Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
An eye-tracking paradigm was developed for use in audiology in order to enable online analysis of the speech comprehension process. This paradigm should be useful in assessing impediments in speech processing. In this paradigm, two scenes, a target picture and a competitor picture, were presented simultaneously with an aurally presented sentence that corresponded to the target picture. At the same time, eye fixations were recorded using an eye-tracking device. The effect of linguistic complexity on language processing time was assessed from eye fixation information by systematically varying linguistic complexity. This was achieved with a sentence corpus containing seven German sentence structures. A novel data analysis method computed the average tendency to fixate the target picture as a function of time during sentence processing. This allowed identification of the point in time at which the participant understood the sentence, referred to as the decision moment. Systematic differen)
Recent arguments connecting Na-Dene languages of North America with Yeniseian languages of Siberia have been used to assert proof for the origin of Native Americans in central or western Asia. We apply phylogenetic methods to test support for this hypothesis against an alternative hypothesis that Yeniseian represents a back-migration to Asia from a Beringian ancestral population. We coded a linguistic dataset of typological features and used neighbor-joining network algorithms and Bayesian model comparison based on Bayes factors to test the fit between the data and the linguistic phylogenies modeling two dispersal hypotheses. Our results support that a Dene-Yeniseian connection more likely represents radiation out of Beringia with back-migration into central Asia than a migration from central or western Asia to North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR], Copyright of PLoS ONE is the property of Public Library of Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or post)
This paper describes the extension of the Ontologies of Linguistic Annotation (OLiA) with respect to discourse features. The OLiA ontologies provide a a terminology repository that can be employed to facilitate the conceptual (semantic) interoperability of annotations of discourse phenomena as found in the most important corpora available to the community, including OntoNotes, the RST Discourse Treebank and the Penn Discourse Treebank. Along with selected schemes for information structure and coreference, discourse relations are discussed with special emphasis on the Penn Discourse Treebank and the RST Discourse Treebank. For an example contained in the intersection of both corpora, I show how ontologies can be employed to generalize over divergent annotation schemes.
When scientists report false data, does their writing style reflect their deception? In this study, we investigated the linguistic patterns of fraudulent (N = 24; 170,008 words) and genuine publications (N = 25; 189,705 words) first-authored by social psychologist Diederik Stapel. The analysis revealed that Stapel's fraudulent papers contained linguistic changes in science-related discourse dimensions, including more terms pertaining to methods, investigation, and certainty than his genuine papers. His writing style also matched patterns in other deceptive language, including fewer adjectives in fraudulent publications relative to genuine publications. Using differences in language dimensions we were able to classify Stapel's publications with above chance accuracy. Beyond these discourse dimensions, Stapel included fewer co-authors when reporting fake data than genuine data, although other evidentiary claims (e.g., number of references and experiments) did not differ across the t)
Combinatorial communication, in which two signals are used together to achieve an effect that is different to the sum of the effects of the component parts, is apparently rare in nature: it is ubiquitous in human language, appears to exist in a simple form in some non-human primates, but has not been demonstrated in other species. This observed distribution has led to the pair of related suggestions, that (i) these differences in the complexity of observed communication systems reflect cognitive differences between species; and (ii) that the combinations we see in non-human primates may be evolutionary pre-cursors of human language. Here we replicate the landmark experiments on combinatorial communication in non-human primates, but in an entirely different species, unrelated to humans, and with no higher cognition: the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using the same general methods as the primate studies, we find the same general pattern of results: the effect of the combined signal )
It is well known that natural languages share certain aspects of their design. For example, across languages, syllables like blif are preferred to lbif. But whether language universals are myths or mentally active constraints—linguistic or otherwise—remains controversial. To address this question, we used fMRI to investigate brain response to four syllable types, arrayed on their linguistic well-formedness (e.g., blif≻bnif≻bdif≻lbif, where ≻ indicates preference). Results showed that syllable structure monotonically modulated hemodynamic response in Broca's area, and its pattern mirrored participants' behavioral preferences. In contrast, ill-formed syllables did not systematically tax sensorimotor regions—while such syllables engaged primary auditory cortex, they tended to deactivate (rather than engage) articulatory motor regions. The convergence between the cross-linguistic preferences and English participants' hemodynamic and behavioral responses is remarkable given that most of th)
To fully define the grammar of American Sign Language (ASL), a linguistic model of its nonmanuals needs to be constructed. While significant progress has been made to understand the features defining ASL manuals, after years of research, much still needs to be done to uncover the discriminant nonmanual components. The major barrier to achieving this goal is the difficulty in correlating facial features and linguistic features, especially since these correlations may be temporally defined. For example, a facial feature (e.g., head moves down) occurring at the end of the movement of another facial feature (e.g., brows moves up), may specify a Hypothetical conditional, but only if this time relationship is maintained. In other instances, the single occurrence of a movement (e.g., brows move up) can be indicative of the same grammatical construction. In the present paper, we introduce a linguistic–computational approach to efficiently carry out this analysis. First, a linguistic model of )
The purpose of our work is to explore the possibility of using sentence diagrams produced by schoolchildren as training data for automatic syntactic analysis. We have implemented a sentence diagram editor that schoolchildren can use to practice morphology and syntax. We collect their diagrams, combine them into a single diagram for each sentence and transform them into a form suitable for training a particular syntactic parser. In this study, the object language is Czech, where sentence diagrams are part of elementary school curriculum, and the target format is the annotation scheme of the Prague Dependency Treebank. We mainly focus on the evaluation of individual diagrams and on their combination into a merged better version.
In addition to content and presentation, user-friendliness is gaining attention as an issue in the production of contemporary dictionaries. Electronic dictionaries, especially as they become accessible on the web and mobile devices, often capitalise on interactive user interfaces to enhance word access. Inspired by psychological models of human lexical access, one important direction is to expand navigational means by allowing word searches from a variety of associative relations. Although in practice it may only be feasible to extract various kinds of semantic links from large corpora, word association norms obtained from human subjects nevertheless remain a credible and useful resource for informing such corpus-based methods. This paper reports on a word association test with native Hong Kong Cantonese speakers and discusses the potential application of the resulting psycholinguistic evidence for enhancing the design of Chinese dictionaries, with particular focus on the relative significance of different association types with respect to the properties of individual words.
Social interaction deficits in drug users likely impede treatment, increase the burden of the affected families, and consequently contribute to the high costs for society associated with addiction. Despite its significance, the neural basis of altered social interaction in drug users is currently unknown. Therefore, we investigated basal social gaze behavior in cocaine users by applying behavioral, psychophysiological, and functional brain-imaging methods. In study I, 80 regular cocaine users and 63 healthy controls completed an interactive paradigm in which the participants' gaze was recorded by an eye-tracking device that controlled the gaze of an anthropomorphic virtual character. Valence ratings of different eye-contact conditions revealed that cocaine users show diminished emotional engagement in social interaction, which was also supported by reduced pupil responses. Study II investigated the neural underpinnings of changes in social reward processing observed in study I. Sixteen cocaine users and 16 controls completed a similar interaction paradigm as used in study I while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. In response to social interaction, cocaine users displayed decreased activation of the medial orbitofrontal cortex, a key region of reward processing. Moreover, blunted activation of the medial orbitofrontal cortex was significantly correlated with a decreased social network size, reflecting problems in real-life social behavior because of reduced social reward. In conclusion, basic social interaction deficits in cocaine users as observed here may arise from altered social reward processing. Consequently, these results point to the importance of reinstatement of social reward in the treatment of stimulant addiction.
У статті розглядається процес елімінації граматичних та лексичних засобів сексизму у англійській юридичній термінології та заміни їх на ґендерно-нейтральні терміни. Зокрема, звертається увага на механізм конструювання ґендеру за допомогою маркованих суфіксів жіночого роду та їх функціонування у терміносистемі права англійської мови на сучасному етапі у рамках впровадження норм ґендерно-коректної мови та впливу інших екстралінгвістичних факторів на зазначений процес. (The article is dedicated to the elimination process of the grammar and lexical methods to mark sexism in the legal English terminology and introduction of the gender neutral terms. The problem is studied in the aspect of the gender construction by means of the marked feminine suffixes (-a, -ster, –ess, -trix), their productivity in the new terms’ formation, functioning of the feminitative terms in the legal English term system, its gender interpretation in the framework of the legal discourse at the modern period of time, the influence of the gender correct language norms on the above mentioned process as well as the impact of extra linguistic factors on it. It is proved in the article that the present gender relationship and stereotypes affect the legal English term system as being an unalienable part of the human’s social activity. It is also refuted that the gender neutral character of the legal English term system is its immanent feature.)
OBJECTIVE: In alcohol-dependent patients, alcohol cues evoke increased activation in mesolimbic brain areas, such as the nucleus accumbens and the amygdala. Moreover, patients show an alcohol approach bias, a tendency to more quickly approach than avoid alcohol cues. Cognitive bias modification training, which aims to retrain approach biases, has been shown to reduce alcohol craving and relapse rates. The authors investigated effects of this training on cue reactivity in alcohol-dependent patients. METHOD: In a double-blind randomized design, 32 abstinent alcohol-dependent patients received either bias modification training or sham training. Both trainings consisted of six sessions of the joystick approach-avoidance task; the bias modification training entailed pushing away 90% of alcohol cues and 10% of soft drink cues, whereas this ratio was 50/50 in the sham training. Alcohol cue reactivity was measured with functional MRI before and after training. RESULTS: Before training, alcohol cue-evoked activation was observed in the amygdala bilaterally, as well as in the right nucleus accumbens, although here it fell short of significance. Activation in the amygdala correlated with craving and arousal ratings of alcohol stimuli; correlations in the nucleus accumbens again fell short of significance. After training, the bias modification group showed greater reductions in cue-evoked activation in the amygdala bilaterally and in behavioral arousal ratings of alcohol pictures, compared with the sham training group. Decreases in right amygdala activity correlated with decreases in craving in the bias modification but not the sham training group. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide evidence that cognitive bias modification affects alcohol cue-induced mesolimbic brain activity. Reductions in neural reactivity may be a key underlying mechanism of the therapeutic effectiveness of this training.
Interlinear Glossed Text (IGT) is a well established data format within philology and the structural and generative fields of linguistics. The best known format for an IGT is the one found in linguistic publications, where one line of text is followed by one line of glosses and one line of free translation. Although used in different functions, IGTs are ubiquitous in linguistic research and publications. Yet they also have been criticised for being fabricated and unreliable in some of their uses. However that might be, IGTs represent linguistic knowledge, and in particular for less-resourced languages, they are not rarely the only structured data available. Under the auspices of the Digital Humanities, linguists increasingly focus on the advantages of Semantic Web technologies. Presenting the modules and procedures of the web-based linguistic application TypeCraft (TC), we outline how the creation of IGTs can become an integral part of a shared linguistic methodology. Linguistic services have the potential of allowing efficient data management, and their strength lies in facilitating new forms of collaboration beyond social networking. They pave the way towards what one might call shared methodologies. In this paper we would like to discuss the linguistic value of web-based technology. By presenting the functionalities of TC and giving a detailed summary of online linguistic data creation and retrieval, we will present external and internal criteria for a single system evaluation of TC centred on usage objectives.
This article aims at a more satisfying explanation of differential object case marking (DOM), and demonstrates that a group of mass nouns displays properties that are preserved in derivation. The central tenet of all accounts relates the Finnish type accusative-partitive DOM to the distinction between mass and count noun objects. I challenge this established view by introducing new data from Estonian: deadjectival mass nouns that unexpectedly behave like count nouns in DOM. I propose an account that has a wider coverage of data and is based on the scalar and boundedness-related properties of the base adjectives of the derived abstract nouns. Typically, the unexpected count-like behavior occurs with abstract nouns that are derived from adjectives that cannot denote open scales for various lexical-semantic and pragmatic reasons. Since the semantic properties of scales as well as the pragmatic standards determining boundedness are preserved in the course of derivation, they are cross-categorial properties. These findings are also relevant in understanding of the role of lexical aspect and aspectual composition as well as the links between morphosyntax in language and norms and standards in cognition.
Abstract In everyday conversation, participants sometimes misunderstand or fail to trust each other, and then negotiate in order to achieve mutual comprehension and/or agreement. The chances of misunderstandings/distrust will be even greater, and the negotiation process may be more complicated when there is a significant gap in the participants' linguistic competency, and they do not share communicative and socio-cultural norms for participating in a conversation. This study investigates misunderstandings, distrust, and negotiations in face-to-face interactions between native speakers of English and those of Japanese. Data were collected from approximately 18-hour long, audio-taped, dyadic conversations conducted in English. Discourse analytic approaches to these data produced twofold results. First, the results show what factors may trigger misunderstandings/distrust; such communication problems stem not only from Japanese speakers' incompetence in their second language(for example, mispronunciation of an English word and lexical errors)but also from English speakers' inadequate inferences and conflicts between their knowledge of various kinds and that of Japanese speakers(e.g., encyclopedic knowledge of a certain place, culture). Second, the results suggest that the negotiations are co-constructed by the participants as follows; a negotiation sequence typically starts with English speakers' requests for elaboration or clarification, inviting Japanese speakers' elaboration, clarification, or self-repair, and ends with a topic change. In cases of distrust, English speakers may deploy a joke, negative evaluation, sarcasm, or claim advantages for their own knowledge over the others' knowledge.
Historically, rural schools have been known for their active engagement with parents and communities as well as for smaller class sizes, safer school environments, a more individualized approach to learning, flexible scheduling, creative approaches to acquiring expanded curriculum offerings, and a lower rate of students dropping out of school (Chalker, 2002; Johnson, 2006; Keith, Keith, Quirk, Cohen-Rosenthal, & Franzese, 1996). Although some rural communities have experienced population decline in the last few years, others have experienced growth, with 13% of the population growth in rural schools consisting of other than Whites from European ancestry (Dougherty, 2012). Demographic trends indicate that ethnically diverse populations will continue growing in rural areas (Johnson, 2006). Some rural communities are culturally established with rich tradition, religion heritage, and unique social norms based on isolated location of these areas: Alaskan villages, Native American reservations, and Amish farming communities, to name but a few (Nelson, 2010).Today, not all students enrolled in rural schools have the multi-generational involvement of their parents and grandparents experienced by students in past years (Bauch, 2000). Increasingly migrant families, parents with limited education, and singleparent homes have become more prevalent in rural communities (Grey, 1997; Schafft, Prins, & Movit, 2008). Parents who come from non-rural areas, other parts of the country, different cultural and religious traditions, isolated locations, or other countries may need guidance in learning how to navigate the cultural, social, and linguistic norms of rural schools and their communities. With ongoing demographic changes in rural schools, it becomes important for rural educators to be culturally sensitive to the needs of their changing communities. This study explored the perceptions of rural educators regarding their understanding of parental involvement and their reflection of how parental involvement worked in their schools.Theoretical FrameworkThrough their meta-analysis of school leadership research, Marzano, Waters, & McNulty (2005) affirmed parental involvement as one of several factors determining the capacity of schools to bring students to optimal levels of academic achievement. Students with involved parents, regardless of income or background, are more likely to earn higher grades, achieve higher test scores, enroll in higher-level academic programs, attend school regularly, graduate from high-school, and enroll in postsecondary education programs (Englund, Luckner, Whaley, & Egeland, 2004; Keith et al., 1996; Turney & Kao, 2009).Traditional Perspectives: Parental Involvement in Children's EducationIn the United States, educators have typically viewed parental involvement as something occurring within the school: participation in parent-teacher conferences, volunteer activities or committee work at school, and/or involvement with fund-raising activities (Berger, 1991; Weiss, Kreider, Lopez, & Chatman-Nelson, 2010; Young, 1995; Zarate, 2007). For decades, school systems have struggled with involving parents in their children's education. At the same time, the real challenges affecting parental involvement and strategies that effectively engage parents have not been clearly identified (Anfara & Mertens, 2008; Semke & Sheridan, 2011). Too often, when educators address parental involvement, they assume that parents alone are responsible for connecting with schools while also providing followthrough support for their children at home including homework, monitoring student performance at school, and the use of other meaningful learning activities (Epstein, 2001; Jeynes, 2010). In some cases, teachers may judge parents based on misinterpretations about the motivation, interest, and support of specific parents (Cooper, Crosnoe, Suizzo, & Pituch, 2010; Turney & Kao, 2009; Zarate, 2007). …
Background: Evidence from a number of countries in Europe and North America point towards the secular declining trend in menarcheal age with considerable spatial variations over the past two centuries. Similar trends were reported in several developing countries from Asia, Africa and Latin America. However, data corroborating any secular trend in the menarcheal age of the Indian population remained sparse and inadequately verified. Methods: We examined secular trends, regional heterogeneity and association of socioeconomic, anthropometric and contextual factors with menarcheal age among ever-married women (15–49 years) in India. Using the pseudo cohort data approach, we fit multiple linear regression models to estimate secular trends in menarcheal age of 91394 ever-married women using the Indian Human Development Survey. Results: The mean age at menarche among Indian women was 13.76 years (95 % CI: 13.75, 13.77) in 2005. It declined by three months from 13.83 years (95% CI: 13.81, )
Culture is a phenomenon shared by all humans. Attempts to understand how dynamic factors affect the origin and distribution of cultural elements are, therefore, of interest to all humanity. As case studies go, understanding the distribution of cultural elements in Native American communities during the historical period of the Great Plains would seem a most challenging one. Famously, there is a mixture of powerful internal and external factors, creating-for a relatively brief period in time-a seemingly distinctive set of shared elements from a linguistically diverse set of peoples. This is known across the world as the “Great Plains culture.” Here, quantitative analyses show how different processes operated on two sets of cultural traits among nine High Plains groups. Moccasin decorations exhibit a pattern consistent with geographically-mediated between-group interaction. However, group variations in the religious ceremony of the Sun Dance also reveal evidence of purifying cultural se)
Lewis Carroll's English word game Doublets is represented as a system of networks with each node being an English word and each connectivity edge confirming that its two ending words are equal in letter length, but different by exactly one letter. We show that this system, which we call the Doublets net, constitutes a complex body of linguistic knowledge concerning English word structure that has computable multiscale features. Distributed morphological, phonological and orthographic constraints and the language's local redundancy are seen at the node level. Phonological communities are seen at the network level. And a balancing act between the language's global efficiency and redundancy is seen at the system level. We develop a new measure of intrinsic node-to-node distance and a computational algorithm, called community geometry, which reveal the implicit multiscale structure within binary networks. Because the Doublets net is a modular complex cognitive system, the community geomet)
Slavistics is a relatively young linguistic discipline. Its beginnings, in the period of domination of the historical linguistics, are characterized with the rapid development of the?classical? dialectology, which means field-work in the domain of comparative phonetics and inflection leading to the defining of the kinship relations in the Slavic group of the IndoEuropean languages. Only after the First World War observe a shift to the synchronic linguistics with the focus on the functional analysis of standard Slavic languages. In the period between the two World Wars in the Northern Slavic countries dialectology is not a part of the university program, while in the South it has more pertinent position. The dominant analytical studies follow the line: form > function > meaning, and concentrate mainly on the grammatical and not on the lexical language structure. In the period after the Second World War multiply theories starting with the sense analysis. It is in the framework of these theories and in connection with the trend to interdisciplinary?human-studies? in historical anthropology, ethnology, psychology, history of the material and spiritual culture that the dialectology is rediscovered as a rich source of new information. Macedonian dialects, which for a long period evolved without the pressure of a standard norm are especially interesting from that point of view.
BSL SignBank is an online, usage-based dictionary of British Sign Language, based on signs from the BSL Corpus (http://www.bslcorpusproject.org).
An intricate history of human dispersal and geographic colonization has strongly affected the distribution of human pathogens. The pig tapeworm Taenia solium occurs throughout the world as the causative agent of cysticercosis, one of the most serious neglected tropical diseases. Discrete genetic lineages of T. solium in Asia and Africa/Latin America are geographically disjunct; only in Madagascar are they sympatric. Linguistic, archaeological and genetic evidence has indicated that the people in Madagascar have mixed ancestry from Island Southeast Asia and East Africa. Hence, anthropogenic introduction of the tapeworm from Southeast Asia and Africa had been postulated. This study shows that the major mitochondrial haplotype of T. solium in Madagascar is closely related to those from the Indian Subcontinent. Parasitological evidence presented here, and human genetics previously reported, support the hypothesis of an Indian influence on Malagasy culture coinciding with periods of early )
Background: Small clinical trials have reported that low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) might improve language recovery in patients with aphasia after stroke. However, no systematic reviews or meta-analyses studies have investigated the effect of rTMS on aphasia. The objective of this study was to perform a meta-analysis of studies that explored the effects of low-frequency rTMS on aphasia in stroke patients. Methods: We searched PubMed, CENTRAL, Embase, CINAHL, ScienceDirect, and Journals@Ovid for randomized controlled trials published between January 1965 and October 2013 using the keywords “aphasia OR language disorders OR anomia OR linguistic disorders AND repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation OR rTMS”. We used fixed- and random-effects models to estimate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and a 95% CI for the language outcomes. Results: Seven eligible studies involving 160 stroke patients were identified in this meta-analysis. A significa)
In the adult brain, speech can recruit a brain network that is overlapping with, but not identical to, that involved in perceiving non-linguistic vocalizations. Using the same stimuli that had been presented to human 4-month-olds and adults, as well as adult macaques, we sought to shed light on the cortical networks engaged when human newborns process diverse vocalization types. Near infrared spectroscopy was used to register the response of 40 newborns' perisylvian regions when stimulated with speech, human and macaque emotional vocalizations, as well as auditory controls where the formant structure was destroyed but the long-term spectrum was retained. Left fronto-temporal and parietal regions were significantly activated in the comparison of stimulation versus rest, with unclear selectivity in cortical activation. These results for the newborn brain are qualitatively and quantitatively compared with previous work on newborns, older human infants, adult humans, and adult macaques re)
Three experiments provide evidence of an incipient sense of fairness in preverbal infants. Ten-month-old infants were shown cartoon videos with two agents, the ‘donors’, who distributed resources to two identical recipients. One donor always distributed the goods equally, while the other performed unequal distributions by giving everything to one recipient. In the test phase, a third agent hit or took resources away from either the fair or the unfair donor. We found that infants looked longer when the antisocial actions were directed towards the unfair rather than the fair donor. These findings support the view that infants are able to evaluate agents based on their distributive actions and suggest that the foundations of human socio-moral competence are acquired independently of parental feedback and linguistic experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR], Copyright of PLoS ONE is the property of Public Library of Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted)
The stylistic figures b ased on antonyms: antithesis, amfiteza, akroteza, oxymoron, anti phrasis, asteizm, pun, diathesis, etc. are described in the article. Provides a literature review the concept of the norm: language, literature and its types: pronunciation, lexical, stylistic and grammatical. The expressive possibilities of antonyms and the cases of improper, unsuccessful, wrong using are analyzed. Ways to prevent these errors are planned: 1) mastering of the literary norms of the national language in a natural way, in the development process, from childhood, when one hears correct it in the family, in everyday life. 2) at the lessons of Russian language and literature with the help of special exercises aimed at: consolidation of theoretical information about antonyms; improving skills to apply the acquired knowledge to the analysis of the facts of the Russian language and speech; the formation and development of culture speech and writing students. 3) with constant self-education of a native speaker,the main way is to work with the different kinds of dictionaries and reference books.
Establishing a standard measurement time is a desirable one as it could improve to assess the level norms of the subjects while implementing a linguistic task such as Translation Equivalence as in lexical decision, semantic correlation either related or unrelated. In each and every task, there is a given time to participants to respond and to react for the task handed over to them. The aim of this paper was to set up a standard measurement of reaction time in Translation Equivalence task of lexical items from Arabic language into English language. The time, then, most probably depends upon the nature of the task. RTs recorded while subjects implemented the visual task using DMDX software program. Results ranged between 500 to 2500 msec for the whole process. One-sample test was used to test the value measurement for 30 native subjects positively (including timing of onset and offset) regardless negative ones. The finding measurement result was 850 msec. Hence, standard measurement Reaction Time in which the subject reacted to the stimuli either on or below this standard measurement time is considered mostly faster, correct and accurate. In contrast, during standard assessment, the subjects encounter above this standard measurement can be slower and frustrating to the speed required in this task.
An Ottoman prose work (Naima's Histor y) for a long time has been the subject of special interest for literary critics, historians and linguists due to its stylistic features. The general comparison of the chronicle frequency lexical parameters with other Ottoman prose texts by corpus approach demonstrated that it had been created according to the canons of Ottoman Prose Literature and rules of its language norm. Yet at the same time differs from other t exts in some obscure, inexpressive form which let the annalist work stay quite famous in Ottoman Literature for two centuries and not be forgotten aswas the chronicle Seyahatname of the famous traveler Evliya Chelebi. Corpus approach enables an exact idiolect analysis due to its broad comparison with other texts in synchronistic and diachronic perspective. The comparison is usually based on the data of texts frequency vocabularies and syntax. At the same time, the correlation analysis between frequency vocabularies rank parameters can be used for the sample validation while compiling electronic documents collection (Prohorov, 2002). Such collection (corpus) in total of 21Ottoman prose texts was created for our research on idiostyle of the 18th century Turkish chronicle Tarihi Naima (Naima's History), or in the full name:The Garden of Husayn in the Summary of the Chronicles of Eastand West (Ravḍatu'l�Ḥuseynfi ḫulāsati aḫbāri'l�ḫāfiqa yn), written by the first vakanuvis (state chronicler) of Ottoman Empire Mustafa (1655�1716).While researching his idiostyle, we proceeded from the linguistic view of this phenomenon as deviation from language norm and tried to fix it in empirical statistical way. In our case, the calculation of the Pierson correlation coefficient (R) between rank parameters of electronic documents vocabularies verified the sampling adequacy for created corpus. However, the analogical computation between frequency vocabularies of researched text and documents collection demonstrated lexical deviation of Tarihi Naima from other Ottoman chr onicles. Meanwhile lexicon of selected documents in the view of their common frequency dictionary and according to high lexical closeness between them can be considered as hypothetical language norm of Ottoman chronicles. Method
Do narratives shape how humans process other minds or do they presuppose an existing theory of mind? This study experimentally investigated this problem by assessing subject responses to systematic alterations in the genre, levels of intentionality, and linguistic complexity of narratives. It showed that the interaction of genre and intentionality level are crucial in determining how narratives are cognitively processed. Specifically, genres that deployed evolutionarily familiar scenarios (relationship stories) were rated as being higher in quality when levels of intentionality were increased; conversely, stories that lacked evolutionary familiarity (espionage stories) were rated as being lower in quality with increases in intentionality level. Overall, the study showed that narrative is not solely either the origin or the product of our intuitions about other minds; instead, different genres will have different—even opposite—effects on how we understand the mind states of others. [AB)
Whether mathematical and linguistic processes share the same neural mechanisms has been a matter of controversy. By examining various sentence structures, we recently demonstrated that activations in the left inferior frontal gyrus (L. IFG) and left supramarginal gyrus (L. SMG) were modulated by the Degree of Merger (DoM), a measure for the complexity of tree structures. In the present study, we hypothesize that the DoM is also critical in mathematical calculations, and clarify whether the DoM in the hierarchical tree structures modulates activations in these regions. We tested an arithmetic task that involved linear and quadratic sequences with recursive computation. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we found significant activation in the L. IFG, L. SMG, bilateral intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and precuneus selectively among the tested conditions. We also confirmed that activations in the L. IFG and L. SMG were free from memory-related factors, and that activations in the bi)
This paper overviews the International Standards Organization–Linguistic Annotation Framework (ISO–LAF) developed in ISO TC37 SC4. We describe the XML serialization of ISO–LAF, the Graph Annotation Format (GrAF) and discuss the rationale behind the various decisions that were made in determining the standard. We describe the structure of the GrAF headers in detail and provide multiple examples of GrAF representation for text and multi-media. Finally, we discuss the next steps for standardization of interchange formats for linguistic annotations.
The theory of embodied language states that language comprehension relies on an internal reenactment of the sensorimotor experience associated with the processed word or sentence. Most evidence in support of this hypothesis had been collected using linguistic material without any emotional connotation. For instance, it had been shown that processing of arm-related verbs, but not of those leg-related verbs, affects the planning and execution of reaching movements; however, at present it is unknown whether this effect is further modulated by verbs evoking an emotional experience. Showing such a modulation might shed light on a very debated issue, i.e. the way in which the emotional meaning of a word is processed. To this end, we assessed whether processing arm/hand-related verbs describing actions with negative connotations (e.g. to stab) affects reaching movements differently from arm/hand-related verbs describing actions with neutral connotation (e.g. to comb). We exploited a go/no-go)
The paper addresses the issue of integrating methods of corpus linguistics into discourse analysis. While modern corpora are widely used in lexical and grammatical studies, their application to the research of various discourse phenomena seems to be limited. However, both corpus linguistics and discourse analysis are interested in usage rather than the norm, and this shared interest allows for application of corpus methods in discourse studies. The paper presents a brief overview of discourse analyses based on specialized corpora. The study of verbal irony illustrates how specialized and general language corpora can be used in discourse analysis. It also serves as an example that demonstrates the development of a discourse annotation scheme.
Human languages are rule governed, but almost invariably these rules have exceptions in the form of irregularities. Since rules in language are efficient and productive, the persistence of irregularity is an anomaly. How does irregularity linger in the face of internal (endogenous) and external (exogenous) pressures to conform to a rule? Here we address this problem by taking a detailed look at simple past tense verbs in the Corpus of Historical American English. The data show that the language is open, with many new verbs entering. At the same time, existing verbs might tend to regularize or irregularize as a consequence of internal dynamics, but overall, the amount of irregularity sustained by the language stays roughly constant over time. Despite continuous vocabulary growth, and presumably, an attendant increase in expressive power, there is no corresponding growth in irregularity. We analyze the set of irregulars, showing they may adhere to a set of minority rules, allowing for i)
This work studies the usefulness of syntactic information in the context of automatic dialogue act recognition in Czech. Several pieces of evidence are presented in this work that support our claim that syntax might bring valuable information for dialogue act recognition. In particular, a parallel is drawn with the related domain of automatic punctuation generation and a set of syntactic features derived from a deep parse tree is further proposed and successfully used in a Czech dialogue act recognition system based on conditional random fields. We finally discuss the possible reasons why so few works have exploited this type of information before and propose future research directions to further progress in this area.
Significant breakthroughs in machine translation (MT) only seem possible if human translators are taken into the loop. While automatic evaluation and scoring mechanisms such as BLEU have enabled the fast development of systems, it is not clear how systems can meet real-world (quality) requirements in industrial translation scenarios today. The taraXŰ project has paved the way for wide usage of multiple MT outputs through various feedback loops in system development. The project has integrated human translators into the development process thus collecting feedback for possible improvements. This paper describes results from detailed human evaluation. Performance of different types of translation systems has been compared and analysed via ranking, error analysis and post-editing.
The book under review is the fifth volume of the series Exploration in Language and Space of OUP. It is organized into six chapters: the odd-numbered chapters and part of Chapter 6 are written by Mani, whereas the even-numbered chapters by Pustejovsky.
This article is dedicated to “Dialogo de la lengua” (1535) by a Spanish grammarian of the Renaissance Juan de Valdes whose personality and works are not so widely known in Russia. “Dialogo de la lengua” represents the Renaissance dialogue, heir to the Greek-Latin traditions and is dedicated to the Castilian language, the interrelation of its norms and Language Usage, stylistic and lexical issues. The attention is focused on the genre features of “Dialogo” and the relationship of the author and the character to represent him in the dialogue. The analysis is conducted in terms of a combination of various stylistic and genres features of the language in the “Dialogo” making it possible to distinguish the traits of scientific style in the work (and to consider the “Dialogo de la lengua” as a grammar of the Castilian language and linguistic comment), as well as a work of art (scenic or philosophical Socratic dialogue).
Dynamic interceptive actions, such as catching or hitting a ball, are important task vehicles for investigating the complex relationship between cognition, perception, and action in performance environments. Representative experimental designs have become more important recently, highlighting the need for research methods to ensure that the coupling of information and movement is faithfully maintained. However, retaining representative design while ensuring systematic control of experimental variables is challenging, due to the traditional tendency to employ methods that typically involve use of reductionist motor responses such as buttonpressing or micromovements. Here, we outline the methodology behind a custom-built, integrated ball projection technology that allows images of advanced visual information to be synchronized with ball projection. This integrated technology supports the controlled presentation of visual information to participants while they perform dynamic interceptive actions. We discuss theoretical ideas behind the integration of hardware and software, along with practical issues resolved in technological design, and emphasize how the system can be integrated with emerging developments such as mixed reality environments. We conclude by considering future developments and applications of the integrated projection technology for research in human movement behaviors.
This paper presents an analysis of changes in Russian verb usage under the influence of the German language. The goal of the study is to analyse the deviations in the usage of Russian verbal aspect and in Russian verbs of motion. The material for the study comes from a corpus of oral and written texts collected from adult speakers of Russian in Germany. The empirical data show a number of changes in the use of Russian verb: uncertainty using verbal prefixes; an increase of analytical forms; no secondary imperfectivisation; a significant preference for perfective forms in the class of accomplishments (according to Vendler’s verb classification) and replacement of multidirectional verbs of motion with unidirectional verbs. Though the number of deviations is rather large, there is no lexicalization of aspect. At present we can speak only about the tendencies of language development, not the new Russian language norms in Germany. Concluding, the results of the study will be compared with the research of Russian verb usage in the USA.
The Transitional Impact Scale (TIS) advances the measurement of event cognition into the real world. The TIS was created to provide a measure of change for important life transitions, including an index of their transitional properties and magnitude. Pilot work prior to Study 1 led to the creation of a 95-item version (TIS-95). A principal components analysis of TIS-95 (n = 215) resulted in two dimensions that we rotated to a Varimax criterion and interpreted as (1) material change (e.g., “This event changed where I live”) and (2) psychological change (e.g., “This event changed the way I think about things”). TIS-95 was reduced to 25 items. In Study 2, the structure of TIS-25 was replicated (n = 531) using the same method. The best 12 items were retained. TIS-12 was evaluated in two random split-half samples (n = 557 and n = 553). These samples produced essentially identical results, as assessed through factor comparison. The cumulative scales formed from items constituting each factor demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha ranged from .79 to .86).
We present IceMorph, a semi-supervised morphosyntactic analyzer of Old Icelandic. In addition to machine-read corpora and dictionaries, it applies a small set of declension prototypes to map corpus words to dictionary entries. A web-based GUI allows expert users to modify and augment data through an online process. A machine learning module incorporates prototype data, edit-distance metrics, and expert feedback to continuously update part-of-speech and morphosyntactic classification. An advantage of the analyzer is its ability to achieve competitive classification accuracy with minimum training data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR], Copyright of PLoS ONE is the property of Public Library of Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the co)
This paper examines the sociolinguistic situation of a multilingual secondary school in the Barcelona metropolitan area and examines the language practices of both students and educators. Following a critical sociolinguistic ethnography perspective, it understands practices as constructing the socio-institutional order of the school, and language as constitutive of social processes. The analysis of the data shows that the students, the majority of which are of migrant background, systematically fail to employ Catalan, the language of schooling, and that the teachers refuse to enforce official linguistic norms. Rather than considering it exclusively a language issue, we claim that language is an index of a process of constructing the school as 'different' and the school body as non-academic. In the analysis of discourses and practices, social class emerges as one of the grounding motivations for such 'difference', which leads to low academic demands, a life skills educational perspective, and lack of competence in Catalan, with serious consequences for students’ social access. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)