribution with a Graph Neural Network that operates on the random tree and the node embeddings. This allows us to estimate the likelihood of node assignments for a given random tree and use MCMC to sample from the distribution of node assignments. We evaluate our method on the tasks of node classification in trees on the Stanford Sentiment Treebank dataset. Our method outperforms the baselines on this dataset, demonstrating its effectiveness for modeling joint distributions of node labels in random trees.
Among the goals of digital transformation, there is a transformation of the model from a traditional one into a model of continuing education, and under these circumstances, school becomes the stage where, among others, the basic skill of a modern person is formed — the ability to learn. Teaching to learn is one of the most important ideas of current federal state educational standards. The authors propose to consider a modern foreign language lesson in the unity of aspects-components: communicative-interactive, logistical, procedural, instrumental. Each of the conditional components, representing an independent whole, is determined by and determines itself the normal functioning of content and activity, internal and external entities, as regards the lesson as a form of organization of the educational process at school. It is suggested that the complete replacement of teaching tools and means with digital analogues is impractical, due to the need to take into account certain patterns of mastering linguistic norms, a foreign language communication, as well as compliance with the health care rules for children and adolescents – students of educational organizations implementing general education programs in the country. The purpose of the study is to reveal the prospects of digitalization within the framework of the modification of components-aspects of a foreign language lesson, as well as to analyze the basic principles and conditions required for the transition to one of the levels of digital transformation of education as proposed by modern researchers. The authors come to conclusion about the need of a multi-level approach to change, to digitalization of each of the components-aspects of the lesson, about the potential choice of the desired depth and intensity of digital transformations in each case.
A method for predicting adversarial instances in a language includes producing graphs for each sentence that capture the structure. The graph comprises nodes and edges, a node label represents a perturbed word, and the edge labeled notes possible typos of perturbations. Language labels are predicted for the unlabeled movie review which involves propagating labels through the graph. The adversarial instances appear nearly identical to the given input, but their equivalent prediction can be misinterpreted. In the past few years, assessing adversarial instances has become a decorum to estimate the robustness of deep learning models. While most of the literature emphasizes continuous features (i.e., image). However, some deep learning models also became successful on discrete features, and thus demand a model to understand underlying vulnerability and robustness. In this study, all the one-edit perturbations of a specific word in a review sentence of the Stanford Sentiment Treebank textual dataset which swaps the sentiment from positive to negative are analysed. Classifier's accuracy is also observed by inducing different typos and validated results indicate that graph structure alone is sufficient to predict whether an instance can fool the classifier or not.
Abstract The labor market is a key part of an economy. Several existing online platforms allow the upload of resumes and the search for a job. One of their limitations, however, is that obtaining the best opportunity can be hard because certain jobs need some experiences, abilities, and features that an applicant might not know. The recent diffusion and employment of conversational agents definitely have proven to benefit this kind of issue. For example, ChatGPT has shown impressive outcomes in different domains and for a variety of tasks. It has weaknesses, although, related to the veracity of the responses it generates, which might deceive the user interacting with it. The usage of external domain knowledge is the direction we suggest in this chapter. Several lexical databases and taxonomies have already been collected and designed by different organizations. We illustrate a list of such resources and provide a solution that integrates conversational agents with relevant information extracted from one of such resources showing the benefits and the impact that our proposal can generate.
The internal representations of large language models (LLMs) remain largely opaque, hindering interpretability, alignment, and cross-lingual transfer. A core obstacle is polysemanticity—the phenomenon whereby individual neurons activate for semantically unrelated concepts—which arises from the superposition of more features than there are physical dimensions. Existing approaches, such as Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs), address this by decomposing embeddings into millions of monosemantic features, yet they recover no macroscopic coordinate system that organizes these features. In this work, we introduce the Atlas Autoencoder (Atlas AE), a topology-preserving autoencoder trained on approximately 100,000 English dictionary definitions, which compresses 768-dimensional transformer embeddings onto a 128-dimensional latent manifold. Linear probing within this latent space recovers eleven interpretable cognitive axes—Concreteness, Agency, Sentiment, Intentionality, Sociality, Power, Temporality, Dynamicity, Negation, Quantity, and Perceptuality—each grounded in established psycholinguistic norms (AUROC 0.75–0.96; all permutation ). Residual subspace analysis confirms that the semantic space saturates at exactly eleven stable dimensions. To assess universality, we project embeddings from five independent transformer models spanning five typologically distinct language families—Indo-European (English, French), Uralic (Finnish), Altaic (Turkish), and Japonic (Japanese)—through the same frozen, English-trained manifold. The resulting coordinate systems exhibit striking geometric isomorphism: core structural axes such as Power and Agency show cross-model variance, and all five languages agree on directional polarity for nine of eleven axes. Inter-axis correlation analysis reveals that the recovered basis is structurally oblique, with stable covariances (e.g., Power–Sociality ) that challenge the widespread orthogonality assumption in representation learning. These findings establish the Universal Semantic Manifold as a compact, interpretable coordinate system that bridges connectionist representations and symbolic cognition, offering a rigorous geometric framework for cross-lingual alignment, controlled semantic steering, and the quantitative study of conceptual structure.
This article in addition to introducing and defining taboos, examines the existing and well-known taboos in the collection of short stories” To whom should I greet” by the famous Iranian novelist SiminDaneshvar, during which, it refers to the use of taboo words by the characters of gender(female/male) in social situations. The authors have tried to include social behaviors such as: good/bad, holy/ unholy, polite/ impolite, etc. in social relations and dialogues of the work, based on the accepted norms of the Iranian society in front of the readers. In adition to be able to explain the relationship between culture and language and the intractions between the two in terms of prohibition in the sociology of language based on gender differences and how they are used. Besides, to prove that in this work, Simin while paying attention to the values of the Persian society, has consciously tried to break the linguistic norms in the daily individual and social life of the characters of some of stories in many cases. This study also tried to show the results obtained from the frequency of using taboos and inconveniences in the actions and speech of speakers by gender in the form of a graph at the end of the article and between gender and taboos in terms of their use in speakers there was a significant relationship.
Abstract This chapter examines issues that arise in speech communities in response to changes in the language. Some usages are more appropriate for formal contexts than for informal ones, while usages out of place in formal contexts may be perfectly fine in informal ones. Schooling tends to accord formal styles a privileged status over others, while a great deal of change comes from the language spoken more casually. While the singular noun English encourages us to view the language as a single, unified speech form, this has never been so. A standard language is a set of linguistic norms established by some generally accepted political or social authority. But different speech communities can have different standards, leading to greater variety across English dialects. Furthermore, each dialect by itself encompasses a variety of “standards,” depending on whether we are speaking or writing and to whom. Writing is generally more conservative, while oral language changes far more readily—to the dismay of those who prefer to leave things as they are.
Sociolects, as social varieties of language, should be classified and described on the basis of both linguistic and sociological criteria. In practice, however, most often only either the first one (e.g. according to Antoni Furdal and Danuta Buttler) or the second one is used (e.g. according to Aleksander Wilkoń and Tomasz Piekot). Both these criteria are less frequently combined (Stanisław Grabias). The article proposes those aspects of the sociological and linguistic functioning of language varieties that should be used by sociolinguistics especially in the characterisation of sociolects, but also in their typology. The sociological criteria include: the type of contacts in the group (including contacts made via the Internet), the degree of group formalisation, the durability of the group and the type of bond that binds the group together. Among the linguistic criteria the following were distinguished: nomination and expressiveness, the method of acquiring a sociolect and the degree of its codification and the rank of the linguistic norm. The article also clarifies the concept of the distinguishing features of the sociolectic vocabulary.
Focusing on recognition of multi-word expressions (MWEs), we address the problem of recording MWEs in WordNet.In fact, not all MWEs recorded in that lexical database could with no doubt be considered as lexicalised (e.g.elements of wordnet taxonomy, quantifier phrases, certain collocations).In this paper, we use a cross-encoder approach to improve our earlier method of distinguishing between lexicalised and non-lexicalised MWEs found in WordNet using custom-designed rulebased and statistical approaches.We achieve F1-measure for the class of lexicalised word combinations close to 80%, easily beating two baselines (random and a majority class one).Language model also proves to be better than a feature-based logistic regression model.
The paper examines team building in multicultural and multiethnic work environments – particularly in NGOs – by linking classic accounts of effective teams with sociolinguistic and socio-emotional perspectives. It conceptualises workplace teams as speech communities in which members share, negotiate, and sometimes contest linguistic norms, expectations, and emotional display rules. Drawing on management and organisational studies, the text outlines key structural conditions for effective teams, including clear goals, appropriate leadership, resource allocation, and mechanisms for accountability and cooperation. These insights are then integrated with research on emotions, culture, and communication, which highlights the role of emotional attachment, trust, and creative problem-solving in sustaining team cohesion. The paper argues that effective team building in such contexts requires not only formal structures but also deliberate cultivation of shared communicative practices and affective climates that support participation, innovation, and mutual understanding across cultural and linguistic differences.
We present new supertaggers trained on English grammar-based treebanks and test the effects of the best tagger on parsing speed and accuracy. The treebanks are produced automatically by large manually built grammars and feature high-quality annotation based on a well-developed linguistic theory (HPSG). The English Resource Grammar treebanks include diverse and challenging test datasets, beyond the usual WSJ section 23 and Wikipedia data. HPSG supertagging has previously relied on MaxEnt-based models. We use SVM and neural CRF- and BERT-based methods and show that both SVM and neural supertaggers achieve considerably higher accuracy compared to the baseline and lead to an increase not only in the parsing speed but also the parser accuracy with respect to gold dependency structures. Our fine-tuned BERT-based tagger achieves 97.26\% accuracy on 950 sentences from WSJ23 and 93.88% on the out-of-domain technical essay The Cathedral and the Bazaar (cb). We present experiments with integrating the best supertagger into an HPSG parser and observe a speedup of a factor of 3 with respect to the system which uses no tagging at all, as well as large recall gains and an overall precision gain. We also compare our system to an existing integrated tagger and show that although the well-integrated tagger remains the fastest, our experimental system can be more accurate. Finally, we hope that the diverse and difficult datasets we used for evaluation will gain more popularity in the field: we show that results can differ depending on the dataset, even if it is an in-domain one. We contribute the complete datasets reformatted for Huggingface token classification.
<em>This article touches upon the problems of improving the speech culture of students. It is known that one of the indicators of the level of culture, thinking, intellect of a person is his speech, which must comply with linguistic norms. It is in elementary school that children begin to master the norms of oral and written literary language, learn to use language tools in different communication conditions in accordance with the goals and objectives of speech.</em>
A dictionary’s basic function is to provide the meaning for all of the words contained within it. However, in addition to this key role, dictionaries also serve as a model for linguistic correctness, especially with reference to spelling norms and, consequently, they afford users an important guide to current orthographic standards. This chapter offers a series of reflections concerning a dictionary’s dual normative and semantic functions. First, we examine the extent to which linguistic norms should constitute part of lexicographic entries and then focus on the dictionary’s scope as a prescriptive reference tool that affirms and promotes a particular set of linguistic norms. Second, we debate the question of whether or not a dictionary should resolve any type of doubt that exists with respect to linguistic correctness, given the fact that other prescriptive tools, such as reference grammars, carry out the same prescriptive language function. We end this section with a reflection on the interdependence between language use and variation and how this interplay should be reflected in the formation of a set of ideal pan-Hispanic spelling norms. The second part of the chapter deals with the normative role played by the Royal Spanish Academy in conjunction with the Association of Spanish Academies in determining the nature and spread of orthographic standards for the Spanish language.
Nouns are one of the most frequently used word classes in English. As one variety of “World Englishes”, China English has received much concern in recent years. However, most research on nouns is still at the cognitive aspect or in the traditional qualitative way. As a new quantitative method, dependency grammar reveals the internal relations among the words in the sentence. Therefore, the syntactic features of nouns in China News English can provide a new perspective. The raw material of China English in this study is randomly crawled from China Daily, and the News part in the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) from 2013 to 2016is selected as the reference corpus. By using the Jupyter Notebook based on Python, the dependency treebanks are generated. After comparing the proportion of the word classes, dependency direction, and dependency distance of different dependents of nouns in China Daily and COCA, this paper finds that 1) On the whole, the categories of dependents in China English and American English are similar. Determiners, adjectives, nouns, prepositions, verbs, numbers, proper nouns, conjunctions, pronouns and particles are the top ten frequently-used modifiers of nouns. Compared with American English, China English tends to use more adjectives and nouns, while the determiners especially the articles and pronouns are relatively less used. 2) Both in China English and American English, the percentage of HI constructions and HF constructions is close to 50%. China English tends to be more right-embedded than American English. Compared with AmE, in ChiE, prepositions, conjunctions and participles are more frequently used as post-modifiers. 3) The mean dependency distance value of China English (2.68) is larger than American English (2.61). Both in China English and American English, the mean dependency distance of pre-modifiers is shorter than in post-modifiers. The longer the mean dependency distance value is, the more difficult is in processing the information. It indicates that in the News domain, China English is more difficult to be processed in expression. This research provides a new perspective to studying English variants and enriches the current research on nouns.
OBJECTIVE: Hoarding behaviour is a common but poorly characterised problem in real-world clinical practice. Although hoarding behaviour is the key component of Hoarding Disorder (HD), there are people who exhibit hoarding behaviour but do not suffer from HD. The aim of the present study was to characterise a clinical sample of patients with clinically relevant hoarding behaviour and evaluate the differential characteristics between patients with and without HD. METHODS: This study included patients who received treatment at the home visitation program in Barcelona (Spain) from January 2013 through December 2020, and scored ≥ 4 on the Clutter Image Rating scale. Sociodemographic, DSM-5 diagnosis, clinical data and differences between patients with and without an HD diagnosis were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 243 subjects were included. Hoarding behaviour had been unnoticed in its early stages and the median length in the sample was 10 years (IQR 15). 100% of the cases had hoarding-related complications. HD was the most common diagnosis in 117 patients (48.1%). CONCLUSIONS: The study found several differential characteristics between patients with and without HD diagnosis. Alcohol use disorder could play an important role among those without HD diagnosis. Home visitation programs could improve earlier detection, preventing hoarding-related complications.
Previous studies have made great advances in RST discourse parsing through specific neural frameworks or features, but they usually split the parsing process into two subtasks and heavily depended on gold discourse segmentation. In this article, we introduce an end-to-end method for sentence-level RST discourse parsing via transforming it into a text-to-text generation task, which can also be simply applied to document-level parsing. Our method unifies the traditional two-stage parsing and generates the parsing tree directly from the input text through our constrained decoding and postprocessing algorithms, without requiring a complicated model. Moreover, the discourse segmentation can be simultaneously generated and extracted from the parsing tree. Experimental results on the RST Discourse Treebank demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms existing methods in both the tasks of discourse parsing and segmentation. We further carry out ablation studies and more targeted comparisons with traditional patterns to analyze our method in more detail. Considering the lack of annotated data in RST parsing, we also create high-quality augmented data and implement self-training, which further improves the performance of our method.
Russian constructicon is an open-access linguistic database containing detailed descriptions of over 3,800 Russian grammatical constructions. In this paper we present a new, enlarged and updated version of Russian Constructicon (RusCxn) as well as new trajectories of development which were opened for the resource after the update. Since its first release, RusCxn, has undergone many significant changes. Our team has expanded the number of constructions present in the database 1,5 times, introduced new meta-information features such as glosses, significantly reworked the architecture and the design of Russian Constructicon’s website, and improved the search facilities. The above-mentioned changes not only make RusCxn more attractive and convenient-to-use, but they can also greatly facilitate typological research in the field of Construction Grammar and improve the mapping between constructicography-orinented resources for different languages.
PURPOSE: Slow speech rate and abnormal temporal prosody are primary diagnostic criteria for differentiating between people with aphasia who do and do not have apraxia of speech. We sought to identify appropriate cutoff values for abnormal word syllable duration (WSD) in a word repetition task, interpret them relative to a data set of people with chronic aphasia, and evaluate the extent to which manually derived measures could be approximated through an automated process that relied on commercial speech recognition technology. METHOD: Fifty neurotypical participants produced 49 multisyllabic words during a repetition task. Audio recordings were submitted to an automated speech recognition (ASR) service (IBM Watson) to measure word duration and generate an orthographic transcription. The transcribed words were compared to a lexical database, and the number of syllables was identified. Automatic and manual measures were compared for 50% of the sample. Results were interpreted relative to WSD scores from an existing data set of 195 people with mostly chronic aphasia. RESULTS: ASR correctly identified 83% of target words and 98% of target syllable counts. Automated word duration calculations were longer than manual measures due to imprecise cursor placement. Upon applying regression coefficients to the automated measures and examining the frequency distributions for both manual and estimated measures, a WSD of 303-316 ms was found to indicate longer-than-normal performance (corresponding to the 95th percentile). With this cutoff, 40%-45% of participants with aphasia in our comparison sample had an abnormally long WSD. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend using a rounded WSD cutoff score between 303 and 316 ms for manual measures. Future research will focus on customizing automated WSD methods to speech samples from people with aphasia, identifying target words that maximize production and measurement reliability, and developing WSD standard scores based on a large participant sample with and without aphasia.
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common metabolic disorder in the world and an important risk factor for peripheral arterial disease (PAD). CT angiography represents the method of choice for the diagnosis, pre-operative planning, and follow-up of vascular disease. Low-energy dual-energy CT (DECT) virtual mono-energetic imaging (VMI) has been shown to improve image contrast, iodine signal, and may also lead to a reduction in contrast medium dose. In recent years, VMI has been improved with the use of a new algorithm called VMI+, able to obtain the best image contrast with the least possible image noise in low-keV reconstructions. Purpose: To evaluate the impact of VMI+ DECT reconstructions on quantitative and qualitative image quality in the evaluation of the lower extremity runoff. Materials and Methods: We evaluated DECT angiography of lower extremities in patients suffering from diabetes who had undergone clinically indicated DECT examinations between January 2018 and January 2023. Images were reconstructed with standard linear blending (F_0.5) and low VMI+ series were generated from 40 to 100 keV, in an interval of 15 keV. Vascular attenuation, image noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were calculated for objective analysis. Subjective analysis was performed using five-point scales to evaluate image quality, image noise, and diagnostic assessability of vessel contrast. Results: Our final study cohort consisted of 77 patients (41 males). Attenuation values, CNR, and SNR were higher in 40-keV VMI+ reconstructions compared to the remaining VMI+ and standard F_0.5 series (HU: 1180.41 ± 45.09; SNR: 29.91 ± 0.99; CNR: 28.60 ± 1.03 vs. HU 251.32 ± 7.13; SNR: 13.22 ± 0.44; CNR: 10.57 ± 0.39 in standard F_0.5 series) (p < 0.0001). Subjective image rating was significantly higher in 55-keV VMI+ images compared to the other VMI+ and standard F_0.5 series in terms of image quality (mean score: 4.77), image noise (mean score: 4.39), and assessability of vessel contrast (mean value: 4.57) (p < 0.001). Conclusions: DECT 40-keV and 55-keV VMI+ showed the highest objective and subjective parameters of image quality, respectively. These specific energy levels for VMI+ reconstructions could be recommended in clinical practice, providing high-quality images with greater diagnostic suitability for the evaluation of lower extremity runoff, and potentially needing a lower amount of contrast medium, which is particularly advantageous for diabetic patients.
Previous research on linguistic relativity and economic decisions hypothesized that speakers of languages with obligatory tense marking of future time reference (FTR) should value future rewards less than speakers of languages which permit present tense FTR. This was hypothesized on the basis of obligatory linguistic marking (e.g., will) causing speakers to construe future events as more temporally distal and thereby to exhibit increased "temporal discounting": the subjective devaluation of outcomes as the delay until they will occur increases. However, several aspects of this hypothesis are incomplete. First, it overlooks the role of "modal" FTR structures which encode notions about the likelihood of future outcomes (e.g., might). This may influence "probability discounting": the subjective devaluation of outcomes as the probability of their occurrence decreases. Second, the extent to which linguistic structures are subjectively related to temporal or probability discounting differences is currently unknown. To address these, we elicited FTR language and subjective ratings of temporal distance and probability from speakers of English, which exhibits strongly grammaticized FTR, and Dutch, which does not. Several findings went against the predictions of the previous hypothesis: Framing an FTR statement in the present ("Ellie arrives later on") versus the future tense ("…will arrive…") did not affect ratings of temporal distance; English speakers rated future statements as relatively more temporally proximal than Dutch speakers; and English and Dutch speakers rated future tenses as encoding high certainty, which suggests that obligatory future tense marking might result in less discounting. Additionally, compared with Dutch speakers, English speakers used more low-certainty terms in general (e.g., may) and as a function of various experimental factors. We conclude that the prior cross-linguistic observations of the link between FTR and psychological discounting may be caused by the connection between low-certainty modal structures and probability discounting, rather than future tense and temporality.
Purpose: The growing interdisciplinary nature of medicine has prompted increased leadership by physicians, both in administration and as informal team leaders. A formal leadership curriculum is essential to best prepare trainees for these roles.1 Physician Executive Leadership (PEL) is an organization at Thomas Jefferson University that provides medical students with leadership education by facilitating sessions led by established medical experts in executive positions. Each session is rooted in 1 or more of PEL’s leadership pillars: Applied Leadership, Quality Improvement, Health Finance, Entrepreneurship/Innovation, Health Policy, and Law/Ethics. In response to COVID-19 public health precautions, PEL sessions were shifted online. Literature is contradictory on the relative benefits and harms of online coursework in a leadership curriculum; although it increases accessibility, it may decrease student engagement.2 We therefore aimed to analyze the effectiveness of in-person versus virtual PEL curriculum sessions and to determine if certain topics were better taught in-person or virtually. Method: Six hundred eighty-four total responses (from 361 first-, 226 second-, 78 third-, and 19 fourth-year medical student submissions) were collected from 24 sessions from January 2018 to May 2022, including 13 in-person (2018–2019) and 11 virtual (2020–2022) sessions. Six Applied Leadership, 4 Quality Improvement, 8 Health Finance, 5 Entrepreneurship/Innovation, 2 Health Policy, and 3 Law/Ethics sessions were assessed. Following each session, students rated changes in their engagement and comprehension of the topic area (Likert scale 1–7: 1 = strongly disagree; 7 = strongly agree). One-way nonparametric ANOVA and unpaired t tests were used to compare responses between the 2 curricula. Results: Health Finance engagement ratings were higher online than in-person (6.49 versus 5.85; P <.001). Similarly, Health Finance (6.31 versus 5.79; P <.01) and Care Quality sessions (6.29 versus 5.73; P <.01) demonstrated improved comprehension with online delivery, while Health Policy demonstrated the opposite trend (5.72 versus 6.64; P <.01). Overall, student engagement and comprehension following the session were nonsignificantly higher virtually compared to in-person (6.33 versus 6.21; P =.08 for engagement, and 6.22 versus 6.09; P =.09 for comprehension). Comprehension and engagement scores were not significantly affected for the remaining pillars. Medical school class of participants (MS1 through MS4) did not affect ratings. Discussion: Overall ratings for both comprehension and engagement of each event remained high (> 6.0) across pillars in-person (2018–2019) and online (2020–2022). Most notably, the Health Finance sessions scored higher in comprehension and engagement in online formats. This may be explained by the ability of students to look up clarifying information during the session. Conversely, the decline in comprehension of Health Policy may be attributed to the inability to quickly find answers to complex health policy questions online. Students may therefore benefit from directly asking questions to the experts during in-person sessions. A controlled study that compares particular events both in-person and virtually would be necessary to confirm these findings. Significance: Comprehension and engagement improvements for Health Finance sessions indicate that an online format may be better suited to teach this core leadership pillar, while the decline in comprehension of Health Policy indicates this pillar may benefit from being taught in-person. Importantly, there was not a drastic decrease in engagement nor comprehension for most pillars once sessions became virtual; therefore, the increased accessibility, availability of multimedia tools, and decreased cost (for travel, lodging, etc.) suggests virtual events may be superior to their in-person counterparts for the majority of leadership curricular events.
This research paper aims to present the feminist side of translation. It aims to reconsider and reshape translation from the feminist point of view. It does so by introducing the feminist theory to translation and applying it to some excerpts. These excerpts are taken from the great English novelist Virginia Woolf’s (1977) A Room of one’s own. The theory in this study is the feminist theory in translation by the famous theorist Louise von Flotow (1991). This theory contains three strategies. The first is supplementing. It means adding elements to the translation to compensate for what the language lacks, such as gender agreement in English. This strategy fills the gap between conventional linguistic norms and feminist purposes. The second strategy is Footnotes and prefaces which present explanations for translational choices and linguistic references at the beginning of the text or throughout it to make women’s voices visible. The third strategy is Hijacking which is an appropriation of the text, including the changes applied to it to suit feminist translators’ aims.
Charles Dickens (1812-1870) achieved a recognizableplace among English writers through the use of the stylisticfeatures in his fictional language. This study is concernedwith Dickens' unique fictional language, used in one of hisnovels entitled "Hard Times", in relation to phonologicaldeviation from settled norms in English. It endeavors toshow Dickens' manipulating language and the effectsachieved through this manipulation.This research investigates Dickens' use of languagewhich deviates from the linguistic norm phonologically. Assuch, it is hypothesized that Dickens used phonologicaldeviation to show the character's social class.The study aims to analyze the types of phonologicaldeviations in Dickens' "Hard Times". It determines thereasons behind these deviations, and how that reflects
Abstract We describe the first steps in preparation of a treebank of 14 th -century Czech in the framework of Universal Dependencies. The Dresden and Olomouc versions of the Gospel of Matthew have been selected for this pilot study, which also involves modification of the annotation guidelines for phenomena that occur in Old Czech but not in Modern Czech. We describe some of these modifications in the paper. In addition, we provide some interesting observations about applicability of a Modern Czech parser to the Old Czech data.
OBJECTIVES: We used three-dimensional (3D) virtual images to undertake a subjective evaluation of how different factors affect the perception of facial asymmetry among orthodontists and laypersons with the aim of providing a quantitative reference for clinics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 3D virtual symmetrical facial image was acquired using FaceGen Modeller software. The left chin, mandible, lip and cheek of the virtual face were simulated in the horizontal (interior/exterior), vertical (up/down), or sagittal (forward or backward) direction in 3, 5, and 7 mm respectively with Maya software to increase asymmetry for the further subjective evaluation. A pilot study was performed among ten volunteers and 30 subjects of each group were expected to be included based on 80% sensitivity in this study. The sample size was increased by 60% to exclude incomplete and unqualified questionnaires. Eventually, a total of 48 orthodontists and 40 laypersons evaluated these images with a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS). The images were presented in random order. Each image would stop for 30 s for observers with a two-second interval between images. Asymmetry ratings and recognition accuracy for asymmetric virtual faces were analyzed to explore how different factors affect the subjective evaluation of facial asymmetry. Multivariate linear regression and multivariate logistic regression models were used for statistical data analysis. RESULTS: Orthodontists were found to be more critical of asymmetry than laypersons. Our results showed that observers progressively decreased ratings by 1.219 on the VAS scale and increased recognition rates by 2.301-fold as the degree of asymmetry increased by 2 mm; asymmetry in the sagittal direction was the least noticeable compared with the horizontal and vertical directions; and chin asymmetry turned out to be the most sensitive part among the four parts we simulated. Mandible asymmetry was easily confused with cheek asymmetry in the horizontal direction. CONCLUSIONS: The degree, types and parts of asymmetry can affect ratings for facial deformity as well as the accuracy rate of identifying the asymmetrical part. Although orthodontists have higher accuracy in diagnosing asymmetrical faces than laypersons, they fail to correctly distinguish some specific asymmetrical areas.
The growing interaction between humans and machines raises the necessity to more sophisticated tools for natural language understanding. Dependency parsing is crucial for capturing the semantics of a sentence. Although graph-based dependency parsing approaches outperform transition-based methods because they are not exposed to error propagation as their compeer, their feature space is comparatively limited. Thus, the main issue with graph-based parsing is how to expand the set of features to improve performance. In this research, we propose to expand the feature space of graph-based parsers. To benefit from the global meaning of the entire sentence content, we employee the sentence representation as an additional token feature. Also, to highlight local word collaborations that build sub-tree structures, we use convolutional neural network layers over token embeddings. We achieve the state-of-art results for Turkish, English, Hungarian, and Korean by getting the unlabeled and labeled attachment scores respectively on the test sets; 82.64% and 76.35% on Turkish IMST, 93.36% and 91.34% on English EWT, 90.85% and 87.39% on Hungarian Szeged, 92.44% and 89.58% on Korean GSD treebanks. Our experimental findings show that augmented global and local features empower the performance of graph-based dependency parsers.
Extinction training has proved effective to diminish the expectancy of the aversive unconditioned stimulus (US). However, the negative valence of the conditioned stimulus (CS) may still stay intact. In fact, several studies have suggested that the CS negative valence may be a factor that promotes the return of fear. Our study focuses on the role of changes in the CS valence as a potential mechanism to reduce the spontaneous recovery of threat expectancies. To do that, we evaluated counterconditioning (CC), a technique aimed to reduce the CS negative valence by paring it with a positive stimulus and compared its efficacy to that of a novelty-facilitated extinction (NFE) and a standard extinction interventions. Using a 2-day protocol, participants first learned the relationship between a figure and an aversive sound, using a differential conditioning paradigm, and were then randomly assigned to one of three different groups. For the CC group, CS+ or cue A was paired with a positive US. The standard extinction group was exposed to cue A alone. For a third NFE group, cue A was followed by a neutral US. Finally, on the second day, spontaneous recovery was tested. Our findings did not provide evidence to suggest that CC could be more effective to prevent or reduce the return of threat expectancies or influence valence ratings when compared with NFE and standard extinction.
Abstract We propose a novel graph-based approach for semantic parsing that resolves two problems observed in the literature: (1) seq2seq models fail on compositional generalization tasks; (2) previous work using phrase structure parsers cannot cover all the semantic parses observed in treebanks. We prove that both MAP inference and latent tag anchoring (required for weakly-supervised learning) are NP-hard problems. We propose two optimization algorithms based on constraint smoothing and conditional gradient to approximately solve these inference problems. Experimentally, our approach delivers state-of-the-art results on GeoQuery, Scan, and Clevr, both for i.i.d. splits and for splits that test for compositional generalization.
Previous studies showed that socially anxious individuals tend to have problems with facial expression processing, especially negative expressions. The present study aimed to investigate whether/how acute aerobic exercise intervention affects the emotional evaluation of socially anxious individuals. Participants needed to rate the emotional valence of facial expressions (happy, neutral, angry) on a 7-point Likert scale (from entirely negative to entirely positive) after 30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and rest interventions on separate days. Results showed a significant decrease in the valence rating of happy faces (i.e., less positively) and a significant increase in the valence rating of angry faces (i.e., less negatively) after acute aerobic exercise as compared with after rest for the social anxiety group. In contrast, there was no significant difference between the two intervention conditions for the control group. These results showed that acute aerobic exercise effectively moderates the emotional valence rating of facial expressions in socially anxious individuals, decreasing the emotion evaluation of facial expressions.
Emotional arousal is known to enhance episodic memory in young adults. However, compared to valence, little is known about how healthy aging impacts arousal-enhanced memory effects. Furthermore, while emotion regulation is believed to improve with age, it is unclear how individual differences in emotion regulation influence arousal-enhanced memory. In this large-scale online study, we investigated the impact of age and individual differences in emotion regulation on arousal-enhanced memory. During encoding, participants made arousal ratings about negative, neutral, and positive images, and we compared their subsequent memory of high and low-arousal images. We found the impact of emotional arousal on memory was reduced with age, especially for older adults who habitually suppress their emotions. Our findings show that arousal-related memory benefits are reduced with advancing age, and that individual differences in habitual usage of emotion regulation impact these age-related alterations.