Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
Everyday speech is produced with an intricate timing pattern and rhythm. Speech units follow each other with short interleaving pauses, which can be either bridged by fillers (erm, ah) or empty. Through their syntactic positions, pauses connect to the thoughts expressed. We investigated whether disturbances of thought in schizophrenia are manifest in patterns at this level of linguistic organization, whether these are seen in first degree relatives (FDR) and how specific they are to formal thought disorder (FTD). Spontaneous speech from 15 participants without FTD (SZ-FTD), 15 with FTD (SZ+FTD), 15 FDRs and 15 neurotypical controls (NC) was obtained from a comic strip retelling task and rated for pauses subclassified by syntactic position and duration. SZ-FTD produced significantly more unfilled pauses than NC in utterance-initial positions and before embedded clauses. Unfilled pauses occurring within clausal units did not distinguish any groups. SZ-FTD also differed from SZ+FTD in pr)
Background: Whilst there has been extensive study of the mechanisms underlying the regulation for pictures, the ability and the mechanisms beyond the regulation of words remains to be clarified. Similarly, the effect of strategy when applying a regulatory process is still poorly explored. The present study seeks to elucidate these issues comparing the effect of regulation and of strategy to both neutral and emotional words and pictures. Methodology/Principal findings: Thirty young adults applied the strategy of distancing to the emotions elicited by unpleasant and neutral pictures and words while their subjective ratings and ERPs were recorded. At a behavioral level, participants successfully regulated the arousal and the valence of both pictures and words. At a neural level, unpleasant pictures produced an increase in the late positive potential modulated during the regulate condition. Unpleasant linguistic stimuli elicited a posterior negativity as compared to neutral stimuli, but)
As the airline industry has become ever-more competitive and profitability more tenuous, airline service quality management has grown more important to airlines. Although many studies have focused on the evaluation of airline service quality, some common limitations need to be noted. First, traditional fuzzy logics were utilized to present linguistic variables as fuzzy numbers. However, precise quantification of lower and upper bounds with a single number is often difficult; thus, interval-valued fuzzy sets that represent the lower and upper bounds in the fuzzy number as an interval form should be applied instead. Second, while some studies have applied various multiple-criteria decision-making method [MCDM] and the service quality (SERVQUAL) method for evaluation of airline service quality, few have utilized grey relational analysis (GRA, a simple and data-driven MCDM method applicable to environments with incomplete information) and the service performance (SERVPERF), a performance-)
Background: Social media has become increasingly important for communication among young people. It is also often used to communicate suicidal ideation. Aims: To investigate the link between acute suicidality and language use as well as activity on Instagram. Method: A total of 52 participants, aged on average around 16 years, who had posted pictures of non-suicidal self-injury on Instagram, and reported a lifetime history of suicidal ideation, were interviewed using Instagram messenger. Of those participants, 45.5% reported suicidal ideation on the day of the interview (acute suicidal ideation). Qualitative text analysis (software ATLAS.ti 7) was used to investigate experiences with expressions of active suicidal thoughts on Instagram. Quantitative text analysis of language use in the interviews and directly on Instagram (in picture captions) was performed using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software. Language markers in the interviews and in picture captions, as well as a)
This paper describes the process of adapting the Stanford Coreference resolution module to the Basque language, taking into account the characteristics of the language. The module has been integrated in a linguistic analysis pipeline obtaining an end-to-end coreference resolution system for the Basque language. The adaptation process explained can benefit and facilitate other languages with similar characteristics in the implementation of their coreference resolution systems. During the experimentation phase, we have demonstrated that language-specific features have a noteworthy effect on coreference resolution, obtaining a gain in CoNLL score of 7.07 with respect to the baseline system. We have also analysed the effect that preprocessing has in coreference resolution, comparing the results obtained with automatic mentions versus gold mentions. When gold mentions are provided, the results increase 11.5 points in CoNLL score in comparison with results obtained when automatic mentions a)
Languages have inherent characteristics that make them their own and differentiated entities within their phyla and families. Even messages written in any language and later encrypted by cryptographic systems do not lose all of their characteristics, there remain aspects that help the cryptanalyst to recover them without knowing the decryption keys. For the characterization of the languages we will consider the frequencies of their graphemic and phonetic units and the Index of Coincidence, tools of fundamental utility in the field of Cryptography. Their diachronic invariance or survival over time in one language and their ability to discriminate against other languages will be analized. In order to do so, we will examine a total of 101 languages of which 261 texts have been taken. All of them are very diverse in style and time, taking us through a wide linguistic and temporal spectrum that will cover the period from the 6th century BC to the present day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR], Copyri)
The linguistic environment of the classroom is influential to young children’s language development. To date, however, literature on the linguistic environment of child-care centers has largely examined teacher practices or children’s aggregate environment, overlooking the child’s first-person experiences and differentiated experiences within the classroom. In this study we used a new method in the educational setting that captures the learner’s perspective: head-mounted cameras. Thirteen children in one preschool classroom wore a head-mounted camera to capture their first-person experiences in one morning session, including interactions with others and the features of the child-directed speech (CDS) addressed to them. Results revealed that, from children’s personal view, the linguistic environment of the classroom is more dynamic from what previous studies have reported. Children interacted for longer with their teachers than their peers and heard more CDS from them, but for some chi)
Twitter was an integral part of Donald Trump’s communication platform during his 2016 campaign. Although its topical content has been examined by researchers and the media, we know relatively little about the style of the language used on the account or how this style changed over time. In this study, we present the first detailed description of stylistic variation on the Trump Twitter account based on a multivariate analysis of grammatical co-occurrence patterns in tweets posted between 2009 and 2018. We identify four general patterns of stylistic variation, which we interpret as representing the degree of conversational, campaigning, engaged, and advisory discourse. We then track how the use of these four styles changed over time, focusing on the period around the campaign, showing that the style of tweets shifts systematically depending on the communicative goals of Trump and his team. Based on these results, we propose a series of hypotheses about how the Trump campaign used socia)
It is easier to indicate the ink color of a color-neutral noun when it is presented in the color in which it has frequently been shown before, relative to print colors in which it has been shown less often. This phenomenon is known as color-word contingency learning. It remains unclear whether participants actually learn semantic (word-color) associations and/or response (word-button) associations. We present a novel variant of the paradigm that can disentangle semantic and response learning, because word-color and word-button associations are manipulated independently. In four experiments, each involving four daily sessions, pseudowords—such as enas, fatu or imot—were probabilistically associated with either a particular color, a particular response-button position, or both. Neutral trials without color-pseudoword association were also included, and participants’ awareness of the contingencies was manipulated. The data showed no influence of explicit contingency awareness, but clear )
Introduction. The purpose of the article is the analysis of verbalization of maidenhood concepts in traditional culture. The materials of the study are dialect dictionaries, as well as the materials of dialectological expeditions conducted by Tomsk State University linguists from 1947 to nowadays in the dialects distribution territory of the Middle Ob Region. The use of this material allows us to explore the concept of maidenhood, taking into account the changes taking place in the dialect culture and caused by both linguistic and extralinguistic factors. Results. Concepts of maidenhood are objectified in the lexical and phraseological dialect units, nominating maidens and characterizing their behavior. In peasant culture, marriage was considered as the fulfillment of the main female life purpose. Therefore, society demonstrated the importance attached to the preservation of maiden honor. It was reflected in a number of stable combinations that denominate a virgin. Noncompliance with this form was a great disgrace for a girl and her parents. The loss of virginity and the birth of a child before marriage are characterized by units containing seme `shame‘. Zoomorphic metaphors are also used in dialect speech, indicating the comparison of extramarital relations with the animal world, in which the rules of human society do not operate. Marriage for a girl in traditional culture is perceived as a necessity, this fact is evidenced by the analysis of ritual lyrics. In dialectal folklore ditties are recorded with the intention of warning or recommendations not to marry. The use of a large number of verbs, the grammatical form of which reflects the lack of participation of the girl in the decision to marry is also characteristic. The analysis of the units nominating wedding ceremonies confirms the idea that marriage was economically beneficial and did not depend on emotional attachment. The wedding is treated as a ritual transition, initiating a girl to the status of a woman. At the same time, the transformation of the concept of maidenhood is shown due to social, historical and economic factors. Dialect speakers note a change of social norms. They condemn the behavior of modern girls, in relationships with the opposite sex before marriage, and the lack of a sense of shame for that matter. Dialect speakers also mention the disappearance or simplification of the wedding rite and the absence of legal relations between the spouses.
There is ongoing debate on whether object meaning can be processed outside foveal vision, making semantics available for attentional guidance. Much of the debate has centred on whether objects that do not fit within an overall scene draw attention, in complex displays that are often difficult to control. Here, we revisited the question by reanalysing data from three experiments that used displays consisting of standalone objects from a carefully controlled stimulus set. Observers searched for a target object, as per auditory instruction. On the critical trials, the displays contained no target but objects that were semantically related to the target, visually related, or unrelated. Analyses using (generalized) linear mixed-effects models showed that, although visually related objects attracted most attention, semantically related objects were also fixated earlier in time than unrelated objects. Moreover, semantic matches affected the very first saccade in the display. The amplitudes o)
Individual variability in word generation is a product of genetic and environmental influences. The genetic effects on semantic verbal fluency were estimated in 1,735 participants from the Brazilian Baependi Heart Study. The numbers of exemplars produced in 60 s were broken down into time quartiles because of the involvement of different cognitive processes—predominantly automatic at the beginning, controlled/executive at the end. Heritability in the unadjusted model for the 60-s measure was 0.32. The best-fit model contained age, sex, years of schooling, and time of day as covariates, giving a heritability of 0.21. Schooling had the highest moderating effect. The highest heritability (0.17) was observed in the first quartile, decreasing to 0.09, 0.12, and 0.0003 in the following ones. Heritability for average production starting point (intercept) was 0.18, indicating genetic influences for automatic cognitive processes. Production decay (slope), indicative of controlled processes, wa)
Electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in the gamma (30–80 Hz) range is related to a variety of sensory and cognitive processes which are frequently impaired in schizophrenia. Auditory steady-state response at 40-Hz (40-Hz ASSR) is utilized as an index of gamma activity and is proposed as a biomarker of schizophrenia. Nevertheless, the link between ASSRs and cognitive functions is not clear. This study explores a possible relationship between the performance on cognitive tasks and the 40-Hz ASSRs in a controlled uniform sample of young healthy males, as age and sex may have complex influence on ASSRs. Twenty-eight young healthy male volunteers participated (mean age ± SD 25.8±3.3) in the study. The 40-Hz click trains (500 ms) were presented 150 times with an inter-stimulus interval set at 700–1000 ms. The phase-locking index (PLI) and event-related power perturbation (ERSP) of the ASSR were calculated in the 200–500 ms latency range, which corresponds to the steady part of the respons)
Through advances in neural language modeling, it has become possible to generate artificial texts in a variety of genres and styles. While the semantic coherence of such texts should not be over-estimated, the grammatical correctness and stylistic qualities of these artificial texts are at times remarkably convincing. In this paper, we report a study into crowd-sourced authenticity judgments for such artificially generated texts. As a case study, we have turned to rap lyrics, an established sub-genre of present-day popular music, known for its explicit content and unique rhythmical delivery of lyrics. The empirical basis of our study is an experiment carried out in the context of a large, mainstream contemporary music festival in the Netherlands. Apart from more generic factors, we model a diverse set of linguistic characteristics of the input that might have functioned as authenticity cues. It is shown that participants are only marginally capable of distinguishing between authentic )
Late bilinguals often report less emotional involvement in their second language, a phenomenon called reduced emotional resonance in L2. The present study measured pupil dilation in response to high- versus low-arousing words (e.g., riot vs. swamp) in German-English and Finnish-English late bilinguals, both in their first and in their second language. A third sample of English monolingual speakers (tested only in English) served as a control group. To improve on previous research, we controlled for lexical confounds such as length, frequency, emotional valence, and abstractness–both within and across languages. Results showed no appreciable differences in post-trial word recognition judgements (98% recognition on average), but reliably stronger pupillary effects of the arousal manipulation when stimuli were presented in participants’ first rather than second language. This supports the notion of reduced emotional resonance in L2. Our findings are unlikely to be due to differences in s)
There have been controversial debates across multiple disciplines regarding the underlying mechanism of developmental stuttering. Stuttering is often related to issues in the speech production system; however, the presence and extent of a speech perception deficit is less clear. This study aimed to investigate the speech perception of children who stutter (CWS) using the categorical perception paradigm to examine their ability to categorize different acoustic variations of speech sounds into the same or different phonemic categories. In this study, 15 CWS and 16 children who do not stutter (CWNS) completed identification and discrimination tasks involving acoustic variations of Cantonese speech sounds in three stimulus contexts: consonants (voice onset times, VOTs), lexical tones, and vowels. The results showed similar categorical perception performance in boundary position and width in the identification task and similar d' scores in the discrimination task between the CWS and CWNS g)
<strong>🌙 This is an alpha pre-release of spaCy v2.1.0 and available on pip as <code>spacy-nightly</code>. It's not intended for production use. See here for the updated nightly docs.</strong> <pre><code class="lang-bash">pip install -U spacy-nightly </code></pre> If you want to test the new version, we recommend using a new virtual environment. Also make sure to download the new models – see below for details and benchmarks. ⚠️ Due to difficulties linking our new <code>blis</code> for faster platform-independent matrix multiplication, this nightly release currently doesn't work on Python 2.7 on Windows. We expect this to be corrected in the future. ✨ New features and improvements Tagger, Parser, NER and Text Categorizer <strong>NEW:</strong> Experimental ULMFit/BERT/Elmo-like pretraining (see #2931) via the new <code>spacy pretrain</code> command. This pre-trains the CNN using BERT's cloze task. A new trick we're calling <em>Language Modelling with Approximate Outputs</em> is used to apply the pre-training to smaller models. The pre-training outputs CNN and embedding weights that can be used in <code>spacy train</code>, using the new <code>-t2v</code> argument. <strong>NEW:</strong> Allow parser to do joint word segmentation and parsing. If you pass in data where the tokenizer over-segments, the parser now learns to merge the tokens. Make parser, tagger and NER faster, through better hyperparameters. Add simpler, GPU-friendly option to <code>TextCategorizer</code>, and allow setting <code>exclusive_classes</code> and <code>architecture</code> arguments on initialization. Add <code>EntityRecognizer.labels</code> property. Remove document length limit during training, by implementing faster Levenshtein alignment. Use Thinc v7.0, which defaults to single-thread with fast <code>blis</code> kernel for matrix multiplication. Parallelisation should be performed at the task level, e.g. by running more containers. Models & Language Data <strong>NEW:</strong> 2-3 times faster tokenization across all languages at the same accuracy! <strong>NEW:</strong> Small accuracy improvements for parsing, tagging and NER for 6+ languages. <strong>NEW:</strong> The English and German models are now available under the MIT license. <strong>NEW:</strong> Statistical models for Greek. <strong>NEW:</strong> Alpha support for Tamil, Ukrainian and Kannada, and base language classes for Afrikaans, Bulgarian, Czech, Icelandic, Lithuanian, Latvian, Slovak, Slovenian and Albanian. Improve loading time of <code>French</code> by ~30%. CLI <strong>NEW:</strong> <code>pretrain</code> command for ULMFit/BERT/Elmo-like pretraining (see #2931). <strong>NEW:</strong> New <code>ud-train</code> command, to train and evaluate using the CoNLL 2017 shared task data. Check if model is already installed before downloading it via <code>spacy download</code>. Pass additional arguments of <code>download</code> command to <code>pip</code> to customise installation. Improve <code>train</code> command by letting <code>GoldCorpus</code> stream data, instead of loading into memory. Improve <code>init-model</code> command, including support for lexical attributes and word-vectors, using a variety of formats. This replaces the <code>spacy vocab</code> command, which is now deprecated. Add support for multi-task objectives to <code>train</code> command. Add support for data-augmentation to <code>train</code> command. Other <strong>NEW:</strong> Enhanced pattern API for rule-based <code>Matcher</code> (see #1971). <strong>NEW:</strong> <code>Doc.retokenize</code> context manager for merging and splitting tokens more efficiently. <strong>NEW:</strong> Add support for custom pipeline component factories via entry points (#2348). <strong>NEW:</strong> Implement fastText vectors with subword features. <strong>NEW:</strong> Built-in rule-based NER component to add entities based on match patterns (see #2513). <strong>NEW:</strong> Allow <code>PhraseMatcher</code> to match on token attributes other than <code>ORTH</code>, e.g. <code>LOWER</code> (for case-insensitive matching) or even <code>POS</code> or <code>TAG</code>. <strong>NEW:</strong> Replace <code>ujson</code>, <code>msgpack</code>, <code>msgpack-numpy</code>, <code>pickle</code>, <code>cloudpickle</code> and <code>dill</code> with our own package <code>srsly</code> to centralise dependencies and allow binary wheels. <strong>NEW:</strong> <code>Doc.to_json()</code> method which outputs data in spaCy's training format. This will be the only place where the format is hard-coded (see #2932). <strong>NEW:</strong> Built-in <code>EntityRuler</code> component to make it easier to build rule-based NER and combinations of statistical and rule-based systems. <strong>NEW:</strong> <code>gold.spans_from_biluo_tags</code> helper that returns <code>Span</code> objects, e.g. to overwrite the <code>doc.ents</code>. Add warnings if <code>.similarity</code> method is called with empty vectors or without word vectors. Improve rule-based <code>Matcher</code> and add <code>return_matches</code> keyword argument to <code>Matcher.pipe</code> to yield <code>(doc, matches)</code> tuples instead of only <code>Doc</code> objects, and <code>as_tuples</code> to add context to the <code>Doc</code> objects. Make stop words via <code>Token.is_stop</code> and <code>Lexeme.is_stop</code> case-insensitive. Accept <code>"TEXT"</code> as an alternative to <code>"ORTH"</code> in <code>Matcher</code> patterns. Use <code>black</code> for auto-formatting <code>.py</code> source and optimse codebase using <code>flake8</code>. You can now run <code>flake8 spacy</code> and it should return no errors or warnings. See <code>CONTRIBUTING.md</code> for details. 🔴 Bug fixes Fix issue #1487: Add <code>Doc.retokenize()</code> context manager. Fix issue #1537: Make <code>Span.as_doc</code> return a copy, not a view. Fix issue #1574: Make sure stop words are available in medium and large English models. Fix issue #1585: Prevent parser from predicting unseen classes. Fix issue #1642: Replace <code>regex</code> with <code>re</code> and speed up tokenization. Fix issue #1665: Correct typos in symbol <code>Animacy_inan</code> and add <code>Animacy_nhum</code>. Fix issue #1748, #1798, #2756, #2934: Add simpler GPU-friendly option to <code>TextCategorizer</code>. Fix issue #1773: Prevent tokenizer exceptions from setting <code>POS</code> but not <code>TAG</code>. Fix issue #1782, #2343: Fix training on GPU. Fix issue #1816: Allow custom <code>Language</code> subclasses via entry points. Fix issue #1865: Correct licensing of <code>it_core_news_sm</code> model. Fix issue #1889: Make stop words case-insensitive. Fix issue #1903: Add <code>relcl</code> dependency label to symbols. Fix issue #1963: Resize <code>Doc.tensor</code> when merging spans. Fix issue #1971: Update <code>Matcher</code> engine to support regex, extension attributes and rich comparison. Fix issue #2014: Make <code>Token.pos_</code> writeable. Fix issue #2329: Correct <code>TextCategorizer</code> and <code>GoldParse</code> API docs. Fix issue #2369: Respect pre-defined warning filters. Fix issue #2390: Support setting lexical attributes during retokenization. Fix issue #2396: Fix <code>Doc.get_lca_matrix</code>. Fix issue #2464, #3009: Fix behaviour of <code>Matcher</code>'s <code>?</code> quantifier. Fix issue #2482: Fix serialization when parser model is empty. Fix issue #2644: Add table explaining training metrics to docs. Fix issue #2648: Fix <code>KeyError</code> in <code>Vectors.most_similar</code>. Fix issue #2671, #2675: Fix incorrect match ID on some patterns. Fix issue #2693: Only use <code>'sentencizer'</code> as built-in sentence boundary component name. Fix issue #2728: Fix HTML escaping in <code>displacy</code> NER visualization and correct API docs. Fix issue #2754, #3028: Make <code>NORM</code> a <code>Token</code> attribute instead of a <code>Lexeme</code> attribute to allow setting context-specific norms in tokenizer exceptions. Fix issue #2769: Fix issue that'd cause segmentation fault when calling <code>EntityRecognizer.add_label</code>. Fix issue #2772: Fix bug in sentence starts for non-projective parses. Fix issue #2779: Fix handling of pre-set entities. Fix issue #2782: Make <code>like_num</code> work with prefixed numbers. Fix issue #2833: Raise better error if <code>Token</code> or <code>Span</code> are pickled. Fix issue #2838: Add <code>Retokenizer.split</code> method to split one token into several. Fix issue #2870: Make it illegal for the entity recognizer to predict whitespace tokens as <code>B</code>, <code>L</code> or <code>U</code>. Fix issue #2871: Fix vectors for reserved words. Fix issue #2901: Fix issue with first call of <code>nlp</code> in Japanese (MeCab). Fix issue #2924: Make IDs of displaCy arcs more unique to avoid clashes. Fix issue #3012: Fix clobber of <code>Doc.is_tagged</code> in <code>Doc.from_array</code>. Fix issue #3027: Allow <code>Span</code> to take unicode value for <code>label</code> argument. Fix issue #3048: Raise better errors for uninitialized pipeline components. Fix issue #3064: Allow single string attributes in <code>Doc.to_array</code>. Fix issue #3093, #3067: Set <code>vectors.name</code> correctly when exporting model via CLI. Fix issue #3112: Make sure entity types are added correctly on GPU. Fix issue #3122: Correct docs of <code>Token.subtree</code> and <code>Span.subtree</code>. Fix issue #3128: Improve error handling in converters. Fix issue #3248: Fix <code>PhraseMatcher</code> pickling and make <code>__len__</code> consistent. Fix issue #3277: Add en/em dash to tokenizer prefixes and suffixes. Fix serialization of custom tokenizer if not all functions are defined. Fix bugs in beam-search training objective. Fix problems with model pickling. ⚠️ Backwards incompatibilities This version of spaCy requires downloading <strong>new models</strong>. You can use the <code>spacy validate</code> command to find out which models need upda
While a variety of well-established standardised language assessment tools exist in English-speaking countries, only very a few standardised tests with clear norms are available in Russian. The aim of the present study was to contribute to a further development of tests of language ability for monolingual Russian-speaking children. One way to screen young children for a developmental language disorder is by the means of parental questionnaires. However, no such questionnaires are currently standardised for Russian language. We assessed which of the two parent-reported questionnaires, the Russian adaptation of the Children’s Communication Checklist-2 (CCC-2) or the Russian version of the 8-item questionnaire assessing ‘Current Language Skills’ is a more reliable predictor of children’s performance on direct measures of language. The two composite scores available in the CCC-2 (General Communication Composite (GCC), a measure of formal/structural language, and the General Pragmatic Composite (GenPragC), a measure of pragmatic competence) as well as the ‘Current Language Skills’ measure were correlated with the results of a direct assessment of structural and pragmatic language. 19 monolingual typically-developing Russian-speaking children aged between 4;0 and 6;8 years and their parents participated in the study. A strong relationship was found between the parent-reported ‘Current Language Skills’ questionnaire and a direct measure of expressive vocabulary (a Russian version of the Cross Linguistic Lexical Tasks (CLTs), noun production subtest). These results suggest that further investigation is warranted into establishing the validity of a Russian adaptation of the parental questionnaire assessing ‘Current Language Skills’ as a screening tool for a language disorder.
Like the transfer of genetic variation through gene flow, language changes constantly as a result of its use in human interaction. Contact between speakers is most likely to happen when they are close in space, time, and social setting. Here, we investigated the role of geographical configuration in this process by studying linguistic diversity in Japan, which comprises a large connected mainland (less isolation, more potential contact) and smaller island clusters of the Ryukyuan archipelago (more isolation, less potential contact). We quantified linguistic diversity using dialectometric methods, and performed regression analyses to assess the extent to which distance in space and time predict contemporary linguistic diversity. We found that language diversity in general increases as geographic distance increases and as time passes—as with biodiversity. Moreover, we found that (I) for mainland languages, linguistic diversity is most strongly related to geographic distance—a so-called )
Core Lexicon (CoreLex) is a relatively new approach assessing lexical use in discourse. CoreLex examines the specific lexical items used to tell a story, or how typical lexical items are compared with a normative sample. This method has great potential for clinical utilization because CoreLex measures are fast, easy to administer, and correlate with microlinguistic and macrolinguistic discourse measures. The purpose of this article is to provide clinicians with a centralized resource for currently available CoreLex checklists, including information regarding development, norms, and guidelines for use.
Temperament and Psychological Types can be defined as innate psychological characteristics associated with how we relate with the world, and often influence our study and career choices. Furthermore, understanding these features help us manage conflicts, develop leadership, improve teaching and many other skills. Assigning temperament and psychological types is usually made by filling specific questionnaires. However, it is possible to identify temperamental characteristics from a linguistic and behavioral analysis of social media data from a user. Thus, machine-learning algorithms can be used to learn from a user’s social media data and infer his/her behavioral type. This paper initially provides a brief historical review of theories on temperament and then brings a survey of research aimed at predicting temperament and psychological types from social media data. It follows with the proposal of a framework to predict temperament and psychological types from a linguistic and behaviora)
This article is devoted to the identification of the essence, content and specific features to develop the military students’ lexical culture from the universities of EMERCOM of Russia. It is emphasized that the lexical culture of the specialists of EMERCOM of Russia is based on the observance of lexical norms and the appropriateness of using lexical means.
It is widely accepted that language requires context in order to function as communication between speakers and listeners. As listeners, we make use of background knowledge — about the speaker, about entities and concepts, about previous utterances — in order to infer the speaker’s intended meaning. But even if there is consensus that these sources of information are a necessary component of linguistic communication, it is another matter entirely to provide a thorough, quantitative accounting for context’s interaction with language. When does context matter? What kinds of context matter in which kinds of domains? The empirical investigation of these questions is inhibited by a number of factors: the challenge of quantifying language, the boundless combinations of domains and types of context to be measured, and the challenge of selecting and applying a given construct to natural language data. In response to these factors, we introduce and demonstrate a methodological framework for testing the importance of contextual information in inferring speaker intentions from text. We apply Long Short-term Memory (LSTM) networks, a standard for representing language in its natural, sequential state, and conduct a set of experiments for predicting the persuasive intentions of speakers in political debates using different combinations of text and background information about the speaker. We show, in our modeling and discussion, that the proposed framework is suitable for empirically evaluating the manner and magnitude of context’s relevance for any number of domains and constructs.
The article presents the results of the study of phraseological meaning, in particular the relation between cognitive (denotative-significative) and connotative components, as well as the completeness of the latter. The suitability of distinguishing a special, distinct from the lexical, meaning in idioms, which has long been one of the central problems of linguistic studies, tells them from words, variables phrases and sentences. Based on the achievements of modern linguistics, which postulate the “block organization” of semantics of linguistic units, the author combines denotation and phraseological meaning in one macrocomponent – cognitive, or denotative-significative, which will cover the formal and semantic parts of the meaning. Concerning the connotative component, in the semantics of idioms, it merges with the subject-logical information, since the process of nomination and perception of the reality with these units has an emotional and intellectual nature. In the structure of the connotative component of idioms, the author distinguishes between four interrelated and mutually dependent components: emotional, expressive, appraisal, and cultural. Due to this structure, the idioms appear as polylexical nominative-characterizing signs, the internal form of which retains the collective experience of sensory perception of objects of reality with varying degrees of expressiveness, a system of ideological positions, aesthetic assessments, norms of speech and extra-language behavior of a language team.
This work introduces the exploitation of some language resources, namely word association norms, for building lexical search engines. We used the Edinburgh Associative Thesaurus and the University of South Florida Free Association Norms for the construction of knowledge graphs that will let us execute algorithms over the nodes and edges in order to do a lexical search. The aim of the search is to perform an inverse dictionary search that, given the description of a concept as a query in natural language, will retrieve a target word. We evaluated two graph approaches, namely Betweenness Centrality and PageRank, using a corpus of human-definitions. The results are compared with the BM25 text-retrieval algorithm and also with an online reverse dictionary– OneLook Reverse Dictionary. The experiments show that our lexical search method is competitive with the IR models in our case study, even with a slight outperformance. This demonstrates that an inverse dictionary is possible to build with these kind of resources, no matter the language of the Word Association Norm.
The article is dedicated to a lexical analysis of adjectival nouns with the –ota suffix in Adam Mickiewicz’s Pan Tadeusz. Out of five nouns, viewed against the 19th century language norm, four are definitely archaisms. These are the words: ciemnota meaning <ciemność - darkness>, szczodrota (generosity) and some uses of the words cnota (virtue) and hołota (the poor and badly educated). On top of the noun ciemnota meaning <ciemność - darkness> which is a typical Easter Borderlands archaism, they should be traced back to the literary tradition. This is corroborated by the fact that the poet used them in an informed way to make the text sound like Old Polish. Therefore, with respect to the function and the archaic origin, the nouns with the –ota suffix in the text of “Pan Tadeusz” can be divided into two groups: stylistic archaisms which come from the literary tradition (szczodrota, partly cnota and hołota) plus systemic archaisms which belong to Mickiewicz’s idiolectal system (ciemnota meaning <ciemność - darkness>).
The practice of euthanasia activates the debate about the scope of therapeutic eff orts in limited situations and involves the society in the discussion of values and social beliefs implicated in the management of the person. The objective was to analyze the social representations about euthanasia between students of law and medicine. A free association questionnaire was applied with the inductor term: euthanasia, with 120 university students. The data were separately submitted to a prototypical analysis (IRaMuTeQ Software) and to a multiple correspondence analysis -MCA (R.TeMiS Software). Through the prototypical analysis, some variations were identifi ed in the central core hypothesis, which referred to the possibility of two distinct social representations. Through the MCA, a lexical fi eld was observed, linked to the image of death for the Medicine group and to values and norms for the Law group, with religion as a signifi cant variable in the reorganization of the representational fi eld, being able to accentuate a negative and condemnatory dimension on this practice.
The history of legal lexis dates back to the ancient times of ancient peoples. The study of legal language enables the reconstruction of Indo-European ritual-legal ancients at verbal, linguistic levels. Archaic societies had no legal culture, instead, the norms of customary law of ancient societies were referred to as “pre-law”, which included syncretism of law, religion, myth, poetry, and morality. The syncretic ritual and legal consciousness of the ancient peoples in the pre-state period and in the early state formations has its specific reflection in a language that receives such a definition as “the language of law”. The system of “language of law” of Indo-European peoples is partly outlined in today’s scientific survey by describing changes in the semantics of legal lexis in the Indo-European languages, based on the analysis of the distinguished evolutionary models of semantics (EMS) in the Germanic, Slavonic and Iranian languages. The evolutionary model of semantics is a method of inquiry and a procedural scheme for explaining the history of legal meaning. 79 EMS were distinguished during the research, showing the genesis of the meaning 'power', 'lord', 'to rule', 'law', '(religious) law', 'pledge', '(blood) feud', 'court', 'judge'. Using data of the distinguished EMS, that clearly shows the change in the semantic volume of a word, a specific type of change in the meaning of legal lexis in the lexical and semantic system of the Indo-European languages was identified for each EMS, namely, expanding, narrowing (specializing), amelioration or pejoration of the meaning of the word. The study found that quantitatively the semantic derivation of the Indo-European legal terminology most experienced the type of narrowing of the meaning of the word, which, according to the researchers, belongs to the semantic universals. Metaphorical and metonymic changes in the meaning in the legal lexis of the Indo-European languages were also highlighted, that will need further study.
Recent work has shown that listeners process words faster if said by a member of the group that typically uses the word. This paper further explores how the social distributions of words affect lexical access by exploring whether access is facilitated by invoking more abstract social categories. We conduct four experiments, all of which combine an Implicit Association Task with a Lexical Decision Task. Participants sorted real and nonsense words while at the same time sorting older and younger faces (exp. 1), male and female faces (exp. 2), stereotypically male and female objects (exp. 3), and framed and unframed objects, which were always stereotypically male or female (exp. 4). Across the experiments, lexical decision to socially skewed words is facilitated when the socially congruent category is sorted with the same hand. This suggests that the lexicon contains social detail from which individuals make social abstractions that can influence lexical access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR], C)
General Introduction Wahbi al-Tal whose pen name is Arar was born in 1899 in Irbid city in the north of Jordan, in a family involved in cultural activities. In that time, the Arab world was in cultural isolation and immersed in silence, pain, seclusion and backwardness. It was subordinate to the Ottoman Empire and on the verge of decline and demolition. His father was a educated Jordanian and Arar learned Turkish language which was the official language in education in that period. He was also familiar with Persian language which was taught at that time (al-Tal, 1957, p. 49). He got his title from Arar Ibn Amro Ibn sha'as al-Asdi who was a poet of the era of ignorance (Bekar, 1990, p. 31). Arar's poetry consists of themes such as love, attention to the women, win and drunkenness, being and nothingness, life and death, debauchery and pleasures, repentance, committed lyrics and resistance. Defamiliarization is one of the significant features of his poetry which has been employed in a variety of ways including the addition of rules, transgression in rhymes, elegant imagery, new combination, cohesion and harmony. 2. Theoretical Framework Addition of rules unlike deviation (from the norm) is not deviation from rules of language, but it is exercising additional rules on the rules of norm language. Addition of rules can be investigated and classified according to harmony in phonetic, lexical, grammatical, and analytical levels of phonetic harmony and lexical harmony. In this research, Mostafa Wahbi al-Tal’s poetry that is one instance of the defamiliarization practices, would be analyzed and investigated. Besides the discussion about addition of rules, this article seeks to answer this question: How much addition of rules could make foregrounding in Arar’s poetry and what is his goal of this literary approach? This research is based on the hypothesis that Arar has missed rhythms of prosody and phonetic harmony in some of the odes. 2-1 Review of the Literature Upon exploring the history of the study, no essays regarding the criticism of Arar’s poetry were discovered; however, a number of essays about the poet himself have been found including: - “عَرار: شِعریَّه التَجرِبَه لا شِعریَّه الذاکِرَه ” by Ibrahim Khalil, - “Epistemological origins of Arar” by Ziyad Al-Zaabi, - “The efforts of Arar, the great Jordanian poet, within the realm of Persian literature” by Bassam Ali Rababe'e, - “The influences of the Sage of Neyshabur upon Arar, the great poet of Jordan” by Bassam Ali Rababe'e. - “اللُّغَه وَ الاُسلُوب فی شِعر عَرار” by Mahmoud Al-Sammarah, - And “وجوه تاثُّر مصطفی وهبی التل (عرار) بعمر الخیام النیسابوری” by Behrooz Ghorbanzadeh. 2-2 The scope and focus of research The focus of this study is different from the aim of this research. The present study is a literary research on the addition of rules by the aforementioned poet. It is worth noting that findings of this research are gained through the examination of his poems (divan) called the Asyat Valley yabs. 3. Methodology This study investigates addition of rule practices based on the theories of formality in an analytical-descriptive method. 4. Discussion results Defamiliarization made by addition of rules and deviation cause foregrounding in Arar’s poetry and this research achieved the following findings in this regard: 4-1 Phonetic and lexical harmonies are part of the most important features of addition of rules. Using these harmonies, the poet has done habit breaking in the field of addition of rules. Of course using deviation and addition of rules in Wahbi al-Tal’s poetry were very effective on Arar and in this way, he has been able to bring foregrounding to his words in the eyes of audiences. 4-2 The element of repetition is one of the most important musical features of Arar’s poetry which has made his poem’s music twofolds and has given his poetry a certain coherence. Repetition has much frequency in his poem and appears in a variety forms such as phoneme, word and sentence repetitions. 4-3 Given the harmony between rhythm and content and between rhythm and words, the poet was keen on modernism in rhythm and deviation from poetic metres, and about transgression in rhymes. One can also point to enter pantastichs in his poem. 4-4 He uses the following sound and fricative continuity in his poetry to express feelings like vitality, happiness, complain, sadness, and transfer them to the audience, and these lead to the poem foregrounding and musicality. 4-5 Derivative pun has the highest frequency in Arar’s poetry. 4-6 Breaking the syntactic or verbal rules and ignoring them along with combining words or vocabulary association is pleasing for him, in fact, the language he uses is literary. The audience will notice a new massage and Arar’s speech causes defamiliarization. 5. General Conclusion Addition of rules is one of the significant features of Arar’s poetry which can be observed in form of harmonies (phonetic, lexical and grammatical), deviations, innovation and revival in a number of rhythms of prosody, attention to coherence and harmony in poetry, and transgression in rhyme.
Identifying eye-movement measures as objective indicators of mind wandering seems to be a work in progress. We reviewed research comparing eye movements during self-categorized episodes of normal versus mindless reading and found little consensus regarding the specific measures that are sensitive to attentional decoupling during mind wandering. To address this issue of inconsistency, we conducted a new, high-powered eye-tracking experiment and considered all previously identified mind-wandering indicators. In our experiment, only three measures (reading time, fixation count, and first-fixation duration) positively predicted self-categorized mindless reading. Aside from these single measures, the word-frequency effect was found to be generally less pronounced during mindless-reading than during normal-reading episodes. To additionally test for convergent validity between the objective and subjective mind-wandering measures, we utilized eye-movement measures as well as thought reports, to examine the effect of metacognitive awareness on mind-wandering behavior. We expected that participants anticipating a difficult comprehension test would mind wander less during reading than would those anticipating an easy test. Although we were able to induce metacognitive expectancies about task difficulty, we found no evidence that these difficulty expectancies affected either subjectively reported or objectively measured mind wandering.
The article presents the results of an original research into a hypothetical dependence of translation techniques selection on the term structure in the target text. The data was obtained following the analysis of translation techniques applied to render into Ukrainian 932 English terminological word combinations related to Teaching Foreign Languages and Applied Linguistics. It was established that word combinations constitute the most numerous category in the English terminology corpus selected for the analysis. It was also found that the share of two-component terminological word combinations considerably supersedes the share of lexical units with a larger amount of words. Adjective-Noun and Noun-Noun models turned out to be the most frequent models the two-component word combinations are based on in the said sphere. In the category of the two-component word combinations, the share of adjective-headed lexical units amounts to 52%, while the Adjective-Noun model accounts for half (49%) of them. The share of the noun-headed word combinations, where the Noun-Noun model predominates, is 37%. The rest of the models have a tendency to follow the adjective-headed word combinations in their behaviour. The analysis of the correlation of translation techniques selected to render into Ukrainian the Language Pedagogy English terminological word combinations allowed to assume that the choice of the techniques is dependent on their structure. The two-component adjective-headed word combinations tend to be translated by means of calque. However, in rendering the two-component noun-headed word combinations the share of calque diminishes by half. The increase of the amount of components in a word combination is accompanied by a sharp fall in the share of calque and the simultaneous rise in the proportion of transformations, dominated by transposition, often in combination with word addition or deletion. The research results do not give any ground to assume that the selection of translation techniques in rendering English terminological word combinations related to Teaching Foreign Languages and Applied Linguistics into Ukrainian has any specific features as compared to other specialized areas, because the said results are quite similar to those observed in other spheres of human activity. Like in those spheres, calquing is used if the principles of the word combination structure in English and Ukrainian coincide, while transformations occur in case of their discrepancies. Words are added into the target text to ensure a greater degree of rendering the meaning of the term from the source text, while the reason for the word deletion is the redundancy of the word combination in the source text, i.e. the possibility to render its meaning in the target text with fewer words. Transposition is applied to meet the target language norms, and the simultaneous use of several types of transformation is explained by the desire to comply with several requirements mentioned above.
This paper conducts a comparative study about four translations of sūrat alInshiqāq: Yousef Ali, Muhammad Hilali-Muhsin Khan, Pickthall and Mohammad Abdel Haleem. Multiple opinions of exposition have been provided to explore how, in certain ayas, the translators fail to find an appropriate equivalent. The translations' problems are categorized into lexical, stylistic and syntactic problems, whereas these categories also have sub-categories in order to clarify the gaps that might be encountered while translating the Qur'anic text. The problems are investigated through the theories of free and bound translation. Since religious texts, especially the sacred ones, are contextbased, they have different meanings which are not easy to tackle. In conclusion, the lexical, syntactic and stylistic norms of the target language fail to match those of the Qur’an discourse because these features are far from universal. Keywords: Religious translation, Untranslatability, Qur'an exposition.
The article reveals the socio-political content of the XVII century. Both dependence on foreigners and the influence of internal tensions between tribes on the political life of the Safavid state are investigated. In such historical circumstances, the cultural environment is also based on sources that have not yet been identified. Under such circumstances, a description of the language is given. In particular, during the period of the Shah Abbas (during the rule of other shahs), attitudes toward the Turkish language are expressed in contradictory ideas. It has been established that the stage of the XVII century literary language is not a way out, but history as a turning point. This is proved, on the one hand, by scientific data, as well as facts about language. As a result of the research, it turns out that the language policy that underlies the existence of the state and the nation is carried out in the direction of Turkic rule in the 17th century. The article contains the rich language of the real world, including the introduction of the Turkish language in the history of the 17th century Azerbaijani literary language, the decline of the Persian language (including the accompanying Arabic language), the destruction of cults, as well as the intensification of new processes, such as differentiation, stabilization and democratization examples. In the 17th century, as in all periods of the history of the Azerbaijani literary language or at all stages of historical development, the process of defining a literary language and defining different styles (charming, scientific, official epistolary) took place. Style plays a significant role in relationships. In volume, the rate is determined in style and appears. As a result, it is noted that the 17th century very dynamically develops phonetic, lexical and grammatical norms in the direction of nationalization. The development of literary language, of course, all levels of language are available. But what if you want to translate it into one language? The real fact, which is obvious, or hidden, or not, is voluminous in the volume, which is a lexical system, which leads to great changes. This does not mean that in other languages, such as the phonological system, the language is checked and the file is checked. All, that is, it is not so, but here is a breakthrough for change. This is not an idea or an idea of ignorance and ignorance, but there is no certainty that changes in language change. The truth is that everything that creates a change in the original of another phenomenon, which confirms the existence of legality. The definition of phonetic norms for a certain period of time (continent, period or phase) is contained in a volume that is one of the other publicly available versions of the phone in the language, and, in each other's eyes, by removing from one-dimensional parallels, stabilization in language and content.
The article deals with the characteristic feature of the period of language instability, namely the conflict between the norm and codification in one of the Russian language areas that is subject to greatest variation. The author analyses establishment of the new norm in the process of assigning grammatical category of gender to borrowed indeclinable nouns. The study of this lexical group shows that approximately half of the new words form gender according to the principle of semantic analogy. This fact allows us to maintain that in the Russian of the XXI c. there is a process of broadening in the sphere of application of the rule about assigning gender to indeclinable inanimate onyms and abbreviations. Previously having a limited sphere of application, now this rule also extends to indeclinable inanimate appellatives. However the action of the “older” norm, according to which indeclinable nouns were assigned neuter gender, is also manifested, creating conditions for word variation.
Research aim is to identify the phenomena of verbal vulgarization of children’s cartoon discourse, to determine their functional-semantic loads and registers of reduced emotional evaluation, as well as the main socio-cultural types of corporate vulgar behavior. Research Methods. The study of the vulgarization of children’s media content was carried out with the help of: a) theoretical methods, b) psycholinguistic empirical methods – discourse-analysis of vulgarized dialogical situations; questionnaire related to the testing of registers of dialogical situations in cinema texts among the audience of student’s youth (80 humanitarian students (specialty “Journalism”) of the National University “Odesa Law Academy” aged 17-20 years). Results. The didactic role of animated cinema texts in the formation of media culture is noted. It was proposed the practical analysis of the modern children’s cartoons language in the context of the systematization of markers of affective vulgarity, such as slangisms, jargonisms, elements of common language, obscenisms. On the basis of a survey and psycholinguistic experiment, a stylistic evaluation of the perception of the selected lexical-phraseological material as such that contains the connotation “vulgarity” was confirmed, the attitude of the young generation of viewers to vulgarized cinema text was revealed. Conclusions. Among the main conclusions we may note that as a result of language vulgarization of modern consciousness, in particular children, the so-called conceptual sphere of human activity is changing. The new generation of viewers is focused on low, coarse communication, on the weakening of the feeling of beautiful, on the positive perception of the appropriate aesthetics of everyday life. According to the results of the questionnaire, these cinema texts are perceived neutral by 55 students, positively – 21 students, negatively – 4 students. The language of cartoon characters, which represent certain social groups of real society, is seen as the norm for any situation, and grumpiness, disrespect, psycho-emotional imbalance are seen as their “organic” color. Therefore, the majority, or the vast majority of the respondents, correlated the lexical-phraseological units as jargon that is, acceptable in the youth environment. Modern foreign animation that is presented as translated cinema text, loses the important function of being a mediadidactive source, that is, the medium of producing patterns of individual and collective linguistic behavior.
Cet article interroge les modalités de nomination des partis islamistes autorisés à participer aux élections dans cinq pays (Maroc, Algérie, Tunisie, Égypte et Turquie). Tandis que ceux-ci sont perçus comme les représentants d’un conservatisme religieux, leurs noms puisent dans des répertoires lexicaux forgés par deux formes de réformisme, l’islamisme de la Nahda et le développementalisme nationaliste. Ces noms énoncent la quête d’un modèle de développement dont l’authenticité s’appuierait sur une double volonté de concrétiser des normes islamiques à l’échelle nationale et de répondre aux revendications des populations locales. L’article montre néanmoins comment, en l’absence d’un tel modèle authentique, quatre mots issus du répertoire lexical réformiste (justice, développement, liberté et renaissance) sont employés comme des « principes correcteurs ». Il contribue ainsi à expliquer comment le pragmatisme de l’islam politique se pratique selon un triptyque de logiques légaliste, d’affirmation électorale et de distinction politique.
The article deals with the issues of applying mind maps to develop foreign language communicative competence in training future foreign language teachers. According to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, Communicative Competence is divided into: Linguistic Competence: it refers to the ability of producing utterances in an efficient way in all its grammatical levels. It includes such competences as: lexical, grammatical, semantic, phonologic and orthographic competence. Sociolinguistic Competence: it is the ability of understanding and producing different utterances in different contexts of use where different factors play an important role, such as the relationship between participants, their situation, etc. Aspects to take into account here are social relationships markers, politeness norms, popular wisdom expressions, register differences, dialect and accent differences, etc. Pragmatic Competence: It makes reference to the ability of acting efficiently in a language taking into account grammatical forms and meaning to complete a text in different communicative events.One of the effective methods for the development of foreign language communicative competence is Mind Mapping. The Mind Mapping process involves a unique combination of imagery, colour and visual-spatial arrangement which is proven to significantly improve recall when compared to conventional methods of note-taking and learning by rote. The mind map format is becoming an alternative to the traditional way of making notes, storing large quantities of educational information by a student for further use. Mind maps are graphically expressed processes of multidimensional thinking; they show the hierarchical interrelation of ideas. They’re great for team use, as well as for all types of speech activity.Application of mind maps is fully efficient for the development of foreign language communicative competence in training future foreign language teachers.
Differences in nomenclature, regarding the legal reasoning of judex facti and judex juris decisions, occur in determining the act of taking part in a criminal act. This is due to different reasoning methods. The legal consideration approach to judex facti decisions, in verifying facts as norms, is performed lexically. The way the judge's logic works is by using deductive logic and verifying the facts of the defendant's actions to normalise elements that are merely restrictive. The judex juris decisions of judges and the judex facti legal judgments understand the act of participation in corruption case by using an inductive reasoning method. Judex juris decisions examine judex facti legal considerations by determining the major premise more extensively. Judges search for the legal principles underlying norms to verify the facts of the defendant's condition. The results of the verification and the conclusion of judex juris state that the defendant's actions are proven but there are no faults. Thus, judex facti decisions are cancelled and it is decided that the defendant is free from all legal charges.
The aim of this paper was to identify which psycholinguistic variables are better predictors of performance for healthy participants in a picture naming task and in a picture categorization task. A correlation analysis and a Path analysis were carried out. The correlation analysis showed that naming accuracy and naming latency are significant and positively correlated with lexical frequency and conceptual familiarity variables, whereas they are negatively correlated with H index. Reaction times in the categorization task were negatively correlated with lexical frequency and conceptual familiarity variables and positively correlated with visual complexity variable. The Path analysis showed that subjective lexical frequency and H index are the better predictors for picture naming task. In picture categorization task, for reaction times, the better predictor variables were subjective lexical frequency, conceptual familiarity and visual complexity. 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Age of Acquisition Norms for a Large Set of Object Names and Their Rel
The problem of language accuracy in publicistic texts hasn’t lost its actuality due to the great number of deviations from the language norms. The analysis of journalistic materials, which deal with the cultural and educational topics, has demonstrated that the language norms are broken in them rather often. The objective of the research is to systematize the most frequently used mistakes in the journalistic materials on cultural-linguistic topics, and to define the reasons of their occurrence. For reaching this objective 85 articles and interviews devoted to the issues of language policy and culture of speech taken from popular Internet publicistic sources were chosen and analyzed. The number of collected mistakes (anormative lexis) is over 400. The following methods were used during the research of the selected material: the method of entire selection for choosing the texts and collecting the examples of anormative lexis from cross-media sources; the descriptive method for defining the essence of deviation from the language norm and for finding the reasons of this phenomenon; the methods of analysis and synthesis for systematizing and classifying the selected anormative lexis. The fulfilled research allows to assert that the publicistic texts devoted to cultural-linguistic issues contain less number of norm deviations than texts of other thematic spheres. Thus, they contain less number of mistakes in usage of paronyms, there were no cases of inappropriate usage of little known terms and rarely used words. However, due to the influence of the Russian language the frequency of word-building and semantic loan translation is still high. It can be explained by the lack of clear delimitation of two languages in the consciousness of texts’ authors. The permanent improvement of language competence of journalists and editors, paying attention to the complicated examples of word spelling and to the usage of definite lexical units will promote thorough improvement of language culture of mass media staff.
This study aims to explore cross-language intensification in affirmative sentences by examining the translation of standard amplifiers, words that scale upward towards an assumed norm to emphasize a quality of any entities, from Thai into English. The data comprises 602 parallel concordance lines with 17 intensifying patterns, which were drawn from a corpus of eight works of fiction in Thai and their English translations translated by qualified translators. The analysis of the data found that in the English translation, English amplifiers (e.g. very, really) were found with the highest frequency, followed by intensified lexemes and comparative and superlatives respectively. The findings suggest that the tendency to transfer standard amplifiers was through lexical (TL amplifiers, intensified lexemes, emphasizing adjectives) and syntactic means (comparatives and superlatives, exclamatory constructions, and metaphors), and that the selection was made in accordance with the context. Compared with the Thai standard amplifier maak2 ‘much-many’, the linguistic devices used in the English translations tend to reveal a stronger force of intensity. The findings can provide pedagogical implications in translations. They, for instance, can raise students’ awareness of the various linguistic forms used in transferring intensity expressed in the source text and also provide norms in translating amplifiers from Thai to English, which might be useful for students in translation programs. In addition, students may realize that if a literary work loses the expressivity of feelings or emotion, it becomes uninteresting and lacks vivacity, thus losing appeal to the TL reader.
Theoretical background: It is a well-known fact that a name should be original and distinguish a business from the competition. It should also meet several other criteria, such as being easy to pronounce and remember, and being connected with the specifics of the company’s operations. Company names, as with any other names, are important because people react to a word the same way they react to the object this name denotes. Therefore, the length of a company name and the words it contains are important. Moreover, in the marketing nomenclature what carries the most significance is not the word itself but the so-called connotation, i.e. the direct reference to the object of the word and the entire set of features connected with it. When creating their own company names, entrepreneurs often use this aspect to better communicate with their target audience. This is enforced by both the growing competition and the expectations of consumers. In recent years, considerable innovativeness can be observed on the part of entrepreneurs who depart from traditional terms and decide on unusual names. Purpose of the article: The following article presents trends in Polish company names from the perspective of marketing efficiency on the one hand, and linguistic innovation on the other. The purpose of the article is to determine the kind of linguistic changes and their assessment from the viewpoint of communication effectiveness. Research methods: The empirical section includes the analysis of 247 names of companies that provide hairdressing services, while the theoretical section concerns the issues of creating a brand and the lexical side of it. In particular, the considerations concern the linguistic norms and marketing principles behind creating company names. Main findings: The findings indicate that the names ceased to be original but from a marketing perspective they became more effective. The names became more efficient in terms of marketing communication, for example, the words "studio" and "academy" ( studio or akademia in Polish) carry a lot of content and connote expertise, knowledge and elite. Of course, the name and surname of an owner (which were popular in the past for hairdressing companies' names) does not include such information. Of further interest is that foreign sounding words have also disappeared almost completely; in particular, the number of words from English has decreased. Therefore, by using words with a more universal meaning and domestication in the Polish language, a company evokes positive reactions and associations, which are very important in the first contact between a customer and a company.
ABSTRACT The appropriation of idioms in everyday communication has been a norm among language users. Lately, the use of only a single lexical item in an idiomatic phrase has been widely used especially by social media users. The use of isolated lexical item ‘tea’ from ‘spill the tea’ has been used extensively by Malay Twitter users. This research looks into the contexts that motivate Malay Twitter users to use the isolated lexical item ‘tea’. Thematic analysis was used as the framework of this research in order to strategically identify the context of this phenomenon. There are five categories in which the contexts fall into; 1) revealing oneself own secret, 2) workplace-related issue, 3) Celebrity Gossips, 4) revealing another people’s secret, and 5) political discussion. The analysis revealed that most users used the isolated lexical item ‘tea’ when the users wanted to unveil a secret. Besides that, it is worth noting that even on social media, Malay users tend to avoid criticizing a threatening issue. The findings of this research can be further applied in analyzing the appropriation of idioms among social media users. Keywords: context study; idioms; lexical item; peculiar meaning; twitter.
Au cours de la dernière décennie, de plus en plus de travaux concernant les processus de lecture prennent en compte le niveau en orthographe des lecteurs adultes. Cet intérêt repose sur l’idée que la connaissance précise de l’orthographe des mots serait un indice de la qualité des représentations lexicales, elle-même essentielle pour assurer l’efficacité des processus de lecture. Cependant, il manque à l’heure actuelle un outil pour la langue française qui permettrait d’évaluer le niveau en orthographe lexicale spécifiquement chez l’adulte normo-lecteur. L’article présente les étapes de construction, de validation et de création de normes du test Brussels Orthographic Quality Scale (BOQS), qui évalue le niveau en orthographe lexicale dans la population adulte. Au final, ce test s’avère être simple d’utilisation, rapide, fiable et apporte une plus-value par rapport aux tests existant dans les batteries d’évaluation des troubles du langage écrit.
The textbook is the basic school book which is designed on the basis of the curriculum and in accordance with the norms of the education process. The aim of this paper is reflected primarily in the emphasis placed on the relevance of the structure and content of foreign language textbooks, as well as their proper and correct organisation and didactic design. Our intentions are also reflected in the effort to highlight the importance of numerous didactic functions of school textbooks which represent a trustworthy, comprehensive, coherent and systemic source of knowledge where the curricular content is most competently demonstrated and presented. Textbooks direct, shape and orientate the teaching process, they stimulate the development of the students’ mental abilities and contribute to the achievement of the best possible mutual interaction among the elements of the ‘didactic triangle’: students, teachers and curricular content. Which didactic function will have specific effects and at what time interval of the teaching process—this depends primarily on the aim of the learning process. All contents of textbook lessons which present certain topics should be adequately adjusted in didactic terms. During the conceptualisation of foreign language textbooks, it is particularly important to adjust the textbooks’ contents to the intellectual profile, vital needs and experience of the students. It is necessary to interpret the envisaged curricular units through numerous and various forms, to pay attention to the different language skills of the students, the degree of differentiation among individual cognitive styles, different paces of learning and mastering a foreign language. Texts in school books need to be interesting and easy to learn; they should broaden information in the field of culture, encourage the students’ initiatives and their desire to enter communication. In this regard, it is also important to pay attention to the number of new lexical units and exercises, as well as the degree of connection among linguistic contents. The teacher is an irreplaceable subject in the learning process. He or she performs a coordinative and regulative function, connecting, integrating, mediating, harmonising the actions and the relationship between the textbook and the students. A textbook’s success depends largely on the manner in which the teacher presents the linguistic material. He or she should oppose formalism and routineness due to the application of the textbook structure. A foreign (Russian) language teacher needs to take a slightly independent and critical approach to the textbook, to carefully and expertly analyse the provided school book texts, to improve, perfect, upgrade and adjust them to the concrete linguistic situation. When teachers adopt such a position in regard to the textbook, this contributes to the students’ more creative, more relaxed and more open attitude towards the textbook structure which they actively use in class. Today, foreign language textbooks reflect the adequate methodical efforts to adjust new generations of foreign language textbook structures to the changed conditions of the international sociolinguistic position and the linguo-didactic functioning of each foreign language in numerous sociocultural settings. The goal of such textbooks is to encourage, develop and affirm the sociocultural and communicative knowledge and skills of the students in the field of intercultural communicative education.
The article discusses the influence of speech acts on the formation of personality. The rules of speech etiquette are traced in the stream of speech and are perceived by the interlocutor as part of the education and culture of people. In this case, it becomes necessary to know some factors of the linguistic culture of the people. Speech etiquette for each native speaker has its own language form. In the speech etiquette of all the peoples of the world, it is possible to identify common features in all languages there are stable formulas of greeting and farewell, forms of respectful treatment of elders. Analyzing speech acts and highlighting the features of the communicative behavior of native speakers, the authors pay attention to speech etiquette as a set of norms and stereotypes of communication that have developed in society due to historical traditions and social structure. If native speakers do not follow the rules of verbal communication, then it is impossible to speak about a high level of language proficiency. Since speech etiquette emphasizes the culture and traditions of the people, it is necessary to take into account discrepancies in the speech actions of different nationalities, since each language has its own, formed system of addresses. Knowledge of the norms of speech etiquette of the country with a different sociocultural reality is the key to success in interpersonal and professional communication. Intercultural communication is a very complex and multidimensional process, therefore, only knowledge of grammatical structures and lexical content of the language is not enough to communicate between two native speakers who have an excellent linguistic culture. It is the linguisticcultural competence and knowledge of the norms of speech acts that can serve as a basis for communication between representatives of different countries. В статье рассматривается влияние речевых поступков на формирование личности. Правила речевого этикета прослеживаются в потоке речи и воспринимаются собеседником как часть воспитания и культуры людей. При этом возникает необходимость знания некоторых факторов языковой культуры народа. Речевой этикет для каждого носителя языка имеет свою языковую форму. В речевом этикете всех народов мира можно выделить общие черты, во всех языках существуют устойчивые формулы приветствия и прощания, формы уважительного обращения к старшим. Анализируя речевые поступки и выделяя особенности коммуникативного поведения носителей языка, авторы уделяют внимание именно речевому этикету как совокупности норм и стереотипов общения, сложившихся в социуме в силу исторических традиций, социального устройства. Если носители родного языка не соблюдают правила речевого общения, то говорить о высоком уровне владения языком невозможно. Поскольку речевой этикет подчёркивает культуру и традиции народа, необходимо учитывать расхождения в речевых поступках разных национальностей, так как в каждом языке существует своя сформировавшаяся система обращений. Знание норм речевого этикета страны с иной социально культурной действительностью является залогом успеха в межличностном и профессиональном общении. Межкультурная коммуникация очень сложный и многоаспектный процесс, поэтому только знания грамматических структур и лексического наполнения языка недостаточно для общения двух носителей языка, обладающих отличной языковой культурой. Именно лингвострановедческая компетенция и знание норм речевых поступков может послужить основой для общения представителей разных стран.
The article is devoted to the analysis of verbalization of gender representations and identifying of female dialect discourse potential to study them. The research was done on the material of Middle Ob dialects. The specificity of women's dialect discourse associated with the territorial factor, the conditions of recording of material, genre features, theme is considered. The verbalization of gender representations is considered from the position of expression by different language means. Gender-marked units, words with evaluative semes, serving for the characteristics of men and women are considered are considered at the lexical level. At the level of the text, gender-oriented and self-identifying statements are studied. Representations concerning specialization of labor duties and characteristics of men and women connected with industriousness and domesticity are considered. The analyzed texts reflect stereotypes about the specialization of labor associated with traditional patriarchal values, the discrepancy of which is perceived as a deviation from the norm, and following it as an ideal. These representations are a source of judgments and estimates, they define cultural expectations. The transformations caused by the social and historical changes taking place in society, as well as the social policy of the state in relation to men and women are revealed. These changes contributed to the creating of new criteria for assessing women, had an impact on the design and description of identity.