Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
The risky-shift phenomenon was examined among 170 Catholic senior high school boys and girls for their cognitive and affective ratings about the concepts of “sex” and “faith and reason.” Girls' scores on the Cloze test dealing with the cognitive dimension of the concepts increased significantly while the boys' scores were less exact and more varied following small group discussion. Factor scores on the evaluative, potency, and activity dimensions of the semantic differential measuring the two concepts supported the hypothesis that the sex of the Catholic student and type of concept influence shifts toward a riskier or divergent attitude following small group discussion.
An on-line, real-time, high-level experiment control language is described. It is written to run on a PDP/8I with 8K memory, automatic multiply-divide. PT08B and RO-33 Teletype, and a interface hardware system.
Eighty-four fifth and sixth grade boys and girls and their mothers were given the What I Like To Do interest inventory. Mothers were able to perceive interests accurately in art, social studies, active play, home arts, and science. They had significantly different scores from their children for music, quiet play, and manual arts. Breadwinners' occupation and intelligence level of child did not affect ratings, but sex of child did in the active and quiet play areas. Generally, mothers tended to overestimate the interests of their children in music and quiet play and underestimate them in home arts. Where sex was a factor, mothers rated girls' interests more accurately than boys'.
Typical word-association procedures result in verbal response hierarchies for a specific stimulus word. The problem of assessing corresponding stimulus hierarchies is discussed Three approaches are entertained: obtaining associations to all of the words in the dictionary, clerical cross-indexing of existing response-hierarchy data, and obtaining backward associations which are then used in forward association. A comparison of data obtainable by the last two methods is presented.
Despite its concentration on technical developments in library science, this survey is offered here because it is relevant to humanists for two reasons: first, that humanists all use libraries and therefore need to encourage their evolution to higher levels of efficiency, and, second, that the procedures outlined here may be of help to humanists in establishing procedures for their own research.
In situations where effects of previous testing make it impossible to compare putativety equivalent forms of a behavioral test, inbred strains may be useful. To a considerable extent, animals from an inbred strain represent replicate individuals. Different naive samples from the same strain may be tested in different forms of a test. There is presumptive evidence that the two forms arc assessing similar functions if samples from different strains that differ on the behavior give consistent ordinal rankings. An illustration is given of the use of this approach in assessing methods of measuring alcohol preference in mice.
As an addition to the report by McDonough in CHum,II (1967), 37–40, Delatte lists the operations of the Laboratoire d'Analyse statistique des Langues Anciennes at Liège. He describes eight programs for automatic processing, automatic composition and printing of concordances, and various statistical operations. Forty-three Latin works and five Greek, totaling approximately 600,000 words, are catalogued.
Three primary methods of recall (free association, free recall, stimulated recall) and two modifications of them (modified free association, modified stimulated recall) were defined by use of three variables: (a) presence or absence of prior laboratory training, (b) presence or absence of E controlled test stimulation, and (c) test instructions to free associate or to recall Data obtained from approximately 300 Ss and an earlier set of 600 revealed the differential effectiveness of all three primary methods in recall and misrecall.
Size of GSR made by 300 Ss to 20 repetitions of a visual stimulus is presented as mean magnitude and mean amplitude, illustrating that the amplitude method (averaging only those responses which are greater than zero) is susceptible to distortion resulting from a systematic elimination of Ss who initially make small responses. From trial to trial, the amplitude function comes more and more to be due to the behavior of Ss who initially make large responses. Even though the latter Ss’ responses actually reduce across trials, the amplitude function rises. Magnitude (including zeroes) docs not suffer from this distortion. It is suggested that the definition of a zero response is the source of the problem.
Church’s objections to the yoked control design are reviewed and criticized. To deal with them more effectively, a reciprocal yoked control design is presented, in which each S of a yoked pair receives training with two CSs, one of which involves an instrumental contingency while the other is in a yoked control arrangement with the other S’s instrumental CS. Thus, each S in the pair serves as a yoked control for the other, in reciprocal relation to the two CSs used. In addition to eliminating inadvertent confounding stemming from individual differences in sensitization and responsiveness, the reciprocal yoked control design also provides a single-session method for identifying Ss who are equally classically conditionable, so that instrumental-classical comparisons can be made free of bias from differences in classical conditionability. In addition, this design provides a means for testing the empirical soundness of Church’s arguments regarding differences in conditionability and biased outcomes Methods for statistical analysis of the reciprocal yoked control design are also considered.
The impossibility of stating precisely how many “languages” or “dialects” are spoken in the world is due to the ambiguities of meaning present in these terms, which is shown to stem from the original use of “dialect” to refer to the literary dialects of ancient Greece. In most usages the term “language” is superordinate to “dialed,” but the nature of this relationship may be either linguistic or social, the latter problem falling in the province of sociolinguistics. It is shown how the development of a vernacular, popularly called a dialect, into a language is intimately related to the development of writing and the growth of nationalism. This process is shown to involve the selection, codification, acceptance, and elaboration of a linguistic norm.
MANY METHODS have been used to evaluate psychological stress in the human. Subjects have included surgical patients,<sup>1</sup>psychiatric patients,<sup>2-4</sup>"normal control" subjects,<sup>5,6</sup>metabolic patients,<sup>7</sup>as well as many others. Measurements used to evaluate the degree of stress experienced have included affect ratings,<sup>4</sup>hormone determinations,<sup>1-6</sup>as well as peripheral autonomic variables. Some subjects have been studied under "normal" circumstances,<sup>5,6</sup>and in other instances stress has been experimentally induced.<sup>8</sup> The purpose of this paper is to present the clinical course of an epileptic patient hospitalized on the Neurosurgical nursing unit of the Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health. Variations in the degree of his anxiety during hospitalization were evaluated by scoring the manifest content of dreams reported by the patient during that time. The instrument for scoring the dream material was designed by Drs. Edith
Two experiments (40 male Ss, and 40 female Ss) investigated the effects of mode of response (written or oral) and sex of E upon recognition thresholds of taboo and neutral words. Words were selected on the basis of taboo ratings by 81 students (42 men, 39 women) and familiarity ratings by 44 men and 34 women. Each of the five most taboo words was matched with a neutral word of equal familiarity. Each word was presented tachistoscopically for.01 sec. with constant illumination for 10 trials. Ss either said or wrote words as they were recognized. Women showed no differences in thresholds for taboo and neutral words. Men had a significantly higher threshold for spoken taboo words than for written ones. Sex of E had no effect. There was no evidence for a general defensive reaction to taboo words.
The motor and generator section of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) has adopted new suggested standards for future design which assign higher horsepower rating to a given motor frame size. The rerating will make available standard 1-to 50-hp ac motors smaller by two frames than those motors produced in the past; this will, later, affect ratings to 200 hp. Per rating reductions of 50 percent of volume and 75 percent of weight are shown to be typical. Development of improved and new materials plus advancements in the art of polyphase induction motor design, are given as factors that make the revision possible.
Before recommending to a patient a specific hearing aid and helping him, in certain cases, to pay its cost, one should be assured that this particular hearing aid is well designed for his kind of deafness.Before setting up a clinical work based mostly on series of words observing well specified phonetic and linguistic norms, we have thought it necessary to compose some lists especially adapted to the psycho-sociological context of French Canada.Thanks to a grant of the Ministry of National Health and Social Welfare, we are engaged, whith the collaboration of the Department of Linguistic and Phonetics of the University of Montreal, in a research work which purpose is to establish some P.B. word lists for speech audiometry in French Canada. At the present time, our hearing aid evaluation consists of all modern tests in pure tone audiometry and speech audiometry, so as to forecast the effectiveness of the amplification. To study the results of our proceedings, we are conducting a survey with the patients of the Maisonneuve Hospital. A form has been sent to 109 people, and 69,8% and 69,8% of them have answered, which allows us to obtain favorable conclusions.
The essay adopts the Tractarian view that configurations of objects are expressed by configurations of names. Two alternatives are considered: The objects in atomic facts are (1) without exception particulars; (2) one or more particulars plus a universal (Gustav Bergmann). On (1) a mode of configuration is always an empirical relation: on (2) it is the logical nexus of ‘exemplification.’ It is argued that (1) is both Wittgenstein's view in the Tractatus and correct. It is also argued that exemplification is a ‘quasi-semantical’ relation, and that it (and universals) are “in the world” only in that broad sense in which the ‘world’ includes linguistic norms and roles viewed (thus in translating) from the standpoint of a fellow participant.
During the past few decades, a great progress has been made in American linguistics, especially in descriptive, or, more exactly, structural, linguistics. Historically, there is of course a connection between American and European linguistics. Descriptive linguistics, building on the Prague school to evolve a phonemic theory and taking hints from F. de Saussure for general orientation, has proved popular in the United States. It is natural that we should find a similar movement going on in Europe over the past same years. Among the chief founders of present American descriptive linguistics were W. D. Whitney, F. Boas, E. Sapir and L.. Bloomfield. The scientific descriptive linguistics intends to describe a language in terms of its own structure, not in terms of the Greek and medieval notions of linguistics. This American development can be explained in several ways. Science in general has recently progressed so much as to enable scholars to build up really scientific descriptive methods. Structuralism has developed very largely in connection with the modern development of scientific grammar as opposed to conventional one. It may well be said that American linguistics has also developed very largely as both anthropological and missionary approach. As attention widened to include languages other than the Indo-European, especially the native languages of America, the parochial and limited character of the traditional linguistic metalanguage has become obvious. Cultural anthropologists, more or less standing on the linguistic relativity principle, think of language as the symbolic guide to culture. Structural linguistics intends to describe `language' structure through applying the methods of linguistic analysis to the raw material of `speech.' It deals not with the whole of speech activities, but with the regularities in certain features of speech. These regularities are in the distributional relations among the constituent elements of language. The substitution procedure through what may be called the bipartite division is the funfamental method of linguistic analysis, It is primarily directed at the discovery of distribution as the only relevant criterion. Structural linguistics is based on the phonemic approach to linguistics. However, it sometimes emphasizes too much the phonemic criteria in determining constructional units. In dealing with a culture language, the influence of the literary tradition in written form cannot be neglected. The linguistic relativity principle is apt to fall into linguistic determinism. It should no be considered that there exist perfect correlations between cultural norms and linguistic patterns. In structural analysis, the knowledge of meanings is only a means that makes the substitution procedure possible. However, in order to study culture through language, we should return to E. Sapir's standpoint that took lexical as well as structural meanings into great considerarion.Descriptive linguistics deals not with the whole of speech activities, but with one phase. It is only a part of the language study in a wider sense. American linguistics has too much emphasized its one phase. We should not forget that the complete language study consists in the combination of descriptive, historical and comparative linguistics. When we think of human language in general, we shall also have to consider universa grammar, even in describing a language in terms of its own structure. Nevertheless, we should admit that structural linguistics is making a great contribution to the scientific study of language.
Lexical polarization is used in this paper as a convenient label for the influence exerted by one word on its semantic opposite. In Classical Latin, for instance, DEXTER serves for ‘right’ and SINISTER for ‘left’. The ancient Romance expressions for ‘right’ are traceable to DEXTRU (to the extent to which DĪRĒCTU ‘straight’ or another rival word has not usurped its place), yet Romance equivalents of ‘left’, barring innovations, consistently presuppose the scantily documented late variant SINEXTRU rather than common SINISTRU (which alone is found even in the glosses). Taking into account the pronunciation of Late Latin, we may reckon with the presence of the pair DESTRU ˜ SINESTRU (SENESTRU) on the colloquial level prior to the disintegration of the Empire. The anomaly in the development of sinistru is thus reduced to the excessive opening of its stressed vowel, which was in any event bound to open to a minor extent: the i advanced not only to [e], as in comparable words, but to [ε]. This departure from the norm, in the absence of other clues, is most plausibly accounted for by assuming a certain amount of pressure exerted by [destru] on [senestru], until the two words reached the maximum degree of similarity compatible with the maintenance of their basic difference. We are here concerned with an instance of formal attraction through association by contrast, a process in which a weaker (passive) partner is reshaped on the pattern of its stronger (active) opposite.
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