Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
The nonword repetition (NWR) task has been used to measure children’s expressive language skills, and it has been argued to have potential as an early language delay/ impairment detection tool as the NWR task can be conducted rather easily and quickly to obtain a quantitative as well as a qualitative measure of children’s attention to lexical and phonological information. This paper reports the performance of two NWR tasks among thirty bilingual Mandarin-English preschoolers between the age of four through six. The study indicated that performance in the NWR tasks showed a developmental trend with older children performing better than younger children. Word length also had a significant effect on performance, possibly an effect from better short-term memory capacity as the child grew older. The children also performed better in the Mandarin NWR task compared to the English NWR task. These findings suggest potential clinical applications for diagnosis of children with language impairment or at risk of language development delay. However, further studies should improve on the tasks to verify its efficacy and to obtain norms for performance with a larger sample of children at various age groups.
The present study explores the process of how Korean students develop pragmatic competence when writing request emails during metapragmatic instruction. In particular, the study focuses on how students’ usage of request strategies, lexical devices, external modifications, and request perspectives change during the metapragmatic instructional period. Descriptive analysis of the usage frequency of politeness devices was conducted to examine changes before and after the instruction. In addition, the participants’ accounts during the metapragmatic discussions and retrospective interviews were analyzed to ascertain their intentions of the requests as well as their experiences during the instructional period. The results of the study showed that the participants developed pragmatic competence as they enhanced their awareness of the difference between what they had intended and what was actually conveyed. Moreover, the metapragmatic discussions among their peers in regard to the source of the pragmatic failure as well as their developing pragmatic awareness allowed them to experience meaningful interactions. The study stresses the need for explicit metapramatic instructions along with encouragements for metapragmatic discussions to reflect on the norms of the target culture along with their own pragmatic knowledge for Korean students to enhance their pragmatic competence.
When a new phenomenon or an advance in technology originates in society, it is natural that new terms appear to refer to the phenomenon, technology, new use, and so on. The impact of this new disease, COVID-19 is so strong that no one has been able to foresee how long they will have to live under conditions of isolation and social distance. COVID-19 has changed our lives drastically. A new normal is required, and it is affecting various areas of daily life. For this reason, new terms have appeared and certain expressions have acquired greater relevance due to their use in a generalized context due to the pandemic.There are few published studies on the impact of COVID-19 on the Spanish language. This research analyzes this effect of coronavirus pandemic on the lexical inventory of Spanish. Its main objective is to analyze the difference in the use of terms related to the coronavirus, depending on the country or region in the Spanish-speaking world. To collect the data, an online survey was conducted using a semi-closed questionnaire. With the help of volunteers, 346 questionnaires were collected for this study. The attitude of users towards the use of the new terms is examined, as well as the discriminatory use of language around the pandemic. It is concluded that the norm will end up accepting neologisms and variants that Spanish-speakers have innovated and put into circulation in this situation.
Latvian Radio offers an exchange of opinions and discussions on various subjects. Channel 1 has a show “Kā labāk dzīvot” (‘How to live better’), which among other issues addresses the use of Latvian. This paper is based on the questions covered in 15 broadcasts of the years 2017–2019. What are the listeners worried about? Usually, it is the question of whether the word or phrase is wrong. Does it correspond to the norms and conventions, can it be found in the dictionaries and how it is defined and explained. There is often a clash of opinions on the use between people of different generations. Many questions relate to grammar norms, their application and explanation. These are issues of declining of proper names, use of singular and plural, and gender. There is much uncertainty about the use of lexis often governed by rigid and conservative views. There seems to be more unanimity on issues of style. The impact of English and separate English loans attract numerous questions. English affects various levels of Latvian today. The paper views phonetic, morphological, lexical, phraseological, and syntactic influence. Lexical impact of English is the one felt most: nonce words, loans, translation loans, idioms can be met in both translated and original texts. A semantic broadening of many Latvian terms under the influence of English is widespread, often without any need and additional stylistic value. Borrowed synonyms for Latvian words are in no way detrimental, but they should not oust Latvian words. Many listeners enjoy the opportunity of gaining knowledge on the use of Latvian and thus improving their language competence. We cannot and should not try to control the development of the language, but every speaker can contribute to its perfection, enrichment, and innovation.
The paper analyzes the loanwords from the American English the Japanese language considering the diachronic perspective in relation to historical and socio-cultural processes that took place in Japan. The periodization of the waves of penetration of such borrowings into the Japanese language system considering socio-cultural shifts in Japanese society is offered. The first wave, which can be dated from the end of the XIX cent. till 1930s, consists of the first borrowings-Americanisms, the penetration of which into the Japanese language is connected with the first systematic contacts between Japan and the USA, as well as the humanitarian aid of the USA of Japan after the Great earthquake of 1923. The second wave can be dated from 1940s till 1980s; during these years in the context of post-war American occupation, Japan became obsessed with American mass culture and, consequently, spread its own mass culture created on the basis of an American one. In the Japanese language system, this stage is characterized by an avalanche-like enrichment of the gairaigo lexical layer by borrowings-Americanisms, followed by the "digestion" of foreign words and their deeper integration into the system of the national language through the creation of pseudo-English words called waseieigo, as well as the spread of abbreviation. In the field of linguistics, the second stage is characterized by the beginning of scientific understanding of the significance of borrowings-Americanisms in the Japanese language and the analysis of the destructive role of these units for the language culture. The third wave of penetration of American-English borrowings is believed to be related to the proliferation of the Internet, the main language of which is English; accordingly, this stage can be dated to the 1990s until now. The main feature of the last wave is the adaptation of borrowings to the needs and norms of the national language, resulting in the activation of hybrid word formation and the creation of mixed units consisting of either a Japanese root and a borrowed affix, or vice-versa, or shortened foreign and Japanese words (hybrid abbreviation).
The article provides an overview of the lexical and grammatical features as well as the sociopolitical environment of Marollien that originated in the 18th century as a dialect on the territory of Brussels. Marollien is essentially the Dutch language in its Brabantian dialect, strongly influenced by French. There are literary works, performances, and musicals written and staged in Marollien, as well as dictionaries and journals published in it. Historically, the Marollien dialect is a sociolect: it was generally used by Belgians coming to Brussels from Wallonia in search of a job and settling in one of the districts of Brussels — Marolles. A special emphasis is placed on lexical features of the dialect: gastronomic and everyday vocabulary are looked at and the examples of French loanwords and Southern Dutch language norm deviations are provided. Standard Dutch calques in French, when translating idioms in particular, are also identified. The differences between Dutch, French, and Marollien place names are illustrated. In the field of morphology and word formation, there is a regular mixture of Germanic and Romanic stems which is indicated. Examples of Marollien phonetic features are also provided. The article acknowledges frequent code switching in Marollien speech, which by and large resembles the phenomenon of linguistic interference. Due to the fact that Marollien is rapidly disappearing, the Brussels-Capital region is trying to support the dialect: various activities are being organized in order to propagate its use and enhance its prestige. Nevertheless, Marollien is not included in the well-known citizen initiative “Marnix Plan”, aimed at developing the methodology for the sequential study of several languages for all segments of the population in Brussels. This initiative is also discussed in the article.
New language phenomena are driven by social and political shifts at the global level. Even though the traditional literary norm is being destroyed, these linguistic innovations fulfil a language compensatory function. Internet communication and the new speech processes found in it provoke a keen research interest and are extensively explored by linguists. Major global changes in our life (cloud-based technologies, ecology, post-truth, the problem of generations, Big Data, etc.) were bound to transform communication itself. Therefore, we see changes in genres, functional styles, texts and our traditional ideas of various forms of the Russian national language usage. The Russian Internet (Runet) reveals language potential, fulfils the compensatory function of the language filling in all the elements missing so far and language shortcomings (neologisms denoting feminine gender-specific job titles, deviant verbal forms, new structures in comparative forms of adverbs and adjectives, etc.). The speech system of the Internet communication should be considered not as a double-sided one (oral and written) but as a conceptually new digital form of language use. In the democratic environment of pluralism, tolerance and the freedom of language use, lexical and lexical-grammatical innovations, “the new vernacular”, irregular grammar and lexical collocability, as well as the direct and conscious intention to break the norm of the literary language, should be justified and deemed a manifestation of the compensatory language function. Special attention is given to the acute problem of fundamental transformations in teaching practice.
In the modern information society, the term communicative culture combines such concepts as the culture of dialogue in business and everyday communication, mutual understanding, and tolerance.Сommunicative culture сharacteristics include value, normative, and informational components.We understand the information component as the content of informationtext, since in the last century, text studies consider text as a speech production of a certain genre form, which accumulates norms and qualities of speech and is aimed at communication, that is, text is an integral component of speech and communication culture.Textual analysis allows students not only to master the full range of knowledge about the vocabulary of the language and its norms, about the grammatical structure and lexical compatibility of words, but also to develop speech skills.The article deals with the development of students and schoolchildren's communicative culture in the process of analyzing professionally oriented text, offers didactic material and tasks that ensure the development of communication skills in the Russian language lessons of schoolchildren and first-year university students of philology in the lessons of methodology, such as "Workshop on Spelling and Punctuation", "Difficult Cases of Spelling and Punctuation", "Speech Practices", etc.
This study investigated the interference of Bahasa Indonesia passive voice norm on English sentence. There are many studies that investigated the interference of native language on the learning of target language. Most of the studies talked about interference in the level of lexical, grammatical, phonetic, syntactical, and many more. However, the study about interference of a norm have never been discussed before. Thus, it is important to conduct this study to give some prove that norm of languages may interfere language learning. This study involved 50 students of Tour and Travel Business Department at Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata (STP) AMPTA Yogyakarta. The data was collected by giving students 3 sentences in Bahasa Indonesia and they had to write them in English. The sentences that the students had produced were compared to the correct one. The finding shows that most of the students� sentences were interfered by the norm of passive voice in Bahasa Indonesia. It is due to the lack of students� understanding toward the concept of passive voice norms in both of Bahasa Indonesia and English. Thus, the teacher must give clear explanation about the norm of passive voice in both of languages.
It has been frequently observed in the literature that assertions of plain sentences containing predicates like fun and frightening give rise to an acquaintance inference: they imply that the speaker has first-hand knowledge of the item under consideration. The goal of this paper is to develop and defend a broadly expressivist explanation of this phenomenon: acquaintance inferences arise because plain sentences containing subjective predicates are designed to express distinguished kinds of attitudes that differ from beliefs in that they can only be acquired by undergoing certain experiences. Its guiding hypothesis is that natural language predicate expressions lexically specify what it takes for their use to be properly ‘grounded’ in a speaker's state of mind: what state of mind a speaker must be in for a predication to be in accordance with the norms governing assertion. The resulting framework accounts for a range of data surrounding the acquaintance inference as well as for striking parallels between the evidential requirements on subjective predicate uses and the kind of considerations that fuel motivational internalism about the language of morals. A discussion of how the story can be implemented compositionally and of how it compares with other proposals currently on the market is provided.
Among the unusually high number of variants in the three surviving texts of the Old English Life of Saint Mary of Egypt are many instances in which a scribe has changed an inherited reading by substituting one word for another. Many of the substitutions are the result of error or unconscious scribal preference but this article demonstrates that all three texts of the Old English Life, which is of likely Anglian origin, also reveal a pattern of deliberate rewording. This rewording arises from a desire to regularise and “improve” the language of the Life, bringing it more into line with the norms of Late West Saxon, the literary language generally in use in the period when our scribes were at work. No such pattern of substitution is evident in other hagiographical texts in the same manuscripts. The Life of Saint Mary of Egypt was clearly viewed by compilers of late Anglo-Saxon hagiographical manuscripts as a work worthy of inclusion but, unlike other lives, as one in need of some linguistic revision to make it fit in with accepted literary standards.
As a newly credentialed speech–language pathologist, my clinical work included evaluating young children whose parents were concerned about their speech and language development. In graduate school, I had learned about Developmental Sentence Scoring (DSS; Lee & Canter, 1971) from its developer, Laura Lee, herself. The procedure relied on a tape-recorded sample of 50 consecutive complete and intelligible utterances obtained during a play-based conversation with an adult. Once the sample was transcribed, clinicians examined each sentence for the presence of major syntactic features (pronouns, verbs, negatives, conjunctions, questions, etc.), with results informing disorder identification and intervention. I remember being thrilled to have an assessment tool based on samples of real, connected speech and language. At the same time, I found myself wondering whether utterances from a play session in a strange place with a strange person would be representative of a child's “true” language. Would DSS results hold if I had followed the child around at home for a few days? So, I developed a research project in which preschool children were fitted with a wireless microphone/transmitter so they could be recorded unencumbered talking with their mothers at home (Scott & Taylor, 1978). Compared with clinical language samples from the same children, sentences at home were significantly longer and had higher frequencies of structures reflecting the content of home conversations (e.g., past tense verbs, questions, and complex sentences). The use of language samples for clinical purposes has continued to motivate much of my research agenda to the present time. Since the early 1970s, clinical applications tied to language sample analysis (LSA) have expanded considerably. For instance, other grammar-based analysis systems in addition to DSS appeared (e.g., Index of Productive Syntax [IPSyn]; Scarborough, 1990). Jon Miller, beginning in the 1980s, has been a strong advocate for the use of language samples by researchers and clinicians who work with children with language disorders (Miller, 1981). Miller et al. developed a computer program, now widely used, that provides automatic calculation of lexical and syntactic features along with normative information in the form of reference databases (Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts [SALT]; Miller & Iglesias, 2016). Interest in naturalistic language characteristics expanded beyond young children to older school-age children and adolescents; beyond conversation during play to narrative and expository discourse; beyond spoken language to written language; and beyond assessment to progress monitoring during intervention. There is a robust literature addressing methodological issues that impact reliability and validity of LSA (e.g., sample size needed for reliability, relationships between LSA and norm-referenced test outcomes, sensitivity and specificity of various measures, and comparisons of computer-based programs). This high level of interest in LSA continues to the present (see Pezold, Imgrund, & Storkel, 2020, for a comparison of computer analyses of language samples from preschool children). Although LSA has found broad use among researchers of spoken and written language disorders, surveys of clinical and educational use are disappointing. Because survey respondents often cite time constraints as a major obstacle, some research has addressed this concern by documenting time requirements in approaches that streamline LSA in various ways. The articles in this issue take a different approach. Each article explores a new and/or neglected topic of LSA that authors believe should stimulate both research and clinical interest in LSA applications. Collectively, the first three articles cover topics pertinent to preschool, school-age, and adult uses of LSA. Two articles are devoted to LSA in clinical practice with bilingual children. A final contribution centers on LSA of writing in school-age populations. In her article on LSA with preschool children, Eisenberg (2020) argues for the use of three measures that are seldom discussed: use of word combinations (particularly those involving a verb and another word), use of required and optional sentence constituents (e.g., SVO), and use of complex sentences (two or more clauses). She makes a compelling case for the developmental significance of these measures and their importance as indicators of intervention outcomes, as contrasted with more commonly reported measures including mean length of utterance and morphosyntactic accuracy. Although difficulty with morphosyntax is a common feature of language impairment in preschool children and, consequently, a common, if not predominant, focus of intervention, Eisenberg argues that the measures she describes are critical. They increase a child's ability to convey information (content) and are consistent with the principle that communicative informativeness should be a central goal of intervention even before grammatical correctness. Underutilized to date in the preschool LSA literature, all three measures await study of their reliability and validity. Turning to school-age children and adolescents, Lundine's (2020) contribution is motivated by a gap that exists between language skills required to succeed in school, where learning depends on the comprehension and production of information encoded in expository discourse, and the availability of tools to assess such skills. Language sample analysis of expository discourse has the potential to help bridge this gap; yet, surveys show that even when clinicians use LSA with older students, they are more likely to assess conversational or narrative discourse. Lundine then offers a roadmap for LSA of expository discourse that includes discussion of elicitation techniques and observations at word, morphological, sentence, and discourse levels—those particularly characteristic of expository discourse. For example, at the morphological level, it is important to note a student's facility with derivational affixes needed for systems such as nominalization. Lundine then considers how a LSA assessment of a student's expository discourse can be used cooperatively by clinicians and educators in real classrooms to support student learning. In the next article, Spencer, Bryant, and Colyvas (2020) are concerned with the issue of LSA reliability. The fact that variability is inherent in naturalistic language poses problems for researchers addressing issues such as differential diagnosis and clinicians interested in whether a client's change over a course of intervention represents meaningful change. The authors provide an extensive literature review of how sample length variability and time-based variability (successive samples of the same individual) have been handled by researchers of both child and adult populations. Finding methodological problems, the authors propose a new method for determining whether measures in repeated language samples of individuals represent substantive change or simply normal variation. Their method, captured in a formula termed the Reliable Change Index (RCI), is complex but should stimulate considerable interest for both research and clinical applications. Two articles in the issue are concerned with LSA in bilingual children. As if variability inherent in monolingual speakers was not complicated enough, additional questions and methodological issues surface when using LSA with bilingual speakers. Parameters of the child's language experience—for instance, whether L1 and L2 are simultaneously or sequentially learned and whether L1 fades in light of L2—these and other factors must be navigated when devising elicitation methods, quantitative measures, and use of LSA for decision making. Drawing from an expanding literature on LSA of narrative discourse in bilingual children, Ebert (2020) walks the reader through these issues as she addresses procedural considerations such as elicitation, coding, and analysis (e.g., how to handle instances of code switching). The use of LSA in the identification of developmental language disorder in bilingual children is addressed next via a literature review centered on word-, sentence-, and discourse-level measures. Finally, Ebert is concerned with the use of LSA to determine language strengths and weaknesses that would, in turn, inform intervention. In a second article on LSA in bilingual children, Guiberson (2020) reports data from his own research aimed at determining associations among two alternative (and less time-consuming) LSA measures, traditional LSA measures, and a norm-referenced language test in a population of preschool bilingual children with and without language impairment. The alternative measures were clinician-reported and parent–reported longest utterance(s). Interesting patterns of associations among the three domains pointed to potential clinical uses for the alternative measures, although association strengths differed according to whether clinicians or parents were reporting. The last article in this issue centers on LSA of writing samples in school-age children and adolescents. Although writing has been less studied than speaking, Scott (2020) uncovered a body of work that allows at least tentative answers to questions that arise for practitioners. She reports on the sensitivity of common measures of writing to questions concerning developmental change, language ability differences, relation to quality ratings, practical utility, and effects of genre and task. Scott also encourages writing-specific observations such as literate vocabulary use, unique syntax patterns, and spelling. The authors have provided rich examples and case studies that should assist practitioners interested in clinical and classroom applications. Even though LSA topics in this issue are new and/or neglected, all the authors have addressed ways their information can inform practice. Language sample analysis has come a long way from its early days when its main use was to count a small set of grammatical structures to the point where we learn about language use at many levels, in multiple genres and modes, and for different types of speakers and writers. —Cheryl M. Scott, PhD Issue Editor
The current research work is a critical discourse analysis of Donald Trump's Inaugural Address (2017). The researcher has made use of Ruth Wodak’s Discourse Historical Model (2004) to study the inaugural address. Moreover, the current research work is qualitative in its approach and analysis, as it answers the research questions in accordance with Ruth Wodak’s Discourse Historical Model (2004). Furthermore, research design used in this research is both descriptive and explanatory; and, it also contains purposive sampling as a data collection method. Although much CDA research has been already carried out on Trump’s speeches, the current research studies Trump’s speech in the context of history and power using Ruth Wodak’s Discourse Historical Model (2004). The researcher has focused lexical and syntactic items in Trump’s speech. Besides, the researcher has found out that power relations, historical norms, ideological constraints, and American values have played a significant role in the discursive construction of Trump’s Inaugural address (2017). Finally, the current research convincingly achieves its objectives and answers its questions.
This article investigated how network growth algorithms-preferential attachment, preferential acquisition, and lure of the associates-relate to the acquisition of words in the phonological language network, where edges are placed between words that are phonologically similar to each other. Through an archival analysis of age-of-acquisition norms from English and Dutch and word learning experiments, we examined how new words were added to the phonological network. Across both approaches, we found converging evidence that an inverse variant of preferential attachment-where new nodes were instead more likely to attach to existing nodes with few connections-influenced the growth of the phonological network. We suggest that the inverse preferential attachment principle reflects the constraints of adding new phonological representations to an existing language network with already many phonologically similar representations, possibly reflecting the pressures associated with the processing costs of retrieving lexical representations that have many phonologically similar competitors. These results contribute toward our understanding of how the phonological language network grows over time and could have implications for the learning outcomes of individuals with language disorders. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
The article shows the importance of the competent approach to learning as a priority of the newest direction of educational activity, and also emphasizes the activation of its distance form, which served as a prerequisite for the use of various network resources, including educational platforms and services. These two most important emphases are recognized as the most important ones in the educational process, which has recently moved from the classroom to the indirect computer space due to objective reasons. Modern educational transformations caused the dynamics in the Ukrainian-speaking system, which is primarily implemented by the growing number of uses of terms-loanwords mainly from English, which require not only a clear definition but also codification. Special attention is paid to concepts characterized by orthographic diversity, which, on the one hand, shakes the norms of modern Ukrainian literary language, and on the other hand does not fully ensure the acquisition of spelling competence and the formation of oral and written skills of students. It is noted that such lexical items or term phrases are used in informative-cognitive, informative and advertising texts, they are operated mainly by educational portals, websites and mass communication, in particular industrial ones. The analyzed nominations, taking into account the degree of adaptation, are combined into three groups: 1) names, both in Latin and Cyrillic; 2) two-component nominations, one component of which is in Cyrillic and the other one is in Latin; 3) lexical items that in the Ukrainian online space have not yet shown a graphic redesign. It is found that these concepts are adapted to the phonetic and grammatical systems of the Ukrainian language in case of writing these language units in Cyrillic. It is observed that a significant part of such nominations occurred as a result of transcription and showed swings in spelling. In this regard, some recommendations are given for their writing, which will help to protect the language standard and avoid inconsistencies with established norms.
A Multidimensional Image of the Russian Constitution – Linguistic, Cultural and Cognitive Reflections This article deals with the transposition of concepts in the process of translating legal texts. The material basis was the original text of the constitution of the Russian Federation and the constitution of Russia, which was translated into Polish. The primary assumption of the analyzes made is the thesis that the constitution is the foundation of the system, norms and principles. The Constitution also sets out the main directions of community development. As the superior document of a social and political nature, it confirms the most important national values and social beliefs. The awareness of the highest rank of this normative act should also be considered as an important factor in the process of translating the constitution into other languages. Depending on the context and depending on the structural and conceptual flexibility of the original text, the transposition of a generalized vision of the community world can be a complex task or a process that does not require a lot of work. The subject of the article is the relation between the Constitution of the Russian Federation and its Polish language version. The analysis includes the linguistic and non-linguistic reality in which the constitution of Russia is present. The research covered: the current constitution of Russia of December 12, 1993 in the Russian and Polish language versions. The legal act in Polish was made available on the official website of the Biblioteka Sejmowa (biblioteka.sejm.gov.pl). The aim of the review was to identify the possibility of reconceptualizing the Russian legal reality and determining the efficiency of transposing the concepts to the target text. The author wanted to answer the questionwhether the translation text can be treated as a source of knowledge and understanding of cultural and civilizational norms and values, building the state and Russian society. The first part of the study was devoted to general concepts that created the state system. Attention is paid to their functionality in the source and target area. The essence of the image of the world was taken into account. Using the concepts of Родина and Отечествo, has been explained the lexical context of translated lexemes. The second part of the review concerned the reconstruction of the collective memory of the Russian nation. This level focuses on the text of the preamble as a component containing generalized ideas of the political system. The third part was a substantive summary of all findings. This part of the article was based on a comparative study, covering the relation between the text of the constitution and the content and context.
The article is a study of phonetic-morphological and semantic-stylistic features of argotic vocabulary in contemporary French language. The work is devoted to questions of structural-semantic and phonetic-morphological peculiarities of the argotic vocabulary in printed mass media. The conducted research has shown that the argotic vocabulary can be considered as a special lexical subsystem of spoken language, which is characterized by a steady tendency to penetrate into higher linguistic levels due to its phonetic-morphological and semantic features. The systematization of phonetic and semantic processes in the argotic dictionary is carried out. We have noticed that argot from a linguistic point of view is an expressive lexical subsystem of spoken language, which is characterized by a large expressive potential and rapid changes in vocabulary and penetrates into higher levels of the French language. From the point of view of modern linguistics, the French language can be viewed in vertical and horizontal sections. Horizontal division is caused by the existence of the dialectal partition of the French language. The vertical division is explained by the existence of social groups that use one or another sociolect. Analyzing the evolution of the definition of argot, we can assume that in its development argot passed the long way from the language taboo to the special lexical subsystem of the literary-spoken language. We have noticed that it is important to distinguish argot and spoken language. In spite of the both scientific and practical interest in the spoken language problem and the emergence of numerous studies that led to the creation of colloquialism as a special section of linguistics, a number of aspects of spoken language (approaches to its identification, differentiation of spoken language and related phenomena) remain insufficiently highlighted. The spoken language (vernacular), according to modern linguistic assertions, occupies an intermediate position between the spoken-literary language, dialects and sociolects. We have noticed that the democratization of the norms of the literary language led to the emergence of a literary-colloquial form of spoken language. Such a combination of literary and spoken language is caused by the nature of social development. Key words: argot; slang; French language; dialect; argotheistic vocabulary; non-normative variant elements; semantics; phonetics; morphology; mass media.
The article deals with the features of linguo-pragmatical contents and ways of its expression in the text of the professional ethics code. It is described the main linguo-pragmatical categories of the ethical code and come to light modal meanings and means of their expression. The ethical code represents the specific genre establishing norms and rules of the office (professional) behavior based on the conventional system of moral ideals. The main objective of the ethical code creation is prevention of conflict situations and an illegal behavior. Standard code of ethics is considered as the coherent text representing a dichotomizing division of a speech product into the dynamic process of the language activity and result of this activity. The significant elements of pragmatics of Standard code of ethics are some categories of a modality and an appraisal as they form pragmatical contents of texts of the similar genres. Means of expression of the modality are the verbs with the meaning of need, the lexical and phraseological means being based on the modal meaning of approval / disapproval. It is allocated the values which became a basis for formation of a certain corporate picture of the world of public servants of the Russian Federation and municipal employees, for example, impartiality, conscientiousness, correctness, tolerance, and respect. It is come to the conclusion that the understanding of a lexical meaning of a word and its pragmatical opportunities are defined with an individual (corporate) picture of the world and cannot coincide with nationwide.
Word senses are typically defined with textual definitions for human consumption and, in computational lexicons, put in context via lexical-semantic relations such as synonymy, antonymy, hypernymy, etc. In this paper we embrace a radically different paradigm that provides a slot-filler structure, called {``}semagram{''}, to define the meaning of words in terms of their prototypical semantic information. We propose a semagram-based knowledge model composed of 26 semantic relationships which integrates features from a range of different sources, such as computational lexicons and property norms. We describe an annotation exercise regarding 50 concepts over 10 different categories and put forward different automated approaches for extending the semagram base to thousands of concepts. We finally evaluated the impact of the proposed resource on a semantic similarity task, showing significant improvements over state-of-the-art word embeddings.
Djamé Seddah, Farah Essaidi, Amal Fethi, Matthieu Futeral, Benjamin Muller, Pedro Javier Ortiz Suárez, Benoît Sagot, Abhishek Srivastava. Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 2020.
Literary translation is tricky. Hardly ever do you hear a critic say that the translation of a book is “good”. In the best of cases, people pretend that, even though they have been reading a translation, they were in fact reading Balzac, or Dostoevsky, or any other author of universal renown. For those who are able to read the original text, the translation is more often than not rejected as “inaccurate”, “stylistically inadequate”, “loose”, “overly free”, “not doing justice to the original”, or simply “bad”. James Payn even claimed that Balzac “is not translatable, or when translated is not readable” (67). Yet Balzac was translated and retranslated many times in a variety of languages and in many ways. In this paper, the word retranslation will be used for the realisation of a new translation from the original source language into a target language in which a translation already exists, and relay translation for translations done from a translated source. As for the term translation, it will be extended, in the sense that Patrick O'Neill gives this term (6), to include adaptations such as movies, TV series, or even graphic novels, in any language, because adaptations, whatever the medium, are subjected to the same constraints as translations, creating effectively a new “language” to transfer the author’s story and message. Thus this paper will focus on how Balzac's novels have been extended when translated and/or adapted to other media, taking in consideration Roulet’s Discourse Analysis parameters (2001 44), that is, the hierarchical constraints related to the text structure; the linguistic constraints related to the syntactic or lexical norms of the language or linguistic variety that is being considered; and the situational constraints of the receiving culture. To do so, an analysis of the hierarchical constraints of translating, retranslating or adapting Balzac’s La Cousine Bette will be carried out, as well as of the linguistic constraints related to the translation of gender in Balzac’s short story Sarrasine, or to the translation of accents and other oral features in various novels; and finally of the situational constraints related to translating Balzac into English in the Victorian era, and into Chinese at the turn of the 20th century. From these parameters a new, prismatic view of Balzac’s creations will emerge, embodying the dialogue that translators and retranslators enable between cultures.
The purpose of this study was to find out the correlation between the level of academic background and the rules of Hangul orthography by examining the compliance of Korean spelling. To examine this, six universities were divided into three divisions by level into A, B, and C, and the status of marking by university was compared with the free bulletin board of Everytime, a college student community. As a result of the survey, A-grade K universities best observed the Hangul Hangul orthography followed by C-grade A universities. The university that did not keep the Hangul orthography well was a C-grade D university. By educational level, the grade with the lowest mislabeling rate is grade A. It can be seen that the status of compliance with the lexical norms is related to each level of education. However, it cannot be generalized because there are not many vocabulary in common from six universities, but there is some correlation between knowledge and actual notation.
English has become ‘the world’s default mode’ (McArthur, 2002: 13) for communication. As a de facto lingua franca, English and its associated cultures are increasingly pluralistic. According to Kachru (1996: 135), ‘the term “Englishes” is indicative of distinct identities of the language and literature. “Englishes” symbolizes variation in form and function, use in linguistically and culturally distinct contexts, and a range of variety in literary creativity.’ As far as Chinese English is concerned, Kirkpatrick & Xu (2002: 278) suggest that since ‘the great majority of the estimated 350 million Chinese’ who have been learning English are far more likely to use it with other speakers of world Englishes, the development of Chinese English ‘with Chinese characteristics’ will be ‘an inevitable result’. Kirkpatrick & Xu also predict that such a variety of English will be characterized by linguistic and cultural norms derived from Chinese. This chapter will review the definitions of Chinese English, and then identify a selection of lexical, syntactic, discourse and pragmatic features of Chinese English based on an analysis of a variety of data including interviews, newspaper articles, and literary works. The chapter will conclude by considering the likelihood of Chinese English becoming a powerful variety of English.
For close to 70 years psychologists have studied word meaning using a simple method: participants rate words on some theoretically motivated property (e.g. pleasantness, familiarity) using a Likert scale as the measurement instrument. Such semantic judgments serve as a means of interrogating the underlying structure of lexical semantic constructs, to select stimuli for experiments, or as covariates in models predicting brain or behaviour. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in using computational distributional semantic word representations and supervised learning to predict semantic judgments on Likert scales for words lacking empirical measurements. We call this task semantic norm extrapolation. A significant body of work has developed showing methods for semantic norm extrapolation are often highly accurate. The impressive performance of models for this task may give the appearance that non-empirical, machine learning derived estimates of semantic norms are interchangeable with empirical measurements of semantic norms. Herein, we argue that this is not the case, and that all extant methods for semantic norm extrapolation are more problematic than the literature suggests. Naive use of extrapolated semantic norms should be expected to yield biased and anti-conservative analyses. We make this argument using a mixture of 1) the principles of analysis of partially observed data, 2) simulations, and 3) a real-data example. Achieving sound inference when using semantic norm extrapolation requires a conceptual and methodological shift from treating semantic norm extrapolation as a prediction problem to treating it as a missing data problem. This shift in perspective also lays bare problems in default analytical procedures of semantic norms and megastudy data, and surprisingly suggests that semantic norm extrapolation --- when done using recommended procedures for analysis of partially observed data --- should be default methodological practice.
In the article essence of the concept “sociocultural competense”, certain theoretical principles of its forming and development are analysed and described; the developing system of sociocultural competense is studied; also the complex of tasks for students of pre-higher education is worked out. The linguistic, unlinguistic and country-specific components of sociocultural competence are characterized. It is proved that students should know about the geographical location and economic condition, historical development and features of cultural values of the country, the language they are studying in order to have a foreign socio-cultural competence. In our research we conclude that the structure of socio-cultural competence consists of communicative (balancing existing language forms, which are determined based on the linguistic competence of the communicant on the background of certain social functions), country-specific (set of knowledge about the country whose language is studied), linguistics (to carry out intercultural communication based on knowledge of lexical units with the national-cultural component of semantics and skills of their adequate application in situations of intercultural communication) and sociolinguistic competence (ability to use the rules of delicate speech in communication). Thus, students expand their outlook and work on adequate perception of cultural features of native speakers, their habits, traditions, norms of behavior, etiquette and the ability to understand and use them in intercultural communication. It is proved that for the formation of socio-cultural competence in English classes in pre-higher education institutions students must learn about the achievements of national culture in the development of universal culture and thus enter into a dialogue of cultures, teachers should use certain exercises to develop such skills.
Summary This paper compares the romanization of Gaul in the 1st century BC and the gallicization of the island of Martinique during 17th-century French colonial expansion, using criteria set out by Muf- wene's Founder Principle. The Founder Principle determines key ecological factors in the formation of creole vernaculars, such as the founding populations and their proportion to the whole, language varieties spoken, and the nature and evolution of the interactions of the founding populations (also referred to as “colonization styles”). Based on the comparison, it will be claimed that new languages arise when a language undergoes vehicularization and subsequently shifts from one speech community to another. In other words, linguistic genesis would be a complicated case of language contact, where not only one, but sev- eral dialects of both superstrate and substrate varieties are involved, in a historical context where the identity function of language, or the norm, is overriden by the need to communicate. Research also indicates that language varieties spoken at the time of the shift did not pertain to normative usage, but to popular varieties, dialects, or both, since the emerging vernaculars - in Gaul, as well as in Martinique - preserved some of their phonological and lexical particularities.
The article is based on an understanding of the possible functional and semantic classification of lexical units of the Portuguese language according to a graded criterion, which corresponds to the operational perspective of the semantic application of the language. One of the forms of visualization of grading operations can be a grading scale, or a graduation scale, the possibility of which is supported by the existence of an intuitive perception of a certain sample, a certain point of reference, a certain norm, above and below which are certain zones of units that fall into the grading situation. The author notes that the grading operator as a minimal linguistic variable is not only a marker that specifies the degree of deviation from a certain ordinary level and provides a modification of the value (movement down or up the axiological scale), but also an element of ordering reasoning, expression of opinion, and personal attitude of the Portuguese speaker. The article analyzes operators that belong to the group of high-degree and ultimate-measure graduators. The analysis of the combinability of the operators considered by the author allowed us to distinguish two ways of grading limit features in the Portuguese language: ingerent and extensive. Extensive gain has more to do with the verb, in the amplification of which the orientation of the actants are expressed more explicitly. This allows you to select a special type of gain – actant gain. However, even when grading adjectives, some Portuguese ultimate-measure gradators or graduators are able to participate in extensive models, such as the quantifier pronoun todo, toda (all, entire, whole). In addition to differences in the method of modifying a trait (extensive or inherent) and in the modal part of the value, ultimate measure operators differ in the nature of the trait representation. Some of them represent a trait in statics, regardless of its previous development (absolutamente, inteiramente, totalmente), and others represent the ultimate measure of the trait as the result of its previous development and accumulation (completamente, todo, de todo).
Випуск 13.Том 2 and pragmatics is only a small sample of the coinages based on the analysed non-combined and combined word-formation models, used in Modern English media discourse.Media is an amazing source of data for any linguistic research area.It reflects the dynamic changes occurring in the language.An increasing number of lexical innovations, customary found in Modern English media to represent the totality of facts in various spheres of life, are used to organize the message in the media discourse.These findings provide the following insights for further research: to establish the cognitive mechanisms in the process of forming lexical innovations involving a particular word-formation model; to determine the role of lexical innovations in organization of other types of discourse. ФОНЕТИЧНА СТРУКТУРА ФРАНЦУЗЬКИХ ЗАПОЗИЧЕНЬ В АСПЕКТІ БРИТАНСЬКОЇ ВИМОВНОЇ НОРМИ
In this paper, we describe the ADAPT submission to the Surface Realization Shared Task 2020. We present a neural-based system trained on the English Web Treebank and an augmented dataset, automatically created from existing text corpora.
This article analyses the typical features of the influence of the Russian language on Belarusian stage speech. Contemporary theatre, concerts, and other cultural events have played an important role in the popularization in the Belarusian language of misbalanced bilingualism. According to the transcripts of modern actors, emcees, and musicians recorded in theatres, music clubs, literature museums, and culture centres between 2012 and 2019, different fragments and types of mixing of Belarusian and Russian are revealed. Firstly, we notice switching of language code, which is used for famous phrases from literature, cinema, etc., or shows someone else’s speech. Secondly, we have examples of Russian language interference in Belarusian at the lexical, grammatical, and phonetic levels. So-called trasianka-distorted Russian language according to the special features of the Belarusian orthoepyis observed as a specific kind of interfered speech. In addition, various variants of hard mixing of systems and subsystems, functional styles of two languages (especially including of dialect words and forms), jargon lexis, and special units of alternative norms of the Belarusian language tarashkevitsa are shown. This research notes that mixed speech is a result not only of bilingual interaction, but the decline in the standard of stage speech. It is noted that trasianka helps to create a comic or negative character image on stage.
The article presents a study of the consequences of digitalization of modern Russian education and public life in terms of its impact on the Russian language and its native speakers. In the course of it two opposite estimates were revealed. One point of view considers this influence destructive, making the language primitive, not independent and filled with borrowings. The other one considers the Internet and digitalization as a whole as a means of developing, enriching and updating the Russian language, making it live and modern. Purism and anti-purism are also evident in the differences between conflict and non-conflict-related practices of digital hygiene in the field of communication, including those in educational environments. The Internet language and Internet discourse are either excluded from educational environments or are becoming one of the trends of their development in the conditions of digitalization. The fundamental principle of the research is the principle of anthropocentrism (as opposed to media centrism), which is expressed in the idea of language as a practice that implements the connection between a person and the world, where the media act only as intermediaries, tools. The leading method is trendwatching, i.e. detecting trends in the transformation of the Russian language through content analysis of the blogosphere -a special communication space on the Internet. In addition, the paper used a structural approach and transformational analysis to the study of language, which allowed us to identify the features of the blogosphere, where the Internet discourse unfolds. Among the features of the blogosphere the following ones were noted: cognitivity, interactivity, variability, polyphony, creativity, simulation and hyperreality. The descriptive method was used to determine the mechanisms of changing the Russian language under the influence of the Internet, including: lexical, represented by neologisms and erratives; semantic, including abbreviations and acronyms; and cognitive, which include metaphors, metonymies and lituratives. The selected mechanisms, on the one hand, expand the boundaries of cognitive existence, and on the other, lead to the loss of the possibility of full-fledged transmission and understanding of meanings. Finally, the pragmalinguistic method allowed us to justify the need to develop constructive practices of digital hygiene in the field of network and non-network communication, to determine their repertoire, characteristics and educational potential. The author concludes that digital hygiene practices based on the idea of the conventionality of network and non-network communication norms are insufficiently studied and widespread in educational environments, and that one-dimensional ideas about the vandal influence of Internet discourse on the Russian language are rejected.
The global coverage of sociology of law (SoL) has remained limited to the Western world, due to the difficult and problematic application of its current theories and concepts in non-Western societies. Thus, the sociology of law norm concept was studied in relation to the culture of Ashanti people of Ghana. This was done to identify and valorise culturally specific issues of their society that are relevant when employing the socio-legal concept. After a 5-week ethnographic study, the Ashanti conceptualisation of norms was explored and contrasted with the sociology of law norm concept, to unearth relevant culturally specific issues. The study found that, a direct lexical translation of the word (norm) from English into the Ashanti-Twi does not exist. However, the Ashanti concepts of Amammerɛ (tradition) and Amanneɛ (custom) showed to be closest to the sociology of law concept. However, contrasting them to the essences of norms developed by Hyden and Svensson, unearthed “the role and expectations of ancestors and gods” as an accidental attribute of these Ashanti concepts, making them specific types of norm, rather than norm itself. Consequently, the new Ashanti-Twi word “saayɔ” was coined to evanesce the accidental attributes of the Ashanti concepts and represent a more accurate translation of Hyden and Svensson’s SoL norm concept. This accidental attribute highlights an important culturally specific issue crucial to the application of this SoL norm concept in Ghana, and also points to the Eurocentrism in Hyden and Svensson’s norm concept. It shows that, what makes Hyden and Svensson’s (2008) conceptualisation Eurocentric, is the fact that, to a large extent, it was developed within the perceptive framework of a utilitarian thinking society where individuals possess scientific mentality and are free from culture, religion, and ideology. That is, the First and “natural” world. In fact, the accidental attributes of the Ashanti amammerɛ and amanneɛ type of norms, was found to exert relatively high levels of fear among people, making them more likely to conform to them, and more difficult for people to accept new contradictory norms. Therefore, it is very important for socio-legal researchers who employ this SoL norm concept in the Ashanti-Akan society, to be wary of this culturally specific attribute which characterizes the Ashanti specific type of norms. It is only when the user of the SoL norm concept disregards this, that the application of the concept will be problematic. (Less)
The article is devoted to the communicative competence of a doctor as a component of professional ethics. Knowledge of norms of the modern Russian literary language, compliance with these standards in the oral and written speech of a medical worker helps to establish contact between doctor and a patient. To identify the level of knowledge of Russian language norms, readiness for professional speech a scientific research was made, during which the most typical mistakes were revealed: orthoepic, morphological, lexical, stylistic. Following the norms of the language and ethics of communication contributes to the achievement of the main aim of a medical activity - recovering of a patient.
Для преодоления интерференции в переводе используются переводческие трансформации. В данной статье рассматривается один из видов таких трансформаций, а именно, лексические, суть которых заключается в замене переводимой лексической единицы словом или словосочетанием, которое реализует сему данной единицы исходного языка (ИЯ). Приемы лексических трансформаций рассматриваются на примере научных текстов по математике. Упомянутый вид текстов не использовался ранее \nв качестве материала для анализа интерференции в переводе. Опытный переводчик постарается сделать так, чтобы текст перевода (ТП) соответствовал нормам языка перевода (ПЯ), и при этом сохранил коммуникативное задание ИТ (исходный текст) (то, ради чего был создан оригинал), и, следовательно, снизить или преодолеть влияние интерференции.= To overcome the interference in translation, we use translation transformations. This article discusses \none of the types of such transformations, namely, lexical ones, the essence of which is to replace the translated \nlexical unit with a word or phrase that implements this unit sema of the original language (OL). The techniques \nof lexical transformations are considered on the example of scientific texts in mathematics. The mentioned type \nof texts was not used earlier as a material for the analysis of interference in translation. A professional translator \nwill try to make the text of the translation (TT) comply with the norms of the translation language (TL), while \npreserving the communicative task of the source text (ST) (for which the original was created), and, therefore, \nreduce or overcome the influence of interference.
This article discusses business papers XII-XIII century from the city of Augsburg, which is located in the south of Germany. The norm of the modern German language went through several stages of formation before acquiring a unified standard and becoming the so-called Standardsprache. The city of Augsburg belongs to the East Bavarian dialect region and is located on the border of Bavaria and Swabia. Analysis of the written language of documents of the XII-XIII century provided information on the interaction of the features of both dialects (Bavarian and Swabian). In this study, 5 documents related to various taxes were considered, which indicate that they were written in Augsburg, as well as 3 documents in the Augsburg monastery. It is important that for the documents considered there is no characteristic sequence in writing, that is, we are talking about the absence of a spelling norm. Confirmation of this fact is also given in the article with examples from the materials studied. The study showed the presence of similar characteristics in all studied, which indicates their undoubted linguistic kinship. Despite this, there are also features that are characteristic exclusively for the southwestern part of Germany and separately for the southeast. An analysis of the German southern dialects makes it possible to trace the development trend of the German language in its holy language in a period that is closely connected with the history of the German people. The processes of synergy between dialects within the framework of one language are considered, which draws attention to the beginning of the formation of the first national language, and subsequently the national one. The study revealed that Augsburg became a kind of conductor of the Bavarian dialect in the eastern part of the Swabian dialect. The isoglosses studied (phonetic, morphological, lexical) showed that these dialects can be combined linguistically as southern and considered a feature of the Germanic (Yerminon) range. Despite some linguistic differences, a relative unity of linguistic traditions is noted, indicating a sufficient proximity of the dialects of the southwestern and southeastern parts of Germany in the XII-XIII centuries.
Language teaching is often seen as an ideologically neutral activity. Linguists have traditionally believed that what people say about language use or structure does not represent ‘real’ linguistic data (Schieffelin, et al, 1998:11). However, it is precisely this dismissal that modern linguistic anthropologists hope to dispel. This paper attempts to lay bare the workings of language ideology and how it impacts language teaching in general and Japanese language pedagogy in particular.The ideological orientation of what constitutes ‘standard’ Japanese language involves inclusion of certain components that are motivated by Nihonjinron discourses of ‘identity, aesthetics, morality and epistemology’ and processes of exclusion that ‘erase’ deviations from the ‘norm’ (Schieffelin, et al, 1998:3). Ideas about ‘native speaker’ understanding, selection of language materials, inclusion and exclusion of syntactical, lexical, and pragmatic forms in teaching manuals, etc., are all affected by these perspectives, some of which this paper will hope to enumerate. With concrete examples it will be demonstrated how flawed these processes are and how a critical pedagogical approach may help solve these issues.
This paper deals with some criteria of stylistic marking of the words or their meanings as colloquial or vernacular in academic explanatory dictionaries starting with Ushakov Dictionary and ending with the latest lexicographic works, such as Large Dictionary of the Russian Language ed. by S.A. Kuznetsov, Active Dictionary of the Russian Language ed. by Ju.D. Apresjan, Academic Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language ed. by L.P. Krysin, et al. The parameters of the colloquial speech and vernacular, which are formulated explicitly in the prefaces of the dictionaries, are based on the speech usage and on the language norm (in particular, the use in live and mainly oral speech, as well as compliance / non-compliance with the norms of literary use). Analyses of stylistic marks “colloquial” and “vernacular” in academic explanatory dictionaries shows that, in addition to these characteristics, lexicographers were also guided by some implicit criteria, such as: 1) figurative (metaphorical, metonymic); 2) emotional-evaluative connotation; 3) presence of the word neutral lexical equivalent. The article discusses some controversial cases of stylistic marking of the words as colloquial and vernacular in academic explanatory dictionaries based on these criteria.
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Abstract Background: Laughter is a fundamental communicative signal in our relations with other people and is used to convey a diverse repertoire of social and emotional information. It is therefore potentially a useful probe of impaired socio-emotional signal processing in neurodegenerative diseases. Here we investigated the cognitive and affective processing of laughter systematically in patients representing all major syndromes of frontotemporal dementia, a disease spectrum characterised by severe socio-emotional dysfunction, as well as typical amnestic Alzheimer’s disease in relation to healthy age-matched individuals. Methods: We assessed cognitive labelling and valence rating of samples of spontaneous (mirthful and hostile) and volitional (posed) laughter versus two auditory control conditions (a synthetic laughter-like stimulus and spoken numbers) in 47 patients with frontotemporal dementia (22 with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, 12 with semantic variant primary progressive aphasia and 13 with nonfluent-agrammatic primary progressive aphasia), 15 patients with typical amnestic Alzheimer’s disease and 20 healthy age-matched individuals. Neuroanatomical associations of laughter processing were assessed using voxel-based morphometry of patients’ brain MR images. Results: While all dementia syndromes were associated with impaired identification of laughter subtypes relative to healthy controls, this was significantly more severe overall in frontotemporal dementia than in Alzheimer’s disease and particularly in the behavioural and semantic variants, which also showed abnormal affective evaluation of laughter. Certain striking syndromic signatures emerged, including enhanced liking for hostile laughter in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, impaired processing of synthetic laughter in the nonfluent-agrammatic variant (consistent with a generic complex auditory perceptual deficit) and ‘numerophilia’ in the semantic variant. Across the patient cohort, overall laughter identification accuracy correlated with regional grey matter in a core network encompassing inferior frontal and cingulo-insular cortices; and more specific correlates of laughter identification accuracy were delineated in cortical regions mediating affective disambiguation (identification of hostile and posed laughter in orbitofrontal cortex) and authenticity (social intent) decoding (identification of mirthful and posed laughter in anteromedial prefrontal cortex). Conclusions: These findings reveal a rich diversity of cognitive and affective laughter phenotypes in canonical dementia syndromes and suggest that laughter is an informative probe of neural mechanisms underpinning socio-emotional dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease.
The article deals with the peculiarities of linguistic and cultural changes of language structure influenced by globalization process within the language contacts’ interaction. The analysis of various aspects in the modern society proves the dominance of the English language in the formation of the world collaboration. According to the research, English hybrid languages or new Englishes, based on the Standard English norms, are forced to adapt to the local linguistic and cultural needs. These hybrid languages perform the mixture of indigenous languages’ structure and Standard English rules, thought in many cases English dominates and replaces phonetic, lexical, syntactic elements of indigenous languages. Much attention in the work is paid to the peculiarities of such hybrid language as Nigerian English, which presents the local language variant, functioning in Nigeria. Owing to language contacts’ cooperation, Nigerian English combines the language features of Standard English rules and Nigerian local languages’ peculiarities.