Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
The article deals with sociolinguistic analysis of modern official female onomasticon of Ukraine. Its dynamics reflects processes, which are taking place in language system, and changes in society, social demographic and ethnic pattern, cultural markers and values, even the extent of legal regulation of social relations. Sociologists are interested in personal names as a means of social categorization and differentiation of individuals. Legists see them as a tool for one’s legalization and as an object of legal protection. Anthropologists study them as special units of communication and interaction between generations. For linguists they are a specific typexplore them linguists – ists of means of lexical nomination. Linguistically onomasticon is a valuable source of information on the current state of language norms, level of linguistic culture of the population, and the status correlation between languages in society. According to the date of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, the repertoire of newborn girls’ names in 2015–2019 exceeded half a thousand units. It’s due to the magnitude of globalization processes in naming, restoration of national naming traditions, rising social freedom in choosing names, and, sometimes, the decay of sense of responsibility in naming and insufficient language culture. About third part of female names appears as phonetic, orthographic and morphological variants. Ukraine is a multinational state and representatives of other nationalities and national minorities maintain their own naming traditions. Ukrainian spelling of these names in documents often is inconsequent. Often variants arise due to the ambiguity of transliteration, Ukrainian-Russian language interference and violation of Ukrainian spelling standard. Much less it is a result of alive alternation in the Ukrainian language. Rows of variants of the same official female name consist from two to five or six units. Among them there are normative and anomalous variants. In first case main and optional variants can be distinguished. Optional variants are not conventional in language practice but they do not violate the essential features of national language system (over time, some of them may become more popular than the main variant). Linguistically such variants are the same unit, the natural manifestation of potentialities of language system. But legally, person’s name can’t be spelled differently in her documents.
Cette étude analyse les erreurs lexicales dans la production écrite de lycéens maltais étudiant le français L2 aux niveaux B1 et B2, en se focalisant sur les erreurs attribuables à l’influence de la L1, qui, à Malte, comprend le maltais, l’anglais et l’italien. Des réflexions sont faites sur la difficulté d’admettre une idéologie translinguistique, tolérante de l’appui fourni par la L1 dans l’écriture en L2, dans le contexte d’un examen à un niveau avancé, avec ses normes de correction linguistique. Un corpus de copies d’examen aux niveaux Avancé et Intermédiaire est fouillé pour les possibilités de phénomènes de transfert, catégorisés en cinq types, émanant de difficultés orthographiques, de choix de mots, ou sémantiques, ces dernières provoquant l’utilisation des faux-amis. Les résultats sont comparés aux conclusions d’études faites dans les cadres maltais et international. La fréquence des contacts linguistiques dans le corpus est probablement attribuable tant à l’alternance codique, comportement omniprésent à Malte, qu’à la nature même de la rédaction en L2, activité forcément bilingue. Des calculs statistiques permettent des comparaisons des fréquences de contact aux niveaux Avancé et Intermédiaire, entre les copies mieux notées et les moins bien notées, comme entre les tâches plus exigeantes et les tâches plus simples.
When a new phenomenon or an advance in technology originates in society, it is natural that new terms appear to refer to the phenomenon, technology, new use, and so on. The impact of this new disease, COVID-19 is so strong that no one has been able to foresee how long they will have to live under conditions of isolation and social distance. COVID-19 has changed our lives drastically. A new normal is required, and it is affecting various areas of daily life. For this reason, new terms have appeared and certain expressions have acquired greater relevance due to their use in a generalized context due to the pandemic.There are few published studies on the impact of COVID-19 on the Spanish language. This research analyzes this effect of coronavirus pandemic on the lexical inventory of Spanish. Its main objective is to analyze the difference in the use of terms related to the coronavirus, depending on the country or region in the Spanish-speaking world. To collect the data, an online survey was conducted using a semi-closed questionnaire. With the help of volunteers, 346 questionnaires were collected for this study. The attitude of users towards the use of the new terms is examined, as well as the discriminatory use of language around the pandemic. It is concluded that the norm will end up accepting neologisms and variants that Spanish-speakers have innovated and put into circulation in this situation.
The new rhetoric of modern poetry which is characterized by conciseness and ambiguity has set it different from other poetic movements in English which in turn has made it the central focus of many researchers and scholars leading many of them to write about the ‘distinction’ of this type of literature. This study tackles the translation issue of modern poetry in view of the idiosyncrasies of content and form. The study investigates the issue of foregrounding following Geoffrey Leech’s (1969) linguistic deviation theory with special focus on lexical, grammatical and semantic deviations with the assumption that the idiosyncrasies in the language of modern poetry are a result of the distrust modern writers demonstrate of the ability of language to convey meanings and the lack of communication that mars the modern reality of man. Through examining various excerpts of modern poetic texts, one could infer that some translators who were sensitive to the importance of these deviations opted for retaining them often by utilizing compensatory methods. This is mainly related to the fact that it is difficult to replicate the exact same idiosyncrasies, especially in a language that belongs to a different family and does not have much in common with English. Other translators, however, were heedless of the implications of these deviations and decided to change them, or to translate them in harmony with their readings and Arabic language structure and norms. Nonetheless, the researcher claims that there is no ‘wrong’ or ‘right’ translation; there is always a better translation or a translation that is closer to the source text. Each translation offers a different ‘reading’ of a translated text that is influenced by the translator’s metaphysics of presence and by his/her spatiotemporal realities. The study concludes that these deviations are essential in augmenting the meaning potential of texts and in obviating the fallacious notion of a ‘transcendental signified’ in addition to being a fundamental aspect in the formulation of a comprehensive reading of any modern poetic text. This results in making faithfulness in translating modern works imperative since any deviation from its modes of expression will blur the map of this forceful trend in the history of poetic evolution. تتناول هذه الدراسة مسألة ترجمة الشعر الحديث من اللغة الانجليزية الى العربية في ظل التحديات الناتجة عن التجديد في مضمون وشكل الشعر الحديث مقارنة بالحركات الشعرية الأخرى، وتهدف الدراسة بشكل اساسي للبحث في مسألة التقديم اللغوي بالاعتماد على نظرية ليتش (Leech, 1969) للانحراف اللغوي مع التركيز بشكل خاص على الانحراف في المعاني النحوية والدلالية مع افتراض أن الخصوصيات في لغة الشعر الحديث هي نتيجة لعدم الثقة في قدرة اللغة على نقل المعاني وانعدام التواصل الذي يشكل السمة الاساسية للمجتمع الحديث. ومن خلال دراسة الأمثلة المختلفة، استنتجت الباحثة أن بعض المترجمين كانوا على درجة عالية من الوعي فيما يتعلق بأهمية هذه الانحرافات، فاختاروا الحفاظ عليها في كثير من الأحيان عن طريق استخدام الطرق التعويضية بسبب صعوبة تكرار نفس الخصوصيات، وخاصة في حالة اللغة العربية التي تنتمي إلى عائلة لغوية مختلفة عن اللغة الإنجليزية، في حين أن البعض الآخر آثر تعديل هذه الانحرافات في ظل قراءته للنص او من خلال ترجمتها في وئام مع اللغة العربية وقواعدها ومع ذلك، لا يمكن الحكم على أي من القرارات على أنها "صحيحة" أو "خاطئة"، بل يمكن وصف بعض القرارات بأنها اكثر وعيا من غيرها. وخلصت الدراسة إلى أن هذه الانحرافات ضرورية للحفاظ على إمكانيات النصوص التفسيرية، وتجنب الاعتقاد الخاطئ حول "ثبات المدلولالات"، بالإضافة إلى كونها جانبا أساسيا في صياغة قراءة شاملة لأي نص شعري حديث، مما يحتم على على المترجمين تطوير وعي كامل بالمعاني التي تثيرها هذه الخصوصيات لتمكينهم من اختيار طريقة الترجمة المناسبة التي تحقق العدالة للنص المستهدف وقرّاءه.
The article is devoted to the visual and speech genres of Old Tiflis, which are revealed in the visual and verbal texts of famous artists N. Pirosmani, V. Elibekyan and Armenian writer A. Ayvazyan. The carnival spirit of Old Tiflis influenced the visual and verbal signs of the gastronomic infrastructure. The article is written by a semiotic, typological method, as well as an interdiscursive approach (painting, fiction). In addition, Bakhtin’s theory has become a metalanguage for identifying speech genres of urban space. An empirical analysis of the material showed that Pirosmani's paintings were a vivid example of visual advertising and, in fact, were multichannel creolized texts. Only later, when the symbolic capital of Pirosmani increased, his paint- ings began to be perceived as glowing examples of primitivism. In other words, they were “connected” to global discourse, and their primary function was for- gotten. In the main function of the signage, the paintings were the products of demand of the gastronomic infrastructure of Old Tiflis: they depicted the frames “food”, “feast”, they were also visual menus of Tiflis gastropubs (dukhans). The utilitarian demand for signs generated the brilliant paintings of Pirosmani, and at the same time, he became the author of urban space. This phenomenon is also affected in the literary discourse (A. Ayvazyan), in which two methods of modeling urban space are manifested. Firstly, the city is mod- eled in consciousness, expressed at the level of the signified (maps, sketches), and then embodied in life. That is how many cities of historical Armenia were built in diachronic point of view. Secondly, the painter (Pirosmani, Grigor – the hero of the story of Ayvazyan) painted and created in the city space (interior, exterior). The motives of his work were his own inner experiences. The multilingualism of urban space created a demand for advertising signs in different languages. Since the “social bottom” did not possess the linguistic norm of the Russian language, in the eyes of native speakers the urban texts seemed ridiculous, perceived with humor. Similar texts are found in various artists of Old Tiflis (Pirosmani, Gudiashvili, Elibekyan ect.). The same thing appears in the art discourse (Ayvazyan), which gives examples of playing with names, with language (toasts of fun and burial), etc. In addition, an analysis of such a speech genre as toast revealed that it incorporates proverbs, sayings, and in the thematic plan, the following manifestations can be called: spell-wish, wish-curse, wish-criticism, etc. The presence of a similar speech genre and the revealing of the functioning of the toast showed that eating was comprehended by different wishes, and the thematic and syntagmatic analysis of toasts can become a tool for reconstructing the axiological system of Old Tiflis society (homeland, city, parents, children, sisters and brothers, uncles and aunts, etc.).
International audience
From the point of view of linguistics, mass media play an important role in studies of the language, since, on the one hand, they are a rich source of language material and data, and on the other hand, the language used by mass media does not comply with the current norms of the literary language. Studying and explaining various linguistic phenomena adds to development of efficient language teaching methods. All this determines the topicality of the research. The newspaper article headline is considered its most significant element, and thus, its wording is to be aimed at attracting the target readers attention, making them interested, and encouraging them to read the whole article. Therefore, the authors choose to focus this study on online newspaper headlines, their linguistic and structural features, particularly, phonetic alliteration, transformation of lexical units, elliptical structures, grammatical means and word order, as well as stylistic devices, which help to strengthen emotional impact on the reader. The outcome of the study shows that newspaper headlines feature more mobile and flexible language structures than the standard language, and do not comply with the linguistic norms and rules of word order.
COVID-19 has hit hard on the global community, and organizations are working diligently to cope with the new norm of "work from home". However, the volume of remote work is unprecedented and creates opportunities for cyber attackers to penetrate home computers. Attackers have been leveraging websites with COVID-19 related names, dubbed COVID-19 themed malicious websites. These websites mostly contain false information, fake forms, fraudulent payments, scams, or malicious payloads to steal sensitive information or infect victims' computers. In this paper, we present a data-driven study on characterizing and detecting COVID-19 themed malicious websites. Our characterization study shows that attackers are agile and are deceptively crafty in designing geolocation targeted websites, often leveraging popular domain registrars and top-level domains. Our detection study shows that the Random Forest classifier can detect COVID-19 themed malicious websites based on the lexical and WHOIS features defined in this paper, achieving a 98% accuracy and 2.7% false-positive rate.
Abstract Background: Laughter is a fundamental communicative signal in our relations with other people and is used to convey a diverse repertoire of social and emotional information. It is therefore potentially a useful probe of impaired socio-emotional signal processing in neurodegenerative diseases. Here we investigated the cognitive and affective processing of laughter systematically in patients representing all major syndromes of frontotemporal dementia, a disease spectrum characterised by severe socio-emotional dysfunction, as well as typical amnestic Alzheimer’s disease in relation to healthy age-matched individuals. Methods: We assessed cognitive labelling and valence rating of samples of spontaneous (mirthful and hostile) and volitional (posed) laughter versus two auditory control conditions (a synthetic laughter-like stimulus and spoken numbers) in 47 patients with frontotemporal dementia (22 with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, 12 with semantic variant primary progressive aphasia and 13 with nonfluent-agrammatic primary progressive aphasia), 15 patients with typical amnestic Alzheimer’s disease and 20 healthy age-matched individuals. Neuroanatomical associations of laughter processing were assessed using voxel-based morphometry of patients’ brain MR images. Results: While all dementia syndromes were associated with impaired identification of laughter subtypes relative to healthy controls, this was significantly more severe overall in frontotemporal dementia than in Alzheimer’s disease and particularly in the behavioural and semantic variants, which also showed abnormal affective evaluation of laughter. Certain striking syndromic signatures emerged, including enhanced liking for hostile laughter in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, impaired processing of synthetic laughter in the nonfluent-agrammatic variant (consistent with a generic complex auditory perceptual deficit) and ‘numerophilia’ in the semantic variant. Across the patient cohort, overall laughter identification accuracy correlated with regional grey matter in a core network encompassing inferior frontal and cingulo-insular cortices; and more specific correlates of laughter identification accuracy were delineated in cortical regions mediating affective disambiguation (identification of hostile and posed laughter in orbitofrontal cortex) and authenticity (social intent) decoding (identification of mirthful and posed laughter in anteromedial prefrontal cortex). Conclusions: These findings reveal a rich diversity of cognitive and affective laughter phenotypes in canonical dementia syndromes and suggest that laughter is an informative probe of neural mechanisms underpinning socio-emotional dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease.
The research work attempts to investigate that in any geographical contact zone, where the diverse languages and cultures intersect, there would inevitably be linguistic and cultural integration and assimilation. In a similar vein, the worldwide dissemination of the English language has radically shaped the linguistic and textual devices installed by the Saudi English writers in their texts. Besides, the Saudi English writers have reconstructed L2 (English) on the linguistic pattern of L1(Arabic) to foreground their distinctive ideological and cultural norms. Also, the research work investigates, can Saudi English be considered an authentic linguistic instrument? The researcher also has focused and authenticated on the emergence of Saudi English regarding the innovative linguistic and textual tactics inducted by the Saudi writers in their texts. Besides, the research study has investigated the reconstruction of L2 (English) on the lexical, rhetorical, and grammatical patterns of L1(Arabic). The research work also has a great significance regarding the pedagogical, and theoretical linguistic debate about the emergence of the Asian and African variants of Englishes. Likewise, the researcher has chosen the appropriating linguistic theory, and multiple canons approach as a theoretical framework to analyze the selected Saudi English texts. The research work also has concluded that the Saudi English has emerged as a practical linguistic instrument like any other Asian variants of Englishes. Consequently, the researcher has suggested to the Saudi English writers to reconstruct L2 (English) as a functional instrument to disseminate their national, ideological, and cultural norms for global readers.
Stylistics is a science born from the works of Charles Bally at the start of the 20th century. It centers on literary texts. To decipher them, stylistics focuses on methods and concepts from the language sciences. It is therefore effective in bringing to light the various subtleties of the African novel which continues to regenerate from the resources of African language and linguistic heritage. This regeneration results in an Africanization of the writing language. It follows that re-lexicalization is at the heart of verbal praxis. It is materialized by the embedding of oral ethno-texts in the novel. This creativity is a form of discursive subversion which is characterized by a polyphonic and transgeneric aesthetics. Le-fils-de-la-femme-mâle by Maurice Bandaman conforms to this standard. The typographical configuration shows that the enunciative foundations of the work rests on the structure of the traditional African tale. As a result, the novel resists the norms of traditional storytelling. Furthermore, the insertion of the African tale into the structure of the novel is not based on any stable rule. The discourse is based on an intertextual practice that upsets the architectonics of the classic novel. It breaks with the canon and imposes another reception modality which provides obvious enjoyment to the reader. This work highlights all of the enunciative, linguistic and discursive phenomena that contribute to the authenticity of this work.
The tenth volume in the series Pauline Studies centers on Paul and his use of Scripture. After an introductory essay by Stanley Porter, the collection unfolds in four parts. Part one consists of three general essays. Stanley Porter probes Paul’s use of Scripture and argues for the default working presumption that his scriptural citations are drawn from the Septuagint, even when the Septuagint matches the Hebrew text. Ryder Wishart uses vector space analysis to identify a monosemic value for νόμος, concluding that its baseline gloss should not be “law” but “custom”—a social norm that is not necessarily legislated. Gerbern Oegema observes lexical similarities between Gal 1:13–14 and 1–2 Maccabees. This suggests that Paul’s pre-Christian life was influenced by zealot theology that flowed within Maccabean thought, rather than what inspired the freedom fighters who fought against Rome.Part two focuses on Paul’s use of Scripture in the letter to the Romans. Colin Kruse surveys Paul’s scriptural citations and allusions so as to elucidate his scriptural hermeneutic, not least of which is the conviction that the OT still functions as the inspired Scripture of the church despite believers’ living no longer under the regulatory norm of the Mosaic law. Tom Holmén examines Rom 3 and the theodicean situation brought about by God’s saving act in Jesus, asserting that Paul references Scripture to show how the new covenant Spirit enables believers to do genuinely good things. Jey Kanagaraj also focuses on Rom 3. Through his exegesis of the chapter, he holds that Paul uses Scripture as a significant source for his theological construction.Part three comprises half the book and consists of seven studies on the Corinthian letters. H. H. Drake Williams explores the scriptural understanding of the recipients of 1 Corinthians and maintains that they were more literate than what has been commonly presumed. Panayotis Coutsoumpos argues that Paul’s language and use of ἀδιάϕορα in 1 Cor 8–10 is informed by his own theological framework, despite sharing similarities with Stoic thought. John Cook maintains that Paul had in mind Hos 6:2, when he wrote in 1 Cor 15:4 that Christ was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures. Ilaria Ramelli inspects Paul’s use of Pss 8 and 109 in 1 Cor 15:24–28, claiming that, in light of the patristic writings and ancient versions, Paul transformed these psalms for his eschatological project. James Harrison affirms that Paul uses a rhetoric of consolation in 2 Cor 1:3–11 and 7:4–13 to heal the hurts and the rifts that were brought about by the deviant person in Corinth. Christopher Land analyzes Paul’s use of Exod 34 in 2 Cor 3:13–14. He concludes that Moses did not veil his face so that the Israelites could not stare at his fading glory; rather, Moses did it as an affronted withdrawal from their unbelief. Craig Blomberg contends that 2 Cor 8–9 can be divided into three sections, each of which is governed by a central OT quotation.Part four contains essays on the other Pauline letters. Linda Belleville investigates the Sinai-Μεσίτης tradition in Gal 3:19–20, claiming that the presence of a mediator highlights Israel’s weakness and need rather than the inferiority of the law. Lau Chi Hing applies Porter’s criteria for direct quotations to the use of Job 13:16 in Phil 1:19, contending that his criterion of formal correspondence (with a minimum of three words found in the earlier texts) is overly broad. Markus Öhler surveys Paul’s use of Scripture in 1 Thessalonians and Philippians, noting that future work should focus on the historical situation behind Paul’s writing of the letter and its reception by the original readers. Finally, Arland Hultgren considers the use of Scripture in the Pastoral Epistles and observes that it is different from the undisputed Pauline letters. Paul uses Scripture to further his theological arguments; the author of the Pastorals, however, uses it in hortatory contexts to support the leadership of the church.This volume is a welcome contribution to the study of Paul’s use of Scripture. It contains not only essays by seasoned scholars but also works from newer scholars. The international scope of the contributors is also commendable, spanning countries as diverse as the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, Mexico, Belgium, Finland, India, and China (Hong Kong).The contributions in this volume are grouped into four areas: three touch on general issues, four on Romans, seven on the Corinthian letters, and four on the other Pauline letters. I would appreciate seeing a few more essays that focus on methodological issues and other Pauline letters such as Colossians or Ephesians. If space was a concern (this volume, after all, is the longest that has appeared in the Pauline Studies series thus far), the number of essays on the Corinthian letters could have been reduced.A few essays in this volume are particularly significant. Wishart demonstrates a creative way for obtaining a baseline semantic contribution of νόμος; Land presents an innovative reading of the Exod 34 tradition in 2 Cor 3; and Belleville wrestles judiciously with the μεσίτης tradition in Gal 3. Some essays, however, do not rigorously engage with the main focus of this volume, that is, with the relationship between Paul and Scripture. For example, Coutsompos does not mention how Paul uses or understands Scripture in his discussion of ἀδιάϕορα in 1 Cor 8–10; and Holmén’s analysis of Paul’s use of Scripture in support of his theodicean solution in Rom 3 is minimal and cursory. These essays might be better served by placing them in a different volume. Nonetheless, this volume is a commendable addition to the series Pauline Studies.
In his paper "The Influence of Normative Reasons on the Formation of Legal Concepts", German legal philosopher Lorenz Kähler offers a very interesting approach to normativity for the Russian theory and philosophy of law. L. Kähler, considering various normative reasons that influence on the formation of legal concepts, puts forward original and sometimes unexpected conclusions. On the one hand, this can be attributed to the peculiarities of his writing style, but on the other hand, it sometimes seems that he deliberately provokes the reader to questions, involving him in a discussion. In L. Kähler’s approach, there are at least two arguments that require serious clarification and discussion. First, the fact that all the concepts used in legal norms are legal, and, secondly, that the legislator can use lexical, stipulative and real definitions to disclose a content of these concepts. The counterarguments and criticisms offered in this article are based on the statements that the definition is one of the ways of forming legal concepts, and that the question of what is meant by concepts is closely related to the question of which definitions the legislator can use. This led to the following conclusions. First, that in the formulation of legal norms, non-legal concepts, legal concepts and concepts of the law can be used, and this use does not entail that all these concepts become legal. Second, that three types of definitions (lexical, stipulative, and real) are clearly not enough to define these concepts. Moreover, not all of these definitions can be effective and productive, and only some of them are normative in nature. Therefore, it is necessary either to expand the list of definitions, or to significantly modify them in accordance with the specifics of the field of application.
Croatian accentual norm is in a constant state of flux. Its stability is impeded, first of all, by two mutually intertwined forces: the nature of the accentual norm, which belongs to speech (dynamic dimension, individual realisation), and the disagreement amongst linguists as to what to record and prescribe (in constant interaction between the stress accent and pitch accent systems). The modern accentual norm is obtained from non-orthoepical manuals, i.e. grammar books, dictionaries, handbooks (which further complicates the clarification of the orthoepical reality). We will conduct a comparative analysis of the approach, in modern handbooks, to accent alternations in morphology, falling accent in non-initial syllables in word formation, post-tonic length, uncertainties regarding lexical stress, etc. Grammar books and dictionaries approach the open questions in different ways and this paper gives an overview of the (systematic and non-systematic) solutions offered by linguists today, with the aim of presenting the dynamics of the codified norm (which carries the label of being “conservative” and “hidebound”). The changes in the modern norm are compared then to usus occurrences, illustrated by a narrower speech corpus – the speech of actors. In their orthoepical research, linguists resort to the speech of radio and television presenters, linguists in specialised radio and television programmes, students of the Croatian language or phonetics, Croatian language teachers, etc., and, more recently, to the speech of actors reading audio books (MP3 files are available at www.lektire.skole.hr). Presenters, teachers and actors have always been perceived as quintessential competent speakers of the standard language, so close observation of their speech as one of the steps in the process of describing and prescribing is the basis of every orthoepical research. Since the modern speech/pronunciation (e-lektira, audio versions of school reading list books available online) has still not been analysed and valorised linguistically/orthoepically, and since it is available to those learning and listening to speech values in this type of material, the paper turns to the corpus with the intention of determining the basic features of pronunciation. Prose texts whose pronunciation has been analysed are those written in or translated into the standard language. Special attention has been given to accent (stress placement and stress shift) and to the prosodic word. Specific pronunciation traits (especially those related to the accentual norm) have been compared to those prescribed in handbooks. Finally, the accentual traits acknowledged by the modern conception of accentual norm and codification were clarified as well as those that are systematically ignored in modern prescription.
In this article we study the forms and functions of whistling in social interaction. Our analysis identifies two basic forms of conversational whistling, (a) melodic whistling, when participants whistle the tune of, e.g., a familiar song; and (b) nonmelodic whistling. The focus in this article lies on nonmelodic whistles, which come in two contours linked to specific actions: (a) the tonal whistle deployed for summoning (e.g., a domestic animal but also human participants); and (b) the gliding whistle used for affect-laden responses to informings that breach a norm, often ones containing a numerical reference. The pitch contour used on the latter type of whistle matches those found for more lexical sound objects, e.g., oh, ah, and wow. The data base for the study comprises a wide range of audio and video recordings of mundane American and British English telephone and face-to-face conversations.
This article is devoted to the development of a linguistic model for describing the concept WOMAN. The material is women’s dialect discourse. The sources of the material are the Tomsk dialect corpus which includes materials of expeditions organized by dialectologists of Tomsk State University from 1946 to the present days on the territory of Middle Ob dialects spread. In the article we used modeling method based on the idea of the nominative field of a concept, as well as an interpretation technique relying on analysis of contexts, and a method of quantitative calculations used in relation to units that represent the concept. Lexical and phraseological units that make up the nominative field of the concept were revealed during the research. These units were divided into the following lexical-semantic groups: 1) the general nominations of a female person; 2) age and status in marriage; 4) status in the family hierarchy; 5) anatomical and biological characteristics; 6) character traits and behavior; 7) appearance characteristics; 8) profession and work processes. Elements of different layers of the concept are revealed in each lexical- semantic group. All of them give a general picture of ideas about women. So, the basis for identifying of gender conceptualizations and stereotypes is the presence of linguistic oppositions of male and female; the presence of a large number of lexical units that reflect the status of marriage (girl, bride, young woman, wife, mistress, old woman, widow, old girl, brooch and so on); lexical pairs that are opposed to each other on the basis of evaluation “positive” – “negative” (clean, clean – dirty, mistress – disheveled, etc.). A large number of words that negatively assess certain qualities and behavior of women (gossip girl, market woman, stramovka, etc.) indicate the high requirements imposed on the woman, the condemnation of deviations from social norms. The content of the concept of WOMAN depends on the specifics of rural existence, which is based on work, the presence of patriarchal gender stereotypes, social and historical events and processes. The significance of the research is determined by the possibility of using its results for development of a new interdisciplinary scientific field – gender dialectology that studies the gender characteristics of the dialect.
We address the problem of unsupervised extractive document summarization, especially for long documents. We model the unsupervised problem as a sparse auto-regression one and approximate the resulting combinatorial problem via a convex, norm-constrained problem. We solve it using a dedicated Frank-Wolfe algorithm. To generate a summary with k sentences, the algorithm only needs to execute k iterations, making it very efficient. We explain how to avoid explicit calculation of the full gradient and how to include sentence embedding information. We evaluate our approach against two other unsupervised methods using both lexical (standard) ROUGE scores, as well as semantic (embedding-based) ones. Our method achieves better results with both datasets and works especially well when combined with embeddings for highly paraphrased summaries.
Introduction. The language of mass media actively influences the literary norm, forms the language tastes of modern Ukrainian society. With the advent of online publications, the language of the Ukrainian media in the late twentieth - early twenty-first century has undergone significant changes that require thorough and comprehensive study. It is online publications “in the context of the processes of globalization, convergence, digitalization, commercialization and monopolization that are gaining leading importance in the information space of Ukraine. Such mass media should not only promptly and objectively inform the society about important events, processes, phenomena, but also be expressions of the norms of the modern Ukrainian literary language, promote the level of language literacy and competence of the audience. The purpose of the article is to describe lexical abnormalities in online media, identify the most typical of them and point out the main dangerous places at the level of word usage in media texts. The source base of the study was journalistic texts of online publications of national and regional significance ("Ukrainian Truth", "Doba"). Results. The main cause of lexical and stylistic errors is the semantic modification of tokens. As a result of this process, the word partially or completely loses its conceptuality, systematics, semantics and acquires properties that are not normatively inherent in it. The largest number of errors is observed in the use of commonly used words. On the basis of reference literature on the culture of speech, speech errors in word usage that occur in journalistic texts are analyzed, and options for their editing are presented. A separate erroneous group in the media texts of online publications are paronyms. These lexical errors arise as a consequence of confusing the semantics of phonetically similar units, which leads to inaccuracies. The sound proximity of paronyms causes their non-normative use instead of each other in journalistic materials. As a result of linguistic examination of online materials, cases of introducing into the language fabric the utterance of superfluous, redundant words, which structurally burden the phrase because they are semantically empty - stylistically unmotivated pleonasms (duplication of meaning in two words). Conclusion. To draw the conclusion, a linguistic examination of the media texts of online publications at the lexical level revealed that the most common errors are related to the use of semantically modified tokens. In addition, there is no distinction between the meanings of paronyms, the use of tautologies, pleonasms. We see the prospect of research in the identification of such common types of lexical errors in the language of the media as interferems and Russianisms.
Being a completely new communicative environment, the internet network generates new designations (including verbal) for several phenomena. Among them, there are blended nonce-words that are on the verge of norms violation. A number of these lexical units, which should be considered as a demonstration of linguistic personality creative potential, are related to the stock vocabulary of native twenty-first century Russian-language speakers. This phenomenon occurs various languages and different cultures. Therefore the article dwells upon blended neologisms, including native Russian and borrowed elements. The predominant role of situation and context in that pattern is obvious: those nonce-words have not been fixed in lexical system yet. Contaminants should be treated as an evidence of sustainable development of the whole language system, as a component of various discourses as well as integral part of everyday communication (via the internet network), and slang. Non-standard structure as well as combination of native and borrowed elements in blended nonce-words, provide them with strong emotive and expressive potential. Keywords: blended nonce-words, Internet communication, word building, borrowing
Abstract A widespread opinion holds that norms and codes of conduct as such can only be established via words, that is, in some lexical form. This perspective can be criticized: some norms produced by human acts are not word-based at all. For example, many norms are actually conveyed through graphics (e. g. road signs and land-use maps), sounds (e. g. the referee’s whistle), a silent gesture (the traffic warden’s signal to halt). In this article, we will focus on the norms that are created by means of drawings and can be termed “drawn norms” or “graphical norms.” Specifically, we will inquire into the phenomenon of graphical norms with particular regard to traffic signs and land-use plans, and we will discuss the philosophical and legal problems to which these phenomena give rise.
This article investigated how network growth algorithms-preferential attachment, preferential acquisition, and lure of the associates-relate to the acquisition of words in the phonological language network, where edges are placed between words that are phonologically similar to each other. Through an archival analysis of age-of-acquisition norms from English and Dutch and word learning experiments, we examined how new words were added to the phonological network. Across both approaches, we found converging evidence that an inverse variant of preferential attachment-where new nodes were instead more likely to attach to existing nodes with few connections-influenced the growth of the phonological network. We suggest that the inverse preferential attachment principle reflects the constraints of adding new phonological representations to an existing language network with already many phonologically similar representations, possibly reflecting the pressures associated with the processing costs of retrieving lexical representations that have many phonologically similar competitors. These results contribute toward our understanding of how the phonological language network grows over time and could have implications for the learning outcomes of individuals with language disorders. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
This paper is an attempt to shed light on linguistic deviation in literary style. Literary language, with its three main genres; poetry, drama and prose, is a situational variety of English that has specific features which belong to the literary and elevated language of the past. Literary language has been assigned a special status since antiquity, and is still used nowadays by some speakers and writers in certain situations and contexts. It has been considered as sublime and distinctive from all other types of language; one which is deviant from ordinary use of language in that it breaks the common norms or standards of language. A basic characteristic of literary style is linguistic deviation which occurs at different levels; lexical, semantic, syntactic, phonological, morphological, graphological, historical, dialectal and register. All these types of deviations are thoroughly investigated and stylistically analyzed in this paper so as to acquaint readers, students of English, researchers, and those interested in the field, with this type of linguistic phenomenon whose data is based on selected samples from major classical works in English literature
The article deals with the peculiarities of linguistic and cultural changes of language structure influenced by globalization process within the language contacts’ interaction. The analysis of various aspects in the modern society proves the dominance of the English language in the formation of the world collaboration. According to the research, English hybrid languages or new Englishes, based on the Standard English norms, are forced to adapt to the local linguistic and cultural needs. These hybrid languages perform the mixture of indigenous languages’ structure and Standard English rules, thought in many cases English dominates and replaces phonetic, lexical, syntactic elements of indigenous languages. Much attention in the work is paid to the peculiarities of such hybrid language as Nigerian English, which presents the local language variant, functioning in Nigeria. Owing to language contacts’ cooperation, Nigerian English combines the language features of Standard English rules and Nigerian local languages’ peculiarities.
The article considers text in terms of Daniil Harms's peculiarly normative poetics. Attention is paid to the domineering factor of the writer's work -the category of zaum, on the basis of which the characters' world is built. The author-character-reader relationships are extremely specific. Harms's works are filled with phantasmagoria and destruction, both in terms of phonetic-graphic, lexical-semantic, and situational aspects. Through desemantization, illogism and absurdity of everything and everyone, Harms brings his character and the world around him to liberation from the "mundane husk" and closer to God, to selfknowledge. Deconstruction (destruction), which characterizes an abstruse text, is the basic principle of Daniil Harms's texts. Harms's striving for zaum at the language level is reflected, in particular, in the use of onomastic vocabulary, anthroponyms, a large number of neologisms (even within the same text), semantic and syntactic nonsense, spelling and punctuation deviations; at the level of plotit is the use of completely ridiculous situations, caricature and de-individualization. In Harms's works, all sorts of deviations from linguistic norms and rules do not destroy the text, do not lead to the system destruction, but reveal the creative potential of the linguistic artist.
The material of the article, according to the author, gives reason to believe that the well-known modern linguistic processes, which are perceived as harmful and destructive (and have been characterized as damage, destruction, impoverishment, degradation and even deathof the Russian language for 30 years), occur on the periphery lexical system without affecting its core. The lexical core, in terms of conceptualization of the world, corresponding to the center of the linguistic picture of the world, remains stable and comprises the linguistic standard that is based on linguistic traditions and norms.
Solidarity is a concept that has been applied only sparsely in the discussion of cosmopolitan justice so far.1 If it is applied to the cosmopolitan sphere, then it has been mostly understood as “as a relationship among individuals or among groups or associations. In this use, people are understood as potentially feeling solidarity with the suffering of others or as standing with them in their struggles.”2 The concept of solidarity has also not seen much attention in the discussion of migration justice, both immigration and emigration. Yet thinking about refugees and thinking about solidarity allows to link the international and the domestic debates since asylum-seekers who ask for refuge transcend the international—national divide. Refugees, in other words, are an excellent test case to evaluate different conceptions of solidarity in political philosophy. In this paper, I want to do two things: first, I want to investigate what account of solidarity can plausibly explain any obligations toward refugees. In liberal-egalitarian writing, solidarity has often been motivated to support the social welfare state—it becomes then one of the necessities of that state.3 I will juxtapose the definition of solidarity as social solidarity supported by David Miller, for instance, to that of political solidarity. This conceptualization has recently been proposed by Avery Kolers.4 In Miller's view, the notion of a “duty of solidarity” refers to the particularistic duties that flow from what is shared, namely a national identity and common belonging to a group. Kolers, starts from the premise that linguistically, a duty of solidarity could also refer to the duty to engage in practices that create what is shared, that create the community among which solidarity can be demanded. To “stand in solidarity” is then the willingness to engage in certain practices of sharing or defining a solidaristic community. I argue that neither of these accounts of social and political solidarity quite captures the concept of solidarity. One of the important dimensions of the promise of asylum is the idea of providing for conditions of agency and autonomy among refugees. Thus, my starting point is the premise that all human beings have a basic need to stand in particularistic relationships with others, for their autonomy-based needs to be met. I then apply this understanding of solidarity to the case of refugees. The promise of refuge and asylum is not simply to provide shelter and protection against human rights violations, but also to provide those who ask for refuge with a new home and the basis of social membership. Agency and autonomy in the forms I construe them here demand that social needs are met. If these needs go unmet, I argue that the promise of asylum remains unfulfilled. I explain that social needs can be met in two different ways: first, through the (much discussed) aspect of social recognition within society; and second, through providing for the sources of self-respect within society. Assessing political solidarity from this perspective, I show that it provides a picture in which the particular is largely absent. Political solidarity in Kolers' account defines a general duty to provide people with what is needed for autonomy. Yet, what people need is a space of particular relationships in which the autonomous life can be built. I explain that political solidarity neglects the need for social relationships. In this respect, conceptualizing solidarity as a duty neglects the constructivist principle that we need to think about the particular person and their need when analyzing what moral equality requires. Put differently, political solidarity seemingly neglects the social context in which individuals are treated as equals. One way of treating individuals with equal respect is to assure that all have access to the means of self-respect. In contrast, when Miller speaks of a duty of solidarity, he provides a picture in which the particular forms the limit of the realm of our duties of solidarity. The people with whom we stand in solidarity are the only people to whom we have normative duties—apart from very thin humanitarian duties toward outsiders, as I will explain. Instead, I argue that we need an account of solidarity that neither ignores the need for particular relational spaces; nor makes the presence of those relationships the limit of our obligation. I call this associative solidarity.5 In part two of the paper, I examine what specifically the account of associative solidarity would demand. Many calls for solidarity with refugees seem to lack a prescription of what solidarity with refugees would provide for individual persons. My proposal of associative solidarity aims to address this lack. I suggest that refuge is the most appropriate site for a duty of solidarity, since refugees are by definition the most vulnerable to the annihilation of the social—they are persecuted by their states of origin, stripped of their social, political and civic rights and lack the protection of a state. We, therefore, have an obligation to stand in solidarity with individuals having suffered this loss, by creating particularistic bonds with them to meet their social needs. I argue that solidarity with refugees is a universal obligation of justice, namely to build what is particular. I end with an example to illustrate the content of a duty of solidarity toward refugees. The Canadian Refugee sponsorship regime implies that each refugee has a group of individuals or a family involved and preoccupied with their successful integration into the social fabric. Sponsors “provide financial support and settlement assistance for the refugees they sponsor, usually for one year after arrival.”6 The most immediate advantage of the system is that refugees have a social network upon arrival in the host society. They have a group of people who feel responsible for them, who share the task of finding housing, entertaining and introducing them to the ways of their new society, finding clothing and employment. As I will explain, the program illustrates what may constitute solidarity with refugees in light of the need to distribute access to relational goods fairly, and in light of the promise of asylum that includes providing access to the means of individual autonomy and agency. The relationship between refugees and members of the needs to be social or political accounts of solidarity can or so I account of the basis and of social solidarity or solidarity within has been proposed by David Miller who it in about national identity and of Miller's account of social solidarity is motivated by the that states need to have the social conditions in to support within the context of the welfare state. this the social solidarity solidarity is to the that individuals with their a feeling only within the context of a national Miller that we be of immigration that may the of our community for of what to of social In Miller about a to of he and that of only a common can provide the of solidarity that and social the of which be the of this to be successful the the and they one to with what the of to the the will usually have each person be that the others will this the of the host society, integration it allows to with that and to national identity as their that identity to their a national identity is a that can a to of social justice, and as a To be Miller that the and a national identity is This is to that national identity is civic that can and and to them that they are part of those who and the The community Miller has in in other words, is not my remains is to that Miller's of solidarity that the community has to be first, we can of solidarity. This is to that we do not a community through of solidarity but we share solidarity of our community. this solidarity within is a of a of of a or of integration into a solidarity from as a and In Miller's discussion of what we to he for that our for and which with obligations toward duties of we for our Miller's of the social solidarity makes two different that are in the context of my The is that of community are the basis for solidaristic The is that social solidarity is for social two are different in and in are not as as Miller I will the of which I to be a about the of solidarity. one could that is simply a between Miller's and my Miller could that we duties of solidarity to outsiders, that we have a of duties toward I have and Miller's this is important for my here is that Miller not of solidaristic obligations toward as Instead, our duties toward are their but they are not duties of solidarity. To this differently, we may linguistically, that we feel solidarity with of and the to are not to solidarity within a which is and In to Miller's account of solidarity as from a Avery that solidarity defines the community to which we have This is important since it allows for of the solidaristic group. defines account of solidarity as Thus, obligations are individual obligations to constitute the in of Solidarity is the for a not a group. of Kolers' account is the of that those who in solidarity have to in solidarity is to about what is to be and to those with whom in solidarity. To stand in solidarity then not that we need to with the of and by In to Miller's of social solidarity, to which solidarity of a political of solidarity not that we to social Instead, the political concept of solidarity that those we to what of we to To the example of who to the for a If a to be in solidarity with but into or the to to to This is we to solidarity as political One that a of be it is not to This is to that I to with a of it is not what my solidarity can I do not that is we have a particular idea what solidaristic I can to a to in my I do not with the of to Put differently, not of the and different can as of concept of solidarity is to in that solidarity a standing with others and a to with them, a certain understanding of the social of these others and a with Kolers, to argue for a concept of solidarity. In this duties of solidarity are in to others from to not individuals are in the of others or a group of others To this the duty of solidarity that defines with whom we stand in example may illustrate what has in that our to be in solidarity is that we want to the of those who lack equal access to to Kolers' the group with whom we stand in solidarity may who we to lack access to equal and or not these are or for we could that we are in solidarity with in our community we that they lack access to equal in an that and and that so as Yet when with of lack of access to equality of we may to our political the as the of and with This is we that standing in solidarity, a duty in Kolers' not the of the but only the content of the The content of the duty from the for with those who of in the instance, we could think that Miller and Kolers' accounts build upon each Miller the community from which of solidarity the content of the obligations of solidarity, a of Kolers' of solidarity as is a of the account of Miller's concept of solidarity. Yet could argue that is a of of duties of Miller's duties of social solidarity are then they do not with the of duties of solidarity that As I duties of social solidarity often with duties toward Miller not the of duties toward as duties of solidarity duties Kolers' account for the case of refugees. the link between solidarity and a idea of and moral respect the we would need the concept of solidarity in the we solidarity simply as the through which we our respect and moral for the welfare of it is not solidarity with refugees is Put differently, the account here the what moral the concept of solidarity as political solidarity can plausibly upon to stand in solidarity, could we not that we are upon to respect the equal moral of all human and that we to in with the duty that from this Put what solidarity to the I have Miller's account of social solidarity with account of political solidarity. I have Miller for feeling or social as of solidarity, and have with who for an account of solidarity and as I the political of solidarity to the what solidarity is I suggest is the aspect of Kolers' with political solidarity is that it neglects an important aspect of what it means to show equal moral respect to all in a I want to argue that the social aspect of solidarity needs to be in to individuals their moral the case of solidarity with refugees then means to and address social and of community that refugees To this the social conditions of individual autonomy and agency as important of an individual life the migration and refuge that individual agency and autonomy among but refugees in to be an important of and an important of asylum In the instance, this discussion is part of the definition of what the promise of asylum I that the promise of asylum includes the of a new the protection of human rights and access to social membership. of human rights are for to or the duty to their human rights to provide them with access to the of social, civic and political is as an it the to access the conditions of autonomy within the of Yet this promise to in the This needs of refugees have been to two and it has that the most way to provide rights is through not to be this to access to with particular the to and of regime which is in to the of autonomy of refugees has been to finding for regime which to refugees in and the of their is or the refugee or to to their has a regime which to and which the refugee refugee protection is not about for Refugee protection is to creating conditions of and which refugees to they to with is about not about the of and and point to the refugee namely to provide for the conditions of autonomy for those who have been persecuted in their home who have their human rights and who are a new In this view, the of protection to conditions of to as much as the conditions to individuals to the of they to One way of the of moral respect that is to that we need to provide with a new home and access to in their new that I do not to that refugees may not to to their of the to may be important way to individual autonomy as I have I simply to suggest that social in the of asylum in the of in the of is or not is an important of individual autonomy. may to this one I want to here is that the conditions of autonomy and agency that and argue for social membership. in need their social needs met in to be to have access to the means of autonomy and agency that the of asylum and The not refer to and social but to social of is a lack of for or human associative and can different The one is of that is and that refugees are from their can have their for autonomous of social may from the that those persecuted by their states of in an as Put differently, in the instance, asylum-seekers do not have the of nor that of members to the their asylum they are in ways from the of society. do not have the to their are as are their This is not to that asylum-seekers are and to by members of the host groups and it their to those to their are of and members of in have to of their asylum-seekers are not in the way that asylum-seekers that their asylum is and they are the way to within the society, may they access to the social that would their social, civic and political needs as Yet we can that a to their way into the of asylum that them from the of people and their new As refugees a particular of social namely social in the of of or or of community social to an often aspect of our in about solidarity, namely relational needs. needs are basic human needs in relationships are an important basic social need since they provide access to the basis of individual self-respect as I have the basis of self-respect as a that all to distribute through the of the states do not the promise of the equal moral of their to has two includes a of that of of is implies a in so as it is within to The of our in having a of life and finding our person and and by others who are and their To this differently, individuals will have access to the basis of self-respect they can engage in and and a life that they or as the conditions for autonomy and the for self-respect since it individual members the recognition by others as equal members of when social members of are not only recognition of their also individual members the to ask for since only members can demand One needs to be as a moral equal one can a for equal social relationships are important for the of individual autonomy. refers here to account of autonomy. to it is to into the means of autonomy as in the to community is then important it allows to as the person we would to as who we want to be and we to be by could that Kolers' political account of solidarity captures this social that that we a of to others, others as the they associative solidarity these of My account of associative solidarity that relational goods are part of what we to individuals as moral not only of the relationships but relational needs are part of the basic needs all individuals to have met. The point I to therefore, is that social is an important of individuals their moral the of having of needs met. Yet social is by the that from states as an as who is often as a of or as a to the host society, as who is as a or of are may refugees of a of belonging to the social fabric. The social to their to their new may have to the to be This may be the case as they are in the and be the way to equal through and we the link between the relational aspect of our and the basis for individual autonomy and for self-respect both and then the of social refugees is the lack of recognition and the of individual is then also when and of the of social relationships we can individual refugees do not have access to the basis of individual autonomy and agency. Yet this is what be the of refugee as I that we that social relationships most the of social context that is the basis of self-respect and provides the conditions for individual autonomy. I want to argue that the of social for refugees is One of the social are important in our of access to the goods of is the that social can goods that individuals their or and social are not only for individual autonomy and the basis of but relational also a of of that be in an relational is their the relationship for their and As defines them, are goods that are through and within relationships or are of certain and most for the proposed relational in the relationships and that and The of social and social that refugees are from this of They are from in the of relational and from my the relational as community can be through we need to of the social that the and of relational between the to access relational and the social and that provide those the can be a the are To we social groups to members of society, or them as members in we can that all members of have equal access to the that the and for relational society. we much self-respect a person we can has access to the social of and it is these social that to as and social that the to into with others, they have to meet other people in a way that the of or and relational and much autonomy people have to their of would be of of and those of and and those of the we think about relational from the of associative In a instance, we could argue that providing for equal access to the of that social may be part of a political account of solidarity. that I Kolers' account as a account of solidarity, which we have duties of solidarity could that of social is a to stand in solidarity with refugees. what is about Kolers' account is that he it to be the members of the solidaristic group are by standing could we support the of social in a that is not in for or and which the social group through I that Kolers' account of political solidarity not the of social that is the moral for refugees. As I Kolers' account of the duty to solidarity with whom we stand in solidarity but it not to the content of the In other words, it social as part of what we to refugees. Miller's account of social solidarity as the to social justice goods may be in this Miller the idea of community as the of solidaristic and as a in individual The here since social solidarity from a community. This is for all those who want to the community as refugees. to my point of I want to the what it would to stand in solidarity with refugees we that access to the basis of self-respect is an important that states I have access to this as social This is to that states assure that conditions are in to access relational goods for all those in their is important to the between providing relational and providing the conditions to access relational As I in my discussion of states can not provide for relational goods they can into that distribute them, and assure that access to these is equal to I motivated this with the that social a social that be among all members of society, among new as refugees. social provide for the of social recognition that individuals need to be to and their idea and of the This is the basis of individual self-respect as a of is also the that need to Thus, states need to a way to provide individual refugees with access to the and social This is the of associative solidarity. I it to that from the of associative solidarity, of are not The aspect is the lack of for Many asylum-seekers in for not for the of their very in the host society, often in from the of and often to The as a to meet social needs is This is not to that in the provides relational goods since who are may lack them the of the the to access relational access that is one is from it of the of their that a asylum-seekers in the social relationships that would be important in and a new home for of having their for asylum and having to that refugees have social relationships and to this may simply be what would solidarity with refugees asylum be so that individuals and in to access to the of the those who to be from of that asylum-seekers have access to are and associative To be could argue that asylum-seekers very often have associative with other asylum-seekers and relational needs could be met through these could that of the relational needs that I to be basic needs. Yet this the of social who social are not simply or but they are to with other members of society. To with other individuals who access to the in not provide for the of community that recognition and the of self-respect. my of the that asylum-seekers have to that to be only as of or to be in their for to be as and so Thus, is an important part of social it not be the only and associative for asylum-seekers since it often them with others who to with those whom they to and refugees also of within the state. Many states for asylum-seekers and as settlement or to to their having to to or in asylum may seem for or a of among different of Yet limit the of social relationships that individuals may to In the I to the example of the Canadian Refugee sponsorship system to illustrate the of a solidaristic of asylum may demand. The Canadian Refugee sponsorship regime can as an example to think about what as solidarity with refugees in light of the need to distribute access to relational goods fairly, and in light of the promise of asylum that includes providing access to the means of individual autonomy and agency. As I the program implies that each refugee has a group of individuals or a family involved and preoccupied with their successful integration into the social fabric. the provide access to the of the and to those of society. provide access to social that may provide for of the individual of social it not seem to that are motivated to by an idea of social solidarity in Miller's Instead, may be motivated by of political solidarity as Sponsors to show moral respect to they to others their moral and to the of a new and their their to may constitute a new solidaristic community. Yet to provide refugees with a new the particular relationships that autonomy and agency have to be into a account of solidarity. In other words, refugees need associative solidarity. I to what it would to stand in solidarity with refugees. I what I call a of associative solidarity that to the cosmopolitan refugees. This in to the social solidarity that a national and community and the political account of solidarity proposed by Avery Kolers, which a duty to stand in solidarity with those who I both in important social solidarity not explain the of cosmopolitan as who want to a community can from solidaristic the political account of solidarity to of the relational of a In to my I show that we it to refugees to social and to social needs. To this I what is to refugees in the context of individual autonomy and agency. One of the important dimensions of the promise of asylum is the idea of providing for conditions of agency and autonomy among refugees. Agency and autonomy in the forms I construe them here demand that the social needs of individual refugees can be met. The promise of refuge and asylum is not simply to provide shelter and protection against human rights violations, but also to provide those who ask for refuge with a new home and the basis of social membership. Thus, I have that need to conditions which individuals can have access to relational I have that relational goods provide access to social access to social is then is In this is one of the we can from the political account of having equal access to social goods is one of the duty of of this have been the in the the the of the of the of and the and the Many are to all in these in particular to and who have access and by is a for for
1. Introduction One of the grounds of changing contemporary literature in Iran is translation or interpretation of foreign literary works which studying that can express the necessities, the creativities and the harms of this category well. Sometimes Contemporary poets have conformed or idiomatically domesticated the component parts of original context to literary and cultural requirements of Persian speaking community by displacing, increasing and decreasing them. The present article is based on expressing domestication methods in moving from "extra - system" (original context) to "system" (target context) and understanding the poets success or unsuccess in translating foreign literary works to Persian poem according to Yuri Lotman's theory and here we just study poetic translations of an fable entitled "The Fox and the Crow" by Lafontaine as example. 2. Methodology This research has been performed by a descriptive method and content analysis & the relationship quality among the culture elements with the context and extra – context background of the original work compared to its translations has been expressed by Lotman's semiotic theory of culture. It has been tried to show the creativities and deficiencies of the new texts against the original text while referring to different methods and ways of domestication and brief comparison of contemporary poets translations from "The Crow and the Fox" story by Lafontaine. 3. Discussion Nasim Shomal, Iraj Mirza, Nayyere Saeidi and Habib Yaghmayi have versified "The Crow and Fox" story chronologically. These versifiers mainly aim to put unfamiliar culture elements in native culture forms according to the present times aesthetics culture. Iranian culture system hasn't accepted the entered content from extra – system in the same existing form and has made it similar to fixed norms of its memory and since literal type of the source text is didactic and adjustable with those norms has organized system and traditional poem form because traditional form is an element that has been located in the center of semiospher of Iran's literal culture and any disagreement with that has been considered a riot. The reality of focusing on the type of expression is the result of a one – to – one correlation between the level of expression and content and the effect of expression on content (Lotman & Ospenski, 1390: 52). Decreasing, increasing, changing & moving that these poets have performed, show socio cultural features of that age and any way in most cases in order to guarantee the necessary consistency, are directly associated with the orientation to the past; for example, Iraj Mirza has changed a western story in to the form of classic Persian poems by choosing traditional measure and form, using ancient words and grammar and direct conclusion at the end of poetry. This approach can be considered one of the harms of domestication; because translation that is a means to introduce new ideas and methods will become a tool for maintaining traditional taste. Certainly in these versified translations, didactic &critical aspect has been dominated the satire aspect of the original work. Iraj Mirza has made the text critical by changing the symbol (salamander instead of phoenix) and Nasim Shomal has changed not only the tone & style of a foreign work, but also its direction and aim and has created a text with his own intended critical purpose by decreasing and increasing the elements, lexical reviews and speeding up the language. Nasim Shomal poem it at the service of society not ethics and it can be said that the intended meanings of the original author have been dominated by the author's ideas and beliefs and the target language words. In Nayyere Saeidi's poem Intertextuality & musical and Gnostic terms and word selection related to Iran's culture sign system have made the text strong but insisting on bringing same synonyms in the manner of some ancient Persian works has added redundancies to his poem. We can also observe encountering two different cultures in La Fontaine and Nayyere Saeidi's treatment with fox trickery and flattery. Each of them considers himself far from this forbidden phenomenon by a different method; La Fontaine does that by mock in and scorning and Iranian poet by adding adjectives that can be interpreted ethically and permit a connection with the focus of Iranian traditions. Habib Yaghmayi has selected fluent words in his translation and cared about the intimacy of poem language and word flexibility phonetically. Although Yaghmayi tries to define every innovation in terms of traditional Persian literature, language naturalness along with the application of old word makes his poem like a city in which old buildings are next to new buildings These applications are an effort for transferring language from "diachronic" limitation to "synchronic" range; also the existence of movement and cinematic pictures have shown his work newer and more modern. In Yaghmayi's method, the present traditional relationship between expression and content that can be seen in other translations of the story, is not known as the only possible relationship; although this works expression affects content more than other translations. The expression type is not naturalized except in some rare examples and utilizes dramatic art. This method of extra – system has been absorbed and the poet invalidates the last translations of this story by a new movement with creativity so that Habib Yaghmayi's poem is replaced by Iraj Mirza work in textbooks. Reticence and word choice or selectivity in words has also been from old & bright favorite traditions of Iranian and is located in the center of semiospher & the texts which have had this feature like Yaghmayi translation, have had the most life & longevity in Iranian culture. This work is the only translation which has become strong in dispute with other systems and domestication in interaction with creative methods of imagery has resulted in its richness; since besides employing the elements of culture which are located in the center of semiospher, hasn’t paid any attention to the marginal elements of the culture which are being forgotten. His way of expression is a combination of modernity & tradition. Yaghmayi has used Nezami's poem that itself is very organized and its mixture with the original text has created a more valuable text. To compare the ways of addressing "The Crow and the Fox" story by the translators shows gradual development of domestication & poets interaction in moving from extra – system to system. 4. Conclusion The results of the study show that the poets have conformed the texts with literal traditions and Islamic – Iranian culture symbols in this process and this domestication has been performed in three systems including lingual, literal and mental in images, thoughts, expression methods and language processes. Decreasing, increasing, changing and moving that these poets have performed, express social and cultural features of its own age. Adding measure& rhyme has been performed for preserving the spirit of Persian classical poetry and its traditional form and didactic and critical aspect has been dominated the satire aspect of the original work. In versified translation of Habib Yaghmayi, the movement and Cinematic pictures and language simplicity and intimacy have shown the work newer and more modern. This work is the only translation that has become strong in dispute with other systems and domestication in interaction with creative methods of imagery has resulted in its richness Yaghmayi poetry has more validity & stability in the memory of the culture of Iranian society; since besides employing the elements of culture which are located in the center of semiospher, has paid no attention to marginal elements of culture which are being forgotten. His expression style is a combination of modernity & tradition. His imajic &dramatic expression has been observed from extra – system & has combined traditional values located in the center of culture system with that. Also analyzing domestication techniques & aesthetics elements in this research show that the poetries have become more complete in order of composition time & Habib Yaghmayi translation is the result of the perfection of poetry language towards more brevity. It seems that at the rest of this research direction, we can also address analyzing domestication in the story works obtained from translation.
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This article presents a series of recent studies on the mistakes and difficulties - leading to mistakes - that are manifested at every linguistic level: phonetic, morphologic, syntactic, lexical and semantic. Among the studies described here, there are dictionaries as well as other books written in a form resembling dictionaries to a greater or lesser extent, which discuss different aspects of standard language. The main section dedicated to these studies is preceded by a short overview presenting the preoccupations for the standardization of Romanian. The overview implicitly refers to aspects that facilitate understanding the relation between norm and deviation from the norm, language dynamics and the norm itself.
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In this paper, we describe the ADAPT submission to the Surface Realization Shared Task 2020. We present a neural-based system trained on the English Web Treebank and an augmented dataset, automatically created from existing text corpora.