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16504 papers
This paper attempts to provide an overview of the development of humanities computing during the past twenty-five years. Mention is made of the major applications of the computer to humanities disciplines, and of the most important and representative projects across the world.
One of the essential aspects is described of an expert system (called LEXICOGRAPHER), designed to supply the user with diverse information about Russian words, including bibliographic information concerning individual lexical entries. The lexical database of the system contains semantic information that cannot be elicited from the existing dictionaries. The priority is given to semantic features influencing lexical or grammatical co-occurrence restrictions. Possibilities are discussed of predicting selectional restrictions on the basis of semantic features of a word in the lexicon.
Since April 1989, the Center for Text and Technology at Georgetown University has gathered information on the structure of projects that produce electronic text in the humanities. This report — based on the April, 1991 version of the Georgetown Catalogue and emphasizing its full-text projects in humanities disciplines other than linguistics —surveys the countries in which projects are found, the languages encoded, the disciplines served, and the auspices represented. Then the report explores three trends toward the improvement of electronic texts: increased scope of the new projects, improved quality of the editions used, and greater sophistication in the text-analysis tools added. Included among the notes is a list of titles and contacts for 42 projects cited in the report.
This paper attempts to assess the progress made in computational stylistics dyring the course of the past twenty-five years. First, we discuss some theoretical notions of style, and then we sketch certain trends that emerge from relevant articles appearing in a variety of publications including conference proceedings and academic journals (other than CHum). The conclusion is that progress has been mixed.
We introduce an authorship identification test, called modal analysis, based on a new statistic derived from the Karhunen-Loeve transform. Application to the poems of the Shakespearean canon and to other contemporary poetry strongly supports the case for disqualification of most major claimants. Results also cast doubt that the recently discovered poems, Shall I Die and Elegy, were written by William Shakespeare, but do suggest that eight unascribed poems of The Passionate Pilgrim may have been his work.
Reviews127 Wörterbücher. Dictionaries. Dictionnaires. [International Encyclopedia of Lexicography.] Ed. Franz Josef Hausmann, Oskar Reichmann, Herbert Ernst Wiegand, and Ladislav Zgusta. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter. Vol. 1 (1989), lii + 1056 pp.; vol. 2 (1990), xxiv + 1281 pp. $463.00 U.S. Of the impressive series of handbooks devoted to major subdisciplines of linguistics those proposed for the International Encyclopedia—on dialectology, historical linguistics, sociolinguistics, ' and computer linguistics —have appeared in the course of the past eight years; the present state of planning goes as far as no. 13 (with philosophy of language, syntax, semiotics, linguistic disorders and pathologies, writing and written language, morphology, onomastics, and languages for specific purposes still to come). It is an indication of the accepted status of lexicography as a scholarly discipline (to which status the editors of this work have contributed decisively) that the series includes Dictionaries as one of the first sets. Three volumes on dictionaries are planned; of these the first two, comprising 219 articles in 20 chapters, have been published to date (by July 1991) and will accordingly be reviewed here. A comparison of the published volumes with the undated (1985?) outline sent to contributors ("Konzeption des Handbuches," in its German version ) shows a few changes in scope: the number of articles for the three volumes was increased from 301 to 350; among them 15 numbered a, b appear to be last-minute additions, some of these written to complement chapters that proved not to be as comprehensive as the editors had envisaged. The first volume (seven chapters) starts, as it should, with more general aspects of the discipline: chapters 1-2 Lexicography and society (articles 1-25), 3 History and theory of lexicography (26-35), 4-5 Theory of monolingual lexicography (36-90a), and 6-7 pictionary types (91-100); "Dictionary types" is also the covering title ofthe first chapters in the second volume: 8-15 (101-66). A short chapter, "Procedures in Lexicographical Work" (16, 16773a ), leads on to the lexicography of individual languages: chapter 17 Classical languages (articles 174-80), 18 Romance languages (181-91), 19 Germanic languages (192-207), and 20 Slavic languages (208-19), which closes volume 2. The third volume will have 60 further articles on still other languages, more on theory and method, and a bibliography and indexes. It is obviously not possible in one review to discuss 2 19 articles, each summarizing the research in the field and each covering many dictionaries. I will therefore select what is of particular methodological interest and will be guided by personal preferences and expected interests of international users of the handbook, but will in the main restrict myself to summarizing contents. The sociological functions of dictionaries range from their standardizing impact through academies from the 17th century onwards (article 1, pages 1-19) to various responses by individual communities, situated "be- 128Reviews tween fascination and boredom" (19), but the "authority" of dictionaries in matters of correctness is now widely accepted in Western societies (2If). This impact has always been felt in Britain, but even more so in the United States (as John AJgeo aptly summarizes it in articles 3 and 4 concentrating on the mass media). Social and political aspects of lexicography have an old tradition in the Francophone world, leading up to recent legislation onfranglais, in dictionaries and elsewhere (5-6, 38-62). Whatever the views of the enlightened descriptive compilers, many users will expect guidance on what is right and wrong. A dictionary is, then, an important instrument for developing a lexical norm (Yakov Malkiel, 7, 63-70; cf. Martha RipfePs 24, 189-207) in the genesis of the standard language (Ladislav Zgusta, 8, 70-79), and as an expression of ideologies (9, 79-88). While all these surveys are intended to be universally relevant, they draw their data from the great Western European traditions. The users and uses are the focus of attention in articles 12-15: different types of people will use a dictionary for different purposes, which means that the optimum of usefulness and readability must be ensured by correlating expectations with lexicographical possibilities. Literary works or texts analyzed by the philologist present problems that are so specific that...
While there are many parallels between computing activities in musicology and those in other humanities disciplines, the particular nature of musical material and the ways in which this must be accommodated set many activities apart from those in text-based disciplines. As in other disciplines, early applications were beset by hardware constraints, which placed a premium on expertise and promoted design-intensive projects. Massive musical encoding and bibliographical projects were initiated. Diversification of hardware platforms and languages in the Seventies led to task-specific undertakings, including preliminary work on many of today's programs for music printing and analysis. The rise of personal computers and associated general-purpose software in the Eighties has enabled many scholars to pursue projects individually, particularly with the assistance of database, word processing, and notation software. Current issues facing the field include the need for standards for data interchange, the creation of banks of reusable data, the establishment of qualitative standards for encoded data, and the encouragement of realistic appraisals of what computers can do.
Abstract Leksikografie het grootliks met betekenis te doen, maar wat betekenis is en wat dit nie is nie, lê ten grondslag aan die eis dat die bestaande leksikografiese praktyk ingrypend herbesin moet word, veral in terme van verantwoorde semantiese norme wat moet meebring dat tussen leksikale betekenis en kontekstuele betekenis onderskei word. Agt basiese semantiese norme word bespreek. Lexicography deals mainly with meaning. Yet, what meaning is and what it is not, is crucial to the concern that practical lexicography is in dire need of a proper re-evaluation in terms of accountable semantic norms in order to distinguish clearly between lexical meaning and contextual meaning. Eight basic semantic norms are discussed.
After 50 hours of small group participation during 9 weeks, 91 young adults rated each same-group member's conduct on SYMLOG's dimensions of dominance, friendliness, and task-orientedness. Earlier, they made similar ratings twice, several weeks apart, on separate measures of self-acceptance and acceptance of others. Individuals' mean SYMLOG dominance ratings by group peers correlated much more highly with aggregated ratings for self-acceptance (.83) than for other-acceptance (.02), while SYMLOG friendliness correlated more positively with acceptance of others (.85) than with self-acceptance (.05). Self-ratings yielded parallel, but weaker associations. After attenuation corrections, these divergent approaches to assessing the interpersonal domain's central dimensions yielded empirically equivalent results. Both methods provide measures relevant to small group processes.
The machine-readable dictionary (MRD) is a major resource in the task of building a large-scale lexicon for a natural-language system. Because these dictionaries were written for human users, not computers, they show evidence of inconsistency of treatment, ambiguity within entries, and lack of systematicity in the explicit statement of essential facts. This ‘human bias’ makes dictionary mapping very difficult and of limited worth. Electronic text corpora now allow the evaluation of a dictionary entry by comparing it with actual word use in running text. This is done for several lexical items across five MRDs; corpus evidence is shown to support apparently incompatible semantic descriptions. An outline is given for part of a lexical database entry which could facilitate the mapping of dictionary entries and consequently maximize the useful facts to be extracted from a number of MRDs
Scholars and educators have studied the effects of bilingualism on cognitive and linguistic abilities for almost a century. The question has generally focused on how a child with more than one language mentally organizes language, and on the repercussions of bilingualism on cognitive and linguistic development. Both these questions grew out of what might be called the monolingual-norm assumption: the belief that monolingualism is the cognitive-linguistic norm and that the child's cognitive system is fragile and designed to cope with only one language. The monolingual-norm assumption gave rise to the negative myths surrounding bilingualism: bilingualism has been blamed for cognitive, social, and emotional damage to children (see Hakuta, 1986, for review).
Gender differences in mathematics test performance that favor males are rarely found on tests of computation or other mathematical symbol manipulations. They appear primarily in tests that are labeled as tests of mathematical reasoning and consist largely of word problems. The content of word problem cover stories is a possible source of gender bias. Some have suggested that students are discouraged from solving problems for affective reasons when the content of the problem is sex-typed for the opposite sex; cognitive science research on the problem solving processes suggests that familiarity of content would be likely to affect problem solving performance. To test these hypotheses, an experiment was conducted in which underlying mathematics problems were clothed in four different cover stories: masculine, feminine, neutral familiar and neutral unfamiliar. No effect of sex-typing was found; there was an highly significant but small effect of familiarity. Ratings of problem characteristics were also collected, primarily to guide and confirm the realization of the design intentions, and a number of interesting features of the rating results are discussed.
Since 1978 research in the development of software dedicated to the specific problems of historical research has been undertaken at the Max-Planck-Institute für Geschichte in Göttingen. From a background of practical experiences during these years, a concept of what an appropriate ‘workstation” for an historian would be has been derived. It stresses the necessity of three components: (a) software, derived from a detailed analysis of what differentiates information contained in historical sources from such present in current material, (b) databases which are as easily available as printed books and (c) knowledge bases which allow software and data bases to draw upon the information contained in historical reference works. A loose network of European research projects, dedicated to the realization of such a setup, is described.
This thesis was concerned with an examination of psychological well-being, defined as consisting of negative affect, positive affect, and self-esteem. Two distinct approaches to well-being were identified (i.e. personality and social role). It was argued that well-being is likely determined by both personality and social role influences, and that these two areas might themselves be interrelated. Both cognitive and affective personality factors were included in this research (i.e. dysfunctional cognitions and affect intensity). Roles were examined at a general level (number of roles and their cognitive representation in terms of complexity) and at a specific level that included assessments of role stressfulness, importance, and satisfaction. Four studies designed to examine the independent and combined impact of these variables on well-being were conducted. Each study built on the previous both in terms of the dimension of well-being examined, and design complexity. Studies 1 and 2 were cross-sectional while Studies 3 and 4 were longitudinal.;Study 1 developed a set of social role stimuli. It was demonstrated that it is useful to consider a broad range of roles in well-being research. Furthermore, role evaluations of stressfulness predicted the negative affect dimension of well-being. Finally, dysfunctional cognitions were also related to negative affect. Study 2 extended these basic findings to the outcome variable of self-esteem. In addition, a curvilinear relationship between the number of roles and well-being was detected, but role complexity was unrelated to outcome.;Study 3 examined all three dimensions of well-being and included a second personality variable. Dysfunctional cognitions predicted negative affect and self-esteem but not positive affect. Affect intensity failed to predict well-being. Number of roles and role complexity did not predict well-being, and the role appraisals were similarly found to be poor predictors of outcome. There were few relationships between the two domains of personality and roles. Finally, Study 4 gathered daily affect ratings, and again dysfunctional cognitions predicted negative affect, while affect intensity predicted positive affect. Number of roles was related to positive affect.;Overall, personality was more strongly related to well-being than were role variables.
This retrospective on statistical analysis of literature in the first twenty-four years of Computers and the Humanities divides the essays under review into four groups: the philosophical, the statistical analyses of language, the statistical analyses of literary texts, and the statistical analyses of themes. It begins with the question: must valid statistical analysis of any literary text be based on a complete linguistic description of the language of the text? It summarizes and evaluates over forty essays, giving details on works discussed, sample sizes used, statistical methods applied, and quotations from the researchers. The essay ends with a polemical summary of what has been done and what the future holds. It emphasizes the importance of extended pre-computational stages of learning about language and discourse analysis; reading previous research, building on and challenging theory; and the use of carefully crafted, small databases to test specific questions.
650 LANGUAGE, VOLUME 67, NUMBER 3 (1991) a general linguistic audience are mixed with articles of interest for the specialist reader only. However, all the articles fit into the (probably too general) frame 'Writing system and orthography '. An unfortunate feature of the book is the absence of addresses and affiliations of the contributors. The editors' full addresses are given as Peking, China, and Kleve, Germany. [Jürgen Tesak, University of Freiburg.] Studies on the languages and the verbal behavior of the Pennsylvania Germans II. (Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, Beiheft 64.) Ed. by Werner Enninger, Joachim Raith, and Karl-Heinz Wandt. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1989. Pp. 170. Paper DM 54.00. This is the second volume of a collection of essays, the earlier volume, edited by Werner Enninger alone, appeared in 1986 in the same series. In the preface to Vol. I Enninger states that, 'although the linguistic varieties of the Pennsylvania Germans are among the best-documented and most widely explored languages of all ethnic minorities in the United States, the picture is far from complete' (ix). He observes further that Pennsylvania German offers a particularly good model for the study of such phenomena as substratum interference of LI and L2, of borrowing from L2 into Ll, and of language decay and death. There have been numerous earlier publications on Pennsylvania German, and some contributors to this volume have published widely on this subject elsewhere. The present volume, as well as a number of others, have received their impetus from the Essen Delaware Amish Project Team. in this collection of eleven papers, some are markedly weaker either in style or in content. Jonathan Watt's 'Ll interference in written L2: A comparison between the Pennsylvania German and Koine Greek situations' (103-15) contributes little of importance regarding Pennsylvania German. Rudolf Post's 'The lexicography of Palatinate German: Its relevance for Pennsylvania German research' (71-9) reads very much like an oral presentation. Heinz Kloss' death obviously precluded a more polished version of 'Sociolinguistic parallels between the Mennonite speakers of Pennsylvania German (or Pennsylfaanisch) and of Plautdietsch ' (117-24). Of the remaining articles, I found three particularly interesting: John Costello's 'Innovations increasing syntactic complexity in the native language of bilingual children from 5 to 10: The case for Pennsylvania German' (3-16); Marion Lois Huffines' 'The convergence of language death: The case of Pennsylvania German ' (17-28); and 'Rules of speaking and their mediation: The case of the Old Order Amish' (137-68). by Werner Enninger. John A. Hostetler, Joachim Raith, and Karl-Heinz Wandt. Costello demonstrates that, influenced by English (L2). the Pennsylvania German (Ll) of children shows an increased complexity in syntax rather than simplification. He finds that these new structures seem to become permanent in the children's Ll and explains this by the fact that linguistic variation in Pennsylvania German is considered normal by speakers, so parents don't correct any 'innovations'. Their main concern seems to be that children learn the dominant language, English, well. Huffines argues that the Pennsylvania German community has two linguistic norms for case usage, one among nonsectarians and another among the Amish and Mennonites. Among the nonsectarians the dative is being maintained, but Pennsylvania German itself is dying Among the sectarians the dative has been lost—not necessarily due to a convergence towards English, but rather from an internal development similar to the one in some Low German varieties. The article by Enninger et al. tries, from an ethnography -of-communication point of view, to shed light on the speaking rules in an Old Order Amish context, and to illustrate 'that speaking is rule-governed but subject to culture-specific constraints' (166). Apart from a few typographical errors and a line of text missing on p. 77. this is a well-edited volume which is interesting because of its varied subject matter. Judging by the rate ofpublishing on the topic and the fact that this area of investigation is far from exhausted, we can expect further collections edited by one or all of the present editors. [Wolfgang P. Ahrens, York University, Toronto.] Theorien vom Ursprung der Sprache. 2 vols. Ed. by Joachim Gessinger and Wolfert von Rahden. Berlin...
This study is an investigation of the concordance among different sources of information on ratings of depression in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Informants were 75 outpatients with diagnosed AD (22 with major depressive disorder), their caregivers, and geriatric clinicians. Clinicians rated each patient on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression on the basis of (a) the patient's report, (b) the caregiver's report, and (c) the clinician's evaluation. Overall, patients perceived themselves as less depressed than did caregivers or clinicians; for nondepressed patients, caregivers reported patients less depressed than clinicians reported; for depressed patients, no significant differences were obtained between caregiver or clinician. Certain items were more discrepant among informants and significantly differentiated depressed from nondepressed AD patients. Level of patient dementia did not affect ratings. These findings support the need for comprehensive, accurate assessment of depression in AD patients.
650 LANGUAGE, VOLUME 67, NUMBER 3 (1991) a general linguistic audience are mixed with articles of interest for the specialist reader only. However, all the articles fit into the (probably too general) frame 'Writing system and orthography '. An unfortunate feature of the book is the absence of addresses and affiliations of the contributors. The editors' full addresses are given as Peking, China, and Kleve, Germany. [Jürgen Tesak, University of Freiburg.] Studies on the languages and the verbal behavior of the Pennsylvania Germans II. (Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, Beiheft 64.) Ed. by Werner Enninger, Joachim Raith, and Karl-Heinz Wandt. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1989. Pp. 170. Paper DM 54.00. This is the second volume of a collection of essays, the earlier volume, edited by Werner Enninger alone, appeared in 1986 in the same series. In the preface to Vol. I Enninger states that, 'although the linguistic varieties of the Pennsylvania Germans are among the best-documented and most widely explored languages of all ethnic minorities in the United States, the picture is far from complete' (ix). He observes further that Pennsylvania German offers a particularly good model for the study of such phenomena as substratum interference of LI and L2, of borrowing from L2 into Ll, and of language decay and death. There have been numerous earlier publications on Pennsylvania German, and some contributors to this volume have published widely on this subject elsewhere. The present volume, as well as a number of others, have received their impetus from the Essen Delaware Amish Project Team. in this collection of eleven papers, some are markedly weaker either in style or in content. Jonathan Watt's 'Ll interference in written L2: A comparison between the Pennsylvania German and Koine Greek situations' (103-15) contributes little of importance regarding Pennsylvania German. Rudolf Post's 'The lexicography of Palatinate German: Its relevance for Pennsylvania German research' (71-9) reads very much like an oral presentation. Heinz Kloss' death obviously precluded a more polished version of 'Sociolinguistic parallels between the Mennonite speakers of Pennsylvania German (or Pennsylfaanisch) and of Plautdietsch ' (117-24). Of the remaining articles, I found three particularly interesting: John Costello's 'Innovations increasing syntactic complexity in the native language of bilingual children from 5 to 10: The case for Pennsylvania German' (3-16); Marion Lois Huffines' 'The convergence of language death: The case of Pennsylvania German ' (17-28); and 'Rules of speaking and their mediation: The case of the Old Order Amish' (137-68). by Werner Enninger. John A. Hostetler, Joachim Raith, and Karl-Heinz Wandt. Costello demonstrates that, influenced by English (L2). the Pennsylvania German (Ll) of children shows an increased complexity in syntax rather than simplification. He finds that these new structures seem to become permanent in the children's Ll and explains this by the fact that linguistic variation in Pennsylvania German is considered normal by speakers, so parents don't correct any 'innovations'. Their main concern seems to be that children learn the dominant language, English, well. Huffines argues that the Pennsylvania German community has two linguistic norms for case usage, one among nonsectarians and another among the Amish and Mennonites. Among the nonsectarians the dative is being maintained, but Pennsylvania German itself is dying Among the sectarians the dative has been lost—not necessarily due to a convergence towards English, but rather from an internal development similar to the one in some Low German varieties. The article by Enninger et al. tries, from an ethnography -of-communication point of view, to shed light on the speaking rules in an Old Order Amish context, and to illustrate 'that speaking is rule-governed but subject to culture-specific constraints' (166). Apart from a few typographical errors and a line of text missing on p. 77. this is a well-edited volume which is interesting because of its varied subject matter. Judging by the rate ofpublishing on the topic and the fact that this area of investigation is far from exhausted, we can expect further collections edited by one or all of the present editors. [Wolfgang P. Ahrens, York University, Toronto.] Theorien vom Ursprung der Sprache. 2 vols. Ed. by Joachim Gessinger and Wolfert von Rahden. Berlin...
Precision food pellets made from purified ingredients by two different manufacturers (P. J. Noyes Company, Inc. and Bio-Serv, Inc.), and advertised as dust-free and nutritionally complete, were compared as reinforcers of leverpressing in rats. Single schedules (a variable interval [VI] of 30 sec and a fixed ratio of 20) were used to compare ability to maintain moderate and high response rates, and concurrent VI schedules were used to assess preference. The two pellets maintained equivalent moderate and high response rates on the single schedules. In the concurrent schedules, 3 out of 4 rats showed a small preference for the Bio-Serv pellets. Although both pellets performed adequately in normal humidity, high humidity caused the Bio-Serv pellets to soften and occasionally to be crushed in the pellet dispenser. Their softness may have been the reason they were preferred. The two pellets can be regarded as generally equivalent, except in high humidity. The only experiments in which they might not be used interchangeably are those involving choices between different reinforcers.
Abstract The roles of status and affect in the working relationships in the United States among 125 lower level managers and the 35 middle level managers to whom they reported was examined by using the Grasha-Ichiyama Psychological Size and Distance Scale (GIPSDS). The GIPSDS uses a circle-drawing task to determine perceptions of interpersonal status (psychological size) and affect (psychological distance) and a 22-item status-affect rating scale to identify the specific psychological dimensions underlying the drawings. Boss-subordinate exchanges also were measured by using Graen et al.'S (1982) Leader-Member Exchange Scale (LMX). Subordinates drew circles that estimated their psychological size or personal status, as larger than the circles their bosses drew for them; the bosses, in turn, drew circles that estimated their personal status as larger than the circles that their subordinates drew for them. Lower level managers' ratings of their personal knowledge and expertise were the best predictor of their psychological size, whereas ratings of personal dominance were the best predictor for middle level managers. Compared with their subordinates, middle level managers reported less psychological distance or more positive affect in those interactions. Rating scale items assessing emotional support in such interactions accounted for the largest share of unique variance (independent variance accounted for by a particular variable) in predicting LMX scores.
Gender differences in mathematics test performance that favor males are rarely found on tests of computation or other mathematical symbol manipulations. These differences appear primarily in tests that are labeled as tests of “mathematical reasoning” and consist largely of word problems. The content of the word problems’ cover stories is a possible source of gender bias. Some have suggested that students are discouraged from solving problems for affective reasons when the content of the problem is sex-typed for the opposite sex; cognitive science research on problem-solving processes suggests that familiarity of content would be likely to affect problem-solving performance. To test these hypotheses, an experiment was conducted in which underlying mathematics problems were clothed in four different cover stories: masculine, feminine, neutral familiar, and neutral unfamiliar. No effect of sex-typing was found; there was a highly significant but small effect of familiarity. Ratings of problem characteristics were also collected, primarily to guide and confirm the realization of the design intentions.
Gender differences in mathematics test performance that favor males are rarely found on tests of computation or other mathematical symbol manipulations. These differences appear primarily in tests that are labeled as tests of “mathematical reasoning” and consist largely of word problems. The content of the word problems’ cover stories is a possible source of gender bias. Some have suggested that students are discouraged from solving problems for affective reasons when the content of the problem is sex-typed for the opposite sex; cognitive science research on problem-solving processes suggests that familiarity of content would be likely to affect problem-solving performance. To test these hypotheses, an experiment was conducted in which underlying mathematics problems were clothed in four different cover stories: masculine, feminine, neutral familiar, and neutral unfamiliar. No effect of sex-typing was found; there was a highly significant but small effect of familiarity. Ratings of problem characteristics were also collected, primarily to guide and confirm the realization of the design intentions.
This paper discusses an implemented program that automatically classifies verbs into those that describe only states of the world, such as to know, and those that describe events, such as to look. It works by exploiting the constraint between the syntactic environments in which a verb can occur and its meaning. The only input is on-line text. This demonstrates an important new technique for the automatic generation of lexical databases.
Abstract Subjects estimated how many Germans drink vodka or beer, or estimated the caloric content of these drinks. The former judgment, but not the latter, produced contrast effects on subsequent ratings of how ‘typically German’ various drinks are. Thus, highly accessible extreme stimuli did only affect ratings if the first judgment pertained to the same underlying dimension.
If the Greeks were first in Europe to create and record literature, to develop literary genres and define their natures, and to evolve critical systems for describing and prescribing forms of rhetoric and poetry, the Romans, paradoxically, scored a different first. They were the first cultural community to inherit literary models - those set up for them by the Greeks - before they began to compose their own literature. It might be claimed that they practised literary criticism, however rudimentary, before they practised literature, for they were faced with questions of what to imitate and how. The emergence of a relatively developed, highly imitative, national literature in the third century BC has some analogies to the appearance of new criticism and national literatures in the Renaissance; in both cases critical theory, adapted from the prototype literature, helped to mould form and content and in both cases formal education in grammar and rhetoric provided norms for literary expression. But Renaissance writers in the vernacular had a richer tradition of native poetry on which to draw than did the Romans, richer lexical resources, and greater ambition for literary originality.
The purpose of this study is to examin the relationships between the following three data sets:(1) evaluative ratings (5-point scale) on 10 most advancedscientific technologies (i. e., artificial intelligence, bio-technology, nuclear power generation, space technology, linear motor car, tube baby, 5th generation computer, super conductivity, organ transplant, and high-speed reactor), (2) familiarity ratings (5-point scale) on the same technologies, and (3) ratings on the subject's own personality (Y-G Personality Inventory). A hierarchical component analysis technique for the multiset data (Murakami, 1989) was applied. Three first order components for the image data sets were interpreted as indicating dangerous and harmful, useful and development, and personally beneficial dimensions, while the two first order components for the familiarity, as industrial technology and medical technology. Second order components showed several intersting relationships between image and familiarity which were found to be specific to particular scientific technologies. For example, industrial technologies high in the familiarity demension tended to have an image of usefulness and development.
This essay consists of two different studies. First, it resumes the discussion about matar and its derivatives that has lasted for centuries. Rematar y arrematar are different verbs, but its usage is almost the same. It is suspected that there was a secondary association between (a)rrematar and two other verbs in Medieval Spanish: (a)rremeter and (a)rrebatar. (A)rrematar has lexical developments in Jewish-Spanish, Old Spanish and Modern Spanish in dialectal areas. Secondly, this essay deals with the problem posed by menudencia in Spanish and miudeza in Portuguese. In spite of the fact that menudencia does not pose etymological problems, the origin of the Portuguese term miudu (related to miudeza) is surprising. It is also exceptional that the suffix -eza, typical of the Western parts of the Peninsula, should correspond to -encia in the Central region. Around 1400 both the norm of compatibility and the coincidence of d and z were altered (as in menud- and menuz-) and this circumstance led the speaker to coin a new abstract term in order to match menud-o in Spanish (and meúdo, miúdo in Portughese). Since -encia in Spanish and -eza in Portuguese were in vogue at the beginning of the fifteenth century, the speakers constructed menudencia and miud-eza, though there remained traces of this dual operation of composition.
CHIP is a computer program for the automatic coding and analysis of parent-child conversational interaction. The program was developed because manual coding of large collections of computerized transcripts cannot possibly be completed within a reasonable time span. CHIP codes parent-child conversational data as stored in transcript files and computes a series of descriptive statistics based on these codes. Parental responses to child utterances and child responses to parent utterances are both coded. This allows for an analysis of the reciprocal relationship between parental and child language. Three longitudinal corpora from CHILDES (totaling 151,900 utterances) were coded and analyzed by CHIP. The results indicated a high degree of contingency between parental and child language for different word classes across a large span of development. Two main points are argued: (1) Automatic data coding and analysis programs are important new tools for transcript analysis, and (2) CHIP, as an example of such a tool, can provide detailed information concerning the exact nature of parent-child conversational interactions.
Introduction / B. Boguraev and E. Briscoe -- Placing the dictionary on-line / Alshawi, B. Boguraev, and D. Carter -- An independent analysis of the LDOCE grammar coding system / E. Akkerman -- Utilising the LDOCE grammar codes / B Boguraev and E. Briscoe -- The derivation of a large computational lexicon o English from LDOCE / J. Carroll and G. Grover -- LDOCE and speech recognitio D. Carter -- Analysing the dictionary definitions / H. Alshawi -- Meaning an structure in dictionary definitions / P. Vossen, W. Meijs, and M. den Broede -- A tractable machine dictionary as a resource for computational semantics Y. Wilks... [et al.] -- Conclusion / B. Boguraev and E. Briscoe -- Appendic: Lexical database-user guide -- Semantic types of LDOCE verbs -- Dative alternations -- Lexicon development environment-user guide -- The Longman semantic codes -- The Longman grammar coding system.
The following is a description of the facilities, activities and research projects of the GIRCSE at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. The Group offers courses on computing in the humanities and assists scholars in their computer-based philological research. We discuss the problems of pre-editing of texts, lemmatization and textual analysis programs. We provide a comprehensive list of the Group's independent and collaborative research projects.
This paper presents a specialized editor for a highly structured dictionary. The basic goal in building that editor was to provide an adequate tool to help lexicologists produce a valid and coherent dictionary on the basis of a linguistic theory. If we want valuable lexicons and grammars to achieve complex natural language processing, we must provide very powerful tools to help create and ensure the validity of such complex linguistic databases. Our most important task in building the editor was to define a set of coherence rules that could be computationally applied to ensure the validity of lexical entries. A customized interface for browsing and editing was also designed and implemented
Strict adherence to a low-fat diet without breast milk appears to be effective in treating infants with severe lipemia retinalis associated with exceptionally high triglycerides.
This study examines the effects of conducting class discussion on a local area network. A real time networking program (INTERCHANGE) was used for class discussion in freshman and senior literature courses and in a graduate humanities computing class. Pseudonyms, collaborative exams and essays, and computer-assisted reading were tested, along with organization of the students by sex and personality type. At the beginning and end of each semester in each class students were asked 50 to 70 multiple choice questions. Their answers revealed that the many advantages of computer assisted class discussion (CACD) clearly outweigh the disadvantages.
WordNet is an on-line lexical reference system whose design is inspired by current psycholinguistic theories of human lexical memory. English nouns, verbs, and adjectives are organized into synonym sets, each representing one underlying lexical concept. Different relations link the synonym sets.
This paper considers the impact of informatics and the new technology on the field of philology. A brief overview of developments in the field is given, and the present bottleneck of computational linguistics are considered. Also discussed are some of the challenges posed by natural language processing, and the ways in which we can rise to the challenge.
This manual addresses the linguistic issues that arise in connection with annotating texts by part of speech ("tagging"). Section 2 is an alphabetical list of the parts of speech encoded in the annotation systems of the Penn Treebank Project, along with their corresponding abbreviations ("tags") and some information concerning their definition. This section allows you to find an unfamiliar tag by looking up a familiar part of speech. Section 3 recapitulates the information in Section 2, but this time the information is alphabetically ordered by tags. This is the section to consult in order to find out what an unfamiliar tag means. Since the parts of speech are probably familiar to you from high school English, you should have little difficulty in assimilating the tags themselves. However, it is often quite difficult to decide which tag is appropriate in a particular context. The two sections 4 and 5 therefore include examples and guidelines on how to tag problematic cases. If you are uncertain about whether a given tag is correct or not, refer to these sections in order to ensure a consistently annotated text. Section 4 discusses parts of speech that are easily confused and gives guidelines on how to tag such cases, while Section 5 contains an alphabetical list of specific problematic words and collocations. Finally, Section 6 discusses some general tagging conventions. One general rule, however, is so important that we state it here. Many texts are not models of good prose, and some contain outright errors and slips of the pen. Do not be tempted to correct a tag to what it would be if the text were correct; rather, it is the incorrect word that should be tagged correctly.