Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
An interface circuit to connect a microphone to an Apple Macintosh computer is described. The Apple Macintosh mouse port is used as the input port, and the microphone activation simulates a mouse press.
We identify two complementary processes in the conversion of machine-readable dictionaries into lexical databases: recovery of the dictionary stucture from the typographical markings which persist on the dictionary distribution tapes and embody the publishers' notational conventions; followed by making explicit all of the codified and ellided information packed into individual entries. We discuss notational conventions and tape formats, outline structural properties of dictionaries, observe a range of representational phenomena particularly relevant to dictionary parsing, and derive a set of minimal requirements for a dictionary grammar formalism. We present a general purpose dictionary entry parser which uses a formal notation designed to describe the structure of entries and performs a mapping from the flat character stream on the tape to a highly structured and fully instantiated representation of the dictionary. We demonstrate the power of the formalism by drawing examples from a range of dictionary sources which have been processed and converted into lexical databases.
Five studies were conducted from 1976 to 1984 in southcentral Pennsylvania to evaluate the potential of bipolar ratings by adult user populations for assessing the general agency and/ or specific program image of service organizations in the not‐for‐profit sector. Statistically reliable differences in mean ratings on scales such as staff qualifications, physical accessibility, and so forth were found to distinguish image profiles and the clarity of image of three human service agencies within the same region of service, to detect change over a 6‐year period in the image of individual agencies, and to be sensitive to the effects of management actions designed to modify the image of an in‐patient psychiatric facility within a region. The demonstration that specific management interventions over a 2‐year period were detectable by ratings along specifically relevant dimensions encourages the immediate application of this inexpensive feedback device by managers of human service agencies and the further investigation of user image ratings as a system output potentially amenable to control system analyses.
of producing an automatic parsing system which will produce a constituent bracketing-and hence a surface-structure tree-for any given sentence or fragment of English.The most technically advanced and hence difficult chapter is a description by Roger Garside and Fanny Leech of the work in progress on the UCREL (Unit for Computer Research on the English Language) parsing system, which it is claimed has already reached approximately 50% accuracy.The statistical basis for the UCREL operation comes from two sources.The first is the tagged Brown corpus, which was produced over a period of ten years or so, beginning with a computer routine which successfully tagged about three quarters of the words in the corpus.The remainder were done manually.The second foundation is a manually parsed random selection of sentences from the LOB corpus, amounting to 50,000 words, or about 4.5%.The product of this parsing was a 'treebank' of over 2000 parsed sentences.Ch. 7 of the book, also by Sampson, describes the parsing scheme he developed for this purpose and the difficulties he encountered in using it with actual sentences drawn from a corpus of 'natural language'.Regrettably this chapter is placed after that of Garside and Leech, though it is essential to an understanding of their work.Other chapters deal with such interesting topics as 'Problems in the automatic parsing of idioms' and 'Dealing with ill-formed English text'.One is left with the impression that a number of intelligent and devoted scholars have made significant progress in a concerted 'effort to teach computers (in certain respects) to be capable of understanding and processing human language' (1).Their success, which is considerable though obviously incomplete, is largely due to their willingness to develop modes of analysis which are neither traditional nor particularly fashionable in today's linguistics.It is the hope and expectation of Leech and his colleagues that their work will be a major contribution to the linguistics and cognitive science of the future.[W.N. FRANCIS, Brown University.] Les predicats nominaux en francais:Les phrases simples a verb support.By JACQUELINE GIRY-
Mozart and the Mythologization of Genius GLORIA FLAHERTY In 1780, Frederick the Great (1712-1786) published one of the many treatises he wrote in French. It presented his views on cultural activity in the German lands, concentrating on the literary and performing arts. Frederick aimed to show that his fellow countrymen were so totally lacking in genius as well as taste that they could not possibly compete with the French and the Italians. German, which Frederick is said to have eschewed using, except in the stables with his horses and hounds, was “still a half-barbaric language, divided into as many different dialects as there were provinces.” And, there were around 300. “What one,” Fre derick continued, “writes in Swabia is hardly intelligible in Hamburg, and the Austrian style is obscure for the Saxons.”1 Recalling age-old weaknesses in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, he men tioned that there was no unified, umbrella-like political entity to support cultivation of a common language. Consequently, there was neither a dictionary, nor a canon of works establishing any linguistic norms. Nor was there an authoritative body, like an academy, to enforce those norms. Frederick even went on to suggest that it would be physically impossible for an author even of the greatest spirit (esprit not Geist) to handle such a rude language excellently. Elsewhere, we learn of his response to German performers: “A German singer? I should as soon expect to receive pleasure from the neighing of my horse!”2 The language 289 290 / FLAHERTY spoken by the subjects of his maternal grandfather and his other Hano verian relatives fared no better: “All other languages lose, when one translates them; the English language alone gains thereby.”3 That is, unless the translation were into German. Frederick obviously meant translation into French or Italian. The current Shakespeare craze, rampant throughout the entire Holy Roman Empire in the last quarter of the eighteenth century, was a sure indicator of the lack of genius and taste. Those “abominable plays” were not only being performed all over, they were also being enthusiastically received by audiences. Frederick, who warmly supported Italian opera and French spoken drama, was appalled to think that “the whole gathering finds an exceptional pleasure in witnessing these ridiculous farces, which would only be worthy of performance before the savages of Canada. I judge these pieces so severely because they transgress against all the rules of drama. These rules are not arbitrary.”4 The surest indicator of the Germans’ total lack of taste, in Frederick’s opinion, was their enjoyment of indigenous dra mas emulating Shakespearean form and style. The very worst offender was a creature by the name of Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749-1832). Goethe, like Mendelssohn, Herder, Kant, Wieland, Schiller, Gluck, Haydn, Mozart, and other such creatures, might have had high hopes for Frederick’s qualities as a political leader who could bring unity to the German lands. They did not, however, have much confidence in his aesthetic views. What Frederick meant by “genius,” “taste,” and “excel lence” had derived from the wearily long evolution of Franco-Roman neoclassicism. It represented the ultimate codification of creativity and critical response. Whether that code actually worked for the seventeenthcentury French, the Renaissance Italians, and the ancient Romans is not of importance here. It simply did not work for the Germanic peoples of the eighteenth century, neither those on the European mainland, nor those who had immigrated to the British isles. All those folk preferred induction to deduction. They also loved grassroots movements. Further more, they somehow required rule by precedent rather than rule by code.5 It is because of an ulterior motive that I go on to immortalize Frederick the Great’s closed mind at such length with this juxtaposition of Germanic and Franco-Roman, induction and deduction, precedent and code, inclination and taste, genius and rulebook, and freedom and restriction. I should very much like to communicate just how difficult it was for eighteenth-century Germans of intelligence and talent— not yet to speak of genius —to break free from the superimposed restrictions, from the predetermined forms, from the given, as it were, mind-set. Before proceeding any...
Phonological theories invoke a number of different articulatory parametrizations. Traditional phonetic theories and some phonological theories parametrize vowel articulation in terms of tongue height and backness. Particle phonology [S. A. Schane, Phonology Yearbook 1, 129-155 (1984)] parametrizes vowel articulation as blends of particular (extreme) articulations (i,u,a). Harshman, Ladefoged, and Goldstein Acoust. Soc. Am. 62, 693-707 (1977)] parametrize English vowels using front-raising and back-raising factors, each of which generates a family of tongue positions. A multispeaker, cross-linguistic database of x-ray tracings [M.T.T. Jackson, UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 71, 1–232 (1988)] allows quantitative comparison of these proposals. Each proposal defines a vowel space: The coordinates of vowels in the vowel space can be fixed, and the articulatory correlates of the parameters using multivariate regression can be estimated. Each model can, therefore, be evaluated by standard methods, e.g., χ2 a tests. A number of such articulatory models have been investigated. The results suggest that front-raising and back-raising factors generalize well across languages and fit articulatory data better than height/backness- or particle-based models.
Our study falls into two distinct but related parts.It provides a short critique of current CAI(Computer Assisted Instruction)or CALL(Computer Assisted Language Learning),identifying in particular the pedagogic limitations of many programs and their heavy production costs in relation to their range of applicability.One drawback we identify is the limitations imposed by the restricted processing power of the most microcomputers and the inappropriateness of BASIC for anything other than relatively simple language tasks.As a contrast to its criticism,however,we offer in the second part of our next paper in innovation for CALL:one which does not replicate what many teachers have been doing in their noncomputerized classrooms,but which makes accessible to learners analyzed corpora of language data on which they can draw.Using a powerful database program(Hyper Card),we provice an extensive illustration of work in conventional pragmatics,specifically the selection of sociolinguistically appropriate realizations of chosen speech acts.What this example shows is the potential for such linguistic database in classroom language learning.Not only can learners access very large and varied input data,they can also,in principle,draw on the results of linguistic analysis as an aid to their own problem-solving.Used in this way,CAI or CALL has a liberating effect on the learner,and suggests considerable changes in the relationship between teachers and learner.Indeed,as a result of that,we will see an area of cooperation between CAI and current theories of language learning and classroom pedagogy.|市販のCAIソフトは,教育的な配慮においう不十分なものが多く,その応用範囲の狭さ,また,学生に興味をあまりそそらないということ,に比して高価なものが少なくない。また、パーソナル・コンピュータのもつ処理能力の限界からくる問題,比較的単純なタスクに限定されるプログラム言語BASICの問題等がある。CAI教育の運用面に関しては,受講者1名に対して1台のパーソナル・コンピュータを割当なければ効果的な教育は期得できない。今後の研究課題として,ワン・ウエイ・コミュニケーション的なプログラム追従型の授業形態ではなく,受講生間並びに教師と受講生の間のコミュニケーションおよびコンピュータ人間の間で行なわれるインターアクティブな作業を触発するものを目指したい。
The effects of 2 personality traits, extraversion and neuroticism, on experimental and clinical pain were characterized in a group of myofascial pain dysfunction (MPD) patients. Extraverts did not differ from introverts in visual analogue scale (VAS) sensory or VAS affective ratings of graded 5-sec nociceptive temperature stimuli (43-51 degrees C) nor in VAS sensory-VAS affective relationships related to their clinical pain. However, high extravert patients scored lower on affective inhibition (Pilowsky Illness Behavior Questionnaire; IBQ) compared to low extravert patients. This result is consistent with previous suggestions that extraverts inhibit overt expressions of suffering less than do introverts. High neurotic patients did not differ from low neurotic patients in their VAS sensory ratings of either experimental or clinical pain. Their VAS affective ratings of both types of pain were marginally higher as compared to low neurotic patients. As hypothesized, high neurotic score patients gave higher VAS ratings of emotions related to suffering and scored higher on items related to affective disturbance on the IBQ as compared to low neurotic score patients. Overall, the results indicate that the personality traits of neither extraversion nor neuroticism affect sensory mechanisms of nociceptive processing but appear to exert their influence by means of cognitive processes related to the ways in which people constitute the meanings and implications of pain.
At the Humanities Faculty of the Free University of Amsterdam intensive efforts are being made to integrate computer-assisted learning in the curriculum of modern language teaching. The courseware is written in VULCO, an authoring language developed in-house and specifically designed for non-scientific applications. The paper describes a design concept for vocabulary acquisition courseware. The concept is characterized as 'modular', 'integrated' and 'learner-controlled'. The course-ware consists of a number of independent modules such as texts, a lexical knowledge base and various types of exercises. The design is 'integrated' in the sense that vocabulary learning proceeds from an authentic text in which new items are marked; at any point in the learning process this text together with the associated lexical database can be accessed. Exercises are related to this text. The didactic rationale for this approach is to provide constant confrontation with original reading material. The courseware is 'learner-controlled' in the sense that the learner is not compelled to adhere to a prescribed learning path - although this may be imposed by the teacher if so desired. The paper also briefly reviews an experimental study with the system for students of Dutch as foreign language.
Assessment center ratings made by 22 assessors of 67 candidates for the position of Police Sergeant in a midwestern metropolitan community were analyzed. Additional data of assessor differences in cognitive complexity, assertiveness, participation in consensus discussion, use of schemata, and police background were also investigated for impact upon ratings. Five areas were explored: (1) issues of measurement, models, and reliability; (2) issues of cognitive processes involved in individual ratings; (3) issues of individual differences between assessors in cognitive and communication styles; (4) issues of group processes, influence, and communication; and (5) an integration of these four areas into a composite model of ratings. In the first of these areas, there was a convergence from results of linear structural equation analysis, factor analysis, and MTMM analysis showing the dominance of exercise (context) variance in ratings. However, the model which supplied the best fit to the observed rating data was one in which both exercise (contextual) and ability (dimension) factors were included. Reliability analysis showed differences in obtained reliabilities with those dimensions and exercises that are more commonly understood displaying higher reliabilities. In regard to individual cognitive processes, ratings data and questionnaire responses supported the early development and use by assessors of schemata for overall performance in exercises. Individual differences in cognitive complexity and assertiveness did not affect ratings as hypothesized. Group process and influence effects were investigated by means of Interaction Process Analysis of 95 taped consensus dimension discussions and content analysis of post assessment center questionnaire responses. These analyses supported a progressive stage model of discussion and a tendency for agreement. In an integration of process and individual differences data with rating data into a composite model, linear structural equation analysis (LISREL) suggested a model wherein participation, communication style, and police professional impacted upon the effects of group influence. However, only individual ratings substantially affected final performance evaluations of candidates. Additional research into assessment center processes and continued efforts to link cognitive and group process theory to this methodology are suggested.
In automatic speech recognition programs, attempts have been made to use partial information about the phonetic structure of signals to search large lexical databases. Little attention has been given to the interaction of stress patterns and syllabic nuclei in restricting the searches. A survey of the MRC Psycholinguistic Database of British English (RP) with 38-K tokens revealed that six stress patterns (out of 17 attested) account for 96% of the tokens in the subset of two- and three-syllable words. Further, three syllabic nuclei (out of 23 attested) account for 50% of the tokens, independently of stress pattern. The interactions of stress pattern and nuclei show not only increased discriminatory power (in information theoretic terms) over either attribute alone, but also reveal significant gaps between expected and observed cases. The gaps, both accidental or principaled, further reduce the relevant search spaces and increase the usefulness of this type of partial information over other candidates. [Work supported by Alvey Grant MMI 069.]
In elderly with and without dementia a facilitating effect of word imagery on word association was found, as was in younger subjects with whom Dutch word association norms were assembled. Words with high imagery values evoke more common responses and less blanks than words with low imagery values. In the younger group also an interaction of imagery and age of acquisition was found, i.e. the effect of imagery on commonality in this group was only present in late acquired words. The absence of this interaction in both elderly with and without dementia indicates a disturbance of lexical knowledge dependent on the age of acquisition of words. Early acquired words have a strong sensorimotor basis, whereas words acquired later are predominantly based on verbal definition (conceptual versus propositional knowledge). Both subject groups have difficulties in retrieving words that specify a property relationship to a late acquired stimulus word, as in 'desert-sand', while words that specify an 'is a' relationship with the stimulus word, as in 'dagger-knife', are easily retrieved. The main difference between elderly with and without dementia was the large number of multiword responses in dementia, a result that indicates a loss of lexical strategies in word finding. Whether the incidentally reported increase in multiword responses in some normal elderly forecasts an approaching dementia needs further research.
Studies of children with early-acquired brain damage have noted limitations on language development following such damage and have raised questions regarding the process by which these children acquire language skills. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of perinatally acquired brain damage on early language abilities and on lexical development through the use of standard assessments, language samples, and a miniature linguistic system approach to teach a novel lexicon. Four children, ages 26-41 months, with localized, perinatal brain lesions documented on ultrasound or CT scan were selected for this study and were compared to 4 matched controls. The results show no differences in the pattern of scores and learning in children with right and left brain damage. With the exception of phonological development, subjects scored below controls on all formal language measures; however, the subjects often scored at or above test norms. Brain-injured subjects were similar to controls with respect to the number of novel words that they initially learned on comprehension and production tasks and the number that they consistently comprehended. Brain-injured subjects generally acquired fewer words when the criterion was consistent accurate production. Interestingly, subjects required more exposures to novel lexical items than did controls before reaching a given level of proficiency. Production seemed to be more difficult for all children, but more so for the brain-injured subjects. It appears that the effects of early damage have an impact on many aspects of language development and that these apparent deficits may reflect the child's need for greater exposure to language skills and structures before acquiring them.
Based on a corpus of neologisms extracted from Catalan newspapers (published between 1979 and 1983), the author aims to show two fundamental trends in the lexical modernization of Catalan: a) the innovation of socio-political vocabulary reinforces the international character of the lexicon and the models that serve for the formation of new words, while the discourse on the norm gives a clearly purist orientation; b) in the sense of neologisms, there is also a slight tendency towards the elimination of castillianisms, that is, towards a differentiation from Spanish, while the integration of anglicisms and gallicisms is much easier. Despite this, the first trend is predominant, especially in the reduction of internal models of word formation in favor of those that are used, preferably, also in other languages. Finally, reflections are made on the methodological-theoretical value of analyzes for the establishment of a theory of language policy.
Lexical decision, pronunciation, and category verification response times (RTs) to natural object and trait hierarchies were measured. Prime and target words consisted of both superordinate and subordinate object and trait category members. Trait words were categorized as desirable and undesirable (Hampson, et al., 1986). Subjects' RTs to object and undesirable trait words displayed similar patterns. In all experiments, RTs to natural-object subordinate target words were significantly more rapid compared to superordinate words. This same pattern was also true for the undesirable traits, but reached significance in only the lexical decision task. The facilitation effect of the prime reached significance for the natural-objects in the category verification experiment and for the undesirable traits in the lexical decision experiment. This pattern of facilitation by the prime were consistent for natural-objects and undesirable traits across all experiments. In each experiment the opposite pattern of results were found for desirable traits. In the pronunciation and lexical decision experiments RTs to desirable superordinate trait words were significantly more rapid compared to desirable subordinate trait words. In all experiments the facilitation by desirable superordinate trait word primes was significantly greater compared to undesirable superordinate trait words. Post-experiment questionnaires indicated that subjects' judgment of the logical hierarchy entailment asymmetries were highly consistent with the norms. Regression analysis of subjects' judgments of the logical entailment between category stimulus pairs indicated no significant systematic relationship. Implications for research on attribution, category memory, and clinical research on cognitive assessment are discussed.
We present normative data from a Hebrew language version of the Stroop color-word test. In this sample of college-educated Israeli young adults, 18 women and 28 men with a mean age of 28.4 yr. completed a Hebrew language Stroop test. When compared with 1978 English language norms of Golden, Hebrew speakers were slower on color-word reading and color naming, similar on naming the color of incongruently colored names of colors, and showed less interference. Slowed color-word reading and color-naming may reflect the two-syllable length of the Hebrew names for one-syllable length English language colors; reduced interference may reflect the exclusion of vowels in much Hebrew printing and subjects' ability to provide competing, nonconflicting words while naming the color of words in which the hue and the lexical content do not match.
1. Preface 2. Tabula gratulatoria 3. Auteurs/Authors 4. Liste des publications de Anthonij Dees 5. I. Distributions spatiales et temporelles / Spatial and temporal distributions 6. Temps apparent et temps reel (by Al, Bernard) 7. The numerical classification of languages, and dialect maps for the past (by Benskin, Michael) 8. Prose rimee et ordre des mots dans un fragment des Quatre Livres des Rois (by Dardel, Robert de) 9. Computer-assisted study of syntactical change, the shift in the use of the participle in biblical and post-biblical Hebrew texts (by Dyk, Janet) 10. Analyse diatopique, diachronique et diatextuelle d'un trait scripturaire normand (*ALIRE + S latin> aillours etc.) (by Goebl, Hans) 11. Les modeles spatiaux et temporels dans la dialectologie: Comment separer les tendances regionales et generales des fluctuations systematiques au niveau local (by Goeman, Ton) 12. Correlations et groupements dans l'Atlas des formes et des constructions des chartes francaises du 13e siecle (by Huber, Onno) 13. L'Anglo-normand du 13e siecle (by Jong, Thera de) 14. Le Dit du Cerf amoureux et le probleme de son attribution (by Khoe, Mei Hwa) 15. Stylistic boundaries and linguistic boundaries in Breughel and Vondel (by Leuvensteijn, Arjan van) 16. Variation in lexical frequency (by Martin, Willy) 17. Les normes subjectives du francais et les francais regionaux: La longueur vocalique depuis le 16e siecle (by Morin, Yves-Charles) 18. Les variations des graphies o/ou et en/an en ancien francais (by Reenen, Pieter van) 19. Quelques mots regionaux dans le poeme de la Vie de saint Silvestre et de l'Invention de la sainte Croix (by Roques, Gilles) 20. Paralleles phonetiques des deux cotes de la frontiere linguistique franco- neerlandaise: La diphtongaison de [e] entrave (by Hoecke, Willy van) 21. II. Constellations des manuscrits: La theorie des niveaux discrets / Manuscript constellations: The discrete level theory 22. The filiation of manuscripts of Der Naturen Bloeme (by Hogenhout-Mulder, M.) 23. als in den olden wylkoren gescreuen staet, La filiation des textes juridiques en vieux frison traduits en bas saxon de Groningue (by Meijering, G.) 24. On the tradition of the fourth book of Poggio Bracciolini De varietate fortunae (by Merisalo, Outi) 25. La constellation de Narcisse (by Schosler, Lene) 26. Ordinateur et stemmatologie: Une constellation contaminee dans une tradition grecque (by Uthemann, Karl-Heinz)
After the first work on machine-readable dictionaries (MRDs) in the seventies, and with the recent development of the concept of a lexical database (LDB) in which interaction, flexibility and multidimensionality can be achieved, but everything must be explicitly stated in advance, a new possibility which is now emerging is that of a procedural exploitation of the full range of semantic information implicitly contained in MRDs. The dictionary is considered in this framework as a primary source of basic general knowledge. In the paper we describe a project to develop a system which has word-sense acquisition from information contained in computerized dictionaries and knowledge organization as its main objectives. The approach consists in a discovery procedure technique operating on natural language definitions, which is recursively applied and refined. We start from free-text definitions, in natural language linear form, analyzing and converting them into informationally equivalent structured forms. This new approach, which aims at reorganizing free text into elaborately structured information, could be called the Lexical Knowledge Base (LKB) approach.
This paper is an account of the partial results of research in Santiago of Chile, undertaken by Prof. Lidia Contreras and Prof. A. Rabanales, as part of a wider project concerned with the study of the linguistic norm of cultured Spanish as spoken in the main urban centers in Spain in Spanish America. The general project is coordinated by Prof. Juan M. Lope Blanch. For this purpose, a questionnaire containing 4,459 terms was prepared, corresponding to an equal number of concepts. From their study of the lexicon very valuable conclusions have been drawn, in particular, its marked Spanish character; its remarkable amplitude; the relative scarcity of foreign borrowings and of indiginous terms; and the rich variety of linguistic shades in value judgements.
While in actual linguistic interaction, failure to respect language rules may cause irritation or a breakdown in communication, in fiction the characters' linguistic clumsiness is entertaining. Examples are culled from Lewis Carroll, Edward Lear, Agatha Christie (Hercule Poirot) and Malcolm Bradbury (Rates of Exchange) to show that deliberate deviance from the linguistic norm may fulfil different functions.
As natural language processing systems grow larger, they need larger lexicons. Furthermore, larger vocabularies require larger, more complex lexical entries to distinguish between different senses and uses. The machine-readable dictionary is a large, compact source of lexical information, but conversion of its contents to a form that a computer can use is an immense task. This thesis describes an effort to extract semantic information from Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (W7) by a variety of methods, including parsing with Sager's Linguistic String Parser and semi-interactive text processing using UNIX utilities. It compares the effectiveness of those methods for different kinds of analysis and suggests analytical strategies exploiting the strengths of each method. Also discussed are the nature of the language of W7 and some issues in the design of a lexical database.
This paper describes Word Manager, a system which is currently the object of a research project at the University of Zürich Computer Science Department. Word Manager supports the definition, access and maintenance of lexical databases. It comprises a formal language for the implemenation of morphological knowledge. This formal language is integrated in a graphics-oriented, high-level user interface and is language independent. The project is now in the prototyping phase where parts of the software are pretty far advanced (the user interface) and others are still rudimentary (the rule compiler/runtime system). The design of the system was strongly influenced by Koskenniemi's two-level model /Koskenniemi 1983/, its successors /Bear 1986/, /Black 1986/, /Borin 1986/, /Darymple 1987/, the ANSI-SPARC 3-Schema Concept /ANSI-X3-SPARC 1975/ and visual programming techniques /Bocker 1986/, /Myers 1986/; We will focus the discussion on one aspect: the user interfacing for the construction of the lexical data base.
It was hypothesized that raters whose cognitive style was more articulated would respond more accurately than raters whose cognitive style was more global when an overall rating scale was used. Ninety-five undergraduates participated as raters. They read vignettes describing four hypothetical psychology instructors, rated the instructors on an overall rating scale, and completed the Group Embedded Figures Test, a measure of cognitive style. The correlation between cognitive style and rating accuracy (r = -24) was significant, p >.05, suggesting that cognitive style may significantly affect rating accuracy.
Contrast effects have long been recognized as important for the study of judgement. It has been predicted that the presence of a categorization superimposed on a series of stimuli (and correlated with their magnitude) would serve to accentuate judged differences between and judged similarities within classes. Fifty‐five subjects judged political statements, classified in terms of their authors. It was predicted that the contrast effects would be mediated by the salience of the categorization, the political views of the subjects, their affective ratings of authors and evaluations of political terms. Unlike numerous other studies with similar designs the results provided evidence for both the accentuation of inter‐class differences and intra‐class similarities. The relationships between judges' views and contrast were in accordance with accentuation theory and social identity theory, in that judges whose positions were congruent with the positive evaluations of the scale labels showed more contrast between classes. The results are discussed with reference to social identity theory and the role of category salience.
This dissertation brings to light the Spanish translation, until now unknown, by the Spanish humanist Juan Gines de Sepulveda, of the satirical dialogue Palinurus. This is also called Dialogus de Felicitate et Miseria. Although it was often attributed to the Greek author of the second century, Lucian, and was included in many of his editions, its true author is the Italian humanist of the fifteenth century, Maffeo Vegio. The dissertation is divided into two main parts. The first part includes an overall view of the lucianesque dialogue in the sixteenth century in Spain, including the influence Lucian had in the Renaissance. It also covers the different problems of authorship of the Palinurus, the various editions of this work, attributed to both Lucian and Vegio. In continuation there is a bibliographical study of the Spanish translation, Palinuro, and a discussion of its true attribution to Gines de Sepulveda in relationship also to his other literary works. The second part of the dissertation includes two editions of the Palinuro: a paleographic edition and a critical one with linguistic and historical annotations. The editions are preceded by an introductory study which includes a philological analysis of the text as well as a stylistic study of the rhetorical use of "bimembraciones". In this study it was found that the language used by the author corresponded to the linguistic norms of the sixteenth century although with some remnants of medieval usage. An analysis of the language revealed an extremely rich vocabulary, in which the author himself introduced some new words to the Spanish language. The internal evidence of the richness of the language in addition to the fact that the Biblioteca de la Academia considers this dialogue as "autografo" of Sepulveda, confirms this writer as the true author of the Palinuro.
A major challenge facing conservation experts is how to adapt biodiversity planning and practice to the impacts of climate change. To date, most commonly advocated adaptation actions mirror conventional approaches (e.g. protected areas) despite decades of concern regarding their efficacy and widespread discussion of less conventional, interventionist actions. This survey of 160 experts (scientists and practitioners with specialized knowledge of the implications of climate change for biodiversity conservation) seeks to explain this deep incongruity. Specifically, we quantify current preferences for a diverse set of adaptation actions, and examine the choice logics that underpin them. We find near unanimous agreement in principle with the need for extensive active management and restoration interventions given climate change. However, when interventionist actions are provided as options alongside conventional actions, experts overwhelming prefer the latter. Four hypotheses, developed by linking the conservation adaptation literature with that of preference formation and risk and decision making, explore enduring preferences for conventional actions. They are (1) judged most ecologically effective, least risky and best understood; (2) linked with pro-ecological worldviews, marked by positive affective feelings, and an aversion to the hubris of managing nature; (3) a function of trust in biodiversity governance; and/or (4) driven by demographic factors such as gender. Overall, we find that experts prefer conventional over unconventional actions because they are viewed as relatively more effective and less risky from an ecological point of view, and because they are linked with positive affect ratings, and worldviews that are strongly pro-ecological. We discuss the roles of value-based and affective cues in shaping policy outcomes for adaptation specifically, and sustainable resource management more broadly.
We describe a set of modules that together make up a grapheme-to-phoneme coversion system for Dutch. Modules include a syllabification program, a fast morphological parser, a lexical database, a phonological knowledge base, transliteration rules, and phonological rules. Knowledge and procedures were implemented object-orientedly. We contrast GRAFON to recent pattern recognition and rule-compiler approaches and try to show that the first fails for languages with concatenative compounding (like Dutch, German, and Scandinavian languages) while the second lacks the flexibility to model different phonological theories. It is claimed that syllables (and not graphemes/phonemes or morphemes) should be central units in a rule-based phonemisation algorithm. Furthermore, the architecture of GRAFON and its user interface make it ideally suited as a rule-testing tool for phonologists.
The research literature on performance appraisal is well established but suffers from two inter-related problems. First, rater training has lacked theoretical justification. This void has resulted in a myriad of training programs, with post-hoc explanations used to understand their relative failures and successes. Second, performance appraisal research has focused on rating errors, not the more important issue of rating accuracy. While recent attempts have been made toward understanding accuracy, these attempts again lack theoretical structure. The problem with these shot-gun approaches is that scientific understanding is not advanced in a systematic manner, since there are few attempts to disprove theories. The present study was an attempt to understand previous performance appraisal findings by incorporating theories and research from the person-perception field of psychology. Specifically, the current 3 x 2 x 3 study manipulated theoretically-based cognitive schema rater training (Person/Event/Control) and rating time (immediate/delay) as between subjects factors and rating instrument format (behavior frequency scale/performance evaluation scale) as a within subjects factor. The major hypothesis predicted that the type of cognitive schema employed by raters as they watched videotaped lectures would interact with the instrument format to affect rating accuracy. It was also hypothesized that rating accuracy would be related to one's memory, such that as time and schemas affected memory that there would be corresponding changes in rating accuracy. Results showed that only one of the three component measures of rating accuracy (differential elevation) was affected by an interaction between rater training and rating format. While recognition bias and sensitivity behaved as predicted (prototypical bias exceeded antiprototypical bias, antiprototypical sensitivity exceeded prototypical sensitivity, antiprototypical bias decreased across time), an improvement in rating accuracy was not associated with a reduction in antiprototypical bias. Overall, the present study could not explain some of the previous research findings on rating accuracy. However it represents an important step toward a theoretical integration of rater training with the rating instrument form.
Journal Article MIKRAH-COMPUCORD: A Linguistic Database on a Microcomputer for the Masoretic Text of the Bible R. F. POSWICK R. F. POSWICK CIB-Maredsous,Belgium Correspondence: Fr. R. -Ferdinand Poswick, o s b, Centre "Infor-matique et Bible", Maredsous, B- 5198 Denée, Belgium Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Literary and Linguistic Computing, Volume 3, Issue 3, 1988, Pages 152–157, https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/3.3.152 Published: 01 January 1988
Currently most literary critics reject the use of science and technology to gain information about texts, while most computer text-analysts have become absorbed in science and technology and forgotten they were seeking information about literature. Whether these two trends will continue into the 1990's remains to be seen; that they explain a good deal about the world we work in now can, I think, be demonstrated. This essay looks at the questions of what literary computing could offer to literary critics, why computer users get lost in scientific jargon, what happens when text becomes input and, most importantly, what happens when text becomes output; it closes with a discussion of why the synthesis will be so difficult.