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16504 papers
The increasing availability of corpora annotated for linguistic structure prompts the question: if we have the same texts, annotated for phrase structure under two different schemes, to what extent do the annotations agree on structuring within the text? We suggest the term tree alignment to indicate the situation where two markup schemes choose to bracket off the same text elements. We propose a general method for determining agreement between two analyses. We then describe an efficient implementation, which is also modular in that the core of the implementation can be reused regardless of the format of markup used in the corpora. The output of the implementation on the Susanne and Penn treebank corpora is discussed.
This study was designed to compare the effects of different kinds of visual presentations and music alone on university nonmusic students' affective and cognitive responses to music. Four groups of participants were presented with excerpts from the first and fourth movements of Beethoven's Symphony No. 6 in F major (“Pastoral”). Two groups heard music excerpts only, one interpretation conducted by Stowkowski and one by Bernstein. One of the video groups viewed corresponding excerpts from the movie Fantasia while listening to the Stowkowski recording. A second group viewed and listened to a performance video of the Vienna Philharmonic filmed during the Bernstein recording. All students (N = 128) completed cognitive listening tests based on the excerpts, rated the music on Likert-type affective scales, and responded to two open-ended questions. Significant effects of presentation condition were found. Cognitive scores were higher for the performance video than the music plus animation video on both movements. Scores for the two music-only presentations were not significantly different from each other or the two video presentations. Although affective ratings were not significantly different in magnitude between the presentation groups, the animation video (Fantasia.) presentation ranked consistently higher in affect than the other presentations. Implications of these results regarding the effects of different types of visual information presented to music listeners are discussed.
Introduction to the special issue on computational linguistics using large corpora, Kenneth W. Church and Robert L. Mercer generalized probabilistic LR parsing of natural language (corpora) with unification-based grammars, Ted Briscoe and John Carroll accurate methods for the statistics of surprise and coincidence, Ted Dunning a program for aligning sentences in bilingual corpora, William A. Gale and Kenneth W. Church structural ambiguity and lexical relations, Donald Hindle and Mats Rooth text-translation alignment, Martin Kay and Martin Roescheisen retrieving collocations from text - Xtract, Frank Smadja using register-diversified corpora for general language studies, Douglas Biber from grammar to lexicon - unsupervised learning of lexical syntax, Michael R. Brent the mathematics of statistical machine translation - parameter estimation, Peter F. Brown et al building a large annotated corpus of English - the Penn treebank, Mitchell P. Marcus et al lexical semantic techniques for corpus analysis, James Pustejovsky et al coping with ambiguity and unknown words through probabilistic models, Ralph Weischedel et al.
A lexical modeling methodology was employed to examine how the distribution of phonemic patterns in the lexicon constrains lexical equivalence under conditions of reduced phonetic distinctiveness experienced by speech-readers. The technique involved (1) selection of a phonemically transcribed machine-readable lexical database, (2) definition of transcription rules based on measures of phonetic similarity, (3) application of the transcription rules to a lexical database and formation of lexical equivalence classes, and (4) computation of three metrics to examine the transcribed lexicon. The metric percent words unique demonstrated that the distribution of words in the language substantially preserves lexical uniqueness across a wide range in the number of potentially available phonemic distinctions. Expected class size demonstrated that if at least 12 phonemic equivalence classes were available, any given word would be highly similar to only a few other words. Percent information extracted (PIE) [D. Carter, Comput. Speech Lang. 2, 1-11 (1987)] provided evidence that high-frequency words tend not to reside in the same lexical equivalence classes as other high-frequency words. The steepness of the functions obtained for each metric shows that small increments in the number of visually perceptible phonemic distinctions can result in substantial changes in lexical uniqueness.
We address the issue of how to associate frequency information with lexicalized grammar formalisms, using Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar as a representative framework. We consider systematically a number of alternative probabilistic frameworks, evaluating their adequacy from both a theoretical and empirical perspective using data from existing large treebanks. We also propose three orthogonal approaches for backing off probability estimates to cope with the large number of parameters involved.
This study tested predictions derived from D.C. Glass's (1977) uncontrollability model regarding the link between control-related personality attributes and the dissociation of affective and autonomic responses to stress. Pressured drive, measured by the Jenkins Activity Survey (D. S. Krantz, D. C. Glass, & M. L. Snyder, 1974), and emotional defensiveness, measured by the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (D. P. Crowne & D. Marlowe, 1964), were examined in relation to cardiovascular and affective responses to mental arithmetic in 31 male and 26 female college students. Pressured drive was positively associated with cardiovascular reactivity but unrelated to affect ratings. In contrast, emotional defensiveness was unrelated to cardiovascular reactivity, but high scores were associated with smaller increases in self-reported negative affect. The findings suggest that these potentially health-damaging personality attributes may influence stress response measures through independent mechanisms for maintaining environmental control and self-control.
We present and experimentally evaluate a new model of prounciation by analogy: the paradigmatic cascades model. Given a pronunciation lexicon, this algorithm first extracts the most productive paradigmatic mappings in the graphemic domain, and pairs them statistically with their correlate(s) in the phonemic domain. These mappings are used to search and retrieve in the lexical database the most promising analog of unseen words. We finally apply to the analogs pronunciation the correlated series of mappings in the phonemic domain to get the desired pronunciation.
Automatic Text Categorization (TC) is a complex and useful task for many natural language applications, and is usually performed through the use of a set of manually classified documents, a training collection. We suggest the utilization of additional resources like lexical databases to increase the amount of information that TC systems make use of, and thus, to improve their performance. Our approach integrates WordNet information with two training approaches through the Vector Space Model. The training approaches we test are the Rocchio (relevance feedback) and the Widrow-Hoff (machine learning) algorithms. Results obtained from evaluation show that the integration of WordNet clearly outperforms training approaches, and that an integrated technique can effectively address the classification of low frequency categories.
Pronunciation by analogy (PbA) is an emerging, data-driven technique with potential application in text-to-speech (TTS) systems, as well as being an influential psychological model of reading aloud. The underlying idea is that a pronunciation for an unknown word (i.e., one not in the dictionary, or lexicon, of the human or machine “reader”) is assembled by matching substrings of the input to substrings of known, lexical words, hypothesizing a partial pronunciation for each matched substring from the lexical knowledge of the “reader,” and concatenating the partial pronunciations. This paper assesses the capability of PbA to derive pronunciations for unknown words of English. As a psychological model, PbA is “under-specified,” that is, the implementor of a simulation of the process faces detailed choices which can only be resolved by trial and error. One goal for this paper is to explore the impact of certain basic implementational choices on the performance of PbA systems. The variables studied are the specific lexical database used as the basis of the analogy process, the way of ranking/scoring candidate pronunciations, and the effect of manual versus automatic alignment of letters and phonemes. When tested with short (monosyllabic) pseudowords previously used in experimental psychology studies, the lowest error rate achieved is 14.3% (for a test set of size 70). We conclude that current PbA systems are at best poor models of pseudoword pronunciation by humans. To assess their suitability for use in a TTS application, in which multisyllabic words will be encountered, the implementations have also been tested with lexical words temporarily removed from the dictionary. The best performance obtained was 93.5% phonemes correct (corresponding to 67.9% words correct) for a 16,280-word dictionary. This is vastly superior to the 25.7% words correct obtained using a set of popular letter-to-sound rules, indicating considerable scope for analogy methods to be exploited in future TTS systems.
Although past research suggests that the spatial diffusion of linguistic features across a landscape is a simple and clear-cut process, our research in Oklahoma suggests otherwise. We collected data for this study in a statewide, multifaceted investigation of grammatical, lexical, and phonological variation in Oklahoma and analyzed it using several cartographic and statistical procedures. Our purpose was to uncover some of the diffusion processes tied to language that are at work in Oklahoma. We used the General Linear Model (GLM), a multivariate statistical procedure, to identify barriers and amplifiers that influence the geographic distributions of linguistic features. The results suggest that linguistic diffusion in Oklahoma happens in a hierarchical pattern in some cases; in others, the spread is contra-hierarchical with innovations expanding up, rather than down, the urban hierarchy. A correlation of diffusion patterns with social factors that serve as barriers to, or amplifiers of, the diffusional process suggests that different patterns of diffusion may be tied to the different social meanings that linguistic features carry. In the data examined, those innovations that diffuse hierarchically represent the encroachment of external norms into an area, while those features that diffuse in a contra- hierarchical fashion represent the revitalization of traditional norms. ©1997 Oklahoma Academy of Science
The increasing availability of corpora annotated for linguistic structure prompts the question: if we have the same texts, annotated for phrase structure under two different schemes, to what extent do the annotations agree on structuring within the text? We suggest the term tree alignment to indicate the situation where two markup schemes choose to bracket off the same text elements. We propose a general method for determining agreement between two analyses. We then describe an efficient implementation, which is also modular in that the core of the implementation can be reused regardless of the format of markup used in the corpora. The output of the implementation on the Susanne and Penn treebank corpora is discussed.
Studied implementational choices in pronunciation by analogy (PbA) for English to assess its ultimate suitability - both as a model of the human process of reading aloud, and as a component of a text-to-speech (TTS) system. The variables studied were the specific lexical database used as the basis of the analogy process, the way of ranking/scoring candidate pronunciations, and the effect of manual vs automatic alignment of letters and phonemes. When tested with short (monosyllabic) pseudowords, the lowest error rate achieved was 14.3%. This suggests that the current PbA systems are at best poor models of pseudoword pronunciation by humans. When tested with lexical words temporarily removed from the dictionary, the best performance obtained was 93.5% phonemes correct for a 16,280-word dictionary. This was superior to the 25.7% words correct obtained using a set of popular letter-to-sound rules, indicating considerable scope for analogy methods to be exploited in future TTS systems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
This paper discusses the encoding of proper names using the TEI Guidelines, describing the practice of the Women Writers Project at Brown University, and the CELT Project at University College, Cork. We argue that such encoding may be necessary to enable historical and literary research, and that the specific approach taken will depend on the needs of the project and the audience to be served. Because the TEI Guidelines provide a fairly flexible system for the encoding of proper names, we conclude that projects may need to collaborate to determine more specific constraints, to ensure consistency of approach and compatibility of data.
Norm and variation in the lexical structure of Italian medical language: Illustrations from two Centuries
Nonparametric regression techniques, which estimate functions directly from noisy data rather than relying on specific parametric models, now play a central role in statistical analysis. We can improve the efficiency and other aspects of a nonparametric curve estimate by using prior knowledge about general features of the curve in the smoothing process. Spline smoothing is extended in this paper to express this prior knowledge in the form of a linear differential operator that annihilates a specified parametric model for the data. Roughness in the fitted function is defined in terms of the integrated square of this operator applied to the fitted function. A fastO(n) algorithm is outlined for this smart smoothing process. Illustrations are provided of where this technique proves useful.
Development of theory and methodology related to the psychology of reading and mathematical problem solving has far outpaced progress in the realm of the psychology of writing. However, recently published theories may serve to link written language production research with mainstream psychology, and new computer-based methodologies may help to make conducting research in writing more tractable. This paper describes several new initiatives for studying writing within a framework based on recent theories of working memory.
A lexical modeling methodology was employed to examine how the distribution of phonemic patterns in the lexicon constrains lexical equivalence under conditions of reduced phonetic distinctiveness experienced by speechreaders. The technique involved selection of a phonemically transcribed machine-readable lexical database; definition of transcription rules based on measures of phonetic similarity; application of the transcription rules to a lexical database and formation of lexical equivalence classes; and computation of 3 metrics to examine the transcribed lexicon. The metric percent words unique demonstrated that distribution of words in the language preserves lexical uniqueness across a wide range in the number of potentially available phonemic distinctions. Expected class size demonstrated that if at least 12 phonemic equivalence classes were available, any given word would be highly similar to only a few other words. Percent information extracted provided evidence that high-frequency words tend not to reside in the same lexical equivalence classes as other high-frequency words. The steepness of the functions obtained for each metric shows that small increments in the number of visually perceptible phonemic distinctions can result in substantial changes in lexical uniqueness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
This paper describes the multilingual text editor MtScript developed in the framework of the MULTEXT project.MtScript enables the use of many differentwriting systems in the same document (Latin, Arabic,Cyrillic, Hebrew, Chinese, Japanese, etc.). Editingfunctions enable the insertion or deletion of textzones even if they have opposite writing directions.In addition, the languages in the text can be marked,customized keyboard input rules can be associated witheach language and different character coding systems(one or two bytes) can be combined. MtScript isbased on a portable environment (Tcl/Tk). MtScript.1.1version has been developed underUnix/X-Windows (Solaris, Linux systems) and otherversions are planned to be ported to the Windows andMacintosh environments. The current 1.1 versionpresents several limits that will be fixed in futureversions, such as the justification of bi-directionaltexts, printing support, and text import/exportsupport. Future versions will use SGML and TEI norms,which offer ways of encoding multilingual texts andare to a large extent meant for interchange.
This paper reports on an empirically based system that automatically resolves VP ellipsis in the 644 examples identified in the parsed Penn Treebank. The results reported here represent the first s...
This paper presents a method for developing limited-context grammar rules in order to mark up text automatically, by attaching specific text segments to a small number of well-defined and application-determined semantic categories. The Text Analysis Tool with Object Encoding (TATOE) was used in order to support the iterative process of developing a set of rules as well as for constructing and managing the lexical resources. The work reported here is part of a real-world application scenario: the automatic semantic mark up of German news messages, as provided by a German press agency, according to the SGML-based standard News Industry Text Format (NITF) to facilitate their further exchange. The implemented export mechanism of the semantic mark up into NITF is also described in the paper.
Contents: B.B. Kachru, Ladislav Zgusta: Illinois Years. - Bibliography of Publications by Ladislav Zgusta. - B.B. Kachru, Introduction. - I: Contextualizing Culture: D. Bartholomew, Otomi Culture from Dictionary Illustrative Sentences. - P. Corbin, Un Film, Deux Linguistes et Quelques Dictionnaires. Un Regard Particulier sur Simple Mortel de Pierre Jolivet. - J.A. Fishman, Dictionaries as Culturally Constructed and as Culture-Constructing: Reciprocity View as Seen from Yiddish Sources. - F.J. Hausmann, Allusions Litteraires et Citations Historiques Dans le Tresor de la Langue Francaise. - L.F. Lara, Towards a Theory of the Cultural Dictionary. - W.P. Lehmann, Spindle or the Distaff. - Y. Malkiel, Principal Categories of Learned Words. - E.A. Nida, Lexical Cosmetics. - II: Lexicography in Historical Context: F. Karttunen, Roots of Sixteenth-Century Mesoamerican Lexicography. - T.B.I. Creamer, Current State of Chinese Lexicography. - D.A. Kibbee, 'New Historiography', History of French and 'Le Bon Usage' in Nicot's Dictionary (1606). - N. Dinh-Hoa, On Chi-nam Ngoc-am Giai-nghia: An Early Chinese-Vietnamese Dictionary. - G. Stein, Chaucer and Lydgate in Palsgrave's Lesclarcissement. - III: Ideology, Norms and Language Use: M.A. Ezquerra,Political Considerations on Spanish Dictionaries. - D.M.T.Cr. Farina, Marrism and Soviet Lexicography. - C. Marello, Florence like Athens and Italian like Greek: An Ideologically Biased Theme in the Forewords of Some Italian Thesauri of the 19th Century. - A. Wierzbicka, Dictionaries and Ideologies: Three Examples from Eastern Europe. - R.D. Zorc, Philippine Regionalism versus Nationalism and the Lexicographer. - IV: Pluricentricity and Ethnocentricism: J. Algeo, British and American Biases in English Dictionaries. - C.W. Kim, One Language, Two Ideologies, and Two Dictionaries: Case of Korean. - B. Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, Worldview and Verbal Senses. - C. Poirier, De la Soumission a la Prise de Parole: Le Cheminement de la Lexicographie au Quebec. - J. Whitcut, Taking it for Granted: Some Cultural Preconceptions in English Dictionaries. - V: Dictionaries across Languages and Cultures: Y. Kachru, Lexical Exponents of Cultural Contact: Speech Act Verbs in Hindi-English Dictionaries. - R.J. Steiner, Bilingual Dictionary in Cross-Cultural Contexts. - VI: Language Dynamics vs. Prescriptivism: A.P. Cowie, Learner's Dictionary in a Changing Cultural Perspective. - R.H. Gouws, Dictionaries and the Dynamics of Language Change. - F.E. Knowles, Dictionaries for the People or for People? - VII: Language Learner as the Consumer: G.M. Dalgish, Learners' Dictionaries: Keeping the Learner in Mind. - VIII: Structuring Semantics: F.F.M. Dolezal, Dictionary as Philosophy: Reconstructing the Meaning of Our Father. - M. Ritchie Key, Meaning as Derived from Word Formation in South American Indian Languages. - J.P. Louw, How Many Meanings to a Word? - IX: Ethical Issues and Lexicologists' Biases: D.L. Gold, When Religion Intrudes into Etymology (On The Word: Dictionary that Reveals the Hebrew Source of English). - T. McArthur, Culture-Bound and Trapped by Technology: Centuries of Bias in the Making of Wordbooks. - X: Terminology across Cultures: Z. Polacek, Amharic Lexicography and the Dynamics of Sociopolitical Terminology. - G.O. Richter, Grammatical Indications in Chinese Monolingual Dictionaries. - XI: Afterword: B.B. Kachru, Directions and Challenges.
We examined Milgram’s (1977) lost-letter technique using e-mail. In the first experiment, 79 college faculty received mock lost e-mail messages. Nineteen percent of those who received the messages responded, in all cases by returning the message to the “sender” instead of forwarding it to the “recipient.” In the second study, attitudes toward presidential candidate Ross Perot were examined by sending out two different messages to 200 randomly selected e-mail addresses in the United States. Although there was no differential response rate, examination of content revealed attitudes consistent with concurrent poll data.
Computer self-efficacy and outcome expectancy scales were developed using 306 responses to a questionnaire distributed by a national mail survey to end users of computer systems in a variety of functional business areas. Confirmatory factor analysis using a structural equations approach was used to develop three scales. The scales were found to demonstrate satisfactory psychometric properties. The reliability coefficients for these scales were as follows: .85 for computer self-efficacy; .88 for work-related outcome expectancy; and .89 for personal outcome expectancy. The scales provide a strong foundation from which to refine the measurement of computer self-efficacy and outcome expectancy. From these refinements, empirical models that include self-efficacy and outcome expectancy as determinants of information technology acceptance at the individual level of analysis can be improved.
No AccessAmerican Journal of Speech-Language PathologySecond Opinion1 May 1997Understanding Language DelayA Response to van Kleeck, Gillam, and Davis Rhea Paul Rhea Paul Contact author: R. Paul, PhD, Department of Speech, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, OR 97207 Email: E-mail Address: [email protected] Portland State University Google Scholar More articles by this author https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360.0602.40 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In References Aram, D., Ekelman, B., & Nation, J. (1984). Preschoolers with language disorders: 10 years later. Journal of Speech and Hearing Science, 27, 232–244. AbstractGoogle Scholar Aram, D., & Nation, J. (1980). Preschool language disorders and subsequent language and academic difficulties. Journal of Communication Disorders, 13, 159–170. CrossrefGoogle Scholar Bain, B., & Olswang, L. (1995). 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ThalContemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders34:Fall (118-133)1 Oct 2007Issues in Research on Children With Early Language DelayIrina Tsybina and Alice Eriks-BrophyJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research42:5 (1234-1248)1 Oct 1999Effects of Treatment on Linguistic and Social Skills in Toddlers With Delayed Language DevelopmentShari Brand Robertson and Susan Ellis WeismerAmerican Journal of Speech-Language Pathology7:4 (46-56)1 Nov 1998Expressive Vocabulary Development and Word Combinations of Spanish-English Bilingual ToddlersJanet L. PattersonJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research41:3 (627-641)1 Jun 1998Concurrent and Predictive Validity of an Early Language Screening ProgramThomas Klee, David K. Carson, William J. Gavin, Lisa Hall, Amy Kent and Shaily ReeceAmerican Journal of Speech-Language Pathology6:2 (2-2)1 May 1997From the EditorMarc E. Fey Volume 6Issue 2May 1997Pages: 40-49 Get Permissions Add to your Mendeley library HistoryReceived: Jan 14, 1997Accepted: Mar 3, 1997 Published in issue: May 1, 1997 Metrics Downloaded 308 times Topicsasha-topicsasha-article-typesKeywordschild languagelanguage delayearly interventionlearning disabilitiesCopyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1997 American Speech-Language-Hearing AssociationLoading...
This paper describes the LT NSL system (McKelvie et al., 1996), an architecture for writing corpus processing tools. This system is then compared with two other systems which address similar issues, the GATE system (Cunningham et al., 1995) and the IMS Corpus Workbench (Christ, 1994). In particular we address the advantages and disadvantages of an SGML approach compared with a non-sgml database approach.
Two experiments examined the feasibility of psychological assessment using interactive voice response (IVR) technology and the potential sensitivity of such assessments to alcohol and fatigue effects. In Experiment 1, 10 subjects performed a 12-min battery of six IVR-administered tasks, Monday through Friday, over 2 weeks. Minimal learning effects were evident during training. Repeated administrations indicated high test-retest reliabilities. In Experiment 2 (double-blind, alcohol/placebo crossover design), 7 subjects were tested every 2 h over a 24-h period during two experimental sessions (peak blood alcohol concentrations =80 mg/dL). Several IVR-administered tasks were sensitive to alcohol impairment, but not as sensitive as laboratory-based measures specifically designed to assess alcohol impairment. Little evidence for fatigue-related impairment was obtained. The results support optimism for the potential to assess psychomotor and cognitive functioning distally via telephony; however, further refinement and validation of the methods are needed.
This paper describes a statistics-based Chinese parser, which parses the Chinese sentences with correct segmentation and POS tagging information through the fol]owing processing stages: I) to predict constituent boundaries, 2) to match open and close brackets and produce sytactic ls, 3) to disambiguate and choose the best parse Itee. Evaluating the parser against a smaller Chinese treebank with 5573 sentences, it shows the following encouraging results: 86% precision, 86% recall, 1.1 crossing brackets per sentence and 95% labeled precision.
In Modern Japanese, three nominalizers, no, koto, and zero, are used in overlapping but slightly differing syntactic and semantic environments. This paper will discuss two types of strategy in nominalizer variation in Modern Japanese, koto versus no, on the one hand, and no versus zero, on the other. The two types of variation are shown to be very different in nature. The contrast between koto and no is primarily a semantic one characterizable in terms of greater versus lesser semantic specificity. Koto nominalization is the most semantically sensitive type of nominalization; it tends to be called for where its semantic contribution is expected, no matter how it is. No nominalization, which generally lacks semantic content, is the most unmarked nominalization strategy extensively used in Modern Japanese. The contrast between no and zero, on the other hand, is primarily a syntactic one with a diachronic dimension. In Old Japanese, which lacked the nominalizer no, a syntactic contrast existed between koto and zero. Zero nominalization, a remnant of Old Japanese, is now generally a nonproductive process limited to lexicalized expressions with varying degrees of archaism. No nominalization has long competed with zero nominalization and has successfully replaced it in many syntactic environments including some of the lexicalized expressions where zero was traditionally the norm. However, in spite of the overall dominance of no nominalization, zero nominalization has continued to be used fairly productively in some limited syntactic environments and is not expected to disappear from the syntactic inventory of Modern Japanese in the near future
In this report two programs for statistical analysis of concordance lines are described. The programs have been developed for analyzing he lexical context of a given word. It is shown how different parameter settings influence the outcome of collocational analysis, and how the concept of collocation can be extended to allow the extraction of lines typical for a word from a set of concordance lines. Even though all the examples are for English, the software is completely language independent and only requires minimal linguistic resources.
This paper describes the novel ways in which the Orlando Project, based at the Universities of Alberta and Guelph, is using SGML to create an integrated electronic history of British women's writing in English. Unlike most other SGML-based humanities computing projects which are tagging existing texts, we are researching and writing new material, including biographies, items of historical significance, and many kinds of literary and historical interpretation, all of which incorporates sophisticated SGML encoding for content as well as structure. We have created three DTDs, for biographies, for writing-related activities and publications, and for social, political and other events. A major factor influencing the design of the DTDs was the requirement to be able to merge and restructure the entire text base in many ways in order to retrieve and index it and to reflect multiple views and interpretations. In addition a stable and well-documented system for tagging was deemed essential for a team which involves almost twenty people, including eight graduate students, in two locations.
This paper reports a detailed evaluation of the effectiveness of a system that has been developed for the identification and retrieval of morphological variants in searches of Latin text databases. A user of the retrieval system enters the principal parts of the search term (two parts for a noun or adjective, three parts for a deponent verb, and four parts for other verbs), this enabling the identification of the type of word that is to be processed and of the rules that are to be followed in determining the morphological variants that should be retrieved. Two different search algorithms are described. The algorithms are applied to the Latin portion of the Hartlib Papers Collection and to a range of classical, vulgar and medieval Latin texts drawn from the Patrologia Latina and from the PHI Disk 5.3 datasets. The effectiveness of these searches demonstrates the effectiveness of our procedures in providing access to the full range of classical and post-classical Latin text databases.
Personal narratives are sites for the negotiation and construction of cultural and linguistic norms, and healing stories recontextualize bodily struggles as social and spiritual conflicts. We argue that a narrative of supernatural illness and cure told in Rasta Talk, a style of Jamaican Creole which is undergoing functional expansion, applies a historical critique of colonialism and racism to the health‐care system, while allowing the teller to reposition himself discursively to alleviate suffering and stigma. Creative performance in the genre of illness narrative provides an opportunity for linking the diffusion and transformation of speech styles and registers such as Rasta Talk to the strategic extension of their social functions.
ABSTRACT: In order to understand what happens when languages are in contact in a community, it is necessary to observe that community's acceptance or rejection of the changes that are occurring. Lexicon is the logical area for this analysis since of all the components of language, it changes the fastest. The present study of language contact in Puerto Rico found that the degree of acceptance of lexical change in English due to contact is dependent not only on the type of lexical deviance from established norms but also on the speakers’ self‐evaluation of language dominance. Four types of lexical deviance arising from languge contact were identified: deceptive cognates, false cognates, accidentally similar cognates and accidentally created cognates. Of these, deceptive cognates had the highest percentage of acceptance. The findings indicate that the lexical characteristics of this new contact variety of English, Puerto Rican English, are determined by the particular type of lexical deviance interacting with the linguistic self‐evaluation of the speakers.
Abstract Against the background of the synergetic approach to language some hypotheses about the relation between word length and morpheme length are discussed. First of all, Menzerath's law on the word‐morpheme level is given. On the basis of this law, a function is derived which reflects the dependence of the number of graphemes of a word on its number of morphemes. Furthermore, the influence of morpheme length on the number of graphemes of words containing morphemes of this length is analysed. It is shown that this relation is not just proportional. The results of statistical tests which were realised with the help of the CELEX lexical database are given. They show that all of these hypotheses can for the present be accepted as valid for the languages English, German and Dutch.
Covariance structure analysis is a statistical technique in which a theoretical model, or a covariance structure, is constructed, and the covariances predicted by the theoretical model are compared with those of the observed data. The adequacy of the model in reproducing the sample covariances is reflected by estimates of the parameters of the model and measures indicating the goodness of fit. Covariance structure analysis is frequently used for analyzing data obtained in nonexperimental or quasiexperimental research, but is seldom employed in experimental research. In this paper, the applicability of this technique in experimental research is discussed and illustrated by covariance structure analysis studies in which two models for word translation—the symmetrical model and the asymmetrical model—are described, refined, and contrasted.
Reviews251 tion (152), one ofthe interesting points ofwhich is an important passage on the problem of 'possible features', i.e., features that are not minimally distinctive, hence theoretically unnecessary, but still highly informative. As far as the terminological and terminographic products are concerned, printed versions are analyzed separately from terminological databanks. The section on die latter topic contains highly useful subsections on type and quality of data, and on programs and software for retrieval and interrogation. The last sections on the various national and international institutions and their regulatory activities (158) bring us to die next to last chapter, die one dealing widi the legal status of standardization. The translation again occasionally renders comprehension somewhat difficult. For example, in order to understand a sentence (179) asserting diat a legally normative text very often "is constitutional by its generality but only amounts to a declaration of intent," whereas a simple order or decree may have more immediate impact, one must realize that the term 'constitutional' is not intended in the American English meaning, i.e., = 'valid', because it is opposed to 'unconstitutional, hence not valid', but rather in the meaning of 'constitutional ', i.e., 'basic', not casuistically normative. This chapter also contains a decisive discussion ofthe notion of linguistic norm (167). The discussion is based on French attitudes toward norm and normative activities. This is one of the best descriptions in English of die French attitudes. Chapter 1 1, the last in the book, offers a case study, namely of the terminology in Le Grand Robert, which is a general-language dictionary edited by the author. The summary of his experience is most instructive. In sum, the book is most valuable and interesting. Manual of Specialised Lexicography: The Preparation of Specialised Dictionaries. 1995. Henning Bergenholtz and Sven Tarp. With contributions by Grete Duvâ, Anne-Lise Laursen, Sandro Nielsen, Ole NordingChristensen, and Jette Pedersen. Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins. 254 pages. $49.95 hardcover. The book contains a step-by-step description of the ways of compiling a dictionary of a specialized register. At each of these steps, the authors discuss all the options open at that stage, so that the treatment is methodologically rich. The major portion of this book was written by Bergenholtz and Tarp, and at some distance, by Nielsen. The authorship of each section is clearly indicated in the Preface; in any case, one of die achievements of the primary authors is diat the final printed text is seamless, completely unified in style, and devoid of repetitions. The Manual, comprising 13 chapters, deals first with the basic notions; as the first step, a delineation between terminology (and terminography) on the one hand, and specialized lexicography on the other, is sought, motivated by die notion that terminology is necessarily prescriptive. What is meant by this is that 252Reviews terminology must necessarily be based on die normative authority of a board, committee, or institute that has decided which terms should be used and what meanings diese terms are to carry. This certainly is, in general, true, but only in areas where such normative institutions actually exist; if one examines a dictionary of, say, linguistic terminology (such as Akhmanova 1966, Knobloch 1961, or Springhetti 1962), one will find descriptive explanations of synonymic and homonymie terms; diere is notiiing else that can be done in die absense of any normative authority, particularly when die lexicographer is faced widi contradictory understandings of the same terms by competent schools of linguistic thought. In any case, by 'specialised lexicography' die authors mean, broadly speaking, a lexicography diat deals widi special languages and registers. How much professionaljargon and even general-language vocabulary should, or may, also be included in such specialized dictionaries is one of the points on which individual lexicographers differ. These preliminary clarifications lead to a discussion of the basic problems of specialized lexicography, such as dictionary functions and die like. Particularly important and well-conceived is section 3.5, 'die use ofcomputers in specialised dictionary making'. It is a detailed discussion of methods for building corpora, concordances, and databases, and for editing dictionary entries. The discussion is highly concrete and replete with examples, and with indications and comparative discussions of software programs; it will...
When determining whether a particular transition is more characteristic of one group than of another, two things are required: an index associated with the transition of interest and a statistical test that can determine whether group membership systematically affects values for that index. Here the familiar parametrict test is compared with a test based on sampled permutations. Indices considered are the odds and log odds ratio, Yule’sQ, Wampold’s (1989) transformed kappa, and phi. The odds and log odds ratio are monotonically increasing functions of Yule’sQ and so give similar results. Yule’sQ and phi are essentially rank order invariant and usually give similar results. Transformed kappa, however, rank orders subjects somewhat differently than the others; moreover, it appears somewhat biased. With respect to the tests, when subjects are 20 or more it does not matter much whether sampled permutation or parametrict tests are used; both yield essentially the same result. However, when subjects are fewer than 20, or whenever there is any other reason to think that parametric assumptions may not be met, permutation tests are recommended. A computer program that effects such tests is described.
We used TACT computer software to teach Joseph Conrad's novel Heart of Darkness to BA (Hops) students at the University of Luton in England. Conrad's novel is one of the texts used in the ‘Language and New Literatures’ modules (units). In these modules we combine analytical approaches to literary texts with linguistic methods. We used TACT to reinforce the understanding of the text of Heart of Darkness achieved through such a combination of methods. An exposure to the computer-based approaches to the text described in this article made the students' interaction with the text a more complex and rewarding experience.
A set of activities developed to expose liberal arts undergraduates to global networking software and resources is detailed. Using a suite of Internet software tools and Macintosh computers, teams of students collaborated with faculty searching the World-Wide Web for on-line resources. Detailed student logs provide insights into the challenges of searching for Internet resources. Project shortcomings include difficulty in accessing information sites and poor organization of the final written reports. Ideas for improving the project in the future include allowing more time for the search process and replacing the written report with a WWW home page. The class project enhances the utilization of technology in the curriculum while equipping the students with computer skills to enhance their education.
Content analysis, a technique in which inferences are derived from the communication of interacting parties, is not utilized enough in mainstream negotiation research. The purpose of the present article is to outline the benefits and limitations inherent in the content analysis technique, to provide a comprehensive review of content analysis systems that have been used in the past, and to evaluate the existing systems in an effort to guide readers in the decision process. This article aids the potential consumer—any person considering the use of content analysis in negotiation research—in making informed choices regarding this technique. Choice among existing systems should be based upon one’s research question and upon accepted standards of quality. A system that is relatively comprehensive, well grounded in theory, and demonstrates acceptable levels of reliability is advocated. Specific recommendations regarding quality systems are provided.
In a paper written in 1987 entitled “Computers and the Humanities Courses: Philosophical Bases and Approaches” Nancy Ide put forward two views on teacher education in humanities computing, the “Expert User's View” and the “Holistic View”.1 Ide's two views are derived from the collective opinions given by members of a workshop on teaching computing and humanities courses. In this article the degree to which Ide's two Views can be substantiated in Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) is explored, through a review of the literature and through an international survey on CALL materials development conducted by the author in 1991 (Levy, 1994). On this basis, and given the scarcity of Holistic courses in CALL, a rationale for a CALL course with a holistic orientation is presented.
This paper addresses the relation between meaning, lexical productivity, and frequency of use. Using density estimation as a visualization tool, we show that differences in semantic structure can be reflected in probability density functions estimated for word frequency distributions. We call attention to an example of a bimodal density, and suggest that bimodality arises when distributions of well-entrenched lexical items, which appear to be lognormal, are mixed with distributions of productively created nonce formations.
The Shakespeare Clinic has developed 51 computer tests of Shakespeare play authorship and 14 of poem authorship, and applied them to 37 claimed “true Shakespeares,” to 27 plays of the Shakespeare Apocrypha, and to several poems of unknown or disputed authorship. No claimant, and none of the apocryphal plays or poems, matched Shakespeare. Two plays and one poem from the Shakespeare Canon,Titus Andronicus, Henry VI, Part 3, and “A Lover's Complaint,” do not match the others.
Debate has long been a hallmark of the academic endeavor. The recent introduction of computers into academic life has not been the deus ex machina to bring sudden resolution to these debates. There is a new computing technology, however, that has some promise in this regard. It is called conceptual modeling. This paper' demonstrates how a computer-based model of a problem domain can lead to consensus when competing approaches to the domain can be encapsulated in different visual models that are applied to the same underlying conceptual model.
The Role of Illustrative Examples in Productive Dictionary Use Hilary Nesd Introduction One of the distinguishing features of learners' dictionaries is an abundance of illustrative examples, and lexicographers and reviewers write convincingly of the value of dictionary examples as aids to successful language production. Cowie (1989), for example, claims that a wellconstructed example in a learners' dictionary can show the learnerwriter acceptable complementation patterns, collocations, and native stylistic norms. Other lexicographers, such as Landau (1984, 166), Marello (1987, 226-27), Creamer (1987, 243) and Drysdale (1987) extol the value of examples in a similar vein, implying that, without the benefit of dictionary examples, learner-writers would make many more mistakes. Studies show, however, that learners' dictionaries often fail to provide the information that learners need to avoid producing errors (Huang [1985], Nesi [1987], Meara and English [1988]). Learners have also been found to seriously misinterpret the grammatical, collocational and semantic information learners' dictionaries do provide (Nesi and Meara [1993]). Perhaps the lexicographers' views derive from a consideration ofwhat should happen when a skilled dictionary user consults a skillfully chosen example. Such views may not take into account what does happen when ordinary dictionary users, with a tendency to misread dictionary entries, consult examples that do not adequately reflect all the lexical features that they need to know. The small amount of evidence available from testing and observing learner use ofdictionary examples is far less positive about their usefulness. Black (1986) found no significant difference between com- ____________Illustrative Examples in Productive Dictionary Use_________199 prehension test scores for words defined with examples and words defined without examples, and although Miller and Gildea (1985) found that native-speaker children produced more acceptable sentences when they had access to examples, they decided to draw no definite conclusions from their study (1987, 90). Miller and Gildea's research method had run into problems because, when their subjects were asked to write sentences with the aid of examples, many simply reproduced the examples they had been given. Black's study is also somewhat unreliable because subjects often seemed to have simply guessed the correct multiple choice answer. Both studies also ignored the possibility that subjects might already have known some of the look-up words. The task set in the study is a computer-based version of the productive task devised by Miller and Gildea (1985, 1987). Using a program written by Paul Meara at University College Swansea, I was able to regulate the quantity of dictionary information that appeared on the screen and record not only the sentences produced by each subject, but also the extent to which subjects accessed dictionary information and the length of time spent reading that information. Subjects were prevented from simply repeating example sentences from the dictionary entry, because they were required to include both the target word and a given high frequency word in the sentences they produced. They were also allowed to choose whether or not to access dictionary information before writing each sentence. This made it less likely that subjects would look up words they already knew well; instead, look up was likely to be motivated by inadequate productive knowledge of the target words. The study The best type of EFL dictionary entry is, presumably, one that can be quickly absorbed and put to effective practical use. The two research questions posed for this study therefore concerned these two attributes of the dictionary entry: 1.Do definitions with examples take longer to read than definitions without examples? 2.Are definitions with examples more helpful in productive dictionary use than definitions without examples? Eighteen target words were chosen for the experiment from the 200____ Hilary Nesi middle bands of Nation's "University Word List" (Nation 1990). The words were enlighten, err, gravity, incorporate, intersect, perpetrate, retard, rudimentary, symptom, version, agitate, civic, clarify, collide, compute, controversy, interact, and interlude. A pilot study suggested that the majority of subjects would be unlikely to know these words. Two versions of the test were prepared using entries taken from the second version of the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary Englüh (LDOCE). In each version, example sentences and phrases for half the target words were removed. In version A, examples for the first...