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This analysis extends the tools of statistical analysis to the challenging task of distinguishing between genuine works by an author, the preeminent American writer of mysteries, Raymond Chandler, and deliberate attempts by others to mimic the author's style. Rendering the task all the more challenging, the analysis focuses exclusively on the main elements of Chandler's style rather than on his minor but telling stylistic idiosyncrasies. Statistical analysis establishes that indicators of these stylistic elements can successfully detect the pastiches.
No AccessEditor's AwardAmerican Journal of Speech-Language PathologySecond Opinion1 May 1996Clinical Implications of the Natural History of Slow Expressive Language Development Rhea Paul Rhea Paul Corresponding author: e-mail: E-mail Address: [email protected] Portland State University, Portland, OR Google Scholar https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360.0502.05 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In References Applebee, A. (1978). The child's concept of story. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar Aram, D., Ekelman, B., & Nation, J. (1984). Preschoolers with language disorders: 10 years later.Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 27, 232–244. ASHAWireGoogle Scholar Aram, D., & Nation, J. (1980). Preschool language disorders and subsequent language and academic difficulties.Journal of Communication Disorders, 13, 159–170. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Bayley, N. (1969). 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The Kagan Matching Familiar Figures Test of Impulsivity/Reflectivity was modified to allow computer control of stimulus presentation and data acquisition via IBM-compatible systems. The comparability of computer administration and traditional hand administration was examined in a split-half study with a sample of 58 students (ages, 18–39 years). Analyses of variance revealed no significant differences between the administration techniques for latency and a small but significant difference for accuracy. Correlations between the two administration techniques were .61 for latency and .40 for error scores. Internal consistency coefficients for computer administration exceeded those for hand administration on both latency and accuracy. These data compare favorably with results reported by others and suggest that computer administration offers a viable alternative to traditional hand administration of the MFFT in research applications.
Movement activity of a normal baboon and of a baboon with induced Parkinsonism by unilateral administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was recorded by the Walter Reed Activity Monitor (or actigraph). Mean activity in the lesioned baboon was 41% less than that of the nonlesioned baboon measured over a 14-day period. In addition, the daily maximum activity value was significantly less in the MPTP-treated baboon. Moreover, resting and sleeping periods were 30% greater in the lesioned animal. The akinesia and resting and sleeping periods were displayed by the lesioned baboon throughout the day, whereas the control baboon showed them only at night. The data representing summarized movement activity are in accordance with observations of bradykinesia, hypokinesia, and akinesia of the MPTP-treated baboon. The actigraph was well tolerated by the animal because its small size and weight made it largely unobtrusive. We suggest that the actigraph is an appropriate device for measuring motor activity in nonhuman primates.
This paper outlines specific methodologies for conducting research via computer networks. We discuss advantages of Internet experimentation over previous modes of telecommunication-facilitated research and characterize features of studies that can benefit from Internet access and those which are unlikely to. We point out pitfalls and suggest a range of potential solutions in terms of specific practical techniques for managing the design, dissemination, and collection of Internet materials. We also discuss techniques for minimizing attrition and for adapting to recalcitrance presented by “hacker” vandalism.
Neural Networks have recently been a matter of extensive research and popularity. Their application has increased considerably in areas in which we are presented with a large amount of data and we have to identify an underlying pattern. This paper will look at their application to stylometry. We believe that statistical methods of attributing authorship can be coupled effectively with neural networks to produce a very powerful classification tool. We illustrate this with an example of a famous case of disputed authorship, The Federalist Papers. Our method assigns the disputed papers to Madison, a result which is consistent with previous work on the subject.
Abstract Against the background of the synergetic approach to language some hypotheses about the relation between word length and morpheme length are discussed. First of all, Menzerath's law on the word‐morpheme level is given. On the basis of this law, a function is derived which reflects the dependence of the number of graphemes of a word on its number of morphemes. Furthermore, the influence of morpheme length on the number of graphemes of words containing morphemes of this length is analysed. It is shown that this relation is not just proportional. The results of statistical tests which were realised with the help of the CELEX lexical database are given. They show that all of these hypotheses can for the present be accepted as valid for the languages English, German and Dutch.
This paper presents an efficient algorithm for retrieving from a database of trees, all trees that match a given query tree approximately, that is, within a certain error tolerance. It has natural language processing applications in searching for matches in example-based translation systems, and retrieval from lexical databases containing entries of complex feature structures. The algorithm has been implemented on SparcStations, and for large randomly generated synthetic tree databases (some having tens of thousands of trees) it can associatively search for trees with a small error, in a matter of tenths of a second to few seconds.
Our sample consisted of 420 children who were making normal progress in learning to read (35 girls and 35 boys at each of the ages from 7 to 12 years inclusive, from a variety of schools in Sydney). They were given a set of 30 exception words, 30 nonwords, and 30 regular words to read aloud. As predicted by a dual-route account of learning to read, the correlations between regular word and exception word reading accuracy and between regular word and nonword reading accuracy were higher than the correlation between exception word and nonword reading accuracy; also as predicted by this account, regular word reading accuracy was higher than exception word and nonword reading accuracy.We present our data as age-related norms which can be used in conjunction with our materials to assess how well children in this age range who appear to have reading difficulties are acquiring the lexical and nonlexical reading procedures as they learn to read.
Reviews251 tion (152), one ofthe interesting points ofwhich is an important passage on the problem of 'possible features', i.e., features that are not minimally distinctive, hence theoretically unnecessary, but still highly informative. As far as the terminological and terminographic products are concerned, printed versions are analyzed separately from terminological databanks. The section on die latter topic contains highly useful subsections on type and quality of data, and on programs and software for retrieval and interrogation. The last sections on the various national and international institutions and their regulatory activities (158) bring us to die next to last chapter, die one dealing widi the legal status of standardization. The translation again occasionally renders comprehension somewhat difficult. For example, in order to understand a sentence (179) asserting diat a legally normative text very often "is constitutional by its generality but only amounts to a declaration of intent," whereas a simple order or decree may have more immediate impact, one must realize that the term 'constitutional' is not intended in the American English meaning, i.e., = 'valid', because it is opposed to 'unconstitutional, hence not valid', but rather in the meaning of 'constitutional ', i.e., 'basic', not casuistically normative. This chapter also contains a decisive discussion ofthe notion of linguistic norm (167). The discussion is based on French attitudes toward norm and normative activities. This is one of the best descriptions in English of die French attitudes. Chapter 1 1, the last in the book, offers a case study, namely of the terminology in Le Grand Robert, which is a general-language dictionary edited by the author. The summary of his experience is most instructive. In sum, the book is most valuable and interesting. Manual of Specialised Lexicography: The Preparation of Specialised Dictionaries. 1995. Henning Bergenholtz and Sven Tarp. With contributions by Grete Duvâ, Anne-Lise Laursen, Sandro Nielsen, Ole NordingChristensen, and Jette Pedersen. Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins. 254 pages. $49.95 hardcover. The book contains a step-by-step description of the ways of compiling a dictionary of a specialized register. At each of these steps, the authors discuss all the options open at that stage, so that the treatment is methodologically rich. The major portion of this book was written by Bergenholtz and Tarp, and at some distance, by Nielsen. The authorship of each section is clearly indicated in the Preface; in any case, one of die achievements of the primary authors is diat the final printed text is seamless, completely unified in style, and devoid of repetitions. The Manual, comprising 13 chapters, deals first with the basic notions; as the first step, a delineation between terminology (and terminography) on the one hand, and specialized lexicography on the other, is sought, motivated by die notion that terminology is necessarily prescriptive. What is meant by this is that 252Reviews terminology must necessarily be based on die normative authority of a board, committee, or institute that has decided which terms should be used and what meanings diese terms are to carry. This certainly is, in general, true, but only in areas where such normative institutions actually exist; if one examines a dictionary of, say, linguistic terminology (such as Akhmanova 1966, Knobloch 1961, or Springhetti 1962), one will find descriptive explanations of synonymic and homonymie terms; diere is notiiing else that can be done in die absense of any normative authority, particularly when die lexicographer is faced widi contradictory understandings of the same terms by competent schools of linguistic thought. In any case, by 'specialised lexicography' die authors mean, broadly speaking, a lexicography diat deals widi special languages and registers. How much professionaljargon and even general-language vocabulary should, or may, also be included in such specialized dictionaries is one of the points on which individual lexicographers differ. These preliminary clarifications lead to a discussion of the basic problems of specialized lexicography, such as dictionary functions and die like. Particularly important and well-conceived is section 3.5, 'die use ofcomputers in specialised dictionary making'. It is a detailed discussion of methods for building corpora, concordances, and databases, and for editing dictionary entries. The discussion is highly concrete and replete with examples, and with indications and comparative discussions of software programs; it will...
Le recensement de 1991 a indiqué qu’après des années de baisse progressive, le nombre de galloisants se stabilise à 18 % de la population totale. Mais ce chiffre est trompeur car le gallois parlé par la jeune génération se distingue d’une façon importante de celui parlé par les gens plus âgés en ce qui concerne la syntaxe, la morphologie, les domaines linguistiques et le degré de standardisation. Le contact avec l’anglais et le fait que les locuteurs du gallois comme langue seconde se font plus nombreux que ceux qui l’ont comme langue maternelle rend concevable l’idée que le gallois se trouve devant une mutation de ses normes grammaticales et lexicales.
The Limits of Irony Berel Lang (bio) Irony... disciplines and punishes. Kierkegaard If my title is not ironic—and it isn't—it must be tendentious, since it implies that irony has limits and so invites only the question of what or where they are. But the basis for this assumption is not self-evident, and indeed the emphasis in modern theories of irony runs directly counter to it. This more common view finds irony limit less, with its characteristic starting point in a contradiction or reversal that then evokes an indefinite number of further displacements. On this account, one ironic turn opens the way to another and that one opens on still another, with no nonironic end in sight except for the ironic consciousness itself with its denial of any stopping point that might interrupt its own continuing reflection. On this view, irony initiates (more precisely, takes place in) an infinite movement—perhaps regress, perhaps progress—that violates the supposed boundaries of every context in which it appears: it is irony that irony affirms, not just this or that single turn. Thus, irony discloses its purpose not in its individual assertions or truths but in the common manner of their rendering; in this sense irony is an adverb, not a noun—insatiable in its appetite in a way that "persons, places, or things" could not be even if they imagined or willed that state. Kierkegaard's view at the beginning of his doctoral dissertation, The Concept of Irony, of irony's "infinite absolute negativity" 1 may seem too burdensome for merely human practice, and indeed that view later turns out to be too weighty even for him. But master-ironist that he was, his opening description of irony's apparently limitless reach warrants attention, and not only because in it he echoes, at least for this one time, his antagonist of choice, Hegel. I shall later be disputing this view of irony and propose an alternative to it, but we do well to look first at the process leading to its historical dominance. This scrutiny is the more pertinent because irony does not openly admit its expansionist design. More typically, it avoids speaking of itself at all—and just this reticence motivated the critic and aesthetician Jean-Paul's proposal for an "irony mark" to serve, like the question mark [End Page 571] or the exclamation point, as a means of identification: readers could then be confident of recognizing an ironic text when they met one. But Jean-Paul's idea never caught on, evidently because it would be self-defeating. The avowal by ironic statements of their "point" or even of their identity as ironic could only undermine the effect they strive for: to have the reader himself, as the writer's "double," infer and then inscribe the ironic conclusion in its reversal of the assertions offered at face value (at one-face value, that is) by the writer. We thus look to the ironic text for what it omits at least as much as for what it acknowledges; its ironic claims, fittingly, are the more present for being the more absent. Admittedly, other literary tropes or figures—metaphor, allegory—typically also avoid announcing themselves; for them, too, blatancy is self-defeating or, more basically, antifigurative. (Figurative language that cited itself as figurative might turn that reference too into a figure of speech—perhaps under the title of "truth" or "candor." 2 ) Even allowing for this reticence, however, individual figures often do provide clues of figurative design—all of them, for example, involving deviation from a linguistic norm. None, however, displays irony's combination of contradiction and then subordination of what is first "literally" affirmed. The characteristic reversal in oxymoron, for example, emphasizes a specific quality (the "silence" of "loud silence"), not contradiction as such. Similarly for catachresis—assigning a figurative term where no literal term exists (the "leg" of a chair)—and for aporia, which in so many words places its subject beyond words, as ineffable: although perhaps hinting beyond their immediate referents, these make no claim to represent a mode of consciousness. By contrast, the reversals of irony, in addition to turning sentences or texts back...
Abstract JBR, a classic case of a category-specific disorder for living things reported by Warrington and Shallice (Brain 1984; 107: 829-54), was reassessed to establish whether differences in concept familiarity could account for his disorder. JBR's ability to name and define living and non-living things deteriorated with decreasing levels of familiarity, but was significantly more impaired for living things in the low familiarity range; no category-specific effect was apparent for highly familiar items. Possible confounding effects arising from the greater visual complexlty and visual similarity of living things could not account for the findings. Further investigations showed that JBR's disorder for living things could not be explained in terms of a specific loss of visual feature knowledge. Normal controls also showed a disparity between their naming of living and non-living things rated equivalently for familiarity, indicating that JBR's category disorder was not necessarily pathological in nature. It is suggested that concept familiarity remains the best predictor of performance, but that present measures, which rate only the frequency of experience, appear to be relatively insensitive to differences in the familiarity of less common living and non-living things. In future, familiarity ratings which include the quality of experience might provide a more sensitive measure.
After presenting a novel O(n3) parsing algorithm for dependency grammar, we develop three contrasting ways to stochasticize it. We propose (a) a lexical affinity model where words struggle to modify each other, (b) a sense tagging model where words fluctuate randomly in their selectional preferences, and (c) a generative model where the speaker fleshes out each word's syntactic and conceptual structure without regard to the implications for the hearer. We also give preliminary empirical results from evaluating the three models' parsing performance on annotated Wall Street Journal training text (derived from the Penn Treebank). In these results, the generative model performs significantly better than the others, and does about equally well at assigning part-of-speech tags.
In this paper, we want to describe a tagger/lemmatiser for Dutch medical vocabulary, which consists of a full-form dictionary and a morphological recogniser for unknown vocabulary coupled to an expert system-like disambiguation module. Attention is also paid to the main datastructures: a lexical database and feature bundles implemented as directed acyclic graphs. some evaluation results are presented as well. The tagger/lemmatiser currently functions as a lexical front-end for a syntactic parser. For pure tagging/lemmatising purposes, a reduced tagset (not suited for sentence analysis) can be used as well.
Abstract JBR, a classic case of a category-specific disorder for living things reported by Warrington and Shallice (Brain 1984; 107: 829-54), was reassessed to establish whether differences in concept familiarity could account for his disorder. JBR's ability to name and define living and non-living things deteriorated with decreasing levels of familiarity, but was significantly more impaired for living things in the low familiarity range; no category-specific effect was apparent for highly familiar items. Possible confounding effects arising from the greater visual complexlty and visual similarity of living things could not account for the findings. Further investigations showed that JBR's disorder for living things could not be explained in terms of a specific loss of visual feature knowledge. Normal controls also showed a disparity between their naming of living and non-living things rated equivalently for familiarity, indicating that JBR's category disorder was not necessarily pathological in nature. It is suggested that concept familiarity remains the best predictor of performance, but that present measures, which rate only the frequency of experience, appear to be relatively insensitive to differences in the familiarity of less common living and non-living things. In future, familiarity ratings which include the quality of experience might provide a more sensitive measure.
This study examined relations between college women's scores on femininity and their same-sex friendships and how these women's perceptions were influenced by induction of success or failure. 200 undergraduate women described themselves and their best friends on the dominance and submissiveness scales of the Interpersonal Adjective Scales and also completed the Behavioral Self-report of Femininity and a biographical information sheet. Mean ratings of dominance were above average both for self and best-friend ratings, but these two dominance ratings were not significantly correlated. However, women viewed themselves as similar to their best friends on submissiveness characteristics. Highly feminine women described themselves as more dominant than less feminine women. Highly feminine women also experienced less anxiety and fatigue as measured by the Profile of Mood States in response to failure induction than less feminine women. Both sets of results are contrary to expectations, but the behavioral definition of femininity was different from that used earlier.
As we move into the next millennium, we are already seeing economic and marketing shifts—the move toward supply-dominated economies and the loosening of constraints on commerce across geopolitical boundaries—that are gaining momentum worldwide. These shifts will demand that marketers create and leverage the power of the brand to realize anything more than commodity margins. Failing to do so will force marketers to seek lowest-cost provider status, to compete against other goods or services primarily on price, and to realize no more than commodity margins.Accordingly, this paper provides recommendations for leveraging brands based on Young & Rubicam’s BrandAsset® Valuator project, the largest worldwide survey of consumer brand perceptions to date.Additionally, implications from this project are discussed for communications research, market studies, strategic planning, and global branding. Specifically, communications research should incorporate leading indicators (i.e., brand differentiation and relevance) rather than such traditional lagging indicators as knowledge levels and affective ratings. Also, market studies should include brands over and above direct category competitors to uncover new brand-building opportunities. Ideally, strategic planning efforts should take the brand’s current health and developmental level into account. Finally, globalization is desirable to the extent that a brand’s differentiation can be made relevant in each of the markets of interest.
Horizontal redundancy is inherent to lexica consisting of descriptions of fully formed objects. This causes an unwelcome expansion of the lexical database and increases parsing time. To climinate it, direct relations between descriptions of fully formed objects are often defined. These are additional to the (Typed Multiple) Inheritance Network which already structures the lexicon. Many implementations of horizontal relations, however, fail to generate lexical entries on a needs-driven basis, so eliminate neither the problem of lexicon expansion nor that of inefficient parsing. Alternatively, we propose that lexical entries are descriptions of objects open to contextual specification of their properties on the basis of constraints defined within the type system. This guarantees that only those grammatical lexical entries are infered that are needed for efficient parsing. The proposal is extremely modest, making use of only basic inference power and expressivity.
This paper presents an efficient algorithm for retrieving from a database of trees, all trees that match a given query tree appro,imately, that is, within a certain error tolerance. It has natural language processing applications in searching for matches in example-based translation systems, and retrieval from lexical databases containing entries of complex feature structures. The algorithm has been implemented on SparcStations, and for large randomly generated synthetic tree databases (some having tens of thousands of trees) it can associatively search [or trees with a small error, in a matter of tenths of a second to few seconds.
A method for assessing affect states among older people with Alzheimer's disease was developed for use in a study designed to evaluate a special care unit for such residents of a nursing home. The 6-item Philadelphia Geriatric Center Affect Rating Scale was designed for the use of research and other staff in assessing positive affect (pleasure, interest, contentment) and negative affect (sadness, worry/anxiety, and anger) by direct observation of facial expression, body movement, and other cues that do not depend on self-report, among 253 demented and 43 nondemented residents. Each affect scale was highly reliable, expressed in estimated portions of a 10-minute observation period when the affect expression occurred. Validity estimates were affirmative in showing discriminant correlations between the positive states and various independent measures of social and other outwardly engaged behavior and between negative states and other measures of depression, anger, anxiety, and withdrawal. Limited support for the two-factor dimensionality of the affect ratings was obtained, although positive and negative affect were correlated, rather than independent. Some hope is offered that the preference and aversions of Alzheimer patients may be better understood by observations of their emotional behaviors and that such methods may lead to a better ability to judge institutional quality.
In Data-Oriented Parsing (DOP), an annotated language corpus is used as a stochastic grammar. The most probable analysis of a new input sentence is constructed by combining sub-analyses from the corpus in the most probable way. This approach has been succesfully used for syntactic analysis, using corpora with syntactic annotations such as the Penn Treebank. If a corpus with semantically annotated sentences is used, the same approach can also generate the most probable semantic interpretation of an input sentence. The present paper explains this semantic interpretation method, and summarizes the results of a preliminary experiment. Semantic annotations were added to the syntactic annotations of most of the sentences of the ATIS corpus. A data-oriented semantic interpretation algorithm was succesfully tested on this semantically enriched corpus.
For many people, there is a discrepancy between perceived and desired physical appearance. Attempts have been made to quantify this discrepancy as a measure of body-image disturbance: however, the use of measurement scales which are not population-specific may bias the assessment. To investigate whether ratings of body-images were affected by the scale employed, 57 male and 40 female adolescents were tested using both adult and adolescent body-figure silhouette scales. Significant between-scale differences were found, with adolescents displaying consistently lower body-image ratings when viewing adult as opposed to adolescent scales. In addition, between-sex differences in discrepancy scores and correlations between discrepancy scores and another measure of body satisfaction were significantly influenced by the scale employed. The results confirm the need for population-specific measurement scales and the implementation of standardised assessment procedures.
The purpose of this article is to analyse those contexts in which the indicative simple and compound perfect (sang I have sung) move away from their systematic values and assume different time value in verb tenses which belong to the indicative as well as the subjunctive. This work is based on the materials for the study of the linguistic norm of learned people, which were gathered according to the outlines established in the Proyecto de estudio coordinado de la norma linguistica culta del espanol hablado en las principales ciudades del mundo hispanico (the Project of coordinated study of the linguistic norm used by the learned). [2] GRACIA PINERO PINERO 312
In this paper I present ongoing work on the data-oriented parsing (DOP) model. In previous work, DOP was tested on a cleaned-up set of analyzed part-of-speech strings from the Penn Treebank, achieving excellent test results. This left, however, two important questions unanswered: (1) how does DOP perform if tested on unedited data, and (2) how can DOP be used for parsing word strings that contain unknown words? This paper addresses these questions. We show that parse results on unedited data are worse than on cleaned-up data, although very competitive if compared to other models. As to the parsing of word strings, we show that the hardness of the problem does not so much depend on unknown words, but on previously unseen lexical categories of known words. We give a novel method for parsing these words by estimating the probabilities of unknown subtrees. The method is of general interest since it shows that good performance can be obtained without the use of a part-of-speech tagger. To the best of our knowledge, our method outperforms other statistical parsers tested on Penn Treebank word strings.
A new instrument was designed to provide a practical clinical measure for assessing children's pain intensity and pain affect. The pocket size measure includes a Coloured Analogue Scale (CAS) to assess intensity and a facial affective scale to assess the aversive component of pain. Both scales have numerical ratings on the back, so that the person administering it can quickly note the numbers that represent a child's pain. This study was conducted to determine the validity of the new instrument by evaluating the psychophysical properties of the intensity scale and by evaluating the discriminant validity of the intensity and affective scales. Since visual analogue scales (VAS) are valid and reliable measures for assessing children's pain, children's ability to use the new analog scale was compared with their performance on a VAS. Children's ability to rate pain affect using an affective scale, in which the 9 faces on a Facial Affective Scale (FAS) are presented in an ordered sequence from least to most distressed, was compared to their performance on the original FAS, in which the same faces were presented in a random order. Using a parallel groups design, 104 children (5-16 years; 60 female, 44 male; 51 healthy and 53 with recurrent headaches) were randomized into two groups: CAS or VAS. Children used the assigned scale to complete a calibration task, in which they rated the sizes of 7 circles varying in area (491, 804, 1385, 2923, 3848, 5675 and 7854 mm2). The psychophysical function relating perceived circle size to actual physical size was determined for the CAS and VAS. Children's CAS and VAS responses on the calibration task yielded similar mathematical relationships: psi cas = 0.035I0.87, psi vas = 0.027I0.89, where psi = perceived magnitude and I = stimulus intensity. The R2 values were 0.921 and 0.922 for the CAS and VAS groups, respectively. Analyses of covariance revealed no significant differences in the characteristics of these relationships, i.e., R2, slope, or y intercept, by scale type. Children used the same scale to complete the Children's Pain Inventory (CPI), in which they rated the intensity and affect of 16 painful events (varying in nature and extent of tissue damage). Children's CAS and VAS responses on the CPI were similar. Analyses of covariance indicated that there were no differences in either intensity or affective ratings by scale type. However, the mean number of painful events experienced by children increased significantly with age (P = 0.0001). Intensity ratings decreased significantly with age (P = 0.002), but affective ratings did not vary with age. The new instrument has equivalent psychometric properties to a 165 mm VAS. However, the CAS was rated as easier to administer and score than the VAS, so it may be more practical for routine clinical use. Since the CAS has fulfilled the first two criteria for a pain measure (psychophysical properties and discriminant validity), it is ethical to proceed with the formal definitive test for construct validity, in which children from various clinical populations use the CAS scale to assess their own pain.
This tutorial paper presents some important issues raised in the area of spoken word recognition. It also introduces a novel psycholinguistic approach to addressing these issues that involves combining computational modelling, quantitative analyses of lexical databases, and exerimentation. Finally, it is shown how this computational methodology can be used to investigate the two central problems of lexical activation and lexical segmentation.
Most dementias in old age are characterized by a progressive course with interindividual variability in pattern and rate of progression. Developing a system for staging such dementia poses a challenge in capturing this variability in a system that will afford comparisons among individuals and predictions of future change. Several core questions underlie the development of such systems: (1) Is there a definable order in which abilities are lost? (2) Which skills and functions should be considered essential for the staging of dementia and what is their relative weight? (3) Can the different skills be captured within one staging system? (4) How is the whole range of function captured, and are the differences between stages clearly defined? (5) Which populations can be rated with each staging system? The determination of this last question is based on understanding which other medical conditions may interfere with the course of dementia and how prior characteristics, such as education, affect ratings on specific scales for the staging of dementia. Several systems for staging dementia in older adults are described. These include the Clinical Dementia Rating, the Global Deterioration Scale/Brief Cognitive Rating Scale/Functional Assessment Staging System, the Six Clinical Phases of Cognitive Decline, the Hierarchic Dementia Scale, and the Functional Capacity Scale. Some aspects of the utility of these systems are reviewed, and the issues for further research are discussed.
A treebank is a body of natural language text which has been grammatically annotated by hand, in terms of some previously-established scheme of grammatical analysis. Treebanks have been used within the field of natural language processing as a source of training data for statistical part og speech taggers (Black et al., 1992; Brill, 1994; Merialdo, 1994; Weischedel et al., 1993) and for statistical parsers (Black et al., 1993; Brill, 1993; aelinek et al., 1994; Magerman, 1995; Magerman and Marcus, 1991). In this article, we present the AT'R/Lancaster 7'reebauk of American English, a new resource tbr natural-language-, processing research, which has been prepared by Lancaster University (UK)'s Unit for Computer Research on the English Language, according to specifications provided by ATR (Japan)'s Statistical Parsing Group. First we provide a static description, with (a) a discussion of the mode of selection and initial processing of text for inclusion in the treebank, and (b) an explanation of the scheme of grammatical annotation we then apply to the text. Sec.ond, we supply a process description of the treebank, in which we detail the physical and computational mechanisms by which we have created it. Finally, we lay out plans for the further development of this new treebank. All of the features of the ATR/Lancaster Treebank that are described below represent a radical departure from extant large-scale (Eyes and Leech, 1993; Garside and McEnery, 1993; Marcus et al., 1993) treebanks. We have chosen in this article to present our treebank in some detail, rather than to compare and contrast it with other treebanks. But the major differences between this and earlier treebanks can easily be grasped via a corn-
Evaluative conditioning refers to the observation that the mere paired presentation of a neutral stimulus (CS) with a liked or disliked stimulus (US) may result in the neutral stimulus itself acquiring positive or negative valence. In most studies, the CS is an autonomous, invariant stimulus, and the subject directly experiences both CS and US. In this experiment, we investigated whether evaluative conditioning can be extended to a situation wherein the CS is no more than an invariant element of a complex, variable stimulus configuration, and wherein the subject experiences the CS–US co-occurrences indirectly, i.e. by observing a socius who is exposed to the CS–US pairings and facially expresses either liking or disliking the US. During acquisition, subjects watched video-taped sequences of an actor drinking a glass containing a liquid and facially expressing either liking or disliking the drink. The stimulus element which was systematically paired with the actor's facial expression of liking or disliking, was whether the glass contained a ‘foot’ or no ‘foot’ (CS), while other characteristics of the scenes were systematically varied and paired equally often with an expression of like and dislike. Next, valence ratings were obtained for pictures in which the CS element (foot/no foot) was embedded. A clear observational evaluative learning effect could be demonstrated when the feature CS was embedded in objects identical to those presented during learning, but not when it was embedded in new objects. These data demonstrate the possibility of vicarious evaluative conditioning of an embedded stimulus element, but probably at a lower level of abstraction than intended.
A new Visual Image Rating Scale for females was developed from a computer-reconstructed photograph to produce figures with realistic three-dimensional contour and different types of fat and muscle distribution. Correlations between choice of figures selected by a group of college women on two occasions two weeks apart gave significant test-retest stability. To estimate the construct validity of the scale in assessing body satisfaction, at the time the scale was first administered 77 undergraduate women were asked to select the figure closest to their current physique and to complete the Body-esteem Scale. Figure selection was highly correlated with relative fatness as measured by Body Mass Index and with scores on the Weight Concern subscale of the Body-esteem Scale. The utility of the scale for women of color or for women of a wider range of age and socioeconomic status remains to be evaluated.
This work attempted to define the impact of panel experience on olfactory memory performance by comparing scores in an odor recognition task obtained from a highly trained descriptive panel (17 subjects) and a naive one (33 subjects with no experience in sensory analysis). During the inspection phase, 16 odorants were presented monadically to subjects for familiarity rating and a written description. The recognition session was planned 7 days later with 32 odorants (including the 16 of the target set). Subjects also described the odor of the stimuli. The memory performance of each panel was estimated by the mean value of individual d' (index of detectability). Training of the descriptive panel did not enhance the olfactory memory ability, which strengthened the well-established idea that odor memory is closely linked to personal experience of the subject with the stimuli. However, odor recognition performances were improved by a precise and consistent answer at the encoding task: for both groups, subjects performed better when stimuli were precisely labeled and consistently used. Trained subjects were more accurate when describing than naive ones, whatever the degree of familiarity. Panel experience allowed trained subjects to verbalize their perception especially accurately when stimuli were familiar.
This study explored the nature of the relationship between attention available at learning and subsequent implicit and explicit memory performance. One hundred neurologically normal subjects rated their liking of target words on a five-point scale. Half of the subjects completed the word-rating task in a full attention condition and the other half performed the task in a divided attention condition. Following administration of the word-rating task, all subjects completed five memory tests, three implicit (category association, tachistoscopic identification, and perceptual clarification) and two explicit (semantic-cued recall and graphemic-cued recall), each bearing on a different subset of the list of previously presented target words. The results revealed that subjects in the divided attention condition performed significantly more poorly than subjects in the full attention condition on the explicit memory measures. In contrast, there were no significant group differences in performance on the implicit memory measures. These findings suggest that the attention to an episode that is necessary to produce later explicit memory may differ from that necessary to produce unconscious influences. The relationship between implicit memory, neurologic injury and automatic processes is discussed.
This paper presents relevant issues that have been considered in the design and development of a general purpose lemmatiser/tagger for Basque (EUSLEM). The lemmatiser/tagger is conceived as a basic tool for other linguistic applications. It uses the lexical database and the morphological analyser previously developed and implemented. We will describe the components used in the development of the lemmatiser/tagger and, finally, we will point out possible further applications of this tool. 1. Introduction An automatic lemmatiser/tagger is a basic tool for applications such as automatic indexation, documental databases, syntactic and semantic analysis, analysis of text corpora, etc. Its job is to give the correct lemma of a text-word, as well as its grammatical category. This project is being carried out by two entities: a group of the Computer Science Faculty of The Basque Country University and UZEI (1), an association that works on Basque terminology and lexicography. It's not the fi...
In this developmental study, idiom understanding was examined in Australian students from Grades 5 and 8 (n = 50 per group; mean ages = 10.7 and 13.8, respectively). Twenty-four idioms with familiarity ratings ranging from high to low (as judged by Australian adolescents) were each presented in a brief story context. The students read each story and selected the best interpretation of the idiom from a set of four answer choices. Results indicated that performance on the task improved as a function of increasing grade level and that idiom familiarity was significantly correlated to idiom understanding for both groups of students. These results, which were consistent with a previous study of American students of comparable educational levels (Nippold & Taylor, 1995), provide further support for the "language experience" hypothesis of figurative language development. In replicating the previous developmental study, evidence of external validity is provided.
Depuis quelques années l’annotation automatique de corpus est devenue une activité à part entière en informatique linguistique. Nous faisons le point sur un gros corpus anglais complètement annoté pour la syntaxe, le Penn Treebank, ainsi que sur deux outils d’étiquetage morphosyntaxique automatique disponibles pour le français: le taggeur de Xerox et le taggeur de l’INaLF.
Examined children's ratings of attitudes and behavioral intentions toward a boy presented, on videotape, with or without symptoms of Tourette syndrome (TS). Effects of information about TS on these ratings were investigated as well as the influence of gender and grade. Children in Grades 3 and 5 were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: No TS, TS, or TS/information. On the attitude measure, children rated the peer presented with TS less positively than they did the peer presented without TS. On behavioral intention measures, no significant differences were found between conditions. Information about TS did not affect ratings. Implications of these findings as well as limitations of the study are discussed.
Three groups of informants--two in California, one in Atlanta--recalled their experiences of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake shortly after the event and again 11/2 years later. The Californians' recalls of their own earthquake experiences were virtually perfect. Even their recalls of hearing the news of an earthquake-related event were very good: much higher than Atlantan recalls of hearing about the quake itself. Atlantans who had relatives in the affected area remembered significantly more than those who did not. These data show that personal involvement in the quake led to greatly improved recall, but do not show why. Many Californian informants reported low levels of stress/arousal during the event; arousal ratings were not significantly correlated with recall. The authors suggest that repeated narrative rehearsals may have played an important role.
The purpose of the present study was to examine empirically the influence of past memories on current perceptions of relationship functioning. Michael White's therapeutic metaphor, which posits that individuals have the ability to overcome the constraining effects of socially-constructed meanings or narratives that negatively impinge on their lives, served as the primary conceptual lens. Research from the fields of cognitive psychology and neuro-lingusitic programming also provided crucial conceptual structure. In the current experimental study, three groups of university students participated in a memory recall exercise that attempted to access multi-sensory information about positive, negative or unspecified memories of experiences with a romantic significant other. Participants completed a dyadic measure that measured the level of perceived conflict with the significant other, and a mood scale based on bi-polar mood states. Mood was measured before and after the positive, negative, and unspecified treatment conditions. It was predicted that positive memory recall would result in lower scores of perceived conflict than the other two conditions; that memory type would affect intensity of affect; and that post-treatment mood would relate to the emotion associated with the type of memories recalled. The results indicated that type of memory recalled (positive, negative, unspecified) had a temporary effect on intensity of affect elicited, but did not affect ratings of perceived conflict. Type of memory recalled was not significantly related to post-treatment mood. Pre-treatment mood was the best predictor of post-treatment mood. The results are discussed in terms of future implications for the use of language to facilitate memory recall and affect mood state.
This paper describes a heuristic algorithm capable of automatically assigning a label to each of the senses in a machine readable dictionary (MRD) for the purpose of acquiring a computational -semantic lexicon for treatment of lexical ambiguity. Including these labels in the MRD-based lexical database offers several positive effects. The labels can be used as a coarser sense division so unnecessarily fine sense distinction can be avoided in word sense disambiguation (WSD).The algorithm is based primarily on simple word matching between an MRD definition sentence and word lists of an LLOCE topic. We also describe an implementation of the algorithm for labeling definition sentences in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE). For this purpose the topics and sets of related words in Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English (LLOCE) are used in this work. Quantitative results for a 12-word test set are reported. Our discussion entails how the availability of these labels provides the means for treating such problems as: acquisition of a lexicon capable of providing broad coverage, systematic word sense shifts, lexical underspecification, and acquisition of zero-derivativeso 1.
Since treebanks have become available to researchers a wide variety of techniques has been used to make broad coverage parsing systems. This makes quantitative evaluation very important, but the current evaluation methods have a number of drawbacks such as arbitrary choices in the treebank and the difficulty in measuring statistical significance. We suggest a more detailed method for testing a parsing system using constituent boundaries, with a number of measures that give more information than current measures, and evaluate the quality of the test. We also show that statistical significance cannot be calculated in a straightforward way, and suggest a calculation method for the case of Bracket Recall.