Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
The article examines the changes that have occurred in family-related communication. The research is based on family speech handwritten notes and transcripts of voice records made by the author and the students of her special seminar, correspondence of family members and relatives in various messengers, as well as on the speech material presented in articles and books published by various researchers. The purpose of the study is to show how changes in everyday life, caused by new realities of the domestic sphere, various events in the country and the world, the development of information technology, affect family-related communication and speech, and by and large, the very existence of the family. Changes in the domestic sphere – the emergence of new social objects, new household cleaning supplies, development of fashion industry and everything that is, in one way or another, connected with the daily routine of a person – lead to expanding and updating the lexical field of familyrelated communication. There is high penetration of new lexical units, primarily borrowings from other languages, into family speech, including the speech of children. The research has shown that such an active and rapid borrowing process can give rise to misunderstanding between different generations in the family. The focus of the study is on the development of mediated communication in everyday life. Both positive and negative factors of information technologies influence are noted. Mediatization of the population, the use of cellular phones affect the nature of family communication, etiquette, and cultural norms and absorb free time. The line between work and home communication is blurred, which has a devastating effect on the life of the family as one of the most important institutions of society, designed to ensure the stability of its existence.
Introduction. In recent decades the intensification of interpersonal interaction of bearers of different cultural and historical values and linguistic traditions leads to the intensification of the process of interpenetration of cultures. Teaching the norms of communicative behavior in a foreign language has become one of the priority methodological tasks. Of particular importance is the explication of communicative behavior norms in situations in which speech behavior of speakers may differ significantly in different cultures and, therefore, may be subject to strong intercultural interference. A striking example of such a communicative situation is the production of the speech act of asking. Materials and Methods. This paper presents the results of an experimental study conducted in groups of American students studying Russian at St. Petersburg State University, as well as in groups of Russian students studying at the S.O. Makarov State University of Marine Engineering. A total of 40 people took part in the study. The aim of the experiment was to determine the degree of influence of intercultural interference on the production of the speech act of request in Russian by American students. Using the questionnaire method, expressions verbalizing the speech act of request in different communicative contexts were collected. The data received from Russian and American students were compared and statistically processed, which allows to draw some conclusions about the degree of influence of negative pragmatic transfer on the production of Russian requests by English-speaking students. Results of the study. The study revealed that, although intercultural interference affects the production of requests in Russian communication by English-speaking students in a certain way, the key factor that influenced the non-normative use of language means was the students' lack of knowledge about the pragmatically significant language means used to increase or decrease the politeness of requests in Russian communication, and their functioning in different communicative contexts. It was this factor that entailed the use by American students of speech moves that had little correlation with the norms of both Russian and American communicative behavior. This, the vast majority of the expressions used by American students were formed with the constructions Можешь (можете) +infinitive, Можно +infinitive? (Could you \ Could I) as well as the imperative form of the verb (80%), which contradicts the norms of American communicative behavior that prescribe the use of negative politeness strategies when expressing requests in most communicative contexts. At the same time, Russian respondents used these constructions only in 40 % of the cases, varying the lexical means according to communicative context. Conclusion. The obtained results allow setting the methodological accents while planning the lesson plans, as well as creating the methodological aids in order to consider the communicative needs of foreign students to the fullest extent in order to overcome the possible intercultural interference.
The importance of the beauty of poetry and the clarity of the meaning of poetry is the background in this research. Through the study of the Strata Norm Roman Ingarden, it is hoped that the beauty of poetry and the clarity of meaning is reflected in the layers of sound, layers of meaning and layers of objects. The problems in this research are: How is the analysis of the Strata Norms of Roman Ingarden in the Anthology of the Poetry of the Fire Verses by Sapardi Djoko Damono? This research uses a descriptive method. Data collection techniques using hermeneutic techniques and analyzed by content analysis techniques (content analysis). The results of this study can be concluded that there is a normative stratum of Roman Ingarden in the poetry anthology of Ayat-ayat Api by Sapardi Djoko Damono in the form of layers of sound including vowel repetition (assonance) and consonant repetition (alliteration). Then there are layers of meaning in the form of lexical meaning and grammatical meaning. Furthermore, there is an object layer containing the actors, the setting of the place, the setting of time and the objects presented in the poem.
This article deals with Russian derived verbs of behaviour, formed on the basis of substantive and adjectival stems by means of suffixation. The aim of the analysis is to identify and characterize the structural, lexical and designative specificity of this class of words from the derivational-semantic aspect. The study showed that the four word-formation models that are the most productive and popular in Russian speech are those that include suffixes-nicha(t?), -stvova(t?), -i(t?), and -ova(t?), within which the explication of?behavioural semantics? takes place. Lexical derivation is accompanied by active metaphorization, as a result of which the verbal lexeme acquires expressive-evaluative connotation (often pejorative) and functional and stylistic marking (?colloquial? or?bookish?). The article characterizes motivational relations and lexical and word-formation semantics of verbs formed according to a particular model and reveals their designative-evaluative and regulative function. Verbs of behaving and acting reflect stereotypical ideas of native speakers of Russian about desirable, exemplary or undesirable, socially proscribed forms of human interaction with the surrounding world. Their derivational dynamics allows for objectification of basic moral and ethical meanings and deontic norms in the mental and cultural space of the Russian language, which indicates the axiological component of the process of verb designation.
The article is about the film stylisation of grypsera in the 2003 feature film Symetria, directed and scripted by Konrad Niewolski. Grypsera is understood here as (1) a set of rules, a system of values and norms of behavior which exists in prison, (2) the slang of prisoners. The author focused primarily on the linguistic aspect, discussing 80 lexemes and syntactic constructions. In addition, he characterized the basic rules and norms of behavior that are expressed by these lexemes. The analysis included classifying the lexical resource into 9 semantic categories. The discussed words and phraseological units have been juxtaposed with the content of Klemens Stępniak’s Słownik tajemnych gwar przestępczych (Dictionary of Secret Criminal Slangs). As a result, it turned out that the film meticulously reflected the prison reality in the linguistic aspect. What’s more, grypsera in this stylisation contains all the features attributed to sociolects, i.e. secrecy, professionalism and expressiveness.
The article analyzes the epistolary discourse of Ján Kollár using the categories and concepts of modern linguistic pragmatics. The subject of the study was 16 letters addressed to V. Ganka, V. Kopitar, K. Ya. Erben, S. Grobon, V. A. Maciejowski in the period from 1824 to 1851. The study of the material is based on the method of subjectobject interpretation of the addressee’s communication. The analysis of Ján Kollár’s texts showed that his epistolary discourse is a speechlanguage work that was created with regard to the chronologically determined national epistolary tradition. Contacts and the content of Ján Kollár’s communication concerned primarily the socio-political and cultural sphere related to his professional activities. The socio-cultural dimension, within which the communication took place, determined the addressee’s socio-pragmatic role, and their civil position, influenced the topics of the correspondence, its personal and subject components, and assumed dialogue. The components of the studied epistolary discourse are characterized by the following features: formality — informality, distance — non-distance of communication, the hierarchy of relations, and observance of etiquette norms with their mainly emotional verbal design. Markers of politeness in Ján Kollár’s letters are etiquette lexical means, as well as tropes metaphors, and phraseology, which are methods of expressing the author’s empathic moods. Individual features include numerous author innovations. Thus, the social and socio-psychological characteristics of the author affected the language, structure, and content of his epistolary discourse. Kollár’s epistolary legacy is also important in the extralingual aspect. It serves as an additional source for studying the role of the author in social, literary, and scientific circles of his time.
The subject of this paper were anglicisms in current sports texts in the daily newspapers in Serbian, and the aim was to carry out the descriptive analysis of the forms and stylistic features of these lexical units in order to find out the contemporary trends in the field of anglicization of Serbian sports language and Serbian language in general. The corpus con- sisted of the sports newspapers Sportski žurnal, and the daily newspapers: Politika, Euro Blic, Večernje novosti, Informer, Kurir, Nova, Danas, which were published in the period from June to September 2021. The theoretical background included Prćić (2005) who defined ortographic, grammatical and pragmatical level of lexical anglicization and classified anglicisms into three groups: obvious anglicisms, hidden anglicisms and lexical units in the original English form, and Milić (2011) who classified anglicisms as stylistic synonyms in daily newspapers into five groups: trendy anglicisms, advertisement anglicisms, associative anglicisms, metaphorical angli- cisms, ironic anglicisms and inertial anglicisms. Our analysis showed that the forms of lexical anglicization described in the previous linguistic studies, which we relied on in this research, are still frequently used in the Serbian language. We came to the conclusion that in the selected corpus of printed sports texts in daily newspapers, apart from the terminological anglicisms that represent an indispensable part of the vocabulary within sports texts, the remaining language forms taken from the English language turn out as synonyms, mainly in the form of obvious inertial and metaphorical anglicisms. The example of hidden anglicism is a frequently used ’noun + noun’ construction as a form of noun phrase which is not in line with the Serbian language norm. Some word forms – compoundings and acronyms – indicate that within the use of lexical anglicisms in sports texts in daily newspapers there are certain deviations from the orthographic norm of the Serbian language. Although the analysis of anglicisms in such a selected corpus could not show all the forms of English influence in Serbian that we would have discovered by examining a different language corpus, this research revealed which forms of lexical angliciza- tion are currently most infiltrated into the language of sports daily newspapers in the Serbian language, which indicates possible tendencies of anglicization of the language of sports and the Serbian language in general in the following years.
The training process of future journalists is of great importance in higher education institutions. The aim of it is to form creative, competent, innovation-oriented professionals who are good with words, able to express their thoughts and quickly adapt to a multicultural environment, and use knowledge, skills and abilities to succeed. This is due to modern requirements for the journalistic profession, society's demand for professional skills, improving the communicative and linguistic level of future professionals. The article examines the issue of studying stylistics of mass media as an academic discipline in the training process of media officers. It also reveals the problem of improving the stylistic skills of journalism students in the process of mastering the course as an important factor in their training. The necessity of work on stylistic dexterity of speech in the context of improving the professional skills of a journalist is substantiated as well. It points out the importance of stylistics of mass media in the modern teaching process of future media officers as a means of forming a highly educated language personality that a modern journalist should be like. It is concluded that the stylistics of the media has great communicative potential, which contributes to the communicatively appropriate use of language in the future journalistic profession. Additionally, the study of this educational component will contribute to the assimilation of future journalists of the norms of modern Ukrainian literary language, and the formation of skills to create and edit media texts of different genres and styles. During the study of the educational component "Stylistics of mass media" higher education students master the skills of literate, expressive, clear speech, acquire skills in stylistic editing, use of oral and written forms of all functional styles, following spelling, orthoepic, lexical and grammatical, punctuation, thus improving their communication skills.
The word stylistics is derived from style. Stylistics is a branch of applied linguistics concerned with the scientific study of style in texts, especially, in what we call literary linguistics with all features such as phonological, lexical, and syntactical which directly affect the meaning of an utterance, stylistics is the process of the application of linguistics concepts and allied disciplines to the analysis and interpretation of samples of communication through language. Some useful concepts in stylistics: Foregrounding – emphasis on textual feature; which can put the meaning in questions may be achieved through unusual or strange collocations, meaningful repetitions, contrast, deliberate deviation from the norms/ rules/ conventions. Key words: linguistics, stylistics, foregrounding, and deviation المستخلص ان کلمة الأسلوبيات مشتقة من الأسلوب.فعلم الاساليب هو فرع من فروع علم اللغة التطبيقي ، يهتم بالدراسة العلمية للأسلوب في النصوص ، خاصة ، ولکن ليس حصريًا ، فيما نسميه علم اللغة الأدبي بکل ميزاته مثل علم الصوت ، والمعجم ، والنحوية التي تؤثر بشکل مباشر على معنى الکلام ، إنها عملية تطبيق المفاهيم من علم اللغة والتخصصات المرتبطة بها في تحليل وتفسير عينات الاتصال من خلال اللغة. تکمن بعض المفاهيم المفيدة في علم الأسلوبيات في: المقدمة - الترکيز على الميزة النصية ؛ التي يمکن أن تضع المعنى في الأسئلة التي يمکن تحقيقها من خلال عمليات الارتباطات اللغوية غير العادية أو الغريبة ، والتکرار الهادف ، والتباين ، والانحراف المتعمد عن القواعد المعروفة / القواعد / الاتفاقيات. الکلمات الأساسية: علم اللغة ، علم الأساليب ، المقدمة ، والانحراف
Cette étude met en lumière la thèse de la motivation linguistique. Il s'agit, dans son acception courante, d'une proposition théorique fondée sur la présentation du phénomène du langage en termes d'existence d'une relation entre les sons du langage et les significations auxquelles ils se réfèrent.L’idée de base de cette thèse n’est pas récente, elle est aussi vieille que l'histoire et est née en conjonction avec une autre thèse qui lui est opposée, à savoir celle qui nie l'existence d'une telle relation, et qu’on appelle aujourd'hui l'arbitraire linguistique. Ce sont, on le sait, deux thèses concurrentes depuis l'antiquité pour définir la nature et le statut du langage.Considérant que cette question est restée tout au long de ces siècles l'objet de controverses et de discussions peu concluantes, et face aux nombreux problèmes épistémologiques auxquels sont confrontées les études linguistiques, qui aboutissent tôt ou tard à la détermination du principe général du langage, nous avons réfléchi à la nécessité de mener une étude approfondie de ces deux thèses et de toutes les idées et arguments qui se sont formulés à leur sujet. En effet, la première étude sur l'arbitraire linguistique a été achevée en 2013. Alors que l'étude actuelle porte sur la motivation linguistique.Partant du fait que la thèse de la motivation établit une relation naturelle et causale entre les signes linguistiques et leurs significations, affirmation qui demande à être prouvée, nous avons pensé que, pour obtenir des résultats fructueux, il serait judicieux de soumettre cette thèse à l'analyse et à l'examen d’un point du point de vue logique et épistémologique: logique, en examinant les raisonnements formulés sur la motivation (pour ou contre); épistémologique, en évaluant le fondement scientifique et la portée cognitive de cette thèse.L'étude a cherché à aborder tous les sujets liés à la thèse de la motivation, tels que la définition de la thèse, la détermination des éléments qui constituent la relation de motivation, les arguments soulevés à son sujet, les phénomènes linguistiques qui ont été considérés comme des preuves de la motivation, et les hypothèses qui ont été construites sur la base de cette thèse, aux niveaux philosophique, syntaxique, lexical et phonétique.Les résultats de cette recherche ont révélé que la motivation linguistique est en réalité un concept très large qui va au-delà d'une définition étroite, comme une relation entre un signe et sa signification, pour recouvrir l'ensemble du système linguistique. Ainsi, la motivation peut se manifester d’abord dans l'intention des actes de langage, puis dans le choix de l'unité linguistique utilisée (en termes de son, de vocabulaire et de grammaire), et enfin dans la formulation des énoncés et des discours.Cependant, si la question de la motivation est assez claire aux niveaux linguistiques qui impliquent du sens (mot, phrase, discours), au niveau du son, défini comme dénué de sens, elle est encore à un stade précoce de recherche et d’examen. De ce fait, l'étude a révélé que les travaux empiriques menés sur le symbolisme phonétique n'étaient, en fait, pas suffisants ou exhaustifs au point de pouvoir en porter un jugement scientifique et définitif. Enfin, à la lumière des données de cette recherche, l'étude propose une définition raisonnable de la thèse de la motivation et du phénomène du langage en général, et appelle à la nécessité de développer une théorie générale du langage, formulée de manière à répondre aux normes bien connues de l’épistémologie, et susceptible d’être appliquée aux langues malgré les différences qui les séparent.
The issue of studying gender stereotypes in different cultures stems from the need to outline current trends in the variability of normative mental representation of men and women. A cognitive-communicative approach makes it possible to interpret conceptual changes in group language consciousness. A stereotype is understood both as a format of knowledge with a prototypical organization and as a cognitive scheme that structures a conceptual system. As part of the study a questionnaire was conducted and over 2,000 reactions about typically male (1,064) and female (1,053) characteristics were collected. The ranking of conceptual-thematic groups and their components determining the meaning of language categories is based on lexical representation of gender characteristics. The research methodology combines conceptual and definitional analyses of lexical units denoting stereotypical male and female qualities, as well as cognitive modeling of prototypical organization of the concepts under study. The aim of the research is to model a structure of basic gender concepts in their group interpretation. The prototypical core of the concept МУЖЧИНА (MAN) consists of traditional masculine characteristics (responsibility, strength, courage, bravery), while the core of the concept ЖЕНЩИНА (WOMAN) includes traditional feminine qualities (emotionality, caretaking, kindness). The pre-core zone of the concept МУЖЧИНА (MAN) is mainly expressed by orientation to achievement; public image; dedication to moral norms and principles. Intellect, family values and sociability are peripheral. The pre-core zone of the concept ЖЕНЩИНА (WOMAN) is characterized by career orientation; morality; communicativeness. Family values, expression of emotions, overcoming intelligence-based discrimination are peripheral, a woman’s appearance is the least frequent. Along with typical gender qualities, a transitional (metagender) zone can be distinguished, where traditional lexico-semantic characteristics of masculinity and femininity are being re-coded. Thus, gender categorization in the Russian speakers’ language consciousness can be defined as a binary model based on core prototypical characteristics. However, dynamic processes of gender neutralization competing with the most representative characteristics of basic gender concepts are observed at the boundary of concept zones.
Abstract In asking a polar question, questioners set the topic, agenda, and terms of the response. While these can be resisted, whatever follows will be understood vis-à-vis the question because there is a shared social norm that when asked a question a recipient should respond. This chapter reveals that although often relatively little conscious thought is put into how speakers design questions, they are nonetheless finely calibrated for question recipients. This calibration is the work questioners do to ensure that questions receive an optimal answer response. At the broadest level, the two dimensions that questioners rely on are action and design. Questioners are accountable for offering or requesting (for instance) what they can reasonably expect their recipient to accept and for designing questions in ways that are well suited to their recipients in terms of polarity, prefaces that position the questions relative to ongoing interaction, and lexical choices.
In the article the content and specifics of students’ work with Ukrainian historical dictionaries in the context of the educational paradigm of future lecturers of the Ukrainian language are clarified. This topic is covered in the context of the analysis of educational and professional programs developed and implemented in the educational process by the lecturers of the Department of Ukrainian Philology of Khmelnytsky National University. The presentation of theoretical positions in diachronic linguistics should be based on illustrative material of historical dictionaries of the Ukrainian language, which should be presented with the help of computer technology available to all participants in the educational process. It is necessary to involve both vocabulary material of academic lexicography and the latest developments of linguists. To acquire lexicographic skills, students solve cognitive, training, creative research tasks on the origin of words, development of lexical meaning of language units, foreign language parallels for borrowed tokens, grammatical characteristics of nouns, phonetic, graphic, spelling variability of words, chronology of their functioning, norms of the modern Ukrainian language, etc. It is expedient to carry out a comparative analysis of lexicographical publications of historical and linguistic courses, paying attention to the peculiarities of the description of language material, selection of source base, construction of dictionary articles, etc. When performing lexical, etymological, grammatical, stylistic exercises, future lecturers are aware of the need to refer to the dictionary. Skills in managing the acquired lexicographic knowledge are necessary to prepare students for research activities. Students perform creative and exploratory tasks that allow them to recognize, systematize, analyze, compare various phenomena and facts reflected in lexicographic sources, comment and evaluate them according to the topic and purpose of the study. Important factors in improving the effectiveness of such activities may be the participation of students in scientific problem groups, circles, participation in scientific conferences, preparation and publication of scientific articles, etc. We consider the creation of electronic dictionaries of various directions to be a promising direction of modern and historical lexicography.
The article deals with the actual problem of improving language skills in English at the level of speech norm. Like other aspects of the language, oral speech has a number of features that reflect the mentality of a given country, therefore, to build an utterance, it is not enough just to translate sentences from one language to another. The statement must comply with the rules of construction adopted in society. This article is devoted to two features of English colloquial speech, which fundamentally distinguishes English speech from Russian speech, namely, the use of vague language and the preferential use of nominative structures. These features are considered within the framework of various scientific concepts, the main of which are the categorical structure of parts, the theory of politeness, the categorical structure of the picture of the world, and others. The concept of Vague language is based on lexical and grammatical lexis, which make speech less direct and categorical, which is generally consistent with the maxims of British politeness. As for the predominantly nominative way of expression, this feature is explained from the standpoint of paradigmatic asymmetry, which is based on part-of-speech transformations that are optimal for use in a given specific speech situation. The paper also provides some methodological recommendations for the formation of students' speech skills. The relevance of the work is due to the fact that errors in the use of parts of speech at the level of the norm of speech, as a rule, do not lead to a distortion of meaning, but create an accent and lead to the formation of an unfavorable image of the speaker.
The article presents the fundamentals of liturgical translation in search for the core of this partial translation theory. Liturgical texts are known to combine three dimensions of religious discourse: semantics (especially dogmatic exegesis), poetics (the specifi c poetics of original Hebrew and Greek texts) and performability (covering particular features of aural perception). The history of investigating liturgical translation counts at least a century. Exactly 100 years ago, Ukrainian researcher Ivan Ohiyenko published a seminal paper whose issues and ideas were repeated and reverberated in most further studies which directly and specifi cally dealt with biblical phrasing cited in the Liturgy, doctrinal correctness and ideological infl uences, matters of interpretative and temporal retranslations, the problem of the correlation between the poetics of the original languages and that of the target language, relevant sound and music qualities of the text. Linguistic patterns and theological hermeneutics shape a special type of equivalence which is applicable to texts for liturgical use – dogmatic equivalence, which can be viewed from four perspectives: terminological essence; lexical or cultural ortheological interpretation; grammatical meaningfulness; phonetic means for theological interpretation and liturgical performability. It is a diffi cult task to keep a proper balance between the attitude of linguists (who concentrate on relations between a sacred text and a reading community) and that of theologians (who stress on the authoritative status of a sacred text although overlook cultural historicity). Thus, dogmatic equivalence is a structural phenomenon which can be divided into diff erent levels, components or dimensions. The interconnection of translation problems will have to deploy the approbated solutions from sci-tech, poetry and literary translation. The revoiltinary principle which is to be acknowledged properly is that even liturgical translation can benefi t from linguistic experimenting. Key words: translation theory, liturgical translation, interpretation, equivalence, cultural norms.
The article explores the use of proper names as a source of wordplay in the classroom bilingual interaction in English as a second language. It is noted that wordplay becomes a means of accommodation to the onomastic system of a foreign language when proper names trigger bilingual metalinguistic reflection. The author emphasizes that wordplay is a process of deliberate deviation from language norms in which the proper name is a standard language unit (‘normema’) that undergoes linguistic reinterpretation and turns into a non-standard language unit (‘igrema’) developing both formal and semantic changes. It is exactly the non-standard nature of onomastic units under study and the specificity of the material that explain the novelty of the present research. This paper aims to identify the reasons why proper names become a source of non-standard language units in the classroom bilingual speech. Two groups of such reasons are distinguished, namely, the features of the formal morphological structure of proper names and features of their lexical meaning. It appears that wordplay occurs in proper names that include a ‘transferable’ component, creating an associative metatextual reference in the bilingual mind. Proceeding from the fact that such components can be found on the phonemic, morphemic, or lexical level, the author describes three corresponding models of wordplay. It is noted that wordplay mostly involves proper names with a distinct social component that is also relevant in the community of native English speakers. These include personal and place names, names of organizations and products. For each type of proper names, the author suggests two types of the development of the semantic connection between a standard language unit and a non-standard language unit: the one that does not involve the internal form of a proper name and another one that is based on it.
Despite the recent popularity of contextual word embeddings, static word embeddings still dominate lexical semantic tasks, making their study of continued relevance. A widely adopted family of such static word embeddings is derived by explicitly factorising the Pointwise Mutual Information (PMI) weighting of the co-occurrence matrix. As unobserved co-occurrences lead PMI to negative infinity, a common workaround is to clip negative PMI at 0. However, it is unclear what information is lost by collapsing negative PMI values to 0. To answer this question, we isolate and study the effects of negative (and positive) PMI on the semantics and geometry of models adopting factorisation of different PMI matrices. Word and sentence-level evaluations show that only accounting for positive PMI in the factorisation strongly captures both semantics and syntax, whereas using only negative PMI captures little of semantics but a surprising amount of syntactic information. Results also reveal that incorporating negative PMI induces stronger rank invariance of vector norms and directions, as well as improved rare word representations.
The article examines the functioning of prefixless lexemes with the root 'gramot-' in the Russian language in synchrony and diachrony, and also the changes in the vocabulary of the language. The work is based on the research of linguists postulating linguistic semantics as a means of comprehending and understanding culture. The root 'gramot-' has suffi-cient semantic and derivational potential in Russian, so it enables us to trace how the semantic space of the members of the root nest has been changing. Word-formation derivatives with the root 'gramot-' are considered as a significant fact of the lexical word family with the dominant 'gramota' (literacy) in the linguistic world picture of a Russian person. The special attitude towards literate people in ancient Russia was the basis for the worldview of the Russian people and the formation of their culture, and determined the norms of behavior and the attitude towards others, which is reflected in the language. This article undertakes a historical and lexicological analysis of the word 'gramota' and its derivatives: the development of the root family with the apex gramot- is examined at different chronological periods. The examination of the vocabulary at different stages of language development has shown that the viability of the root gramot- has not been lost: new units have appeared, fixing realities of a certain time period in the word. The author shows some trends characteristic of modern Russian: fewer derivatives with the root under study and wider combinabil-ity of most derivatives, narrowed meaning of some lexical units, the word 'gramota' and its derivatives are included in the processes of naming. Examples of using the lexemes in question are taken from the national corpus of the Russian language.
Common Usage vs Codified Standard: Problems with the Codification of Anglicisms in the Contemporary Russian Language This article focuses on the important problem of codification of the most recent borrowings of British and American English origins in the contemporary Russian language. Standardization of loanwords is a current issue of vital importance, as it has a global reach, which means that it affects not only the Russian language but many other national languages that are under the influence of the English language – the contemporary lingua franca. The codification of the lexis of foreign origin is examined based on material obtained from contemporary lifestyle magazines published in Russian. This type of press disseminates borrowed neologisms particularly intensively and, at the same time, creates the language use of the given discourse. The excerpted vocabulary items have been confronted with the lexis of the most recent Russian spelling dictionaries. The deliberations contained in this paper show a fragment of linguistic reality changing under the influence of ubiquitous English language, where common usage competes with the linguistic norm. The article shows the difficulties caused by lexical transfer of loanwords faced by specialists in prescriptive linguistics (e.g. a common problem of orthographic variation). Norma uzualna vs norma skodyfikowana. O problemach kodyfikacji anglicyzmów we współczesnym języku rosyjskim Niniejszy artykuł zwraca uwagę na istotny problem kodyfikacji najnowszych zapożyczeń anglo-amerykańskiej proweniencji we współczesnej ruszczyźnie. Temat standaryzacji zapożyczeń jest aktualny i niezwykle ważny, bowiem ma on zasięg globalny, zatem dotyczy nie tylko języka rosyjskiego, lecz wielu innych języków narodowych, które znajdują się pod wpływem angielszczyzny – współczesnej lingua franca. Badanie kodyfikacji leksyki obcego pochodzenia oparto na materiale zaczerpniętym z najnowszych rosyjskojęzycznych czasopism kolorowych typu life style. Ten rodzaj prasy szczególnie ochoczo rozpowszechnia zapożyczone neologizmy, jednocześnie kreuje uzus danego dyskursu. Wyekscerpowany materiał porównano z leksyką zawartą w najnowszych słownikach ortograficznych języka rosyjskiego. Niniejsze rozważania dają obraz fragmentu rzeczywistości językowej zmieniającej się pod wpływem wszechobecnej angielszczyzny, w której uzus konkuruje z normą językową. Ponadto wskazano tu szereg problemów wywoływanych zapożyczeniami leksykalnymi, z którymi zmagają się specjaliści z obszaru językoznawstwa normatywnego (np. powszechny problem wariantywności ortograficznej zapożyczeń).
The article is devoted to the methodological features of teaching Uzbek as a foreign language in primary school. It describes the difficulties in working with productive types of speech activity, shows the main stages of formation of phonetic skills in students of primary school age. Simultaneously with the development of correct pronunciation skills and the assimilation of speech norms, lexical material corresponding to the given training level is introduced. The peculiarities of working with a dictionary at this stage require the correct selection of lexical units that pass from a passive dictionary to an active one.
The study aims to explore features of the realization of the neological potential of lexemes created or rethought by the new reality and included in the COVID-19 concept sphere. It identifies the specifics of derivation and lexical-semantic ways of forming these neologisms. The research material includes more than 1000 articles from the most influential Hispanic and French-language publications and correspondence of native speakers in social networks and telephone applications in a synchronous cut over eight months of the pandemic. A vital factor for choice of material refers to the fact that the mentioned channels have formed a global communication environment that intensively contributes to the creation and dissemination of neology products. The methodology rests on the discursive and communicative approaches. It includes analysis and synthesis of theoretical research and applies continuous sampling of research material from the mentioned sources. The study establishes that the multidirectional processes distinguish the media and social networks’ discourse during the pandemic. Changes in the lexical-semantic discourse are carried out by creating neologisms, which, along with borrowings assimilated into the grammatical system or functioning in parallel with the national concept definition, are productive means of replenishing the lexis. The semantic neology’s main mechanisms are metaphorization and metonymization and changes in the semantic volume of a lexeme. Modern new formations perform pragmatic functions, making it possible to strengthen the emotional and modal interaction. The author concludes that neological processes demonstrate each language’s national and cultural originality and establishes that the linguistic norm in Spanish and French discourse does not conflict with the “disruptive” nature of linguistic innovations. The society positively evaluates the formation of individual speech meanings and linguistic meanings and the expansion of their functioning boundaries.
This research discusses the lexicon used for traditional technology systems in the Tolaki community. Lexicon is a language component containing all information about the meaning and usage of words; the richness of words a language has. Lexicon runs into a shift due to certain factors such as changes in norms, culture, and environment caused by the development of science and technology. This research aims to analyze the level of shift and change in the meaning of the lexicon for traditional technology systems in the Tolaki community in Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. The method is qualitative descriptive. The data are taken from written sources, literature studies, by examining and recording some lexicons from the book “Tolaki Culture” by Abdurrauf Tarimana related to the lexicon in the traditional technology system of the Tolaki community. The validation of the data is then substantiated by questionnaire distribution in which the informants fill in lexicon data about agricultural technology systems and imply them in Tolaki language. The theory used is the lexical-semantic theory proposed by Pateda. The results showed that the lexicon for the Tolaki agricultural technology system is extinct and there is a shift in the lexicon.
Abstract Cultural norms of interactions influence Maasai people to apply animal names to address each other. This article explains that avoidance of personal names of certain categories of people in Maasai influences the use of animal names. In the theoretical framework of Cultural Linguistics, the author analyzed information from an ethnographic exploration through observations and interviews with Maasai informants in Tanzania. The article shows that Maasai’s categorization of people and avoidance system make senior members accumulate more animals through the process of selecting animal names to use. The patriarchal cultural beliefs and conceptualizations of domestic animals have implications on how animal names are applied between men and women. Only women married to polygamous men use animal names to address each other. There are some lexical, morphological and semantic differences between men and women’s names to mark gender categorizations.
Imageability – the ease of generating a mental image for a word – has been commonly used as a predictor of word recognition but its effects are highly variable across the literature, raising questions about the robustness and stability of the construct. We compared six existing imageability norms in their ability to predict RT and accuracy in lexical decision and word naming across thousands of words. Results showed that, when lexical and sensorimotor sources of variance were partialled out, imageability predicted little unique variance in word recognition performance and effect sizes varied greatly between norms. Further analysis suggested that such heterogenous effect sizes are likely due to inconsistent strategies in how participants interpret and rate imageability in norming studies, despite consistent instructions. Our findings suggest that the ease of generating a mental image for a word does not reliably facilitate word recognition and that imageability ratings should be used with caution in such research.
The field of psycholinguistics has recently questioned the primacy of word frequency (WF) in influencing word recognition and production, focusing on the importance of a word’s contextual diversity (CD). WF is operationalized by counting the number of occurrences of a word in a corpus, while a word’s CD is a count of the number of contexts that a word occurs in, with repetitions in a context being ignored. Numerous studies have converged on the conclusion that CD is a better predictor of word recognition latency and accuracy than frequency (see Jones, Johns, & Dye, 2017 for a review). These findings support a cognitive mechanism based on the principle of likely need over the principle of repetition in lexical organization. In the current study, we trained the semantic distinctiveness model of Johns (2021) on communication patterns in social media platforms consisting of over 55-billion-word tokens and examined the ability of theoretically distinct models to explain word recognition latency and accuracy data from over 250,000 participants from the Brysbaert, et al. (2019) norms, consisting of approximately 57,000 words across six age bands ranging from ages 10-60. There was a clear quantitative trend across the age bands, where there is a shift from a social environment-based attention mechanism in the “younger” models, to a clear dominance for a discourse-based attention mechanism as models “aged.” This pattern suggests that there is a dynamical interaction between the cognitive mechanisms of lexical organization and environmental information across aging.
The first three papers featured in Issue 4/2021 of Balgarski ezik present results of the work on a project titled Everyday Life in the Middle Ages according to Lexical Data from Bulgarian and Romanian – a bilateral effort between the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and the Romanian Academy. Mariyana Tsibranska-Kostova’s paper Magic and its Faces (the 61st Canon of Trullo in Slavic Translations) proposes an analysis of several representatives of the lexical-semantic group of performers of magical practices according to three translations of the canon. The author discusses the word-formation structure of the lexical group as well as the semantic adaptation of Greek names for unknown realia. The text of the 61st Canon of Trullo is published as an appendix. Elka Mircheva provides a discussion on the topic of Bad Thoughts are Worse than Illness (to the Analysis of Medieval Texts) by analysing examples of illness in Pope Gregory the Great’s Dialogues which have been interpreted by earlier studies as cases of psychological conditions. The author’s analysis points to the fact that some of these occurrences are evidence of the influence of bad thoughts resulting in unacceptable reprehen-sible behaviour. Vanya Micheva’s paper Names for Living Places in the Bulgarian Language Picture of the World in the Middle Ages deals with the linguistic and semantic realisations of the concept of living places in the Old Bulgarian classical and original works from the 9th – 11th centuries and in the works of Patriarch Euthymius. The author traces the process of enrichment of the names for living places and the changes in the conceptual content of the studied lexemes. Tatyana Braga’s paper A Little-known Damaskin from the Karlovo-Adzhar School of Calligraphy and Art: Odessa Damascus № 36 (62) – Palaeography, Codicology, Dating offers a meticulous palaeographic and codicological description of a Bulgarian written monument, the Odessa Damaskin № 36 (62) from the manuscript collection of V.I. Grigorovich. Nadka Nikolova’s paper Общ язик с виражение народно. The Language Norms in the Translation of A. Granitski’s За Тръговско писмописанїе (On Commercial Letter Writing), 1858 presents the results of a study on Anastas Granitski’s contribution to the establishment of the structural basis and spelling and language norms of the Bulgarian literary language of the Revival period. On the basis of her observations on adjectives, numerals, pronouns and verbs, the author comes to the conclusion that the text reveals significant convergence of written and spoken language. Maria Mitskova addresses some Issues in the Verb Morphology of Bulgarian Dialects in the Studies of Three European Slavicists from the First Half of the 19th Century – Vuk Karadžić, Victor Grigorovich, Stefan Verković. The paper emphasises the contribution of the first Slavicists whose work marks the origination of the scientific interest in one of the most characteristic features of Bulgarian verbs. Elena Kanevska-Nikolova and Simeon Marinov present a study on the Names for Women’s Outerwear in the Rhodope Folk Clothing based on ma-terial excerpted from various ethnographic, regional historical and dialectological studies. The authors examine ambiguous and synonymous terms, main word-formation patterns, as well as the etymology of some of the names under study. They go on to analyse the terminological unity of many names for women’s outerwear characteristic of both confessional groups to which the Bulgarian population in the Rhodopes belong. Georgi Mitrinov’s paper Is there a Pomak Dialect in Bulgaria? is a critical look at a study by Emel Balakchi dealing with the Bulgarian Rhodope dialects. The author addresses Balakchi’s attempt at presenting the Rhodope dialects as Pomak dialects, while ignoring the presence of a native Bulgarian Christian population in the Rhodopes. Using numerous examples, Georgi Mitrinov reveals the study’s lack of scientific competence and objectivity in presenting the characteristic features of the Bulgarian Rhodope dialects. The issue concludes with a paper that remains outside its thematic scope. Stative Predicates in Contemporary Linguistic Theories by Svetlozara Leseva, Hristina Kukova and Ivelina Stoyanova offers a critical overview of the thematic classes of stative verbs based on a contrastive study of several thematic classifications. The authors analyse the different views of the properties of stative predicates from an aspectual and semantic perspective.
Scientific and technological progress contributes not only to the rapid development of science and technology, but also makes significant changes to the linguistic model of the world due to the appearance of both individual terms and entire term systems. This causes revision, systematization and codification of the actual terminology and determines the relevance of the research. The modern Ukrainian terminology of land management and land cadastre has become an independent system of terms, formed in the process of long searches and is based on achievements in many areas of knowledge related to land as the main attribute of human existence. This fact makes it possible to speak about it as an open, dynamic and evolving linguistic system. Many modern scientists talk about the need for linguistic, logical and conceptual regulation, codification and standardization of the terminology, correction of the term units in accordance with the norms of the modern Ukrainian literary language. These tasks have determined the purpose of the scientific research, namely the study of the lexical and semantic organization of modern Ukrainian terminology of land management and land cadastre, identifying the features of the manifestation of polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, homonymy, paronymy and hyper-hyponymy in it. The solution of such research problems determines the logic of presentation of the studied material, that corresponds to the academic view of lexical and semantic relations in the modern Ukrainian language, including terminology. Methodology. A comprehensive research methodology, in particular descriptive, comparative and structural-functional methods, the method of analysis and partially the method of quantitative analysis have been used to clarify the features of the manifestation of lexico-semantic phenomena in modern Ukrainian terminology of land management and land cadastre. The use of such methods as comparative analysis, modelling, terminological analysis, forecasting, as well as elements of system analysis and synthesis have been contributed to the solution of certain research problems. Resultsof the study showed that polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, homonymy, paronymy, and hyper-hyponymy in the Ukrainian terminology of land management and cadastre are important systematic categories that provide a comprehensive description of land management and cadastral phenomena, processes, and concepts. Practical implications. Identifying the peculiarities of the manifestation of lexical-semantic phenomena in the modern Ukrainian terminology of land management and land cadastre will contribute to an exact understanding of their essence and, accordingly, the correct use of lexemes and standardization of this terminological system. Value/originality.The scientific research will allow to return to the active vocabulary the native-language terms that had been withdrawn from scientific usage in different periods, to select native-language terms from tracing papers and unsuccessful borrowings, i.e., to implement a set of measures aimed at ensuring that the branch terminological system can adequately represent the system of concepts nominated by terminological lexemes.
Speech is an important means of communication, exchange of thoughts and feelings between people, transmission and assimilation of information. From the first days of school life, a child has a need for communication -the ability to speak correctly, beautifully, consistently. Coherent speech is monologic speech. That is, a consistent oral or written presentation of thoughts and knowledge. The result of such activity is a text -a set of interrelated independent sentences united by a common theme with the help of language (lexical, grammatical, intonation) means. Therefore, the concepts of "coherent speech" and "text" stand side by side. The term "coherent speech" is also called a branch of methodical science, the task of which is to teach children to understand, to build expressions in compliance with the norms of the literary language. Formation of the skills and abilities of coherent speech is one of the main problems of modern language teaching methods. As stated in the State Standard of Primary Education, "the purpose and task of the Ukrainian language subject in primary school consists not only in mastering literacy (primary reading and writing skills), but also in the speech development of younger schoolchildrenthe ability to express themselves in all forms available to them, types and styles of speech. The development of speech should acquire the status of the leading principle of teaching the mother tongue in the general education school, in particular in its elementary level." As you can see, during the four years of primary school education, younger students should master oral and written communication at such a level that would allow them to communicate freely and easily with their peers and with elders on any topic available to their age and understanding. In the field of language and speech education, there are certain innovations that directly or indirectly affect the effectiveness of pedagogical influence and the formation of linguistic personality. One of the most important tasks of a teacher is to make the process of forming a linguistic personality interesting, full of a large number of creative searches, while using innovative technologies.
In this paper, we introduce a dependency treebank of spoken second language (L2) English that is annotated with part of speech (Penn POS) tags and syntactic dependencies (Universal Dependencies). We then evaluate the degree to which the use of this treebank as training data affects POS and UD annotation accuracy for L1 web texts, L2 written texts, and L2 spoken texts as compared to models trained on L1 texts only.
TuDeT: Tupían Dependency Treebank
The author examines the notions of semantic binary complexes in Russian anthropological linguistics (linguoculturology) and counter-meanings (anti-concepts) of the highest level of abstractness “unhappiness”, “injustice” and “ungratefulness.” These notions have not yet been given due attention. There is a lack of unity of opinion regarding the essence of the contrasting members of the binomial and regarding the understanding of meaning and antithesis, where there are two main points of view: 1) the anti-concept opposes the concept on any basis; 2) the basis of the opposition of the concept and the anti-concept is exclusively an axiological feature. It is also established that the most significant difference between unhappiness and happiness is the greater specificity of the first, which at the linguistic level is manifested in the ability of the lexeme “neschastje” to take a plural form, which is impossible for “schastje”. If justice is an example of an abstract category, then its “antipode” – injustice is quite concrete: this is a certain state of affairs. Psychologically, injustice is ahead of justice in time of formation, and if for the abstract name “spravedlivost” the plural is a deviation from the norm, then the concreteness of the name “nespravedlivost” is evidenced by the ease with which it takes the form of the plural. The “nominative density” of lexical indicators of gratitude is not particularly high, but it certainly takes place. At the same time, ingratitude has no other means of expression other than those derived from the stem “nespravedliv-“. In the semantics of ingratitude, there are just as many, if not more, characteristics that are not associated with antonymic features common with gratitude. Thus, it can be argued that, psychologically, the formation of opposing pairs of higher-level concepts begins with a more specific negative counterterm, at the same time, the nominative density of the means of expressing the anti-concept does not necessarily exceed the nominative density of the concept.
BACKGROUND: Picture-naming tests (PNTs) evaluate linguistic impairment in dementia due to semantic memory impairment, impaired lexical retrieval or perceptual deficits. They also assess the decline in naming impairment at various stages of dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) that occurs due to progressive cognitive impairment. With the increasing numbers of people with dementia globally, it is necessary to have validated naming tests and norms that are culturally and linguistically appropriate. AIMS: In this cross-sectional study we harmonized a set of 30 images applicable to the Indian context across five languages and investigated the picture-naming performance in patients with MCI and dementia. METHODS & PROCEDURES: A multidisciplinary expert group formed by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) collaborated towards developing and adapting a picture naming test (PNT) known as the ICMR-PNT in five Indian languages: Hindi, Bengali, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam. Based on cross-cultural adaptation guidelines and item-wise factor analysis and correlations established separately across five languages, the final version of the ICMR-PNT test was developed. A total of 368 controls, 123 dementia and 128 MCI patients were recruited for the study. Psychometric properties of the adapted version of the ICMR-PNT were examined, and sensitivity and specificity were examined. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: = 139.85; p < 0.001). Furthermore, PNT scores for MCI was higher in comparison with patients with dementia in all languages combined (p < 0.001). The area under the curve across the five languages ranged from 0.81 to 1.00 for detecting dementia. There was a negative correlation between Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and ICMR-PNT scores and a positive correlation between Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-III (ACE-III) and ICMR-PNT scores in control and patient groups. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: The ICMR-PNT was developed by following cross-cultural adaptation guidelines and establishing correlations using item-wise factor analysis across five languages. This adapted PNT was found to be a reliable tool when assessing naming abilities effectively in mild to moderate dementia in a linguistically diverse context. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on this subject Picture-naming evaluates language impairment linked to naming difficulties due to semantic memory, lexical retrieval or perceptual disturbances. As a result, picture naming tests (PNTs) play an important role in the diagnosis of dementia. In a heterogeneous population such as India, there is a need for a common PNT that can be used across the wide range of languages. What this study adds to existing knowledge PNTs such as the Boston Naming Test (BNT) were developed for the educated, mostly English-speaking, Western populations and are not appropriate for use in an Indian context. To overcome this challenge, a PNT was harmonized in five Indian languages (Hindi, Bengali, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam) and we report the patterns of naming difficulty in patients with MCI and dementia. The ICMR-PNT demonstrated good diagnostic accuracy when distinguishing patients with mild to moderate dementia from cognitively normal individuals. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? With the growing number of persons suffering from Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia around the world, its critical to have culturally and linguistically relevant naming tests and diagnosis. This validated ICMR-PNT can be used widely as a clinical tool to diagnose dementia and harmonize research efforts across diverse populations.
This study examines the use of recurrent multi-word sequences (lexical bundles) found in a learner corpus of English argumentative essays written by L1 Korean college students at three different proficiency levels: low, mid and high. After compiling a list of the most frequently occurring four-word bundles in the three sub-corpora of the learner corpus, the study categorises them by structure and identifies which bundles appear in more than one sub-corpus. It then identifies frequent bi-grams embedded in the bundles in each sub-corpus to ascertain how the learners at each proficiency level construct multi-word sequences in context. The findings indicate that more proficient learners favour phrasal bundles, often producing them along with post-modifiers and in longer sentences, and thus approximating norms for academic prose. Lower proficiency learners, however, tend to use more clausal bundles, often including first-person pronouns and employing only a few specific verbs such as want and be, all of which are characteristic of spoken and informal registers. Taken together, these findings reflect L2 development in the use of formulaic language as they describe the uses of lexical bundles that are specific to each proficiency level.
PURPOSE: This study examined performance of dual language learners (DLLs) on Spanish- and English-language narrative story retells and unique tells. Transcription and analysis focused on comparisons of common microstructural language sample measures in Spanish and English across tasks. Each language sample measure was evaluated for its possible convergence with norm-referenced standardized assessments for DLL children. METHOD: = 133) enrolled in English-only kindergarten or first-grade classrooms completed two-language sample tasks (one in each language), which were transcribed and analyzed using Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts (Miller & Iglesias, 2017) for measures of syntactic complexity (mean length of utterance [MLU] in words), lexical diversity (number of different words [NDW]), and grammaticality (percent grammatical utterances [PGU]). Students also completed a norm-referenced sentence repetition task (Peña et al., 2014) and expressive vocabulary assessment (Martin, 2013). RESULTS: Comparison of story retells and unique stories revealed similar performance on MLU, NDW, and PGU across elicitation techniques, with one exception: NDW in Spanish was higher in the story retell condition. Predictive models revealed several differences in the relations between the microstructure measures and norm-referenced language measures by elicitation technique, although neither context demonstrated a consistent advantage across all metrics. CONCLUSIONS: Measures derived from story retells and unique tells offer practical findings for speech-language pathologists and other educators to use in assessment of early grade DLLs. This work increases knowledge of procedural differences across narrative assessments and their influence on language variables, supporting school-based speech-language pathologists in making assessment decisions for DLLs on their caseload. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.19191278.
The article analyzes the contribution of occasional word formation to the expressiveness of the text. Making the text more expressive by means of an occasional word-formation takes place when the process of text creation involves a coining of a new word which violates the norms of lexical derivation in its structural and semantic parameters. Due to its optional, new, non-normative, functional one-time nature, occasional derivatives (coinages) have become one of the major linguistic means of forming the connotative component of the semantics of the text or its segment. An occasionally derived word appears as a result of a combination of common word-forming components, characteristic for a particular linguistic system, i.e. a creative basis and a derivational formant, but their interaction in a particular derivative may result in the expansion of internal valence and pushes it beyond the language norm. The article focuses on a detailed description of the non-normative interaction of common creative bases and forms within the main parts of speech and word formation methods as well as their role in the expressiveness of the text. The article also describes less common ways of forming the linguistic expression of the text by means of occasional coinages. The latter methods include the use of word-forming formats stylized according to the derivational means of another language present in the text, permutation of formative bases which are the components of a word-forming structure, the amalgamation of several prefixes, which either strengthen the meaning of the first one or neutralize the value of the following prefix. Emotionally colored occasional derivatives (coinages) constitute an important component of text creation as they are responsible for the pragmatic sphere of the text which is connected with the subjective modality of the text and its realization.
The article introduces a comparative analysis of some interlingual variant formations in the linguistic structures of the Croatian and the Serbian literary languages. The general integration processes that occurred in the Slavic linguistic world in the XIX and the early second half of the XX centuries did not unite individual Slavic languages or their variants. By the end of the XX century, linguistic convergence was replaced by linguistic divergence. After the collapse of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the new states that arose in the post-Yugoslavian space fixed the status of Croatian and Serbian as official languages. At present, Croatian and Serbian have their own codified norms; they develop and function autonomously and independently in different ethnic cultures and states. The widening gap between the post-Yugoslavian states of Serbia and Croatia contributed to the interlingual divergence between these languages. Their linguistic structure has multiple differences at phonetic, phonological, grammatical, lexical, syntactic, and stylistic levels. This research showed that the most prominent differences occur at the lexical level. As for linguistic standardization and codification, the Croatian language reveals a prescriptive-descriptive approach to language regulation, while Serbian is characterized by a descriptive-prescriptive approach. The authors illustrate this conclusion by various intervariant or equivalent language units from parallel reference books and online discourse.
In their provocative article, Nelson Flores and Jonathan Rosa have captured how dominant notions of competence reinforce normative whiteness as universal and fail to account for processes of racialization in language learning. Building upon their goal of “shifting the locus of enunciation in ways that provide a glimpse into alternative worlds beyond colonial logics,” in this commmentary, we illustrate one such alternative in which language and languaging are anchored in Indigenous notions of relationality, the worldview that everything is interrelated, and by extension, interdependent. This view aligns with the deep connection that Indigenous communities make to their languages and the specific geographical, sociopolitical, and cultural contexts of their use. Relational frameworks thus counter the dispossession experienced by many Indigenous communities due to the colonial practice of separating languages from these contexts (see Davis, 2017, pp. 40–42). Similarly, by facilitating knowledge coproduction in ways that are locally specific and accountable, a relational approach serves to undo practices of teaching and assessing language learning in ways that uncritically adopt Eurocentric (“universal”) norms (McIvor, 2020; Mellow, 2000). We enter this discussion as scholar–practitioners based at a public university in the lands of the Cahuilla, Tongva, Serrano, and Luiseño peoples. Melissa Venegas is a white settler, PhD student, and former K–12 Spanish instructor. Her current research involves critical approaches to language education that examine language hierarchies and validate US varieties of Spanish. Wesley Y. Leonard is a citizen of the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma and a linguist who serves as a Native American Studies faculty member. His experiences being told that his community's efforts to learn their “extinct” language from documentation would not succeed inspired his current work in language reclamation, a mode of language recovery that replaces colonial logics with Indigenous community needs, goals, and worldviews. Clearly, in its narrow conceptualization, linguistic competence is theoretically lacking. Its assumptions about language ignore the social contexts that are fundamental to language learning and use, and its focus on an ideal speaker–hearer as the unit of analysis misaligns with how languaging actually occurs. In contrast, an analytic that considers language users and learners as networks of relations points to different metrics and units of analysis––language ecologies rather than languages-as-objects and diverse communities rather than an abstract prototype. Below, we explore examples of how language learning can be framed through an approach anchored in relationality and the ensuing notion of relational accountability, the responsibility of being accountable to relationships such as those between people and nonhuman relations, institutions, and lands. While this principle applies for all language communities, we draw special attention to those that have experienced severe ruptures to core relationships due to colonial dispossession and cultural genocide. In these contexts, exercising relational accountability entails active interventions to restore the relationships that have been disrupted or severed. The initial goal may not be “proficiency,” but rather to strengthen cultural ties or relationships with Elders (Lukaniec & Palakurthy, 2022, p. 344). As Flores and Rosa have pointed out, narrow definitions of language, as well as dominant notions of linguistic competence, render racialized students as “deficient” in academic language because of their supposed reliance on home or community language patterns. In addition to erasing the legitimacy of current language users’ practices, we further note how these dominant frameworks have replicated colonial logics that inhibit language reclamation potential. For instance, Miami people at one point had shifted fully to English, thus becoming “incompetent” in relation to myaamiaataweenki (speaking Miami) with relationships anchored in language similarly damaged. Decolonial framings of “competence,” however, might instead reference a community's collective ability to use their language(s), including future use as a result of reclamation (Leonard, 2008). Relational accountability entails building capacity to realize this potential through appropriate interventions in language teaching, development, and assessment. This is exemplified in ANA ‘ŌLELO, a Hawaiian proficiency scale developed by and for Hawaiians to reflect community values and ways of being (Kahakalau, 2017). The tool was designed to not only measure linguistic proficiency but also to perpetuate the Native Hawaiian culture. For example, the scale considers the ability to perform protocol, an important aspect of Native Hawaiian culture. Moreover, as Flores and Rosa have described, normative notions of competence elevate some people to a fully human status while diminishing the humanity of racialized Others. We observe that this conceptualization also advances colonial violence by erasing the nonhuman relatives that have central roles in many Indigenous cultures. However, appropriate interventions can counteract these erasures. For example, Engman and Hermes (2021) described an ecological approach to language learning that recognizes land as a relative. Young Ojibwe learners participated in forest walks near what is now Hayward, Wisconsin, and the Lac Courte Oreilles Ojibwe Reservation. The participants engaged in collective meaning-making involving discussions of naming items, with the land as an interlocutor. Requests for names of items in Ojibwe went beyond lexical labeling, instead serving as invitations to consider broader relationships, for example, How did it get here? Who put it in this configuration? What is our relationship to the object? As another example, Corntassel and Hardbarger (2019) described land-based pedagogies with Cherokee youth and Elders in the territory of the Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma. Participants took photographs of items meaningful to them that could exemplify Cherokee community sustainability and perpetuation of Cherokee lifeways (p. 96), which they then presented at a community symposium. Such an approach exemplifies relational accountability to the land, community, and intergenerational knowledge, and acknowledges learners’ experiences and expertise as vital to community well-being. As Opaskwayak Cree scholar Shawn Wilson concluded in his foundational Research Is Ceremony: Indigenous Research Methods, knowledge production and sharing become accountable to Indigenous ways of being and knowing through a relational framework because “relationships do not merely shape reality, they are reality” (Wilson, 2008, p. 7). The activities described above demonstrate language learning as a process anchored in relationality. People are learning language, but rather than this being a decontextualized goal assessed through normative notions of linguistic competence, it represents an outcome of cultivating relationships that allow communities to thrive.
In Spanish clitic-doubling constructions, the clitic should agree in number with its coreferential doubled noun phrase. However, the present corpus analysis with data from 21 Spanish varieties reveals that, under certain structural configurations, number agreement is not always realized on the third-person dative clitic. In fact, the data shows that non-agreement appears to be the norm when the indirect object is a lexical noun phrase (77 vs. 23%). In this paper, I investigate two possible explanations for this phenomenon: (i) a processing account via an attraction effect and (ii) a syntactic account based on intervention effects. These two hypotheses make clear and testable predictions that I examine by means of conditional inference trees and Bayesian generalized mixed-effects logistic regression modeling. The results of the statistical analyses are incompatible with an intervention account because this type of phenomenon is not sensitive to semantic features of the intervening element or to the true controller of agreement. Thus, I propose that the data is best analyzed as the interplay between attraction and the morphosyntax of the unmarked. In Spanish, this results in attraction effects from the DO in the unmarked word order and inanimate IOs showing a sort of differential dative marking, where animate IOs show a preference for full agreement. The findings reported herein show evidence of a complex and highly dynamic agreement mechanism of the clitic and highlight the probabilistic nature of morphosyntactic processes.
In the article, the authors characterize the functional version of the Russian language, which was formed in the language contact zone in the places of compact settlement of the the Shor, Khakass, and Tatar speakers in the south of Western Siberia. Spontaneous oral speech of bilinguals is presented as an independent subsystem that can be analysed according to the norms of the written codified Russian literary language. The authors discuss what types of deviations from the speech standard (DLS) prevail in the speech of Turkic-Russian bilinguals and whether deviations of speech norms depend on the basic sociolinguistic characteristics of native speakers - age and education. The material includes about forty hours of recorded texts, marked by deviations from the speech standard. The data were preprocessed before the analysis, with DLS tags combined by language levels: Phon, Morph, Synt, Lex, Disc., and files loaded into the R programming language environment. The statistical analysis has shown significant quantitative predominance of DLS conditioned by oral spontaneous communication. They include variants of hesitation and formal-semantic and functional incompleteness of utterances. The second most frequent DLS are various types of deviations of syntactic coherence and constructive correctness of utterances. Significantly inferior to them are DLS at the Lexical and morphological levels. However, deviations from the norms of syntactic coherence in a significant number of cases manifest interference caused by the influence of native languages of bilinguals. The dependence of DLS distribution on the basic sociolinguistic characteristics of bilingual speakers - age and education - was found only for groups of morphological and syntactic errors.
The article deals with the characteristics of the mental foundations of an Ukrainian woman, which are manifested both in stereotypes of behavior and in the language of art. Linguistic means of expression of the inner world in the text are considered within the doctrine of the world picture. It is found out that the processes of cognitive activity (awareness of information) of a person lead to the formation of concepts. It is emphasized that gender attribution is of great interest in the psycholinguistic study of written texts of Ukrainian female writers, because behind the implicit concepts of women’s texts are stable cultural stereotypes. In the article certain attention is given to the fact that the implementation of the concept “woman” is characterized in the text by vocabulary aimed at conveying and revealing the inner world of the main heroines. The verbalization of ethnopsychological features in the work of fiction is considered in connection with the linguistic features of portrait descriptions with manifestations of the inner world of the heroines. It is found out that the name of a woman is characterized mainly by nouns and adjectives with a positive connotation; the general characteristic of appearance is expressed by adjectives which are used for the description of hair, eyes and faces; personal characteristics of the heroines are verbalized primarily through the lexical and grammatical group of verbs included in common phrases. It is determined that through a number of language means to denote the mental state and experiences of the main heroines conveyed the girls’ desire to achieve a proper position in a society, where women were restricted in rights and desires, and portrayed them as strong individuals who combine intelligence and willpower. The article analyzes the image of an Ukrainian woman in a view of the specifics of her behavior and in comparison with gender behavioral norms of a particular historical epoch.
Dataset of 36 verbal images previously noted by critics and scholars. Each image is accompanied by contextual information and by a set of textual characteristics, from its size in words and characters to the semantic domains it is composed of, and the imageability ratings of its words.
How words are associated within the linguistic environment conveys semantic content; however, different contexts induce different linguistic patterns. For instance, it is well known that adults speak differently to children than to other adults. We present results from a new word association study in which adult participants were instructed to produce either unconstrained or child-oriented responses to each cue, where cues included 672 nouns, verbs, adjectives, and other word forms from the McArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (CDI; Fenson et al., 2006). Child-oriented responses consisted of higher frequency words with fewer letters, earlier ages of acquisition, and higher contextual diversity. Furthermore, the correlations among the responses generated for each pair of cues differed between unconstrained (adult-oriented) and child-oriented responses, suggesting that child-oriented associations imply different semantic structure. A comparison of growth models guided by a semantic network structure revealed that child-oriented associations are more predictive of early lexical growth. Additionally, relative to a growth model based on a corpus of naturalistic child-directed speech, the child-oriented associations explain added unique variance to lexical growth. Thus, these new child-oriented word association norms provide novel insight into the semantic context of young children and early lexical development.
The semantic, structural and functional features of the absolute comparative and superlative in the poetry of Horace, Virgil and Ovid are investigated and described in the article. The cases of using the absolute comparative and superlative in the Latin text are considered. The subject of research was the morphological means of transmission for comparative and superlative. The study used a descriptive method for inventory, classifi cation and interpretation of means for absolute intensifi cation and contextual analysis to determine the functional features of comparative and superlative in a particular microtext. Together with component analysis, this method allows analyzing words by semantic nature. The analysis of the text allowed us to reveal that comparativus absolutus, superlativus absolutus belong to the morphological means of expressing the intensity of the attributive feature and are irrelevant (non-relative) to comparison, because their denotation is the feature of the object and its measure. They express only the increased excess of the degree of sign of object in relation to the norm and represent only the elative (large) degree of intensity of the sign. Absolute comparative and superlative are considered in a simple construction (phrase), in combination with the denoted word: noun-subject or noun-object (rarely pronoun). They can stand in the preposition or the postposition in relation to the denoted word. In addition to simple two-membered constructions, poets use more complex three-membered or four-membered ones. Complex types of constructions enrich the content of the context with additional attributive qualities, and as well as two-membered ones help to strengthen the image of the poem. Comparativus absolutus in works of the authors was found less than superlativus absolutus. Virgil did not use it at all. Combined with the denoted words, both degrees belong to six lexical-semantic groups (LSG). Among them there are two major groups: 1) LSG with the expression of the intensity of physical quantity, quantity, weight, physical and spatial volume; 2) partial-evaluation and evaluation adjectives. Key words: absolute comparative, absolute superlative, intensity, degrees of comparison of adjectives, elative.
Slang is a very interesting concept that generally exists in any language. In particular, this layer of the lexical system of the language is very actively expanding in modern times, we would say that it is becoming more widespread among young people and new ones are being formed. This is especially due to the fact that many of the restrictions that have existed so far in public and private life have been removed, and therefore it manifests itself in language, people are able to express their views. In some cases, it seems that the use of slang is due to illiteracy, but in fact this is not the case. Slangs, as a rule, differ significantly from the norm of literary language. Of course, this is not always the case. It is the first to react to every event and change in society and is able to assimilate them, and therefore slangs are more popular among young people. Slang is distinguished from dialects and dialects by its vocabulary. The words in its lexical system are mainly divided into three groups: a) words taken from another language; b) specially installed words; c) words with changed meaning, etc. Words in slang are unusual. This feature enhances the listener's sense of expressiveness and expressiveness. As a result, there is an opportunity to spread. Elements of slang are rapidly spreading and used in the art world, albeit by a small number of people. Slang is not the same in all nations. Thus, in many nations it is weak, and in some nations it is strong. For example, slang related to hunting and trade was widespread in Russian until the beginning of the 20th century. The origin, formation and development of slangs, as well as tracking their transformation into literary language over time, researching their cognitive relationship, summarizing these ideas, classifying slang, studying their origin and use from a social and functional point of view can be considered a scientific innovation of our research.
The norm for abstracts of research articles (RAs) is important and will win the RAs more chances of being received. The analysis of how abstracts are written in papers published in well-recognized international journals can serve as a reference to help writers conform to the norm. This paper, adopting Hyland&rsquo;s classification and Santos&rsquo; framework, employing a corpus-based method, compares how native and Chinese writers use lexical chunks differently in abstracts from a perspective of move analysis. The results show that Chinese writers tend to use more lexical chunks; there is no significant difference in the functional distribution on the whole but significant differences are found in two moves of &ldquo;situating the research&rdquo; and &ldquo;discussing the research&rdquo;.
The aim of the study is to identify possible ways of conveying the objective translation difficulties encountered in the English literary tales. The article examines the distinctive stylistic features of “Just So Stories” by R. Kipling. The scientific originality of the study lies in a comprehensive analysis of its translation at different levels of the language, whereas previously the focus was only on separate aspects. As a result of the study, the regularities were found in the approach to the translation of the devices at the phonetic, lexical and syntactic levels of the language, and some language phenomena. The results obtained have shown the prevalence of the transformations leading to the loss of a number of stylistic features, but adapting the text to Russian linguistic norms and fairytale traditions.
The relevance of the topic is determined by the need to deepen and describe the functioning of the inhomogeneous French language in the French-speaking cantons of Switzerland using specific lexical material. The analysis of intra and extralinguistic influences and their reflection in the Franco-Swiss literary version of the language is important for contact linguistics, and its relevance is due to the lack of depth of analysis of this issue. The analyst is particularly interested in the fact that in Switzerland, the French language exists within the legal framework of official multilingualism, in active interaction with three other equal national languages of the Confederation: German, Italian and Romansh. At the same time, the deviations of the French-Swiss national variant from the general French linguistic norm manifest themselves mainly at the lexical and semantic level. The object of the study is the French language in the Swiss Confederation, its lexical, semantic and stylistic characteristics.