Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
The media plays a pivotal role in the Patriarchal ideologies gender roles and norms continue to be propagated through images presented in the mass media in both overt and subtle ways despite efforts being made towards fighting gender discrimination and stereotyping. The study sought to establish how masculinity is constructed in talk show discourse by analysing the language used by participants in the show and the underlying ideology that influences lexical choice. Critical Discourse Analysis was used both as theory and as a tool for the analysis of discourse. This study revealed ways in which what seems as normal every day language.
Studies across multiple languages show that overt morphological priming leads to a speed-up only for transparent derivations but not for opaque derivations. However, in a recent experiment for German, Smolka et al. (2014) show comparable speed-ups for transparent and opaque derivations, and conclude that German behaves unlike other Indo-European languages and organizes its mental lexicon by morphemes rather than lemmas. In this paper we present a computational analysis of the German results. A distributional similarity model, extended with knowledge about morphological families and without any notion of morphemes, is able to account for all main findings of Smolka et al. We believe that this puts into question the call for German-specific mechanisms. Instead, our model suggests that cross-lingual differences between morphological systems underlie the experimentally observed differences. 1 Semantic and Morphological Priming Priming is a general property of human language processing: it refers to the speed-up effect that a stimulus can have on subsequent processing (Meyer and Schvaneveldt, 1971). This effect is assumed to result from an activation (in a broad sense) of mental representations, and priming is a popular method to investigate properties of the mental lexicon. The original study by Meyer and Schvaneveldt established lexical priming (nurse → doctor), but priming effects have also been identified on other linguistic levels, such as syntactic priming (Bock, 1986) and morphological priming (Kempley and Morton, 1982). A recent study by Smolka et al. (2014) investigated overt morphological priming on prefix verbs in German, where the base verb and derived verb can be semantically related (transparent derivation: schliesen – abschliesen (close – lock)) or not (opaque derivation: fuhren – verfuhren (lead – seduce)). Experiment 1, an overt visual priming experiment (300 ms SOA) involved 40 six-tuples that paired up a base verb with five prefix verbs of five prime types (see Figure 1). The verbs were normed carefully, e.g., for association, to exclude confounding factors. The authors reported three main findings: (a), no priming for Form and Unrelated; (b), no priming for Synonymy; (c), significant priming of the same strength for both Transparent and Opaque Derivation. These findings suggest that morphological priming on German prefix verbs use a mechanism that is different from lexical priming, which assumes that the strength of the semantic relatedness is the main determinant of priming – i.e., lexical priming would predict finding (a), but neither (b) nor (c). The findings by Smolka et al. are also at odds with overt priming patterns found in similar experimental setups for other languages such as French (Meunier and Longtin, 2007) and Dutch (Schriefers et al., 1991), where patterns were found to be indeed consistent with lexical priming. Smolka et al. (2014) interpret this divergence as evidence for a German Sonderweg: the typological properties of German (separable prefixes, morphological richness, many opaque derivations) are taken to suggest a morpheme-based organization of the mental lexicon more similar to Semitic languages like Hebrew or Arabic than to other Indo-European languages. Our paper investigates this claim on the computational level. We present a simple model of corpusbased word similarity, extended with a database of morphological families, that is able to predict the three main findings by Smolka et al. outlined above. The ability of the model to do so, even though it operates completely at the word level without any notion of morphemes, may put into question Smolka Copyright c © by the paper’s authors. Copying permitted for private and academic purposes. In Vito Pirrelli, Claudia Marzi, Marcello Ferro (eds.): Word Structure and Word Usage. Proceedings of the NetWordS Final Conference, Pisa, March 30-April 1, 2015, published at http://ceur-ws.org
Undoubtedly the difficulty of translating culture-bound elements will be be much more challenging when the audience are children who do not have any perspective on cultural diversity of different nations. The culture-bound elements can be consists of a wide range of elements, i.e. proper names, religion terms, food and drink items and so on. Dealing with each of these items will be a real challenge when translators have this perception that most probably their audiences do not have any idea about the in hand culturebound element, and it will be their choice to present the new items to the child reader or replace it with a familiar one. With this perspective, the present textual analysis study, aims to explore the lexical choices that translator's of children's literature in Iran made, facing such elements. The present effort restricts itself to the "food and drink" items and illustrates the way that Persian translators approach these culturebound elements in a 70 years period and discusses their lexical choices following the socio-cultural norms of the time.
Speech perception depends on long-term representations that reflect regularities of the native language. However, listeners rapidly adapt when speech acoustics deviate from these regularities due to talker idiosyncrasies such as foreign accents and dialects. To better understand these dual aspects of speech perception, we probe native English listeners' baseline perceptual weighting of 2 acoustic dimensions (spectral quality and vowel duration) toward vowel categorization and examine how they subsequently adapt to an "artificial accent" that deviates from English norms in the correlation between the 2 dimensions. At baseline, listeners rely relatively more on spectral quality than vowel duration to signal vowel category, but duration nonetheless contributes. Upon encountering an "artificial accent" in which the spectral-duration correlation is perturbed relative to English language norms, listeners rapidly down-weight reliance on duration. Listeners exhibit this type of short-term statistical learning even in the context of nonwords, confirming that lexical information is not necessary to this form of adaptive plasticity in speech perception. Moreover, learning generalizes to both novel lexical contexts and acoustically distinct altered voices. These findings are discussed in the context of a mechanistic proposal for how supervised learning may contribute to this type of adaptive plasticity in speech perception.
The present study explores how minority schoolchildren in multilingual peer group interactions act upon dominant educational and linguistic ideologies as they organize their everyday emerging peer culture. The data draw from ethnographies combined with detailed analysis (CA) of video recordings in two primary monolingual school settings in Sweden. Bakhtin’s processual view of how linguistic norms are used for overcoming the heteroglossia of language is used as a framework for understanding how monolingualism is talked-into-being in multilingual peer groups. As will be demonstrated, the children recurrently participate in corrective practices in which they playfully exploit multiple linguistic resources (syntactic, lexical and phonetic features) and the turn structure of varied activities (conflicts, accusations, insults, classroom discourse) to play with and consolidate a collective critical view of not-knowing correct Swedish. Moreover, they transform faulty talk (repeating structural elements, recycling arguments, using parodic imitations, joint laughter, code-switching) to display their language competence, assert powerful positions and strengthen alliances in the peer group. It is argued that such forms of playful heteroglossic peer group practices are highly ambiguous and paradoxically tend to enforce power hierarchies and values associated with different social languages and codes, thus co-constructing the monolingual ideology.
The enrichment of Arabic treebank with syntactic properties provides the increase of its use in different applications, the acquisition of new linguistic resources and the alleviation of the probabilistic parsing process by using statistics to limit the properties to satisfied ones. This method of enrichment requires two steps to follow starting by inducting a Property Grammar from a source treebank and generating finally the new syntactic property-based representation.
The article studies such phenomenon of mass communication as the language of advertisement. The author gives definitions to such concepts as the “language of advertisement”, “text of advertisement”, and makes an attempt to differentiate between these concepts. The article presents a review of Russian and translated foreign literature researching this issue, outlines scientific areas which study advertising. The article describes basic characteristics peculiar for advertisement texts: both linguistic and extra-linguistic. It considers functional characteristics of advertisement text, goals for its creation, and the mission it has – to influence a consumer using various psychological, linguistic, visual (graphic) and other means. The language of advertisement is considered as a specific linguistic structure that develops according to its on laws, breaking sometimes standard norms to emphasize influence on the addressee because it pursues its own non-linguistic objectives. The main communicative aim of an advertisement is to force the consumer to choose the products, goods or services advertised. The article tells about specifics of advertising texts which consists of using both verbal and non-verbal elements regardless of the type of advertisement. Linguistic peculiarities of advertisement texts are studied in the article. The author distinguishes a number of linguistic means used in creation of an advertisement that are grouped as phonetic, lexical, syntactic, morphological, stylistic and the other. The main consideration is given to the use of stylistic and lexical linguistic means. In particular, the paper gives examples of using such linguistic means in advertisements as metaphor, hyperbola, personification, repetition, idiomatic expressions, neologism, jargon, etc.
How does a child's vocabulary production change over time? Past research has often focused on characterizing population statistics of vocabulary growth. In this work, we develop models that attempt to predict when a specific word will be learned by a particular child. The models are based on two qualitatively different sources of information: a representation describing the child (age, sex, and quantifiers of vocabulary skill) and a representation describing the specific words a child knows. Using longitudinal data from children aged 15-36 months collected at the University of Colorado, we constructed logistic regression models to predict each month whether a word would be learned in the coming month. Models based on either the child representation or the word representation outperform a baseline model that utilizes population acquisition norms. Although the child- and word-representation models perform comparably, an ensemble that averages the predictions of the two separate models obtains significantly higher accuracy, indicating that the two sources of information are complementary. Through the exploration of such models, we gain an understanding of the factors that influence language learning, and this understanding should inform cognitive theories of development. On a practical level, these models may support the development of interventions to boost language acquisition.
We examine the nature of phonological and semantic similarity\nin early language learning. We consider how the use of this\ninformation might change over the course of development. To\nthis end, we represent the lexicon as either a phonological or\nsemantic network and model the growth of this network. Constructing\nnormative vocabularies from the Communicative Development\nInventory norms, we utilize a preferential attachment\ngrowth algorithm. We predict and quantify the words\nwhich will be learned next, comparing the two network representations.\nWe consider the effect of age, total vocabulary size\nand language ability as measured through CDI percentile. Our\nfindings suggest that the semantic representation does not outperform\nthe baseline bag-of-words model, whereas the phonological\nrepresentation conditionally does. More generally, we\nshow that the network representation influences the ability of\na model to capture vocabulary growth. We further offer a\nmethod of analysis for testing representational assumptions in\nnetwork models.
We compare two annotation styles, Prague dependencies and Universal\nStanford Dependencies, in their adequacy for parsing.\nWe specifically focus on comparing the adposition attachment style, used in these two\nformalisms, applied in multi-source cross-lingual delexicalized dependency\nparser transfer performed by parse tree combination.\nWe show that in our setting, converting the adposition annotation to Stanford style in the\nPrague style training treebanks leads to promising results.\nWe find that best results can be obtained by parsing the target sentences\nwith parsers trained on treebanks using both of the adposition annotation\nstyles in parallel,\nand combining all the resulting parse trees together\nafter having converted them to the Stanford adposition style (+0.39% UAS over Prague\nstyle baseline).\nThe score improvements are considerably more significant when using a smaller set of diverse source\ntreebanks (up to +2.24% UAS over the baseline).
Abstract This article is devoted to the functioning of Russian language in the modern world and raises a few issues: What are the regions of Russian diasporas nowadays? Under what conditions can Russian language survive in the foreign countries? How does Russian language change in its mother country and outside? It is also under discussion how language norms transform in modern Russian. It is stated that liberalization in lexical and register choice is opposed to the requirements of grammatical accuracy. Grammar is still considered as a marker of good education and culture of a person.
The Syntax of Dutch (SoD) is a descriptive and detailed grammar of Dutch, that provides data for many issues raised in linguistic theory. We present the results of a pilot project that investigated the possibility of enriching the online version of the text with links to queries that provide relevant results from syntactically annotated corpora.
To judge how much a pair of words (or texts) are semantically related is acognitive process. However, previous algorithms for computing semanticrelatedness are largely based on co-occurrences within textualwindows, and do not actively leverage cognitive human perceptions ofrelatedness. To bridge this perceptional gap, we propose to utilizefree association as signals to capture such human perceptions.However, free association, being manually evaluated,has limited lexical coverage and is inherently sparse. We propose to expand lexical coverage and overcome sparseness by constructing an association network of terms and concepts that combines signals from free association norms and five types of co-occurrences extracted from therich structures of Wikipedia. Our evaluation results validate thatsimple algorithms on this network give competitive results incomputing semantic relatedness between words and between shorttexts.
Lexical norms, normative and usually numeric, ratings of word meaning are popular tools in research domains relating to human expression and perception of language, especially with regards to emotion. In this paper we are proposing an algorithm of psycholinguistic norm expansion capable of generating high quality norms representing aspects of language beyond emotion, including language concreteness and indicators of age and gender association. Starting from small manually annotated norm lexica, continuous norms for new words are estimated using semantic similarity and a simple linear model along eleven expression-related dimensions. The model is shown to achieve state of the art level performance of word norm estimation. To investigate the potential of these norms as analysis tools of more complex phenomena we use them to investigate the differences in therapist speech in sessions conducted by practitioners adhering to the psychoanalytic and client-centered schools of therapy.
The article deals with the issues of genesis, content, and peculiarities of existence in the Russian manuscript tradition of the passionary compiled work “The Passion of Jesus Christ” devoted to the description of the last days of the Saviour’s life on Earth. The author characterizes some structural peculiarities of the work. The first feature is the presence of thirty two chapters in the full version; at this, more than half of them originate from apocryphal legends, in particular from the so called “Gospel of Nikodim” dating back to the 2 n d century AD. The second feature consists in a wide variation of repertory of the initial and finishing chapters within the work’s numerous lists while the pivot (the events described in chapters 26-27 of the “Gospel of Mathew”) remains stable. The authors also introduce and describe a new manuscript of the 17 t h century preserved in Mordovia museum of local history. The main part of this manuscript is represented by the Apocrypha “The Passion of Jesus Christ”. The authors of the present article highlight the highest artistic value and historical importance of the manuscript containing ninety magnificent illustrations and including thirty one miniatures accompanying the whole passionary cycle. The analyses of graphic and orthographical features of the manuscript showed a tendency to breaking the norms while choosing one of the members of the doublet pair. The lexical system of Apocrypha consists of five main theme groups, including the lexemes connected with the concepts “man”, “religion”, “material culture”, “time”, “natural world” as well as with the inner world of a man, his appearance, and social status. The language of the work consists mainly of the low norms of the 17 th-century Old Church Slavonic language with some dialectic features (okanye using “o”, chokanye using “ch”).
Therapist language plays a critical role in influencing the overall quality of psychotherapy. Notably, it is a major contributor to the perceived level of empathy expressed by therapists, a primary measure for judging their efficacy. We explore psycholinguistics inspired features for predicting therapist empathy. These features model language which conveys information about affective and cognitive processes, which is central to the therapist expressing understanding of the patient’s perspective. We describe the dimensional features obtained based on psycholinguisitic norms, and their application to predicting empathy expressed in motivational interviewing sessions for addiction counseling. We compare these to standard lexical features (n-grams) and demonstrate that these features contain complementary information for predicting therapist empathy. The highest empathy prediction results achieved are 75.28% UAR and 0.6112 Spearman’s correlation.
ABSTRACT The research is entitled Discourse Analysis of Martin Luther King Jr.’s speech, “ I Have a Dream ” ( Addressed to the March on Washington ). It is an attempt to analyzeand explain the discourse analysis norms. The objective of this research is to identify, classify, and analyze the discourse analysis norms in Martin Luther King Jr’s Speech. The writer conducts this research by using descriptive method. In collecting data, the speech and its history were taken from the book American speech and other relevant source from internet as a source data. The data analysis was based on by Juez (2008:20) and supportedby De Beaugrande and Dressler (1986:8) and Aarts and Aarts (1982: 4).These discourse analysis norms were applied in the Martin Luther King Jr’s Speech. The theory consists of seven norms, they are: cohesion (pronoun, substitusion, ellipsis, conjuction, and lexical), coherence (mark coherence and unmark coherence), intentionality, acceptability, informatifity, situationality, and intertextuality. The result of this research shows that in the cohesion norm, there are 131 pronouns, 52 subtitusion, 1 ellipsis, 90 conjuction and 16 lexical. In coherence norm, there are 46 mark coherence and there is no unmark coherence. There are also others norms like intentionality, acceptability, informatifity, situationality, and intertextuality. This speech contains the seven norms sugested by Juez (2008:20). Keywords: Discourse Analysis, Speech, Martin L.King Jr., Norms.
To account for the full range of language use in contemporary multilingual urban contexts, the notion of target language (TL) needs to be reconsidered. In studies of second language acquisition and language variation, taking TL for granted implies that people agree on what constitutes ‘good’ language, or the standard norm. The TL of language learners and users is, however, more heterogeneous than is often assumed. To gain insight into what people are actually targeting in their language development and use, we need to study their perceptions of ambient sociolinguistic variation. In this folk linguistic listener study involving 343 upper secondary school students, a range of data types were analysed: attitude scales, variety labelling, and assessments of speakers’ social and linguistic backgrounds. This article highlights some results pointing to a considerable divergence in the listeners’ perceptions, in particular with regard to speech representing what is here characterised as migration-related social dialects. Several listeners labelled these samples as ‘good’ Swedish, possibly suggesting that they do not simply aim at or even relate to a TL identical with the dominating monolingual norm, but may instead have a less narrow view of the kind of Swedish they consider appropriate for use in more formal situations.
In this paper, we tackle the problem of domain adaptation of statistical machine translation (SMT) by exploiting domain-specific data acquired by domain-focused crawling of text from the World Wide Web. We design and empirically evaluate a procedure for automatic acquisition of monolingual and parallel text and their exploitation for system training, tuning, and testing in a phrase-based SMT framework. We present a strategy for using such resources depending on their availability and quantity supported by results of a large-scale evaluation carried out for the domains of environment and labour legislation, two language pairs (English–French and English–Greek) and in both directions: into and from English. In general, machine translation systems trained and tuned on a general domain perform poorly on specific domains and we show that such systems can be adapted successfully by retuning model parameters using small amounts of parallel in-domain data, and may be further improved by using additional monolingual and parallel training data for adaptation of language and translation models. The average observed improvement in BLEU achieved is substantial at 15.30 points absolute.
A lexicostatistical classification is proposed for 20 languages and dialects of the Lezgian group of the North Caucasian family, based on meticulously compiled 110-item wordlists, published as part of the Global Lexicostatistical Database project. The lexical data have been subsequently analyzed with the aid of the principal phylogenetic methods, both distance-based and character-based: Starling neighbor joining (StarlingNJ), Neighbor joining (NJ), Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), Unweighted maximum parsimony (UMP). Cognation indexes within the input matrix were marked by two different algorithms: traditional etymological approach and phonetic similarity, i.e., the automatic method of consonant classes (Levenshtein distances). Due to certain reasons (first of all, high lexicographic quality of the wordlists and a consensus about the Lezgian phylogeny among Caucasologists), the Lezgian database is a perfect testing are)
Temporal information in a signal can be partitioned into temporal envelope (E) and fine structure (FS). Fine structure is important for lexical tone perception for normal-hearing (NH) listeners, and listeners with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) have an impaired ability to use FS in lexical tone perception due to the reduced frequency resolution. The present study was aimed to assess which of the acoustic aspects (E or FS) played a more important role in lexical tone perception in subjects with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) and to determine whether it was the deficit in temporal resolution or frequency resolution that might lead to more detrimental effects on FS processing in pitch perception. Fifty-eight native Mandarin Chinese-speaking subjects (27 with ANSD, 16 with SNHL, and 15 with NH) were assessed for (1) their ability to recognize lexical tones using acoustic E or FS cues with the “auditory chimera” technique, (2) temporal resolution as measured with temporal )
We studied the dynamics of lexical decisions by asking participants to categorize lexical and nonlexical stimuli and recording their mouse movements toward response buttons during the choice. In a previous report we revealed greater trajectory curvature and attraction to competitors for Low Frequency words and Pseudowords. This analysis did not clarify whether the trajectory curvature in the two conditions was due to a continuous dynamic competition between the response alternatives or if a discrete revision process (a "change of mind") took place during the choice from an initially selected response to the opposite one. To disentangle these two possibilities, here we analyse the velocity and acceleration profiles of mouse movements during the choice. Pseudowords' peak movement velocity occurred with 100ms delay with respect to words and Letters Strings. Acceleration profile for High and Low Frequency words and Letters Strings exhibited a butterfly plot with one acceleration peak at 4)
We investigated music and language processing in a group of early bilinguals who spoke a tone language and a non-tone language (Cantonese and Dutch). We assessed online speech-music processing interactions, that is, interactions that occur when speech and music are processed simultaneously in songs, with a speeded classification task. In this task, participants judged sung pseudowords either musically (based on the direction of the musical interval) or phonologically (based on the identity of the sung vowel). We also assessed longer-term effects of linguistic experience on musical ability, that is, the influence of extensive prior experience with language when processing music. These effects were assessed with a task in which participants had to learn to identify musical intervals and with four pitch-perception tasks. Our hypothesis was that due to their experience in two different languages using lexical versus intonational tone, the early Cantonese-Dutch bilinguals would outperform )
Memory is essential to many cognitive tasks including language. Apart from empirical studies of memory effects on language acquisition and use, there lack sufficient evolutionary explorations on whether a high level of memory capacity is prerequisite for language and whether language origin could influence memory capacity. In line with evolutionary theories that natural selection refined language-related cognitive abilities, we advocated a coevolution scenario between language and memory capacity, which incorporated the genetic transmission of individual memory capacity, cultural transmission of idiolects, and natural and cultural selections on individual reproduction and language teaching. To illustrate the coevolution dynamics, we adopted a multi-agent computational model simulating the emergence of lexical items and simple syntax through iterated communications. Simulations showed that: along with the origin of a communal language, an initially-low memory capacity for acquired ling)
Although there has been extensive research on the processing of the emotional meaning of music, little is known about other aspects of listeners’ experience of music. The present study investigated the neural correlates of the iconic meaning of music. Event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded while a group of 20 music majors and a group of 20 non-music majors performed a lexical decision task in the context of implicit musical iconic meaning priming. ERP analysis revealed a significant N400 effect of congruency in time window 260-510 ms following the onset of the target word only in the group of music majors. Time-course analysis using 50 ms windows indicated significant N400 effects both within the time window 410-460 ms and 460-510 ms for music majors, whereas only a partial N400 effect during time window 410-460 ms was observed for non-music majors. There was also a trend for the N400 effects in the music major group to be stronger than those in the non-major group in the sub-wi)
The ability to integrate contextual information is important for the comprehension of emotional and social situations. While some studies have shown that emotional processes and social cognition are impaired in people with hypomanic personality trait, no results have been reported concerning the neurophysiological processes mediating the processing of emotional information during the integration of contextual social information in this population. We therefore chose to conduct an ERP study dealing with the integration of emotional information in a population with hypomanic personality trait. Healthy participants were evaluated using the Hypomanic Personality Scale (HPS), and ERPs were recorded during a linguistic task in which participants silently read sentence pairs describing short social situations. The first sentence implicitly conveyed the positive or negative emotional state of a character. The second sentence was emotionally congruent or incongruent with the first sentence. We)
Playing certain types of video games for a long time can improve a wide range of mental processes, from visual acuity to cognitive control. Frequent gamers have also displayed generalized improvements in perceptual learning. In the Texture Discrimination Task (TDT), a widely used perceptual learning paradigm, participants report the orientation of a target embedded in a field of lines and demonstrate robust over-night improvement. However, changing the orientation of the background lines midway through TDT training interferes with overnight improvements in overall performance on TDT. Interestingly, prior research has suggested that this effect will not occur if a one-hour break is allowed in between the changes. These results have suggested that after training is over, it may take some time for learning to become stabilized and resilient against interference. Here, we tested whether frequent gamers have faster stabilization of perceptual learning compared to non-gamers and examined th)
In surveys, individuals tend to misreport behaviors that are in contrast to prevalent social norms or regulations. Several design features of the survey procedure have been suggested to counteract this problem; particularly, computerized surveys are supposed to elicit more truthful responding. This assumption was tested in a meta-analysis of survey experiments reporting 460 effect sizes (total N =125,672). Self-reported prevalence rates of several sensitive behaviors for which motivated misreporting has been frequently observed were compared across self-administered paper-and-pencil versus computerized surveys. The results revealed that computerized surveys led to significantly more reporting of socially undesirable behaviors than comparable surveys administered on paper. This effect was strongest for highly sensitive behaviors and surveys administered individually to respondents. Moderator analyses did not identify interviewer effects or benefits of audio-enhanced computer surveys. The meta-analysis highlighted the advantages of computerized survey modes for the assessment of sensitive topics.
Studies of language of contemporary advertising prove the validity of assertions about the ability of advertising to form the taste of the language community. Sometimes ads are ahead of already existing norms of language, creating new images and models of verbal communication in the search for maximum efficiency of impact. The analysis of the most striking and noticeable trends of morphological level in the language of advertising is concentrated in the area of lexico-grammatical status of the nominal parts of speech: the development of the quantitative category in abstract noun word forms and making relative adjectives to be qualitative ones. Besides, in the area of the verbal lexical units one can observe expanding of verbal paradigms owing to new mandatory forms. The manifestation and activation of grammatical processes in the advertising text reflects not only the expansion of the arsenal of means of expression, but also the serious grammatical shifts that can be regarded as a means forming the stylistic unity of the advertising text. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5s2p204
Reviews 277 vernacular languages, for example by teaching malhun—centuries-old popular poetry sung and written in the vernacular language found in the Maghreb—in the schools, since it represents remembrance and cultural traditions. Examining language in media such as cinema, theater, and songs, Chachou points to the absence of Algerian Arabic and Berber in newspapers even though those languages are present on national television. She notes the strong position of standard Arabic on the public radio while local radio stations increasingly broadcast Algerian Arabic or l’arabe médian, a variety situated between the standard and the vernacular. Algerian Arabic and Berber dominate in music, although Rai folk music uses borrowings from French and Algerian Arabic and code-switches between the two. The second half of the book deals with language in newspaper advertising, covering theory (for example, Bourdieu’s notion that language and values reflect power relationships, ideologies, and norms), linguistic strategies used by advertisers (“Algerianisms,” monolingual and bilingual signs, and the predominance of standard Arabic during Ramadan and other Muslim holidays), and English and Italian borrowings. Examples are followed by brief data analysis. Overall, this book contains a great deal of useful information, but its goals, which cover a wide range of contexts, may be overly ambitious and at times not particularly original. The chapters on advertising are the book’s strength, as they offer a rich set of data. The data, however, could benefit from deeper analysis. Nonetheless, this volume provides a valuable contribution to the field of Maghrebi sociolinguistics due to its empirical approach. Manhattan College Samira Hassa Faucher, Marie. L’enfance des mots: l’étymologie vagabonde. Paris: Silène, 2013. ISBN 978-2-913947-13-9. Pp. 159. 18 a. This book of “etymology” is neither a learned study nor a dictionary, but rather what Faucher calls a search for “le berceau des mots,” original meanings, as a route to understanding unexpected connections in the French lexicon. In an attitude of wideeyed, playful enjoyment, she has gathered evidence of lexical families, some of them surprisingly widespread. The preface by poet Henri Gougaud sets the stage, reminding us that all words have stories to tell, as he praises the author’s vagabondage in the forest of words. The book includes twenty chapters, ending with a summary of chapter contents (139–48), a word index (149–55), and a bibliography (157) of three titles: the Robert étymologique (RE), the Robert historique (RH), and, curiously, a student’s etymological dictionary dating from 1909. Unfortunately, Faucher has taken as her reporting scheme and model the“présentation synthétique”of RE (devised by Picoche as an antidote to strictly alphabetical presentation such as found in RH). Inspired by the RE, which shows coussin ( having been consulted, only two of the fifteen pairs such as coussin/cuisse listed under“Did you know that...?”prove to demonstrate the kind of etymological connection this reviewer understands by the term“vient de.” Forêt does come from Latin FORESTIS (SILVA); and divan is correctly identified— although one cannot accept that “divan vient de douane,” since, at best, each is an extension of the original Turkish meaning of ‘conseil politique, salle de conseil.’In the body of the text, Faucher’s efforts are generally more successful, her phrasing more careful, for example, “outil vient d’USITILIUM, qui vient d’UTI, USUS” (67). The etymologist is happy to see an accusative case as etymon and happier yet to see that the noun in –IUM is shown as deriving from the verb. Faucher’s presentation of the twenty or so words in the family of VEN RE (44–45) is clean and clear, as are many others of the 250 words presented.Yet her reported understanding of the etymological relationships between chosen pairs of words remains open to question, and her basic premise (“sens premier”=“sens propre”[12]) appears indefensible, since—as Faucher herself admits—the etymological origins of words may be far from their current meaning. In following her search to“laver les mots pour leur rendre leur netteté,”she has nonetheless succeeded in finding a gracious way to link members of many lexical families and, in so doing, to illuminate their interrelationships. Caveat...
Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre général de la linguistique descriptive et s’intéresse à l’espagnol familier d’usage au Chili, à travers les affects exprimés par les locuteurs chiliens. Notre hypothèse consiste dans le fait que l’espagnol du Chili est défini sur la base des affects, et que l’expression de ceux-ci, au niveau linguistique, est observable dans les phénomènes les plus divers, pouvant aller d’un simple morphème à une structure syntagmatique complexe. Afin de concevoir l’expression linguistique des affects d’un point de vue plus large, cette recherche vise l’étude de quatre phénomènes clairement différenciés: le suffixe –it dans le cadre de la communauté linguistique chilienne, la « paronomase orientée », le défigement phraséologique dans le domaine des locutions verbales et adverbiales et la particule illocutoire poh. Notre méthodologie consiste en l’extraction d’un nombre d’exemples conséquents pour illustrer les phénomènes choisis à partir de 103 numéros du journal chilien La Cuarta de 2010 et 2011. Parallèlement nous considérons un nombre significatif d’exemples issus de l’enregistrement de conversations menées auprès de 58 locuteurs chiliens pendant 9 heures 11 minutes et 33 secondes.Les quatre phénomènes de langue visés ont été étudiés sous le concept d’affectivité proposé par Bally (1965 [1913]), qui distingue les principes d’intensité et de valeur (1951 [1909]).L’étude de l’affectivité du suffixe –it dans le contexte chilien a révélé que l’affectivité est une propriété qui opère sur deux dimensions. Elle est, d’un côté, intrinsèque à un signe linguistique – base lexicale, suffixe –it et tout autre élément linguistique convergeant dans le discours – et, d’un autre côté, extrinsèque, car relatée à des éléments culturels ou idéologiques, et plus généralement à tout ce qui est extralinguistique. Dans les deux dimensions, l’affectivité du locuteur fonctionne comme élément de fusion et donne son vrai sens au signe linguistique. Concernant la « paronomase orientée » (terme que nous avons proposé), nous avons constaté que l’affectivité constitue la caractéristique principale de ce type de paronomase, et que son usage repose notamment sur la figure de la plaisanterie, cela étant dû à des caractéristiques communes qui se sont révélées être: la fonction ludique, l’intentionnalité comique et l’effet de surprise.La paronomase orientée, qui s’investit sur les plans phonétique, morphologique, lexical et sémantique, constitue pour nous une opération linguistique dérivative, où deux lexies simples ou complexes, qui se substituent l’une à l’autre au sein d’un énoncé, partagent des propriétés phonétiques, alors que leur contenu sémantique diverge.En liaison avec le défigement des locutions verbales et adverbiales, il s’avère que le défigement phraséologique est une activité linguistique naturelle faisant appel à la relation figurative constante entre les mots, qui permet de créer d’autres manières d’exprimer et d’actualiser les usages de termes déjà existants.L’évolution des phrases figées passe par un processus de transformation souhaité par les locuteurs au détriment des normes phraséologiques ou syntaxiques données. Cependant, l’intérêt de la création néologique intervient quand le locuteur a la possibilité de créer et de recréer des structures linguistiques nouvelles.Quant à la particule illocutoire poh, particule notamment orale qui provient du connecteur pues (Oroz: 1966), nous avons réussi à montrer que poh aide à la progression de la communication, favorisant la cohérence et la cohésion entre l'énoncé et le texte. De plus, par le truchement de poh, un accord consensuel entre le locuteur et l’interlocuteur s’établit et, à partir de cet accord, des fonctions pragmatico-affectives nouvelles surgissent.
The aim of this study was to analyse the psycholinguistic variables of the attributes and concepts involved in the recall of a concept. One hundred and twenty adults (18–40 years old) participated. A lexical recall task was administered by presenting a successive list of defining attributes. Forty concepts from different semantic categories were used. The attributes were obtained empirically from local Semantic Features Production Norms. The influence of the characteristics and attributes of the concepts on the number of participants who accessed the name of the concept and the correct guess trend was analysed. Significant values for Age of Acquisition, Presence of Distinctive Attributes and Presence of Taxonomic Attributes were observed. Results show that concepts which are acquired earliest are more easily recalled; presenting taxonomic categories narrows the search and the presence of distinctive attributes allow differentiating between such concepts within a category.
Abstract This chapter concludes that Negritude allowed black poets to be full participants of the “aesthetic regime.” This “aesthetic regime” is a lyric regime, and the poetry of Negritude establishes itself solidly as a text-based (rather than oral) movement. Negritude poets not only adopted typographic innovations introduced by other writers; they also developed their own way of harnessing the resistant force that the printed word harbors in its material being. The poets of Negritude in this sense raced textuality. They drew on the complex specificities of the irracialization under modern capitalism to exert pressure on thematic, lexical prosodic, typographical, and rhetorical norms. Moreover, the Negritude poem offers the promise of an identity that can be performed but will never resolve into essence, the promise of an identity that acts like a resistant force of “materiality as it plays itself out in/as the work of art.”
At every level of the language (phonetic, lexical, morphological and syntactic), Mateiu Caragiale's prose and poetry display features of the standard norm of the epoch (often dialectal) as well as to the dominant norm of the epoch, the author oscillating permanently between the two of them. To adequately interpret the language peculiarities of the author's works, one needs to distinguish clearly between the epoch norm (the literary norm of a certain period, subsequently turned into archaism) and the dominant norm.
The book under review is the fifth volume of the series Exploration in Language and Space of OUP. It is organized into six chapters: the odd-numbered chapters and part of Chapter 6 are written by Mani, whereas the even-numbered chapters by Pustejovsky.
Lexical Database the Japanese WordNet is a useful tool in natural language processing. However, it is officially announced that Japanese WordNet contains 5% errors. In this paper, we discuss error detection methods in the Japanese WordNet.
The Visual and Linguistic Treebank is a data set of images annotated with human-written descriptions, object boundaries, and Visual Dependency Representations. The images are freely available from the Action Recognition Task in the PASCAL VOC 2010 data set; our annotations are available for only the trainval data. Descriptions are available for all 2,424 images in the trainval data, and object annotations and Visual Dependency Representations are available for a subset of 341 images.
Staccato trumpet blasts, a lively guitar, and a beating drum introduce Roberto Angleró's “Si Dios Fuera Negro.” The lyrics then wonder how the world would be different with a Black God. “Si Dios fuera negro,” Angleró and his band Tierra Negro exclaim, “todo cambiaría.” If God were Black, all would be different politically, culturally, socially, and religiously. There would be a Black president and a Black governor. Chalk would be Black; Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa would be Black; even “Snow White” would be Black. God's Blackness would wash the natural and supernatural. It would flow backward and forward in time and space. Both the sun and cotton would be Black, and so would the pope and the angels. “Si Dios fuera negro,” then also “Negro Jesus Christ.”1Angleró's tune from the late 1970s was extraordinarily popular in his native land of Puerto Rico and throughout the Caribbean. It was part salsa, part bomba. It mixed musical styles from African, Spanish, and Taíno backgrounds, and its lyrics vibrated the intricate webs connecting race, religion, politics, economics, and culture. Performed with an upbeat tempo and an air of jocularity, “Si Dios Fuera Negro” entertained questions that were being asked throughout the world. 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