Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
This article examines the nature of speech units and their communicative-pragmatic features in contemporary linguistic research. The study analyzes how lexical, syntactic, and discourse-level units function in real communication, with particular attention to their pragmatic meanings, speaker intentions, and contextual interpretations. Through descriptive and comparative methods, the research identifies the factors that shape the communicative value of speech units in various interactional settings. The findings highlight that speech units acquire pragmatic force through context, social norms, and communicative goals, illustrating the dynamic relationship between linguistic form and communicative function
Academic writing in EFL contexts remains challenging due to simultaneous demands on content, grammar, vocabulary, and rhetoric. While translanguaging—the dynamic use of multiple languages—has gained attention as a meaning-making resource, its application and limitations in university-level argumentative writing in Indonesia are under-explored. This descriptive qualitative study involved 28 third-semester English Education students at the University of Mataram enrolled in an Argumentative Writing course. Data were collected through classroom observations (three sessions), questionnaires (N=28), and semi-structured interviews (n=5), then analyzed using thematic analysis with triangulation. Students frequently employed translanguaging across writing stages: bilingual reading, mixed-language discussion, L1 idea generation and drafting, tool-assisted translation, and revision. Twenty-six students wrote initial drafts in Bahasa Indonesia before translating. However, they reported difficulties in idea transfer, producing natural English sentences, lexical equivalence, and maintaining focus during language switching. Translanguaging facilitated idea development and reduced writing anxiety but posed cognitive and linguistic challenges in achieving academic English norms. Findings support a shift toward pedagogies that strategically integrate students’ full linguistic repertoires while providing targeted support for L2 accuracy.
ABSTRACT Translating local research into English as a lingua franca (ELF) connects local scholarship with global readership, but this process remains constrained by language barriers. Large language models (LLMs) offer advanced accessible solutions, but their responsible integration into academic translation requires a deeper understanding of the linguistic profiles they produce. To address this gap, this corpus‐based study quantitatively evaluates three linguistic dimensions of research article abstracts (RAAs), i.e., lexical complexity, syntactic complexity, and cohesive features, that can influence knowledge dissemination of research articles. Using Chinese‐to‐English RAAs from soft and hard disciplines, we compare translations by two LLMs (LLMTs), GPT‐4o and DeepSeek‐V3, against their corresponding de facto languaging practice by human translators (HTs). Findings reveal that both LLMTs consistently produce higher lexical complexity through varied and sophisticated vocabulary beyond academic stylistic norms but feature lower syntactic complexity with less subordination, reduced phrasal complexity, and weaker cohesive strength. HTs, however, balance lower lexical complexity with higher syntactic complexity and stronger cohesive ties. These findings highlight the communicative affordances and constraints of LLM‐mediated academic translation, offering practical and pedagogical insights for English for Academic Purposes practitioners, academic translators, and non‐anglophone scholars in ELF academic contexts.
Diglossia is a common linguistic phenomenon in Arabic in all aspects of communication including proverbs. This paper examines how diglossia affects the translation of Arabic diglossic proverbs into English, taking Saudi vernacular as an example. The study adopts a descriptive analytical approach. Five (5) professional translators from five (5) Arab countries (Saudi, Yemeni, Egyptian, Syrian and Sudanese) were hired to respond and comment on thirty-six (36) carefully selected Saudi proverbs into English. The proverbs were categorised into six groups: lexical diglossia, morphological / phonological variation, code-mixing (code-switching), semantic / pragmatic contrast, frequency and cultural relevance, and formality-informality tension. The analysis is based on the views of Nida (formal and dynamic equivalence), Baker (pragmatic strategies) and Toury (translation norms). The findings show several facets of diglossia in translation. Translators closer to the Saudi context tended to prioritise adequacy and cultural specificity whereas others favoured target text acceptability and communicative clarity. Dynamic equivalence predominated for secular pragmatic proverbs while formal correspondence was preferred for religious and morally solemn items. Baker's pragmatic model proved to be useful in the analysis of translators' choices regarding implied meanings and translation shifts. Toury’s framework explained how initial, preliminary and operational norms guided translators’ choices. The study findings are valuable to translators, linguists, educationists, and cultural studies scholars.
As of 2025, more than 5.2 billion people in the world use social media, which is about 63.9% of the world’s population, with a growth rate of 4.1% over the past 12 months. The most popular platforms are Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, Twitter, and WhatsApp. The average time spent on social media is about 2 hours and 26 minutes per day, and the average user has access to seven different platforms. Speech on social media is based on the same language norms (lexical, spelling, grammar, syntax) as live speech. The purpose of the article is to provide an extended analysis of lexical innovations in the language space under the influence of social media and digital communication tools. The object of this study is the modern vocabulary of several languages used within social platforms (Twitter, TikTok, Facebook, Instagram). Particular attention is paid to modern English, which is the most widespread language in communication practice – approximately 1.5 billion people speak English, and 52% of the world’s most popular websites contain English-language content. The article uses scientific and linguistic analysis to investigate the peculiarities of the transformative impact of social media communication on language at all structural and functional levels: lexical, phonetic, grammatical, syntactic and graphic. The article analyzes the characteristic lexical changes by groups – memes, neologisms, abbreviations and acronyms, phraseological units, hashtags. The functions of different categories of lexical innovations of social networks are determined, in particular: hashtags form the basis for unimpeded communication in an intercultural context, neologisms are means of constructing the identity of certain social groups, memes have the functionality of entertainment and information, disseminating precedent information in the format of textual and graphic expression. The negative aspects of the impact of social networks on language are identified: excessive simplification of language and loss of its individual nuances, the emergence of inaccuracies and grammatical errors due to the spontaneous nature of communication on social networks, as well as potential negative consequences for mental health. The study proves that the modern space of innovative language practices reflects new concepts of social media communication culture, interactive upgrading and visualization, which transforms religious and cultural aspects and promotes sustainable language changes.
The given article dwells on the word-formation processes involving somatic vocabulary (words denoting body parts) in the poetic works of the renowned 14th-century Tajik-Persian poet Kamol Khujandi. The study identifies and analyzes the morphological, syntactic-morphological, and lexical-semantic methods employed by the poet to create derivative and compound words from somatisms such as dil (heart), dast (hand), chashm (eye), jon (soul), and others. The research reveals that somatisms function as highly productive bases for word formation in Khujandi’s poetry, with the word dil appearing 278 times in derivative and compound structures. The poet utilizes prefixes (particularly be-), suffixes (-a, -ī, -goh), and combinatorial methods to create new lexical units that often acquire metaphorical meanings beyond their physiological references. These word-formation patterns reflect both the linguistic norms of Classical Persian-Tajik and the poet’s individual stylistic innovations. The findings contribute to the understanding of historical word-formation processes in Tajik and Persian linguistics and highlight the role of somatic vocabulary in poetic expression.
This study examines the functional-semantic characteristics of the kinship terms “brother-in-law” in English and “qaynogʻa/qayni” in Uzbek from a comparative linguistic perspective. The research analyzes the morphological structure, etymology, and semantic scope of the English compound noun brother-in-law, highlighting its analytic and endocentric structure and its historical development from legal terminology derived from the Latin affinis. Particular attention is given to the polysemous nature of the term in English, which encompasses several affinal kinship relations and relies heavily on contextual clarification. In contrast, the Uzbek language employs a lexically differentiated system of kinship terminology, where distinct terms such as qayniuka, qayniaka, and kuyov precisely denote specific marital relations. The study also explores functional-semantic microsystems within both languages, demonstrating how Uzbek kinship terminology reflects a more detailed hierarchical and cultural structure. The findings reveal that while English kinship terminology tends toward semantic generalization and contextual interpretation, Uzbek demonstrates a highly differentiated lexical system that encodes social roles, generational relations, and cultural norms.
The mediatisation of politics is a sustainable trend in the development of modern information and communication space and is implemented, inter alia, through the system of communication of government and society, political actors, institutions and media. In the Spanish-language media, which combines elements of several semiotic systems, journalists implicitly ridicule politicians or socio-political phenomena, deliberately violating the linguistic norm and creating the effect of deceived expectations at the expense of lexical-semantic and graphical transformations of verbal and graphic precedent phenomena by replacing or adding lexical and/or graphic components, homonymic word play, as well as creating neologisms by combining precedent names for the naming of phenomena not previously existing in Hispanic linguistics.
The article presents a critical analysis of the curriculum for the discipline “Foreign Oriental Language (Chinese Language)” designed for the bachelor’s degree program No. 60230100 — Philology and Language Teaching (Oriental Languages), implemented at the Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies (2024). The relevance of the study is determined by the growing need to rethink the content of Chinese language education in the context of expanding intercultural contacts and the increasing role of the language as a means of professional, academic, and intercultural interaction. The author aims to determine the extent to which the principles of the cognitive- discursive approach and components of intercultural communication are implemented in the analyzed curriculum, as well as to identify priority areas for its further methodological and content-related improvement. The study employs methods of analysis of normative and methodological documentation, content analysis of instructional materials, and comparison of educational objectives with the declared learning outcomes. The curriculum is generally oriented toward the step-by-step formation of language competencies at levels A1–C1 and includes lexical-grammatical, analytical, and research elements that ensure the development of the main types of speech activity. At the same time, the article demonstrates that these elements are predominantly aimed at developing formal linguistic skills and do not sufficiently contribute to the development of discursive competence, cognitive strategies of meaning comprehension, and cognitive-analytical and interpretative strategies of working with texts. According to the author, the intercultural component of the curriculum is presented fragmentarily and is not formulated as an independent learning objective: there is no systematic work with culturally marked discourses, and skills of comparing communicative norms, reflection, and adaptation to intercultural differences are not developed. In conclusion, the necessity of transitioning from a predominantly language- centered model of instruction to a cognitive-discursive and intercultural paradigm is substantiated, aimed at forming foreign-language consciousness and preparing students for effective communication in a multilingual and multicultural environment
The article is devoted to the study of glossaries as a specific paratextual form that provides interpretative foundations for the study of constructed languages in works of fiction. Based on the novel and graphic novel Watership Down by R. Adams, the article analyzes the lexical and grammatical features and functional principles of the Lapin language, which marks the animal-centered narrative. A review of heterogeneous approaches to the conceptualization of artificial languages in linguistic, literary, and translation studies is provided. The scientific research distinguishes between the terms conlang and artlang. Following J. R. R. Tolkien, the fundamental aspects of language creation are presented. The scope of the novel is outlined from the perspective of the genealogy of narrative works. An etymological analysis of the taxonomy “Lapinsky” is conducted, which directly reflects the unity of the composition of the literary work and the proposed language system. The artlang glossary is examined in terms of the constitutive factors of language, taking into account R. Jakobson's systematics. Using the method of continuous sampling of factual material, as well as descriptive and inductive methods, a lexical-grammatical analysis of the linguistic means of the specified art language was carried out. Particular attention is paid to the study of the derivational models of the Lyapinsky construct, which contributes to a deeper understanding of the linguistic potential. The results of the study confirm the importance of reproducing the glossary as a paratextual integrity that forms a correlative pair with the main text and contributes to preserving the sense of unevenness of the textual fabric, making it possible to avoid explication or generalization through the use of the technique of alienation. At the same time, a number of paratextual shifts and paratranslation decisions in the Ukrainian versions of the work are highlighted, in particular, the subordination of art language lexical units to the norms of the target language is traced, and inaccuracies in the representation of honorifics, etc., are emphasized. The study deepens the study of translation strategies in the context of reproducing artificial languages and justifies the glossary as a legitimate way of preserving the linguistic features of the original in the target culture.
The article is devoted to the linguacultural analysis of key concepts in the work "Words of Edification" by Abai Kunanbayev - a fundamental text of the Kazakh spiritual culture. The study is aimed at identifying concepts that form the core of the Kazakh linguistic picture of the world, such as akyl (reason), iman (faith), adam (man), kairat (will), gylym (knowledge), namys (dignity), kanagat (moderation) and others. These concepts are considered not only as lexical units, but also as carriers of mental, ethical and cultural meanings.The methodological basis of the study includes conceptual, contextual, comparative and semiotic analysis, as well as the principles of cognitive linguistics and the lexical-semantic approach. Particular attention is paid to the issue of interpreting concepts when translating from Kazakh into Russian, which allows us to identify losses, distortions or rethinking of meanings. The analyzed translations (A. Semenova, L. Slovokhotova, M. Auezova) showed that such concepts as namys, iman and kanagat, when moving to another linguistic and cultural code, lose part of their pragmatic and axiological load.The author emphasizes that the "Words of Edification" represent a kind of "linguocultural code" of the Kazakh nation. They record a holistic system of values, reflecting the national worldview, norms of behavior, ethnic identity and educational guidelines.
This article states that in the formation of the norms of the Karakalpak literary language, especially the grammatical norm, not only units belonging to its own lexical layer, but also words imported from abroad, are of certain importance. At the same time, it is noted that it is very difficult to determine the linguistic source of a word and that a certain lexical unit has several connections with different languages, that is, the unit can be borrowed from the Karakalpak language through an intermediary language.
This article explores the conceptualization of the emotion anger (referred to as “g‘azab” in Uzbek) within the worldview of diverse linguistic systems, drawing on conceptual metaphor theory and conceptual metonymy theory. Through a comparative analysis of metaphorical and metonymic models in typologically varied languages (primarily English, Uzbek, and Russian), the study identifies near-universal patterns rooted in embodied physiological experiences—such as anger is heat, anger is pressure, anger is fire, and anger is an opponent—while highlighting culture- and language-specific variations in salience, elaboration, and additional mappings. The research employs corpus-based and lexical approaches to examine linguistic expressions, idioms, and proverbs, demonstrating how embodied universality interacts with cultural norms, social values, and contextual factors to shape folk models of anger.
Linguistic negation has been described as a natural foregrounding device, with some researchers noting that foregrounding with negators is not always marked grammatically, but also semantically or through textual effect. However, most studies focus on the use of sentential negation (e.g., not, no ), whereas other expressions of negation, such as affixal negation, remain understudied. Recent research indicates that affixal negation is used by speakers to convey a variety of opposite meanings, often in creative and subtle ways. This study is a systematic investigation of the use of negative affixes in an oppositional discourse, namely discourse on race in the USA. The dataset is a specialized corpus, The Corpus of the Non-Fictional Writings by Ta-Nehisi Coates (COCO) (468,899 words, 1996–2018). Methodologically, the study combines corpus linguistic techniques with co(n)textual discourse analysis. The results show that affixal negation in COCO, particularly with the prefixes un-, non- and anti-, is used by Coates to disrupt patterns of collocations, fixed expressions or phrases, producing either lexically or semantically deviant instances. Thus, affixal negation has a foregrounding effect and a potential to introduce evaluative clashes in a discourse. The findings, examined through the lens of linguistic creativity, indicate that Coates employs affixal negation to perform various functions: from explicit foregrounding (e.g., as attention-seeking devices) to a subtle critique of societal norms and established institutional order (e.g., renaming concepts to offer an alternative perspective on reality).
Antiracist corpora-collections of texts explicitly produced to challenge or oppose racismare generally assumed to be free of discriminatory or assimilationist logic. However, prior qualitative research suggests that even well-intentioned antiracist writing can inadvertently reproduce racist assumptions, particularly through appeals to cultural assimilation that center majority norms. This study proposes a computational approach to systematically detect such hidden discourse. Using a combination of keyword analysis, sentiment classification, and contextual word embedding models (e.g., word2vec or BERT), the method scans antiracist texts for lexical and semantic patterns commonly associated with racial discrimination and assimilationist pressure. The objective is to identify statistical anomalies, contradictory framings, and implicit biases that escape manual reading. Findings from this computational analysis could inform best practices for antiracist writing, editorial review, and corpus curation.
Prompts used to elicit film interpretations, evaluate Italian essays for conspiratorial content, translate the conspiracy dictionary, generate syntactic complexity corpora, and extract lexical sophistication norms; complete list of Italian dictionary terms used for lexical conspiracism assessment; alternative three-dimensional prompt for evaluating conspiratorial content with correlation matrix comparing metrics; moderated regression analyses examining whether textual quality affects conspiracy content detection; correlation matrices between conspiracy-related variables and narcissism and attachment style measures for Studies 1 and 2; and correlation coefficients between conspiracism, conspiratorial content, and LIWC dictionaries.
The phenomenon of lexical borrowing plays a central role in the evolution of languages, reflecting cultural interaction, globalization, and social development. Both modern English and Uzbek have adopted a significant number of foreign lexical items, many of which undergo notable semantic changes after being integrated into the recipient language. This study investigates the patterns and mechanisms of semantic shifts in English and Uzbek loanwords, with particular emphasis on processes such as semantic narrowing, semantic broadening, amelioration, and pejoration. Examples drawn from literary works, media sources, and academic texts demonstrate how borrowed words adapt to local linguistic and cultural contexts. The analysis reveals that English loanwords generally preserve their original meanings due to global standardization, whereas Uzbek loanwords often experience substantial semantic modification influenced by local usage, social factors, and cultural norms. This research provides insight into the dynamic nature of lexical borrowing and its role in language development.
This study examines the pragmatic and discursive roles of linguocultural realia in translation, moving beyond their traditional interpretation as purely referential units. These culturally embedded lexical items not only denote specific concepts but also shape discourse, express social identity, and convey cultural norms. The study aims to analyze how these functions are preserved or transformed in English–Uzbek translation. A qualitative comparative approach is applied, based on selected literary examples. The findings show that while referential meaning is often retained, pragmatic and discursive functions frequently change, leading to shifts in tone, characterization, and perspective. These transformations are influenced by strategies such as adaptation, generalization, and substitution.
This article presents a linguocultural analysis of the prose works of O‘tkir Hoshimov, focusing on the interaction between language and culture in literary discourse. The study aims to identify and interpret culturally marked linguistic units that reflect the national worldview and value system of the Uzbek people. The research material consists of selected novels and short stories that depict everyday life, social relations, and moral norms. The methodological framework is based on linguoculturology and integrates descriptive, contextual, conceptual, and interpretative methods. The results of the analysis reveal that culturally specific lexical units, phraseological expressions, proverbs, and metaphorical constructions play a central role in representing key cultural concepts such as family relations, respect for elders, social responsibility, patience, and humanity. These linguistic elements function as carriers of collective experience and cultural memory, ensuring the transmission of national values through literary language. The findings confirm that O‘tkir Hoshimov’s prose constitutes a coherent linguocultural system in which language serves not only as a means of artistic expression but also as a tool for preserving cultural identity. The study contributes to the development of linguocultural research in Uzbek literary studies and highlights the relevance of linguocultural analysis for interpreting national literary heritage.
This thesis examines the linguistic, semantic, and linguocultural features of expressing aesthetic evaluation in the Uzbek language. Aesthetic evaluation represents a subjective-objective attitude formed through the perception of reality, the understanding of beauty and ugliness, and the interpretation of human qualities. In Uzbek, aesthetic meanings are conveyed through various linguistic devices such as epithets, metaphors, proverbs, idioms, polysemantic words, and evaluative adjectives. The study analyzes aesthetic judgment in relation to physical appearance, inner qualities, morality, behavior, and cultural values. Using Uzbek folk proverbs, literary texts, and lexical materials, the article demonstrates the close connection between aesthetic evaluation, national worldview, aesthetic ideals, and socio-cultural norms. The research presents generalized scientific conclusions on how aesthetic evaluation is shaped in the Uzbek language and its role in the national aesthetic consciousness.
This record contains the complete set of experimental materials used in the study“Benchmarking AI acceptability and grammaticality in German: A study of ChatGPT and human judgments”. The materials are made available to ensure methodological transparency and to enable full replication of the experiment. They document the exact wording of all prompts, instructions and test items used in both the human and AI evaluation conditions. Contents of this record 1. Initial prompt presented to ChatGPT-4: A short readiness/consent prompt used before the task to establish participation and to standardize the response format. This prompt served as the entry point to the AI condition before the full instructions and the stimulus set were provided. 2. Instructions for participants (humans and ChatGPT-4): The complete introductory page of the survey, identical in content for human participants and for the AI condition. The instructions explain the task and the rating procedure for the acceptability judgment study. The participants were asked to evaluate how natural German sentences sound in everyday usage rather than judging them according to prescriptive grammatical rules. The ratings were collected on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (“very unnatural”) to 5 (“very natural”), with intermediate values (2–4) representing graded levels of acceptability. 3. Stimulus set: The dataset includes 60 contextualized German utterances, each embedded in a short discourse context designed to support interpretation while avoiding excessive pragmatic bias. The items are evenly distributed across five experimental conditions (12 items per condition): - G1 – Grey-zone items: constructions that are grammatically possible and attested, but often subject to variable acceptability judgments due to norm conflict, optionality, or stylistic markedness. - G2 – Grammatical controls: uncontroversially grammatical and pragmatically neutral sentences serving as a baseline condition. - G3 – Ungrammatical items: sentences containing categorical morphosyntactic violations (e.g., case, agreement, word order), embedded in coherent contexts to isolate grammatical deviance as the main source of unacceptability. - G4 – Diatopically marked items: regionally anchored lexical or morphosyntactic features close to colloquial standard German, designed to probe sensitivity to geographic variation and standard-language expectations. - G5 – Diastratically marked items: socially and register-marked utterances, including both contextually appropriate and inappropriate uses, targeting the role of sociopragmatic fit in acceptability judgments. Purpose and scope These materials were used in a comparative design involving: (a) native speakers of German; (b) ChatGPT-4 as the AI evaluation condition, with identical task instructions and rating scales in both cases. By providing the exact prompts, instructions and full stimulus inventory, this record allows other researchers to: - reproduce the experimental procedure, - test the materials with different participant populations or with different versions of large language models, - conduct follow-up analyses on acceptability, grammaticality, variation and register sensitivity. The materials are published for replication, methodological inspection and reuse in future research on linguistic judgment tasks involving both human speakers and large language models.
This study aims to explore the lexical system of Nasi Hadap-hadapan as a linguistic representation of local wisdom within the Langkat Malay community. Grounded in the framework of culinary language relativity, the research adopts an integrated linguistic and anthropological approach to reveal how language encodes cultural knowledge. Linguistic analysis was employed to identify and systematically document Malay culinary lexicons, while anthropolinguistic methods were used to organize these lexical items into cultural realms and domains. The findings indicate that the Nasi Hadap-hadapan tradition encompasses 58 distinct lexicons, which are classified into three main categories: 34 lexicons denoting types of dishes, 13 lexicons referring to food-processing techniques, and 11 lexicons associated with culinary tools. Further analysis across realms and domains demonstrates that these lexicons are not merely nominative linguistic units but function as symbolic expressions of cultural meaning. Collectively, they reflect the worldview of the Langkat Malay community, as manifested in shared attitudes, behavioral patterns, and socially sanctioned values and norms. In this way, the lexicon of Nasi Hadap-hadapan serves as a linguistic medium through which local wisdom is preserved, communicated, and reinforced within the community.
Official electronic letters, or formal e-mail messages, have become one of the most important forms of written communication in modern professional interaction. In such correspondence, terminological units play a central role because they ensure precision, brevity, logical organization, and genre-appropriate expression. This article examines the use of field-specific terminological units in official e-mail discourse across five major domains: business, education, law, diplomacy, and finance. The study shows that the lexical inventory of official correspondence differs depending on the communicative sphere and that each domain employs its own conventional terminology, formulaic expressions, and pragmatic patterns. The analysis also reveals an important contrast between English and Uzbek official electronic communication: English e-mails tend to be more concise, direct, and information-oriented, while Uzbek official e-mails often display a stronger tendency toward politeness, respect, and more detailed expression. At the same time, both languages rely on standard terminological and formulaic resources to maintain communicative efficiency and institutional correctness. The article concludes that the appropriate and norm-based use of terminological units enhances the communicative value of official e-mails and contributes to the standardization of professional written discourse.
“List as many words as you can that start with M.” The verbal fluency (VF) task is simple, yet even a typical university student only manages to produce about 15 words within one minute, and there is substantial variability around this mean. We examined which individual difference factors best predict this variability, focusing on the contributions of linguistic knowledge and domain-general skills. 571 young native Dutch speakers completed semantic (category) and phonemic (letter) VF tasks, along with an individual differences test battery. Linguistic knowledge was assessed through a composite of six tests measuring vocabulary, reading experience, and grammar knowledge, and compared to short-term/working memory, processing speed, and nonverbal reasoning. We assessed the VF trials for the total number of correct words as well as two temporal variables, the time to first response and a proxy for the time by which half of the responses had been produced. Mixed effects modeling showed that linguistic knowledge predicted the total number of correct responses in both semantic and phonemic VF. Short-term/working memory and processing speed were also significant predictors, but with smaller estimated effect sizes. The temporal variables showed little effect of linguistic skills. We discuss how linguistic knowledge shapes the structure of the mental lexicon such that it affects both meaning-driven and form-driven access to lexical items. Finally, we provide updated norms for VF performance in Dutch and practical suggestions for using the task.
This article examines the structural and semantic organization of advertising texts in Uzbek and English from a linguistic perspective. The study focuses on how advertising language functions not only as a means of providing information but also as a persuasive tool that influences consumer psychology and behavior. Special attention is given to semantic features such as denotative and connotative meanings, as well as Geoffrey Leech’s seven types of meaning: conceptual, connotative, social, affective, reflected, collocative, and thematic meaning. The research analyzes advertising slogans from different fields, including beverages, cosmetics, and clothing products, in order to identify the role of lexical choice, emotional coloring, stylistic devices, and gender-oriented language in advertising discourse. The article also compares the linguistic and cultural characteristics of Uzbek and English advertisements and demonstrates how advertising texts reflect social values, cultural norms, and consumer expectations. The findings show that advertising language is carefully structured to create emotional impact, attract attention, and increase the persuasive power of the message.
This article examines memes related to the Ukrainian language as universal information units in the online environment, as well as the special role of the Ukrainian language in the creation and functioning of virtual memes. The concept of the meme is defined and specified as an integral and coherent unit of Internet communication that has a standardized form and such characteristics as virality, replicability, emotionality, seriality, mimicry, minimalism of form, multimodality, relevance, humor, mediatization, and creativity. It is noted that most people understand a meme in a narrow sense—as an image, video, fragment of text, etc., which spreads rapidly from one Internet user to another, often with small modifications that make it humorous and highly popular. The article analyzes the patterns of emergence of Internet memes, the reasons for their popularity, and the peculiarities of their functioning online. It examines memes about the Ukrainian language related to the adoption of the 2019 orthographic reform; memes that vividly reflect lexical usage; as well as those connected to the observance of linguistic norms at the levels of morphology, syntax, punctuation, accentuation, and orthography. Contemporary modes of online communication have contributed to the significant spread of such memes on social networks such as Telegram and Facebook, and across the broader Google search environment. Ukrainian-language Internet memes are characterized as emotionally charged units of linguistic information whose source lies in multilevel elements of knowledge of the Ukrainian language. These memes are replicated and disseminated by Internet users in the form of text (inscriptions, captions) (textual), images or videos (visual), or a combination of text and iconic elements (drawings, photos, tables) (creolized or verbal-visual) in the process of communication. The Internet environment today is not only a sphere for the creation and consumption of informational products but also a space for satisfying the informational needs of the modern linguistic individual and for forming certain life orientations and values. Memes, as elements of online communication, harmonize perfectly with the individual needs of speakers and are flexible and adaptive.
This study examines how linguistic and stylistic features in Angela Manalang‑Gloria’s Revolt from Hymen function as discursive mechanisms for challenging patriarchal constructions of gender within Philippine society. Using a qualitative textual analysis approach grounded in postmodern feminist discourse analysis, the study employs inductive coding to identify recurrent linguistic patterns present in the poem. These include metaphorical constructions, lexical deviation, symbolic labeling, and syntactic fragmentation. The analysis demonstrates how these linguistic features operate as discursive strategies that recontextualize conventional representations of intimacy, purity, and relational expectations. Through semantic shifts and stylistic deviation, the poem encodes gendered identities and socio‑cultural norms within its lexical and syntactic structures. The findings highlight the role of poetic language in constructing and contesting dominant gender ideologies within literary discourse.
This article explores the linguistic and pragmatic aspects of describing character and personality traits in the English language. It analyzes lexical, grammatical, and stylistic means used to portray human character, as well as the pragmatic factors influencing meaning in different communicative contexts. The study highlights how language users select specific linguistic forms depending on social relations, intentions, and cultural norms. Through examples from spoken and written English, the article demonstrates the interaction between language structure and pragmatic meaning in character description.
Linguistic violence, such as insults, humiliations, and related forms, has been an integral part of human communication since time immemorial.The mechanisms underlying insults rest not only on the choice of lexical items but also on the speaker's intention.These components of linguistic violence are examined in the present article through the lens of speech act theory.On the basis of this theoretical framework, it is possible to identify invective linguistic behavior to a certain extent, which constitutes the focus of the presented research.The study investigates invectivity in spoken Czech, with its primary aim being to uncover the relationship between the semantic category of an expression, its function (vulgar versus invective use), and the socio-demographic characteristics of speakers (gender, age, and level of education).The results demonstrate that invectivity is neither a random nor a purely lexical phenomenon, but rather a pragmatically and socially structured process that reflects power relations, cultural norms, and gender stereotypes.By integrating the theoretical framework of speech act theory with empirical sociolinguistic analysis, the research shows that invectivity is a dynamic communicative phenomenon that transcends mere vulgarity; it functions as a tool for the linguistic construction of social hierarchies and cultural identity.
Linguistic transformations are deliberate changes in form that translators use to preserve meaning when direct equivalence is unavailable or unnatural. This article explains why transformations are necessary and how they function as meaning-maintenance tools at lexical, grammatical, and discourse levels. Drawing on classic taxonomies of procedures (e.g., transposition and modulation) and the concept of translation shifts, the paper proposes a practical framework for selecting transformations based on context, genre, and reader needs. Multiple short examples demonstrate how transformations prevent semantic loss, pragmatic distortion, and cohesion breakdown. The analysis shows that successful transformations are not “free translation,” but controlled operations guided by communicative purpose and target-language norms. The article concludes that transformation competence is a core indicator of professional translation quality and can be systematically taught and assessed.
Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for writing assistance in small contact languages, yet it is unclear whether they respect community norms around lexical borrowing and neology. We introduce LexNeo-Bench, a 3{,}050-instance token-level benchmark derived from LuxBorrow, a large-scale Luxembourgish news corpus, where target tokens are labelled as native or as French, German, or English borrowings. Using this benchmark, we probe three multilingual LLMs across 34 prompt settings on two tasks: borrowing type classification and a binary lexical-innovation proxy (borrowing versus native). Without external context, models perform only slightly above chance on borrowing classification, so we construct a linguistic knowledge graph that encodes donor language, morphological patterns, and lexical analogues, and inject instance-specific subgraphs into the prompt. Knowledge-graph prompts raise borrowing classification accuracy from 25 -- 35\% up to 71 -- 81\% and largely close the gap between small and large models, while leaving neology detection difficult and sensitive to few-shot design. Our results show that lexicon-aware prompting is highly beneficial for robust borrowing judgments in low-resource contact languages and that lexical resources can serve as structured context for LLM evaluation. This study was carried out within the ENEOLI COST Action and examines borrowing as a form of lexical innovation in multilingual Luxembourgish data.
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the sociolinguistic and pragmatic foundations of the concept of social distance. Social distance is interpreted as a system of relations between communicants determined by social status, age, gender, professional position, and cultural norms. The study identifies the mechanisms of expressing social distance at the lexical, grammatical, and pragmatic levels of the language system, as well as reveals their functional characteristics in the communicative process. Based on Uzbek language material, the linguocultural nature of social distance and its close connection with national mentality and norms of speech etiquette are substantiated.
This study explores the intercultural dimensions of academic and media communication through a discourse-analytical framework. In the context of globalization and rapid digital transformation, cross-cultural communication has become increasingly complex, necessitating a deeper understanding of linguistic, pragmatic, and sociocultural factors. The research examines how discourse practices differ between academic and media contexts under the influence of cultural norms, values, and communicative conventions. Employing qualitative discourse analysis, the study identifies key strategies such as rhetorical organization, lexical choices, and narrative structures in selected texts. The findings reveal that intercultural differences significantly shape both the production and interpretation of discourse, affecting argumentation patterns, levels of formality, and communicative intentions. The study concludes that enhancing intercultural competence and critical discourse awareness is essential for effective communication in a globalized world.
Official style has a significant function in administrative, legal, diplomatic, and institutional communication. This research explores the semantic, grammatical, and functional aspects of official style in English and Uzbek languages. Through comparative linguistic analysis, the study determines both similarities and differences in structural organization, lexical choice, and pragmatic features. The results reveal that both languages demonstrate common characteristics such as formality, accuracy, and standardization, while variations are observed in syntactic patterns, terminology, and cultural norms. This research enhances the understanding of official discourse from a cross-linguistic perspective.
This study investigates the women’s language features employed by Queen Charlotte in Queen Charlotte: A Bridgerton Story through Lakoff’s (1975) framework. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, the research examines the main character’s utterances throughout all episodes to identify the types and functions of linguistic features linked to women’s speech. The results show that Queen Charlotte uses eight of Lakoff’s ten features, including lexical hedges, tag questions, rising intonation, empty adjectives, intensifiers, hypercorrect grammar, avoidance of strong swear words, and emphatic stress. These features shed light on her complex persona as a woman balancing emotion, authority, and social expectations within the aristocratic world of the series. Nevertheless, the study finds no instances of Precise Color Terms or Superpolite Forms, indicating that Charlotte’s linguistic style differs from some stereotypical feminine norms due to her authoritative position. This research offers insight into the construction of gendered language in fictional discourse and serves as a reference for future studies on women’s language features in film and television.
Structured Abstract Objective Ambient artificial intelligence (AI) tools are increasingly adopted in clinical practices. This study investigated whether and how clinicians edit AI-generated drafts and the linguistic differences between AI drafts and clinician-finalized notes. Materials and Methods This retrospective study analyzed real-world data from ambulatory clinics at a large academic health system spanning two vendor deployments. We quantified clinicians’ editing behavior using the Myers diff algorithm to compare AI drafts and final documentation. We then applied statistical and linguistic analysis to study factors associated with the frequency/intensity of editing across note sections, turnaround time, clinician characteristics, and encounter types. Results Across 23,760 notes that included one or more ambient AI sections, 84.4% were edited by clinicians before signing off. While rates of unedited notes differed across note sections and care settings, the dominant source of variation was individual clinician practice style rather than specialty-level norms. Notes signed after 24 hours had lower overall edit intensity. The final versions showed small but statistically significant linguistic changes and exhibited slightly higher lexical diversity and modest changes in readability. Editing is most intensive in the assessment and plan section, and varies across specialties. Conclusion and Discussion A majority of AI-drafted clinical notes were edited by clinicians, although the editing rate varies across note sections, medical specialties, and individual clinicians. Future research is needed to further analyze this editing behavior to inform improvement in AI-assisted clinical documentation to achieve better documentation quality, efficiency, and clinician satisfaction.
The article examines the mechanisms of implementing paradoxicality in aphorisms of twentiethcentury American poetry. Paradoxicality holds a prominent place in contemporary studies, as it reflects not only the uniqueness of linguistic expression, but also the complexity of cognitive processes. As a significant object of linguistic analysis, it demonstrates the ability of languages to generate contradictory yet semantically rich statements, which challenge traditional norms and enhance the philosophical and cultural dimensions of poetic discourse.An endeavour is made to scrutinise aphorisms as one of the most effective means of verbalising paradoxicality, given that they are capable of producing new senses through semantic oppositions and the violation of habitual models and norms of lexical compatibility, creating a contrast between the expectedand the unexpected. Despite the fact that aphorisms have long attracted the attention of the scientific community and as a linguistic and cultural phenomenon have been studied by representatives of various scientific schools, a number of issues still require more detailed consideration. Paradoxicality as one of the defining features of aphoristic expressions is among such issues. It is precisely the paradoxical approach to comprehending phenomena and objects of the surrounding world that shapes the distinctiveness of the aphorism as a form of deep philosophical generalisation and verbalisation of human experiences. Due to their original and stunning content, aphorisms often transcend traditional criteria of truth and falsity. The material for the study encompasses the aphorisms selected from the works of twentieth-century American poetry. This literary corpus represents a valuable source of forms in which the authors’ individuality combines with universal cultural codes. Such expressions not only exhibit the intricate existential and philosophical ideas of their era, but also remain relevant in the twenty-first century, shaping our critical engagement with complex and multifaceted issues.
This article investigates national-cultural specificity in language and its impact on translation through a comparative analysis of English and Uzbek. National-cultural specificity is examined as a linguistic and cultural phenomenon that encodes a community’s worldview, social norms, and value systems in lexical choices, phraseology, and pragmatic conventionsThe article further explores the challenges these cultural differences pose for translation, including untranslatability, pragmatic mismatch, and semantic gaps, and discusses strategies such as borrowing, cultural substitution, explicitation, and adaptation to preserve meaning.
This article examines the role of dialectal lexis as a vital source for enriching the literary language, with a particular focus on the Uzbek linguistic tradition and comparable processes in other major languages. Dialects preserve lexical units that have been lost, marginalized, or never codified in the standard variety, and therefore function as a living archive of semantic, morphological, and cultural resources. Drawing on descriptive, comparative-historical, and sociolinguistic methods, the study analyzes pathways through which dialectal words migrate into the literary norm: literary creativity, lexicographic fixation, terminological need, and media diffusion. The paper argues that a measured, scientifically grounded integration of dialectal lexis expands the expressive capacity of the standard language, strengthens national identity, and supports terminological development in rapidly modernizing domains. The findings are relevant to linguists, lexicographers, translators, educators, and language-policy specialists working on the dynamics of standardization in multilingual societies.
Abstract While much work on language variation and change has stressed the role of social context, relatively little attention has been paid to the ways in which particular socio-cultural practices may guide processes of language change in locally or regionally variable ways. This paper explores the role of specialized discourse forms – such as shamanic incantation, ceremonial dialog, and other forms of verbal art – as loci for the emergence and propagation of linguistic innovations in the Amazon basin, particularly those associated with language contact. Specialized discourse in this region arguably enables a potent recipe for language change, via an emphasis on extensive circulation across speakers, communities, and languages; a particular value ascribed to dispersed and linguistically distinct forms; discursive norms that favor close replication while also licensing creative manipulation; and the social position of specialists themselves, who tend to bring together both diffuse social networks and relative status. Various examples of lexical and grammatical change in Amazonian languages are identified that have plausible ties to specialized discourse.
Relevance of the research. This work is primarily based on the personal scientific project of P. J. Piaseckyj, a Ukrainian diaspora scholar from the USA. It was the project titled "Anglo Surzhyk," which was initiated on February 9, 2018 (and still ongoing), that provided the author with the further impetus to write this paper. The project itself is a study of the prevalence of Anglicisms in everyday, academic, cultural, and professional Ukrainian communication. It is based on articles from Ukrainian media published on the Internet and currently contains over 2,500 borrowings. The project is continuously updated and thus not available in print; an electronic copy may be requested directly from the author via email or by visiting its namesake Facebook page. [2] The author began contemplating the Anglicization of the Ukrainian language as early as 1949, at the age of six, upon arriving in New York and hearing the Anglicized Ukrainian spoken by American Ukrainians (from the first and second waves of emigration). Mr. Piaseckyj himself is fully proficient in English and possesses a "keen sensibility toward our language." On the other hand, Oleh Rudnyk (who is also fully proficient in both mentioned languages) focuses this work on the linguistic purism movement, specifically its historical continuity and its relevance to societal needs within the context of contemporary Ukrainian national realities. This focus is grounded in the ideas and works of American researchers such as Edward Sapir, Benjamin Lee Whorf, and Welsh scholar Rhianwen Daniel [23, 24, 25]. This work also serves as an appeal to the Ukrainian academic community to more urgently address the issue of protecting the Ukrainian language from the phenomenon of creolization in the current conditions of global advancement. The purpose of this work is to analyze the historical preconditions and current manifestations of linguistic distortion—caused by Rossification and the influx of mediated Anglicisms—to fully comprehend this influx. We investigate the consequences of these phenomena for the development of the lexical richness and word-formation capacity of the Ukrainian language. Concurrently, we advocate for the necessity of implementing effective measures for its protection. These conclusions are grounded in the empirical analysis of a corpus of words, gathered within the framework of the “Anglo Surzhyk” project [2], which attests to the Rossian-mediated provenance of a considerable portion of these borrowings. Emphasis is placed on the essential role of governmental involvement in the defense and standardization of the Ukrainian language amid globalization and persistent external influence. Conclusions. The cumulative effect of centuries of Rossification, coupled with the percolation of Anglicisms mediated through the Russian language, poses a considerable threat to the evolution of modern Ukrainian. This pervasive process risks the language's creolization and the potential erosion of its distinct identity. Notwithstanding the substantial lexical richness of the Ukrainian vocabulary, there exists an urgent necessity for proactive measures aimed at linguistic protection and norming. The establishment of a specialized state ministry, such as a Ministry for Language Purity—modeled after the French system—is a pivotal step to ensuring the oversight of linguistic standards, the development of specialized terminology, and the preservation of Ukrainian's uniqueness amid global challenges. Furthermore, it is essential to recover and republish dictionaries dating from the 1920’s from archives, universities, libraries, private collections, and even the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU). Ultimately, the defense of the language is not merely a linguistic pursuit but a national priority that underpins cultural and state identity.
<p><strong><em>The purpose</em></strong><em> of the article is to substantiate the transformation of journalistic standards under conditions of Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine, specifically the shift from the libertarian press model to the theory of social responsibility, as well as to investigate the impact of these processes on the editorial policies of Ukrainian media, professional norms, and linguistic practices emerging in response to existential threats.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Research methodology. </em></strong><em>To achieve the main objective of the study – justifying the transformation of journalistic standards during wartime within the conceptual shift from the libertarian press model to the theory of social responsibility – the following methods were employed: analysis and synthesis for processing theoretical press models; comparative analysis for juxtaposing professional norms in peacetime and wartime; discourse analysis for studying linguistic phenomena in media texts; and a survey method among representatives of regional media for empirical confirmation of changes in contemporary editorial policies.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Results.</em></strong><em> The article provides theoretical and empirical justification for the transformation of journalistic standards amid the Russian-Ukrainian war as a process of conceptual transition from the libertarian press model to the theory of social responsibility. Empirical research confirmed significant changes in editorial practices: 82.4% of respondents (45.1% partially + 37.3% fundamentally) altered the stylistics and tone of materials after February 24, 2022. Respondents identified the need to support national unity and morale (39%) and the enhancement of the emotional-empathetic component (24.4%) as key factors. The transformation of standards is most evident in the deliberate departure from the principle of «mirror» representation of conflict sides, as granting equal media space to the aggressor and victim creates a «false equivalence» effect. Additionally, recorded lexical shifts in wartime media discourse are proposed to be interpreted as «language of resistance» – an adaptive response by the journalistic community to extreme conditions, grounded in Viktor Frankl’s existential principle of the normality of anomalous reactions in inhuman circumstances. It is substantiated that such transformation is not a degradation of standards but serves as a tool for protecting subjectivity and countering dehumanization, distinctly opposed to the concept of «hate speech». The obtained data indicate that Ukrainian journalism is forming its own adaptive model, aligned with Mattias Dörr’s concept of «liquid</em><em> journalism», where informational resilience and protection of national subjectivity are priority values.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>The novelty </em></strong><em>of the study lies in the theoretical and empirical justification of the transformation of journalistic standards under conditions of Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine. The work demonstrates that the war prompted Ukrainian media to shift from the libertarian press model to the social responsibility model amid an existential crisis. Based on survey results from regional media representatives, it empirically confirms for the first time the trend toward abandoning mechanical balance of opinions in favor of value-oriented journalism. Additionally, the study proposes interpreting lexical changes in media discourse not as «hate speech» but as «language of resistance», representing an adaptive reaction of the journalistic environment to wartime conditions.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>The practical significance </em></strong><em>of the research results lies in their applicability in academic and educational activities, particularly in developing journalism and media ethics courses. The findings can also inform the creation of professional standards for media operations during armed conflicts. Furthermore, this study may serve as an analytical foundation for future Ukrainian and international research on the transformation of journalistic practices and media discourse during war.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> journalistic standards, value-oriented journalism, libertarian press model, social responsibility theory of media, liquid journalism, false equivalence, Russian-Ukrainian war.</em></p>
This study examines the emerging verbification of WeChat through a combined analysis of dictionary entries, corpus data, and evidence from computer-mediated communication discourse. Major authoritative dictionaries currently include no verbal entry for WeChat, and the Corpus of Contemporary American English yields no authentic verbal examples, which demonstrates a clear lag between traditional lexicography and actual language use. In contrast, Google Books and social networking service platforms reveal scattered yet increasingly frequent verbal uses, especially in marked digital contexts. Semantic, morphological, and syntactic analyses show that the verb WeChat aligns with other denominal communication verbs observed in previous studies. Additional examples from headlines, titles, and other block-language environments suggest that the verb form WeChat is entering an early phase of lexicalization. Furthermore, the broader WeChat ecosystem—including WePay, WeTV, WeDoctor, and WeBank—indicates expanding semantic potential that may facilitate future verbal extensions. Overall, the findings highlight that WeChat is undergoing incipient verbification, driven primarily by innovation in digital communication practices and the evolving norms of computer-mediated communication discourse.
In March 2021, the EU Parliament adopted Resolution 2021/2557, a legally binding measure that mandates all 27 member states to recognize the right to gender self-identification and to implement juridical norms aligned with this principle. Among its most transformative provisions, the Resolution calls for eliminating the male-female binary in favor of a more expansive framework that currently recognizes at least twenty-one gender identities - a number expected to grow. It also urges the revision of national languages to dismantle patriarchal structures and ensure that legal and institutional language reflects principles of gender plurality and inclusivity. Widely seen as a landmark victory for trans-feminist individuals and advocacy groups, this measure has sparked both support and controversy. The research examines whether such linguistic reforms foster inclusion or provoke democratic tensions in Italy, where gendered language is deeply rooted in historical, grammatical, and cultural traditions. It further investigates how trans-feminist advocacy - supported ideologically and financially by EU bodies (Commission, Parliament, and Council) - has gained significant influence, particularly as left-wing progressive political forces currently hold the majority within these institutions. These actors play a central role in shaping the narrative and enforcement of gender policies across EU member states. Employing a qualitative case study methodology, the analysis draws on a diverse range of materials, including press articles, televised debates, public messaging, lexical usage, multimedia content, and ideologically charged propaganda to assess the impact of EU gender policy on Italy’s linguistic landscape. Findings suggest that while these interventions promote visibility and recognition for gender-diverse individuals, they also raise concerns about linguistic autonomy, democratic principles, and the broader cultural consequences of ideologically driven legal mandates.
This article presents a scholarly analysis of the translation skills of translator Ozod Sharafiddinov. The vivid presentation of lexical richness, stylistic patterns, and expressions in Ozod Sharafiddinov's translations contributed to a clearer and more understandable content for Uzbek readers. He deeply analyzed every phrase and word combination and translated them in accordance with the norms and requirements of the Uzbek language.
Данное исследование документирует лексическую систему южного языкового анклава города Алматы в период 1976–1989 гг., с фокусом на жаргонную лексику и её социальносемантические группы. Цель работы — реконструировать и систематизировать региональный жаргон как компонент городской социокультуры, проследить его внутреннюю структуру и влияние на повседневное поведение и межгрупповые отношения. Методология опирается на описательные лингвистические приёмы: сбор лексикограмматических единиц из полевых материалов и устных свидетельств, их кластеризация по лексикосемантическим признакам и сопоставление с контекстами употребления. Лексемы были организованы в тематические группы (обозначения социальных ролей, терминология конфликтного взаимодействия, бытовая урбанистическая лексика и др.), для каждой единицы приведены толкования и иллюстративные примеры употребления, а также пометки о региональной и социокультурной вариативности. Результаты показывают, что южный жаргон Алматы функционировал одновременно как механизм внутригрупповой идентификации и как среда культурной агрессии: с одной стороны, он формировал замкнутую коммуникативную зону, отчуждающую анклав от внешнего социума; с другой — распространял маргинальные нормы и этику на более широкие слои городского населения, что в ряде случаев влекло за собой негативные социальные последствия для присоединившихся индивидов. Исследование выявляет специфические лексикосемантические стратегии, обеспечивавшие устойчивость жаргонной системы (лексическая амбивалентность, эвфемизация, кодификация роли и статуса). Научный вклад состоит в систематизации регионального жаргона для последующего социолингвистического анализа и в разработке методической схемы сбора и кластеризации жаргонных единиц применительно к языковым анклавам. Практическая значимость исследования — возможность использования материалов для историкосоциальной реконструкции городской субкультуры и для разработки программ превентивной работы с уязвимыми молодежными группами. This study documents the lexical system of the southern linguistic enclave of the city of Almaty during the period 1976–1989, with a focus on slang vocabulary and its socio-semantic groups. The aim of the work is to reconstruct and systematize regional slang as a component of urban socioculture, tracing its internal structure and its influence on everyday behavior and intergroup relations. The methodology is based on descriptive linguistic techniques: the collection of lexico-grammatical units from field materials and oral testimonies, their clustering according to lexico-semantic features, and comparison with contexts of use. The lexemes were organized into thematic groups (designations of social roles, terminology of conflict interaction, everyday urban vocabulary, etc.), with interpretations and illustrative examples of usage provided for each unit, as well as notes on regional and sociocultural variation. The results show that the southern slang of Almaty functioned simultaneously as a mechanism of intra-group identification and as a medium of cultural aggression: on one hand, it formed a closed communicative zone, alienating the enclave from the external society; on the other, it spread marginal norms and ethics to broader strata of the urban population, which in some cases led to negative social consequences for the individuals who joined. The study identifies specific lexico-semantic strategies that ensured the stability of the slang system (lexical ambivalence, euphemization, codification of role and status). The scientific contribution consists in systematizing regional slang for subsequent sociolinguistic analysis and in developing a methodological scheme for collecting and clustering slang units in relation to linguistic enclaves. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the materials for historical and social reconstruction of urban subculture and for developing preventive programs for vulnerable youth groups.
This article analyzes the phenomenon of homonymy in the Uzbek language from a linguistic perspective. The study elucidates the essence of homonymy and, with illustrative examples, identifies its manifestations in Uzbek, including lexical homonymy, contextual (speech) homonymy, affixal homonymy, phraseological homonymy, homonymy between fixed expressions and word combinations, as well as homonymy between fixed expressions and sentences. Furthermore, the types of homonymy – namely absolute (proper) homonyms and conditional homonyms, including homographs, homoforms, and homophones – are systematically described. Particular attention is paid to a comparative analysis of the phonetic, semantic, and functional differences between homophones and paronyms. The article also discusses the role of homonymic units in discourse, their impact on the communicative process, and issues related to linguistic norms. The findings of the study are of significant scholarly value for further in-depth research on homonymy in Uzbek linguistics and for practical application in lexicography and language education
The article presents online communication as a specific form of interaction characterized by the hybridization of spoken and written, everyday, existential, and institutional discourse.Formally, the development of online communication is influenced by hypertextuality and creolization, as well as the widespread use of acronyms and emoticons.Based on English-language examples, the study demonstrates that user interaction in the online environment is a type of computer-mediated communication carried out through electronic text messages.This form of communication is characterized by its virtual nature, anonymity, distance, global reach, playfulness, the neutralization of temporal and spatial parameters, the leveling of communicants' status, and the absence of social coercion.The article argues that the concept of "politeness" exists in the consciousness of English speakers and has the potential for verbalization within communicative space.This potential is reflected in lexical units recorded in lexicographic sources.The semantic content of these lexemes allows politeness to be interpreted, on the one hand, as a general characteristic of human behavior and its verbal manifestation, and, on the other hand, as both the external expressions of such behavior and its internal motivation.The research findings indicate that when English lexical units representing the concept of "politeness" in English linguocultural consciousness function in modern English-language online communication, corresponding meanings are constructed in users' minds.The specificity of constructing these meanings is determined by the nature of contemporary English online communication as a cognitive-communicative phenomenon, a process, and a result of users' speech activity.This includes perceiving the world as text, the fragmented identity of users, playfulness and non-seriousness, the leveling of communicants' status, the absence of social coercion, and, most importantly, the erosion of norms and values alongside pluralism.