Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
Singlish can be interesting to the ACL community both linguistically as a major creole based on English, and computationally for information extraction and sentiment analysis of regional social media. We investigate dependency parsing of Singlish by constructing a dependency treebank under the Universal Dependencies scheme, and then training a neural network model by integrating English syntactic knowledge into a state-of-the-art parser trained on the Singlish treebank. Results show that English knowledge can lead to 25% relative error reduction, resulting in a parser of 84.47% accuracies. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to use neural stacking to improve cross-lingual dependency parsing on low-resource languages. We make both our annotation and parser available for further research.
We present Contrast-Ita Bank, a corpus annotated with discourse contrast relations in Italian. We annotate both explicit and implicit contrast relations, following the schema proposed in the Penn Discourse Treebank. We provide and discuss quantitative data about the new resource.
WordNet is an online lexical database. In Computer Science domain, it plays important role in solving semantic interoperability issues. It also helps in many researches related to Natural Language Processing topic. Because of the importance of WordNet, there are many works to develop WordNet into several languages, e.g., Japanese, Arabic, and Indonesian. However, those are still not sufficient to address semantic interoperability issues. Therefore, there are several attempts to form WordNet into machine understandable format, i.e, Resource Description Framework (RDF) model. Still, there is no effort to form WordNet Bahasa Indonesia into RDF format. This paper presents the process of forming WordNet Bahasa Indonesia into Linked Data form. This process involves several phases, which are identifying data sources, data extraction, data transformation, data loading into relational database, and mapping database model into RDF model. The latest is done by using D2RQ framework, resulting the WordNet Bahasa Indonesia as Linked Data format. This data set is linked to WordNet-RDF of Princetown University.
When meaningful stimuli such as words are encountered in groups or pairs (e.g., "elephant-ferry"), they can be processed either separately or as an integrated concept ("an elephant ferry"). Prior research suggests that memory for integrated associations is supported by different mechanisms than is memory for nonintegrated associations. However, little is known about the neurocognitive mechanisms that support the integration of novel stimulus pairs. We recorded ERPs while participants memorized sequentially presented, unrelated noun pairs using a strategy that either did or did not involve attempting to construct coherent definitions. We varied the concreteness of the first noun in each pair to examine whether conceptual combination instructions would induce compositional concreteness effects, or differences in ERPs evoked by the second noun as a function of the concreteness of the first noun. We found that the conceptual combination task, but not the noncombinatory encoding task, produced compositional concreteness effects on a late frontal negativity previously linked to visual imagery. Moreover, word pairs studied under conceptual combination instructions showed evidence of more unitized or holistic memory representations on associative recognition and free recall tests. Finally, item analyses indicated that (a) items with higher normed imageability ratings were rated by participants as easier to conceptually combine, and (b) in the conceptual combination task, ease-of-combination ratings mediated an indirect relationship between imageability and subsequent associative memory. These data are suggestive of a role of compositional imagery in the online formation of novel concepts via conceptual combination.
In this article, I describe the derivation of dependency structures from LFG analyses, with a focus on the Norwegian grammar NorGram. Although it is the f-structures that at a first glance resemble dependency structures most, I show that c-structures are the correct starting point for the conversion, and I outline a conversion algorithm that relies on information from both c- and f-structure, the projection operator, and the grammar itself. The derived dependency structures are projective with non-atomic relations, but can be converted into nonprojective dependencies with atomic relations, and further into Universal Dependency-style structures. As an application, I describe how derived dependency versions of the NorGramBank gold-standard treebank are used to train dependency parsers with acceptable precision.
Abstract We introduce a corpus based description of selected adverbial meanings in Czech sentences. Its basic repertory is one of a long lasting tradition in both scientific and school grammars. However, before the corpus era, researchers had to rely on their own excerption; but nowadays, current syntax has a vast material basis in the form of electronic corpora available. On the case of spatial adverbials, we describe our methodology which we used to acquire a detailed, comprehensive, well-arranged description of meanings of adverbials including a list of formal realizations with examples. Theoretical knowledge stemming from this work will lead into an improval of the annotation of the meanings in the Prague Dependency Treebanks which serve as the corpus sources for our research. The Prague Dependency Treebanks include data manually annotated on the layer of deep syntax and thus provide a large amount of valuable examples on the basis of which the meanings of adverbials can be defined more accurately and subcategorized more precisely. Both theoretical and practical results will subsequently be used in NLP, such as machine translation.
ABSTRACT Two major semantic features of emotion concepts have been shown to impact performance in emotion perception tasks: valence and arousal. To design psycholinguistic experiments with emotion terms as stimuli, norms are required that indicate valence and arousal values for individual words. Although such norms are usually obtained from ratings of adults, they are often also used in developmental studies. This procedure raises the question of whether children and adults perceive emotional valence and arousal of words in the same way, and consequently, whether adults’ ratings are adequate when constructing stimulus sets for children. The present study obtained valence and arousal ratings for 48 German emotion terms from three different groups: 9-year-old children and adults tested in a controlled laboratory setting, and adults tested via online survey. Results demonstrate high correlations for valence and arousal across settings. The comparison between children and adults also revealed high correlations, suggesting that children at the age of 9 already display adultlike behavior in their evaluation of emotion terms. A small difference was found for absolute rating values of arousal, with children rating words less arousing than adults. Overall, 9-year-olds and adults are sufficiently similar in their perception of emotion to warrant the use of adult valence and arousal ratings in the analysis of children data.
Dynamically tracking changes in affective responses to continuous streams of differently valenced stimuli
We employ a novel paradigm to test whether six basic emotions (sadness, fear, disgust, anger, surprise, and happiness; Ekman, 1992) contain both negativity and positivity, as opposed to consisting of a single continuum between negative and positive. We examined the perceived negativity and positivity of these emotions in terms of their affective and cognitive components among Korean, Chinese, Canadian, and American students. Assessing each emotion at the cognitive and affective levels cross-culturally provides a fairly comprehensive picture of the positivity and negativity of emotions. Affective components were rated as more divergent than cognitive components. Cross-culturally, Americans and Canadians gave higher valence ratings to the salient valence of each emotion, and lower ratings to the non-salient valence of an emotion, compared to Chinese and Koreans. The results suggest that emotions encompass both positivity and negativity, and there were cross-cultural differences in reported emotions. This paradigm complements existing emotion theories, building on past research and allowing for more parsimonious explanations of cross-cultural research on emotion.
Previous findings indicate that negative arousal enhances bottom-up attention biases favouring perceptual salient stimuli over less salient stimuli. The current study tests whether those effects were driven by emotional arousal or by negative valence by comparing how well participants could identify visually presented letters after hearing either a negative arousing, positive arousing or neutral sound. On each trial, some letters were presented in a high contrast font and some in a low contrast font, creating a set of targets that differed in perceptual salience. Sounds rated as more emotionally arousing led to more identification of highly salient letters but not of less salient letters, whereas sounds' valence ratings did not impact salience biases. Thus, arousal, rather than valence, is a key factor enhancing visual processing of perceptually salient targets.
El crecimiento exponencial en la creación de documentos en la Internet, escritos en español, ofrece variadas oportunidades para el análisis de texto. Debido a su cantidad creciente y a la escasez de herramientas que colaboren en estos procesos, se hace imprescindible la creación de herramientas que los automaticen. Entre estas herramientas los treebanks ocupan un papel destacado, puesto que proveen información clave para muchos de los procesos de análisis. Actualmente, existe una tendencia que intenta estandarizar el etiquetado morfológico y sintáctico para crear puntos de contacto entre treebanks de distintas investigaciones. A partir de los antecedentes relacionados con el análisis sintáctico de textos, esta investigación propone una metodo- logía para determinar hasta dónde es posible automatizar el proceso de creación de treebanks, limitándose a la lengua española.
STYX 1.0 is a corpus of Czech sentences selected from the Prague Dependency treebank. The criterion for including sentences into STYX was their suitability for practicing Czech morphology and syntax in elementary schools. The sentences contain both the PDT annotations and the school sentence analyses. The school sentence analyses were created by transforming the PDT annotations using handcrafted rules. Altogether the STYX 1.0 corpus contains 11 655 sentences. Originally, the STYX 1.0 corpus was an inseparable part of the Styx system (http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-097C-0000-0001-48FB-F)
Background. The spread of cross-media in today’s society creates serious responsibility for journalists working in multimedia as the number of readers of their material have increased significantly. Such changes in the information space require a high professional competence from the authors, including linguistic ones. However, the analysis of recent publications shows an opposite tendency: the number of violations of the literary norm have significantly increased at different levels of language.Purpose of our article is to identify typical errors in cross-media and the reasons for their occurrence to avoid their appearance in future texts.Methods. For objective research, the following methods have been used: continuous sampling, analysis and synthesis, and a descriptive method.Results. The research has shown that the authors of informative texts often neglect the rules of speech euphony, which are not well-versed in spelling rules. For example, the problem is made up of the rules of writing doubling consonant letters, derivative adverbs, complex words, service parts of speech, etc. From the lexical point of view, there are too many non-normative calks from the Russian language, a mistaken use of paronyms, and examples of the use of words in wrong meanings. The authors also abused a vernacular and jargon vocabulary; thus, the language has been mixed.Discussion. Considering the results of the study, we believe that the state of the culture of language in cross-media needs to improve the knowledge of journalists, as well as enhancing the role of editor in preparing materials for publication. After all, mass media are a distributor of information and knowledge among readers; they are ways of expressing opinions and language literacy. The fragmentation of this study, which covered the semi-annual period, allows for extending its time frame in the future, as well as analyzing other types of abnormalities (word-formation, grammar, punctuation, and stylistics).
This paper examines the stimulus-response in Japanese conversation and how it relates to Japanese culture. It focuses on how Japanese linguistic features in the stimulus used in conversation requests correspond to a form of culture known as wakimae. Hence, the understanding of wakimae surrounding the stimulus will bring the proper responses. Taking a qualitative method, this research uses 30 video-taped Japanese talk shows as data. The analysis covers the lexical, morphosyntactic, or prosodic features and the cultural context, norms, or values used in the forms of request as the stimulus. The results reveal two types of stimuli, specifically (i) syntactically finished utterances and (ii) syntactically unfinished utterances. In syntactically finished utterances, there were five types of request patterns for information, namely (i) Q-word type, (ii) declarative form, (iii) polar type with the question particle ka marker, (iv) polar type with final particle ne marker and (v) tag-question type. In syntactically unfinished utterances, there are four types of request patterns for information. They are (i) unfinished utterances marked by the topic particle wa, (ii) unfinished utterances marked by the nominative particle ga, (iii) unfinished utterances marked by the conjunctive form, (iv) unfinished utterances marked by the quotative particle tte. These characteristics of stimulus are not only ruled by the speaker’s intention but also by cultural values. These cultural values become an important consideration for the speaker when choosing utterances, both stimulus and response. Therefore, the notion of wakimae can explain the utterance choice from the perspective of cultural context.
The research into Bazhov’s tales has revealed frequent occurrence of the dialect and colloquial language, which is a deviation from the literary norm. Such deviations are caused by the author’s intention to preserve the local Ural language, to make the speech of the characters more colorful and authentic, and to make the text more expressive. As a result, a translator meets certain challenges – to follow the style and preserve the specific character of the original tale, to recreate it in a foreign language in such a way that the target text could have an effect on a foreign reader similar to that produced by the source text on a native reader. It is especially difficult to convey the Russian realities of the times of the Old Urals reflected in the author’s socio-cultural comments. Looking for the best solutions to these translation problems, it is necessary to rely on recommendations of reputable translation experts. The authors also give a number of recommendations for translation of such texts. The research has both theoretical and practical orientation. The research object of the article are Pavel Bazhov’s tales, the subject is the analysis of their lexical special features. The relevance of this research can be explained by the scientific interest in folklore and its language as a significant part of any culture and mentality. Bazhov’s tales have been studied by Russian philologists but not so deeply in the aspect of translation into other languages. Bazhov’s collection of tales is a good example of using a living poetic language of the Ural region, with its specific phraseology and local dialect features, to create an authentic atmosphere in literary works. This causes difficulties in translating, which can be overcome by means of pre-translation stylistic analysis of texts. Key words: genre of tales; pre-translation analysis; problem of folk tales translation; national and cultural specific character; lexical special features; translatability.
When teaching a foreign language to law students the teacher has to place work emphasis on some peculiarities of the translation of legal terminology.Legal documents have a clearly defined form, which must be preservedduring the translation.Therefore, one of the important matters in the process of students trainingfor professional activity is their appropriate mastering of legal terminology and ability to translatecorrectly.In English there are enough terms having a large number of synonyms.Sometimes there are situations when arises the problem of the translation of nonequivalent lexicon.In the UK there are norms and concepts that are the specifics of this country and the terms, respectively, have no analogues in other languages.Being translated the English terms undergo such types of transformation as: differentiation of the meanings, a specification of the meanings, contents development, the antonymous translation, complete transformation, compensation of losses in the translation process etc. [1, p. 41].The following principles of termscreationshould be mentioned: the principle of the translated terminology, the use of the specific opportunities of the target language, terms formed by a terminologization of common lexicon, the principle of association.When translating the nonequivalent legal terms it is possible to use also a transcoding method (for example, solicitor -,; auditor -; motive ).The descriptive translation is also possible (for example, misdirection; depositions -, ) [2, p. 57].When training law students a foreign language it must be kept in mind that the modern specialist needs to have the level which would allow them to communicate if necessary with the specialists from other countries.For this purposethey have to know the fundamentals of grammar, but, the main thing, they have to know is legal lexicon.That is whyan important role in language training of students is provided to the mastering of professional vocabulary.Mastering of professional lexical units
Alberta, and Louisiana. The analysis of individual speakers focuses on the variable portions of the vocalic system (e.g., the mid vowels), liaison, and elision. In addition, with the support of the transcript of a brief free conversation sample, other aspects of conversational interactions are discussed, including prosody, syntax, lexicon, and discursive features. For example, these samples of informal features show vernacular interrogative structures (Comment on disait?, Ça a changé quoi?) and left detachment (ben Freddy le train euh, déjà Paris, il m’a dit qu’il n’y allait plus en train). What this extensive mass of data reveals is that spoken French differs significantly from Referential French, the variety described in dictionaries and grammatical descriptions that underlies the variety taught to foreign learners. Examples in the verbal system include the absence of the passé simple, past subjunctive, future perfect, and the free alternation between the simple and periphrastic future.An important methodological article bears on the notion of the norm in spoken French. With regard to the vowel system, in France, Paris still sets the standard. Contrasts such as patte versus pâte or brin versus brun are fading. Relatively new trends include a counterclockwise movement in the nasal vowels, in which /ε̃/ is moving toward /ɑ̃/, and the latter toward /ɔ̃/, and mute e tagging, in which that phoneme is added after final consonants (bonjour[ə], bac[ə]). American teachers will appreciate the focus on North American varieties, to which half of the descriptions of overseas varieties of French are devoted. These descriptions show wide divergences from the Parisian norm, including more complex vowel systems, major grammatical differences, and English loanwords and calques. This volume stands as a basic tool for the teaching of French pronunciation. It is accompanied by a website offering transcribed recorded materials that enable students to hear the diverse voices of Francophony:. Indiana University Albert Valdman Moline, Estelle, et Stosic Dejan. L’expression de la manière en français. Paris: Ophrys, 2016. ISBN 978-2-70801-461-9. Pp. 216. Even though the notion of manner seems intuitively understandable to all, its precise definition is nonetheless debated. Two positions can be adopted: either treating manner as a primitive ontological category, along the lines of what is proposed in Jackendoff (1983), or treating it as a semantic domain with features and mechanisms that must be specified. This book adopts the latter view, and sets as its goal to describe and evaluate the different ways in which manner is expressed in French, demonstrating that adverbs do not constitute the sole strategy speakers have at their disposal— contrary to what is commonly assumed. Structurally, the book is divided into five chapters, along with an introduction and a conclusion. Every chapter ends with a 274 FRENCH REVIEW 91.2 Reviews 275 useful summary about the issues discussed therein, and the book includes a general bibliography and an index. The first chapter provides a historical discussion of how the notion of manner came to be and presents the reader with a comprehensive analysis of compléments circonstanciels, grammatical constituents via which manner has been assumed to be primarily encoded. The next four chapters consider alternative ways in which manner is encoded. Chapter 2 analyzes two syntactic markers, comme and comment. Chapter 3 discusses lexical encodings, via verbs, adverbs and nouns, and chapter 4 looks at the interaction of syntax and lexicon, arguing that such a lexicosyntactic approach (as opposed to an ontological one) should be favored when trying to characterize the notion of manner. Chapter 5 ends the typology of strategies by examining morphological markers. It is only in the conclusion that the authors provide a working definition of manner—one that they argue can encompass the different mechanisms reviewed, and general enough to also allow interacting with related notions such as instrument and motion. One of the main assets of this book is the quantity of examples given and their rigorous categorization. However, two shortcomings can be noted. First, the analyses sometimes remain quite general and vague. There is, for instance, no argumentation about the choice of the position adopted with respect to the definition of manner, for example, why an ontological perspective on manner is not seen as a...
Two experiments examine how grammatical verb aspect constrains our understanding of events. According to linguistic theory, an event described in the perfect aspect (John had opened the bottle) should evoke a mental representation of a finished event with focus on the resulting object, whereas an event described in the imperfective aspect (John was opening the bottle) should evoke a representation of the event as ongoing, including all stages of the event, and focusing all entities relevant to the ongoing action (instruments, objects, agents, locations, etc.). To test this idea, participants saw rebus sentences in the perfect and imperfective aspect, presented one word at a time, self-paced. In each sentence, the instrument and the recipient of the action were replaced by pictures (John was using/had used a ** to open the ** at the restaurant). Time to process the two images as well as speed and accuracy on sensibility judgments were measured. Although experimental sentences always ma)
Local markets provide a rapid insight into the medicinal plants growing in a region as well as local traditional health concerns. Identification of market plant material can be challenging as plants are often sold in dried or processed forms. In this study, three approaches of DNA barcoding-based molecular identification of market samples are evaluated, two objective sequence matching approaches and an integrative approach that coalesces sequence matching with a priori and a posteriori data from other markers, morphology, ethnoclassification and species distribution. Plant samples from markets and herbal shops were identified using morphology, descriptions of local use, and vernacular names with relevant floras and pharmacopoeias. DNA barcoding was used for identification of samples that could not be identified to species level using morphology. Two methods based on BLAST similarity-based identification, were compared with an integrative identification approach. Integrative identifica)
The experiments reported here used “Reversed-Interior” (RI) primes (e.g., cetupmor-COMPUTER) in three different masked priming paradigms in order to test between different models of orthographic coding/visual word recognition. The results of Experiment 1, using a standard masked priming methodology, showed no evidence of priming from RI primes, in contrast to the predictions of the Bayesian Reader and LTRS models. By contrast, Experiment 2, using a sandwich priming methodology, showed significant priming from RI primes, in contrast to the predictions of open bigram models, which predict that there should be no orthographic similarity between these primes and their targets. Similar results were obtained in Experiment 3, using a masked prime same-different task. The results of all three experiments are most consistent with the predictions derived from simulations of the Spatial-coding model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR], Copyright of PLoS ONE is the property of Public Library of Science and i)
Using a wireless single channel EEG device, we investigated the feasibility of using short-term frontal EEG as a means to evaluate the dynamic changes of mental workload. Frontal EEG signals were recorded from twenty healthy subjects performing four cognitive and motor tasks, including arithmetic operation, finger tapping, mental rotation and lexical decision task. Our findings revealed that theta activity is the common EEG feature that increases with difficulty across four tasks. Meanwhile, with a short-time analysis window, the level of mental workload could be classified from EEG features with 65%–75% accuracy across subjects using a SVM model. These findings suggest that frontal EEG could be used for evaluating the dynamic changes of mental workload. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR], Copyright of PLoS ONE is the property of Public Library of Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permissio)
The paper investigates the third person singular pronoun anaphor e in Ga, a Kwa Language. The pronominal e which is prefixed may be glossed as ‘he’, ‘she’ or ‘it’. This pronominal which is prefixed refers to a definite third person discourse entity. It has no gender distinctions and it has also no animate distinctions. In Ga the pronominal e is attached to the verbs when in subjective position. When the pronominal is prefixed to the noun it marks possessive. However there are certain contexts in which the interpretation of the pronominal can be ‘he’ only or ‘she’ only and other instances cannot be either of them The aim is to find how the singular pronoun anaphor could be disambiguated in discourse especially where giving the referent to the anaphor is not simple. The paper applies the Centering Theory to analyse utterances in which this pronoun occurs and also the Givenness Hierarchy was considered in some cases where the referent resolution process involves a choice between two candidate referents. Data used was elicited by the researchers after having several chats with other natives of Ga. It came to light that in addition to the theories applied, the sociocultural norms and the lexical verb give clues in resolution of the third person singular pronoun. Keywords: pronominal, anaphor, centering theory, disambiguate, referent
Grammatical words represent the part of grammar that can be most directly contrasted with the lexicon. Aphasiological studies, linguistic theories and psycholinguistic studies suggest that their processing is operated at different stages in speech production. Models of sentence production propose that at the formulation stage, lexical words are processed at the functional level while grammatical words are processed at a later positional level. In this study we consider proposals made by linguistic theories and psycholinguistic models to derive two predictions for the processing of grammatical words compared to lexical words. First, based on the assumption that grammatical words are less crucial for communication and therefore paid less attention to, it is predicted that they show shorter articulation times and/or higher error rates than lexical words. Second, based on the assumption that grammatical words differ from lexical words in being dependent on a lexical host, it is hypothesiz)
Cognitive mechanisms for sign language lexical access are fairly unknown. This study investigated whether phonological similarity facilitates lexical retrieval in sign languages using measures from a new lexical database for American Sign Language. Additionally, it aimed to determine which similarity metric best fits the present data in order to inform theories of how phonological similarity is constructed within the lexicon and to aid in the operationalization of phonological similarity in sign language. Sign repetition latencies and accuracy were obtained when native signers were asked to reproduce a sign displayed on a computer screen. Results indicated that, as predicted, phonological similarity facilitated repetition latencies and accuracy as long as there were no strict constraints on the type of sublexical features that overlapped. The data converged to suggest that one similarity measure, MaxD, defined as the overlap of any 4 sublexical features, likely best represents mechanisms of phonological similarity in the mental lexicon. Together, these data suggest that lexical access in sign language is facilitated by phonologically similar lexical representations in memory and the optimal operationalization is defined as liberal constraints on overlap of 4 out of 5 sublexical features—similar to the majority of extant definitions in the literature. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
A controlled natural language (CNL) is based on a natural language but includes restrictions on vocabulary, grammar, and/or semantics, in order to reduce or eliminate ambiguity and complexity.
CzeDLex 0.5 is a pilot version of a lexicon of Czech discourse connectives. The lexicon contains connectives partially automatically extracted from the Prague Discourse Treebank 2.0 (PDiT 2.0), a large corpus annotated manually with discourse relations. The most frequent entries in the lexicon (covering more than 2/3 of the discourse relations annotated in the PDiT 2.0) have been manually checked, translated to English and supplemented with additional linguistic information.
This paper presents an overview of studies on automated hand gesture analysis, which is mainly concerned with recognition and segmentation issues related to functional types and gesture phases. The issues selected for discussion have been arranged in a way that takes account of problems within the Theory of Gestures that each study seeks to address. Their principal computational factors that were involved in conducting the analysis of automated hand gesture have been examined, and an analysis of open research issues has been carried out for each application dealt with in the studies.
One particular problem in large vocabulary continuous speech recognition for low-resourced languages is finding relevant training data for the statistical language models. Large amount of data is required, because models should estimate the probability for all possible word sequences. For Finnish, Estonian and the other fenno-ugric languages a special problem with the data is the huge amount of different word forms that are common in normal speech. The same problem exists also in other language technology applications such as machine translation, information retrieval, and in some extent also in other morphologically rich languages. In this paper we present methods and evaluations in four recent language modeling topics: selecting conversational data from the Internet, adapting models for foreign words, multi-domain and adapted neural network language modeling, and decoding with subword units. Our evaluations show that the same methods work in more than one language and that they scale down to smaller data resources.
The article explores the name and content of the cognitive concept SCARCITY in the English economic discourse. \nThe content of the concept is based on the following set of semantic features of its terminized name – the lexeme “scarcity” (n.): “want of provisions for the support of life”, “lack”, “hunger”, “high cost”, “need”, “rarity”, “insufficiency of supply” and is motivated by the basic feature “an inadequate amount” with a negatively evaluated property “less than the norm”. The name of the concept is viewed as the centre of its conceptual network. Its semantic properties are profiled in the domains ECONOMY and MATHEMATICS which determine the terminized nature of the concept and motivate its corresponding cognitive features and its conceptual relations with other concepts in the discourse according to the propositional schema of causation “CR-SCARCITY has FT-negative effects». \nThis concept performs a discourse forming function in the segment ECONOMY of the English language picture of the world as one of the key factor of the economic development of the society. \nFurther perspectives in the study of SCARCITY should be development and construction of its lexical-semantic field as well as conceptual network, building up metaphorical models, synchronic and diachronic analysis of its metaphoric potential.
The Ukrainian terminological system of architecture is a definitely organised, historically caused, communicative system of elements which functions, constantly changing internal and external communication at different levels of consistency. The terminological fund of representation of architecture knowledge demands settlement, therefore its research gets a special relevance. The national terminological system of architecture changes and updates constantly, because there are new concepts which are necessary to name, and there are new terms accordingly. Despite it, there is no clearness in formulation of definitions even for key concepts in this area of human activity, the choice of use and systematization of certain terminological units is not always successful, and synonymy of terms is actively used for base standard documents, the scientific special literature, lexicographic editions on architecture. Architecture terminology is a considerable layer of the Ukrainian terminological system with inherent common features for a system (presence of system elements, system signs, the criteria which are inherent for a system) and original Characteristics (specificity of concepts and terms’ relations, the special thematic and structural organisation which is the basis for allocation of architecture terminological system and allocates features of the language system organisation of(word-formation, grammatical, lexical). Elements of architectural terminological system form systems of objective realities, systems of terms, systems of corresponding concepts, systems of definitions of these concepts. When these systems function, they limit architectural terminology. It is very important to understand architectural terminology not simply as the mechanical sum of corresponding terminological units, terms and terminological word combinations, and accurate terminological system which has certain logic communications between its elements, structural components. There is a direct or indirect communication between terms which limits terminological system of architecture. Constant development and increase in quantity of terminological units, quantitative and qualitative changes of terms which unite in terminological system, define limitlessness of modern Ukrainian architecture terminological system. Exploring the practical problems of education terms and problems of architectural terms’ standardization the professional norm is fixed in the special literature (educational, methodical, statutory acts, state standards, scientific articles). Not always dictionaries in standard terminology consider professional terminological norm. The modern Ukrainian terminological fund of architecture makes specific, quantitatively big and qualitatively various layer of terminological lexicon in the typological characteristic of system. Architecture terminology is a component of Ukrainian terminological system with characteristic common features for system both the especial thematic and structural organisation which has differences in the language organisation of system.
We report on experiments to validate and extend two language-specific connective databases (German and Italian) using a word-aligned corpus. This is a first step toward constructing a bilingual lexicon on connectives that are connected via their discourse senses.
The present affective stimulation systems have shortages in terms of inefficient emotion evocation and poor immersion. This paper presents the design, instructions and ratings of a novel Affective Virtual Reality System (AVRS), which includes a large set of emotionally-evocative VR scenes and their affective ratings. It can provide more objective and direct affective stimuli of basic emotions (happiness, sadness, fear, relaxation, disgust, and rage) by shielding the environmental interferences. In this study, affective VR scenes have been designed by using various standard affective picture, video and audio materials as references. To assess the three dimensional emotion indices of valence, arousal and dominance, each scene of the system is rated and standardized by Self-Assessment Mainikin. AVRS is the first released VR version affect stimuli materials, which sets a precedent for future interdisciplinary work bridging the gap between VR and cognitive psychology.
Abstract CzeDLex is a new electronic lexicon of Czech discourse connectives, planned for publication by the end of this year. Its data format and structure are based on a study of similar existing resources, and adjusted to comply with the Czech syntactic tradition and specifics and with the Prague approach to the annotation of semantic discourse relations in text. In the article, we first put the lexicon in context of related resources and discuss theoretical aspects of building the lexicon – we present arguments for our choice of the data structure and for selecting features of the lexicon entries, while special attention is paid to a consistent and (as far as possible) uniform encoding of both primary (such as in English because, therefore ) and secondary connectives (e.g. for this reason, this is the reason why ). The main principle adopted for nesting entries in the lexicon is – apart from the lexical form of the connective – a discoursesemantic type (sense) expressed by the given connective, which enables us to deal with a broad formal variability of connectives and is convenient for interlinking CzeDLex with lexicons in other languages. Second, we introduce the chosen technical solution based on the Prague Markup Language, which allows for an efficient incorporation of the lexicon into the family of Prague treebanks – it can be directly opened and edited in the tree editor TrEd, processed from the command line in btred, interlinked with its source corpus and queried in the PML Tree Query engine. Third, we describe the process of getting data for the lexicon by exploiting a large corpus manually annotated with discourse relations – the Prague Discourse Treebank 2.0: we elaborate on the automatic extraction part, post-extraction checks and manual addition of supplementary linguistic information.
Mondzish (Mangish) lexical database, including transcriptions of my audio recordings collected in China in from 2012-2015.
Participants explored a representative set of 47 solid, fluid and granular materials and rated them according to a list of 32 perceptual and 20 affective attributes. In a principal component analysis (PCA) of the perceptual ratings, we extracted six dimensions: Fluidity, Roughness, Deformability, Fibrousness, Heaviness, and Granularity explained 88% variance. A PCA on affective ratings revealed the dimensions: Valence, Arousal, and Dominance, explaining 92% variance. Greater Valence was significantly associated with reduced Roughness, greater Arousal with more Fluidity and greater Dominance with decreasing Deformability and decreasing Heaviness. Overall, the present study demonstrates that the range of affective responses to touched material is broader than previously assumed, and that these affective responses are systematically associated with certain perceptual dimensions.
Cet article traite de la mise en place du contenu lexical des manuels d’enseignement de l’arabe, langue étrangère, à l’Institut supérieur des langues de l’université de Damas (ISLUD). Bien que ce contenu ne s’éloigne pas des normes habituelles de création des manuels d’enseignement (centrés sur l’adaptation d’un lexique arabe littéraire classique ou moderne), il se rapproche autant que possible de la pratique quotidienne du langage, très riche en lexique dialectal. C’est donc la problématique de la polyglossie de l’arabe qui est ici abordée. Par l’analyse didactique et linguistique d’un corpus télévisuel syrien (Marāyā 2013), on propose un lexique plus adapté au besoin des apprenants, dans le sens où il ne permettrait pas seulement de comprendre les ressources textuelles de l’arabe, mais aussi de renforcer la capacité de comprendre et d’échanger dans des situations de communication quotidiennes.
The article reviews English words and expressions recorded in Word Spy online dictionary of neologisms within the last three decades and conceptualized around the notion of social capital viewed as a civil society attribute and a valuable resource for the sustainable economic development. The meaning of the newly coined words gets the onomasiological coverage within the framework of neology and the social capital theory. The lexical units are analyzed through extra- and intralinguistic motivators of their emergence in the language inventory as well as the formal and semantic composition. The study reveals that the connotatively marked transnominations used to indicate the internal corporate communications outnumber the proper neologisms that refer to new policies and practices developed by a company to operate in its business environment. As the majority of neologisms possess the metaphorical potential, their intensive use in modern business communication results in violating its traditional norms. Thus, English professional discourse tends to experience the loss of its conventionality in favour of increased efficiency of every single communicative act.
In line with the dimensional theory of emotional space, we developed affective norms for words rated in terms of valence, arousal and dominance in a group of older adults to complete the adaptation of the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW) for Italian and to aid research on aging. Here, as in the original Italian ANEW database, participants evaluated valence, arousal, and dominance by means of the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) in a paper-and-pencil procedure. We observed high split-half reliabilities within the older sample and high correlations with the affective ratings of previous research, especially for valence, suggesting that there is large agreement among older adults within and across-languages. More importantly, we found high correlations between younger and older adults, showing that our data are generalizable across different ages. However, despite this across-ages accord, we obtained age-related differences on three affective dimensions for a great number of words. In particular, older adults rated as more arousing and more unpleasant a number of words that younger adults rated as moderately unpleasant and arousing in our previous affective norms. Moreover, older participants rated negative stimuli as more arousing and positive stimuli as less arousing than younger participants, thus leading to a less-curved distribution of ratings in the valence by arousal space. We also found more extreme ratings for older adults for the relationship between dominance and arousal: older adults gave lower dominance and higher arousal ratings for words rated by younger adults with middle dominance and arousal values. Together, these results suggest that our affective norms are reliable and can be confidently used to select words matched for the affective dimensions of valence, arousal and dominance across younger and older participants for future research in aging.
Discourse includes both structural and conceptual patterns. Most of these patterns are different in various languages. A conceptual pattern in source language can be realized in different ways in a target language. Therefore, the translator should be aware of this kind of differences between SL and TL conceptual patterns, because rendering these patterns from the source text into the target one can be problematic and their inaccurate transfer may lead to a flawed translation. This descriptive study aimed to investigate the conceptual discourse patterns and related ideologies in a novel entitled Animal Farm and as the same realizing the conceptual patterns in its translation into Azeri-Turkish. Accordingly, the researchers selected and analyzed the samples based on Fairclough’s approach (2001) to CDA. The findings indicated that the translators’ ideological and socio-cultural norms affect their translation strategies and lexical and grammatical choices and this in turn influences their success to recognize and transmit the ST implicit ideologies into TT. Keywords: Conceptual Discourse Patterns, English, Azeri-Turkish
From scientific literature it is known that the phenomenon of indirect nomination belongs to the periphery of the lexical-semantic system of the language and is still poorly studied (as, for example, V. N. Telia’s works indicate). Our factual material shows that I. Selvinsky uses indirect nomination as a technique of metaphorical transfer, to create vivid artistic images and associations. In general, I. Selvinsky’s secondary nomination reflects individually meaningful figurative linguistic worldview due to its semantic duality, based on similar characteristics of two or more denotations that are implemented in the context of the work. Judging by the features of the "behavior" of the metaphors in the syntax against the background of related phenomena, one can conclude that the units in question do not coincide with from the literary norm of that time and present, as based on the results of this mini-study, where we analysed and described the relationship of the secondary nomination as a linguistic phenomenon with the stylistics of artistic speech, which is determined – in this case – by specifics of the essay genre.
From scientific literature it is known that the phenomenon of indirect nomination belongs to the periphery of the lexical-semantic system of the language and is still poorly studied (as, for example, V. N. Telia’s works indicate). Our factual material shows that I. Selvinsky uses indirect nomination as a technique of metaphorical transfer, to create vivid artistic images and associations. In general, I. Selvinsky’s secondary nomination reflects individually meaningful figurative linguistic worldview due to its semantic duality, based on similar characteristics of two or more denotations that are implemented in the context of the work. Judging by the features of the behavior of the metaphors in the syntax against the background of related phenomena, one can conclude that the units in question do not coincide with from the literary norm of that time and present, as based on the results of this mini-study, where we analysed and described the relationship of the secondary nomination as a linguistic phenomenon with the stylistics of artistic speech, which is determined – in this case – by specifics of the essay genre.
The past half-century has witnessed remarkable growth in the study of language variation, and it has now become a highly productive subfield of research in sociolinguistics. Variability is everywhere in language, from the unique details in each production of a sound or sign to the auditory or visual processing of the linguistic signal. All languages that we can observe today show variation; what is more, they vary in identical ways, namely geographically and socially. It's no secret that languages like English are full of variation. So, the aim of the article is to detect the reasons of variation and to uncover rates of usage of different free variations for a given set of lexical items. The research work is carried out by using the descriptive, comparative methods by subjecting to analysis the specific language materials. The discovery of law of variation became a starting point for the evolution of linguistics. The problem of search of variation facts and its role in the functioning of language system concerns many specialists from the outset. The scope of the investigation was to set up a system out of chaos of phenomena. Currently, the fact of conditionality of variation by system relations existing in the language is considered to be established.
The development of a normalized morpho-syntactic Arabic lexicon is not an easy task. In fact, many norms allow the structuration and representation of lexical data. The adoption of a stable standard will guarantee the interoperability and interchangeability of lexical resources. Still, research work that deals with normalization for Arabic lexical resources is not well developed yet, especially for some standards such as the TEI (Text Encoding Initiative). In this context, we aim at creating an Arabic lexicon editor with a constraint checker based on both the ISO standard LMF (Lexical Markup Framework) and the TEI guidelines. To develop this editor, we use a linguistic approach composed of several steps. The editor's prototype named ALIF can guarantee the construction of two types of output lexicon files: one in LMF and the other in TEI. The evaluation of this system is based upon a lexical database that contains all the derived and inflected forms generated from a lexicon of 10 000 canonical verbs. The results obtained were encouraging despite some flaws related to exceptional cases of difficult words.
The purpose of the article is to analyze the syntactic transformations used when translating texts from Chinese into Russian. The author of the article set several tasks: 1. To consider the types of syntactic transformations in the translation; 2. To reveal the place and role of syntactic transformations in the translation; 3. Show the importance of using syntactic transformations when translating newspaper texts from Chinese into Russian. The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that the grammatical form and syntactic structure are not thought of as something independent in the process of translation, in isolation from their lexical content. The result of translational equivalence, despite the differences in the external and semantic concepts of the two styles, requires the translator primarily to master the implementation of multiple and qualitative different interlingual transformations - called translation transformations - in order for the text of the translation to transmit as completely as possible all the information concluded in the source text, with strict observance of the norms of the translating language.
The Czech adaptation of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories: Words and Sentences, standardized on a sample of 493 Czech children. The lexical inventory includes 564 words, parents mark which words their child uses. The resulting score can be compared with norming tables showing the percentile corresponding to each value. In addition to the lexical inventory, the method contains five shorter sections mapping various aspects of grammatical and combinatorial language development.
The present article considers poem as a narrative of language and, based on the ideas of Russian formalists (literary highlighting and linguistic norm-evasion), analyzes the lexical and semantic level of female poets’ poems in pre-contemporary periods (Parvin Etesami), contemporary (Forough Farrokhzad) and the revolutionary period (Fatemeh Rake'i), then examines the gender variable in the vocabulary choice and the meaning of their poems. The results are as follows: the vocabulary used in Parvin’s poems refers directly to her feminine viewpoint generally, although her maternal poems both in terms of words and meaning imply her womanhood and her motherhood. Forough uses words which are sexual meaning laden, and man-woman dichotomy analysis is prevalent semantically in her poems. The femininity of Rakei’s poems is evident in feminine vocabularies and feminine names she has employed in her poems. Semantically, motherhood is the dominant aspect of her poems. She has developed this dimension and has universalized motherhood sense in her poetries. The research method of this paper is a qualitative of the content analysis kind. It has been shown that femininity has been influential not only in standard language, but also in literary language.
In this article, four Buryat complex constructions denoting alternatives and preferences (cf. Eng. rather than and instead of) are analyzed. Three of these are mono-finite (two are formed on the basis of the converb in -nxaar and one on the basis of a participle with the postposition orondo), one is bi-finite (with the dependent predicate in the optative introduced by a special form of the auxiliary verb of speech ge-). Their structural analysis is combined with a semantic analysis based on the following parameters: a) typical forms of the main predicate (the oppositions between indicative, imperative and irrealis forms);b) their effects: readings of the whole as a potential choice in the future (imperatives) or an unrealized choice in the past (indicative, irrealis), distribution of real / irreal interpretation between events of the main and dependent clause (e.g. the main clause in irrealis suggests the reality of the dependent clause event), and possible evaluative readings (likely positive evaluation of the main clause event in the case of the imperative, as something that is recommended, or of the dependent clause event in the case of the indicative);c) existence / absence of evaluative semantics on the construction level, their distribution between the clauses (e.g. the fixed negative evaluation of the dependent clause event with -nxaar, fixed positive evaluation of the dependent clause event with optative + ge- as compared to the evaluative neutrality of orondo);d) the character of the alternative, i. e. a concrete event compared with another such or with the social norm / expectation;e) possible lexical restrictions.