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18265 papers
This thesis studies how sick leave legitimacy is managed in interaction and develops an empirically driven conceptualization of ‘legitimacy work’. The thesis applies an ethnomethodological framework that draws on conversation analysis, discursive psychology, and membership categorization analysis. Naturally occurring interaction is examined in two settings: (1) multi-party meetings at the Swedish Social Insurance Agency, in which participants assess and discuss the ‘status’ of the sick leave and plan for work rehabilitation; (2) peer-based online text-in-interaction in a Swedish forum thread that gathers people on sick leave. The thesis shows how mental states, activities and alternative categories function as resources for legitimacy work. However, such invocations are no straight-forward matter, but impose additional contingencies. It is thus crucial how they are invoked. By detailed analyses of the interaction, with attention to aspects such as lexicality and delivery, the thesis identifies a range of discursive features that manage sick leave legitimacy. Deployed resources are also subtle enough to be deniable as legitimacy work, that is, they also manage the risk of an utterance being seen as invested or biased. While legitimate sick leave is a core concern for Swedish policy-making, administration, and public debate on sick leave, previous research has for the most part been explanatory in orientation, minding legitimacy rather than studying it in its own right. By providing detailed knowledge about the legitimacy work that people on long-term sick leave do as part of both institutional and mundane encounters, the thesis contributes not only new empirical knowledge, but a new kind of empirical knowledge, shedding light on how the complexities of sick leave play out in real-life situations. Traditional sociological approaches have to a significant extent treated legitimacy as an entity with beginnings and ends that in more or less direct ways relate to external norms and cognitive states, or that focus on institutions, authority or government. By contrast, the herein emerging concept ‘legitimacy work’ understands legitimacy as a locally contingent practicality – a collaborative categorially oriented accomplishment that is integral to the interactional situation.
This paper describes FinnPos, an open-source morphological tagging and lemmatization toolkit for Finnish. The morphological tagging model is based on the averaged structured perceptron classifier. Given training data, new taggers are estimated in a computationally efficient manner using a combination of beam search and model cascade. The lemmatization is performed employing a combination of a rule-based morphological analyzer, OMorFi, and a data-driven lemmatization model. The toolkit is readily applicable for tagging and lemmatization of running text with models learned from the recently published Finnish Turku Dependency Treebank and FinnTreeBank. Empirical evaluation on these corpora shows that FinnPos performs favorably compared to reference systems in terms of tagging and lemmatization accuracy. In addition, we demonstrate that our system is highly competitive with regard to computational efficiency of learning new models and assigning analyses to novel sentences.
Conference abstract: Recent years have seen the appearance of a new use of language in the French postcolonial novel: the French urban youth vernacular or francais contemporain des cites (FCC). This linguistic variety allows underprivileged youths from the banlieues to express their rebellion against the authorities by deliberately violating the norms of standard language. They consequently use lexical input from immigrant languages, in particular Arabic and English, verlan (a kind of coded backslang based on syllabic inversion) and an un-French pronunciation, in which the first rather than the last syllable is stressed. In view of the societal rejection of this non-standard variety, it has had difficulty penetrating literature. However, this is now beginning to change, with FCC appearing in a number of novels, mostly by young “beur” authors such as Faiza Guene, Mohammed Razane and Rachid Djaidani. Literary scholars might therefore consider broadening their scope to include this aspect, which until now has been almost exclusively studied in sociolinguistics. Moreover, now that the translation of some of these novels is called for, it is also becoming a relevant research topic in translation studies. The transfer of this genre does indeed raise a number of questions. For example, if we assume that translation is a “cultural political practice” (Venuti 2008, 19), which options do translators have to convey the resistant discourse of young immigrant slang users? In what way will the relationship between language use and social identity affect the target text? Is it possible to compensate for translation loss? And how are source and target texts received in their respective cultures? I will draw on a small corpus of French novels that have been partially translated into Dutch in an attempt to answer these questions.
This paper is an extended description of SemEval-2014 Task 1, the task on the evaluation of Compositional Distributional Semantics Models on full sentences. Systems participating in the task were presented with pairs of sentences and were evaluated on their ability to predict human judgments on (1) semantic relatedness and (2) entailment. Training and testing data were subsets of the SICK (Sentences Involving Compositional Knowledge) data set. SICK was developed with the aim of providing a proper benchmark to evaluate compositional semantic systems, though task participation was open to systems based on any approach. Taking advantage of the SemEval experience, in this paper we analyze the SICK data set, in order to evaluate the extent to which it meets its design goal and to shed light on the linguistic phenomena that are still challenging for state-of-the-art computational semantic systems. Qualitative and quantitative error analyses show that many systems are quite sensitive to changes in the proportion of sentence pair types, and degrade in the presence of additional lexico-syntactic complexities which do not affect human judgements. More compositional systems seem to perform better when the task proportions are changed, but the effect needs further confirmation.
Editorial I am delighted to announce the successful publication of Volume 26, 2020 of our esteemed journal, Lagos Notes and Records. This current edition is made up of thirteen well-researched articles across the various disciplines of the Humanities and Social Sciences namely History, Philosophy, Creative Arts, Language Studies, Literature, Communication Studies, and Linguistics. Lynn Schler in the first article, ‘The Local and the Global in African Studies: An Essay in Honour of Prof. Ayodeji Olukoju @ 60’, argues that in every geographic context, African studies evolved as an intersection between local and global flows of ideas, politics and capital. She concludes that the future of African studies requires scholars to view Africa as both a singular idea and a conglomeration of vastly diverse cultural contexts. Scholars must be aware of what is distinctive in local contexts and also take cognizance of global solutions. In the second article, ‘Identity and Ideological Positioning in Popular Nigerian Ethnic Jokes’, ’Rotimi Taiwo and David Dontele examine the discursive constructions of selected jokes to determine their expression of attitudinal and ideological dispositions of the ethnic groups within the multilingual/multicultural context of Nigeria. They argue that ethnic jokes in Nigeria construct stereotypes about linguo-cultural signs, and that the jokes have been stripped of their stigmatizing effects owing to the ability of Nigerians to laugh collectively at their perceived prejudices and stereotypes. In a related article, ‘Impression Management and Face Sensitivities in Delta State Courtroom Interactions’, Olasimbo Takpor and Felix Ogoanah investigate impression management and courtroom interactions in High Court proceedings in Delta State of Nigeria within the theoretical framework of Rapport Management Model (Spencer Oatey). They conclude that to manage face sensitivities, courtroom interactions create diverse impressions of themselves or others by deploying impression management strategies such as self-promotion, intimidation, apologies, ingratiation and conformity as determined by the peculiarities of legal procedures and cultural norms, which mediate judicial proceedings, interpretations and decisions. Felix Ajiola’s ‘Colonial Capitalism and the Structure of the Nigerian Cocoa Marketing Board, 1947-1960’ examines the origin, structure and impact of the Nigerian Cocoa Marketing Board (NCMB) from its inauguration in 1947 up to 1960. The author argues that the NCMB served various interests and purposes, which hardly benefitted cocoa producers, but rather exploited them through intolerable taxes, harmful price regulations and unfavourable grading policies. In another article, ‘The Language Factor and Internet Penetration in Nigeria: A Practical Assessment’, Olushola Are examines all the unstated assumptions behind quests for more language options on the internet with specific reference to Nigeria. The author concludes that the provision of Nigerian language options online would not significantly enhance internet penetration in the country without broader adjustments to the roles and status of indigenous languages as well as greater socio-economic and political reforms to fight general social exclusion for which linguistic exclusion of any form may be merely symptomatic. In the sixth article, ‘Theatrical Intervention towards “Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness”’, Oluwatoyin Olokodana-James examines Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness (BPCR) strategies. She argues that BPCR reduces the risks of complications in that it helps health practitioners to detect danger signs from both mother and the newborn early enough. Using qualitative research approach, the author employs theatre and dance as interventionist tools to educate women within Ifako-Ijaye LGA in Lagos State on the usefulness of BPCR. In a different article on ‘Stress Patterning in Polysyllabic Words among Educated Yoruba Speakers of English in Lagos’, Emmanuel Osifeso investigates one hundred (100) undergraduate and post-graduate students across Lagos State to underscore the role of stress patterning of polysyllabic words among educated Yoruba speakers of English in Lagos (EYSEL). He concludes that EYSEL have a propensity for shifting the main stress in English polysyllabic words rightward. Victor Ariole’s article, ‘Peul (Fulani) Worldview as seen in Ba’s Work: A Critique’, identifies the cultural integration constraints in Africa using Ba’s discussion of the Peul/Fulani as a case study. He concludes that Ba’s thought patterns are quite relevant in understanding the Peul’s worldview which sees probity and constituents’ responsibilities as inalienable with peaceful living or existence. Babatunji Adepoju in the ninth article, ‘Cohesion in English Biblical Narratives: A Study of “The Prodigal Son”’, examines the different methods that writers/speakers employ in making English narratives coherent. He discusses the reasons why many texts are considered disjointed/disorganised thereby making such texts lose the desired radiance. He concludes that the unity of a text is enhanced by adherence to the appropriate usage of grammatical and lexical ties in English narratives. Ayodele Shotunde in ‘A Discourse on the Nature of Crime and Punishment in the Administration of Social Justice in an African Culture’ evaluates the nature of crime and punishment among the Yoruba of Nigeria. Adopting the critical and prescriptive methodology, he concludes that it is important to take an insightful look at the traditional Yoruba conception of crime and punishment given its embedded spirit of forgiveness because such has the potential of fostering better social ethics in contemporary Nigeria. In the next article, ‘China-Hong Kong Dual System: Twenty-Three Years of Uncertainty and Broken Promises’, Henry Ogunjewo argues that the relationship between China and Hong Kong in the last twenty-three years have been characterised by broken promises, failed covenants, unnecessary political meddling, judicial undercutting, press gagging and restrictions on freedom of expressions, leading to protests and political tension in Hong Kong. He concludes that the United Kingdom, former colonial administrator of Hong Kong, needed to bring international pressure on China to protect the interests of Hong Kong. Bisoye Eleshin’s ‘High-Toned Vowel Prefix in Yoruba’ examines prefixation as it relates to gerund derivation in Yoruba. He uses the morpho-syntactic approach to establish the claim that there actually exists a high-toned vowel prefix i- in Yoruba and that the class of noun it derives is gerund. The last paper by Mosunmola Ogunmolaji and Oyinade Adekunle ‘‘Madam Due Process’: The Public Life of Obiageli Ezekwesili’ is a biography of Obiageli Ezekwesili. The authors analyse the public life of Obiageli Ezekwesili providing insights into her lifestyle, especially the major forces that spurred her interest in politics and public administration. They conclude that Ezekwesili is an intellectual who has broken gender barriers in Nigeria. She possesses pragmatic understanding of the yearnings of Nigerians through deliberate identification of their problems, acquisition of necessary problem-solving tools, and swift responses to the problems whether or not she stepped on toes in the process. I hereby warmly recommend these articles to the academic community with the hope that scholars will find them interesting and useful. I congratulate the Editorial Team for a job well done despite the constraints of the COVID era! Professor Olufunke Adeboye Dean, Faculty of Arts Editor-in-Chief
Abstract The paper describes standardized instruments that researchers and practitioners can use for assessing receptive vocabulary development and expressive vocabulary development in both Brazilian Portuguese and Brazilian Sign Language (Libras) in both hearing and deaf children from 2 to 14 years of age. It establishes comparisons among such instruments based on their characteristics and indications, and summarizes some data on their validity, reliability and norms. Norms provided herein permit distinguishing among five talker groups (very late talkers, late talkers, on-time talkers, early talkers, very early talkers) at each of five age levels (i.e., from 1 to 5 years of age), as well as five listener groups (very late listeners, late listeners, on-time listeners, early listeners, very early listeners) at each of nine school grade levels (i.e., from Kindergarten to 8th grade). Norms provided herein also permit distinguishing among five sign receiver deaf groups (very late receivers, late receivers, on-time receivers, early receivers, very early receivers) at each of seven school grade levels of deaf education (i.e., from 2nd to 8th grade). Keywords: vocabulary, speech comprehension, speech production, oral language, lexical development, PPVT
Certains « écrivains de la deuxième génération » sont accusés de rompre d’avec les normes canoniques occidentales. Tel est le cas de Kourouma dont les écrits comporteraient des distorsions morphosyntaxiques, des ruptures syntaxico-énonciatives à même de nuire à la compréhension du message. Avec Madeleine Borgomano, on trouve une justification en ces termes: « Les littératures nées dans ces pays [africains] éloignés et très différents de la France à tout point de vue, se sont développées de façon originale et de plus en plus autonomes. » Cette spécificité de la littérature africaine est diversement interprétée comme une interférence linguistique sinon, une transgression faite à la norme. Ce fait linguistique explicite le thème de la transfrontalité que nous abordons selon une linguistique du discours mettant en œuvre des paradigmes lexicaux.
The present study investigates Iranian EFL learners’ subjectivity in single-subject retrospective verbal reports that allow the examination of the changes in the cognitive, social and affective processes involved in L2 pragmatic production. To this end, eighteen EFL learners at three proficiency levels produced verbal reports after the administration of a written discourse completion task eliciting requests and apology in asymmetrical (status-unequal) relations in institutional discourse. Qualitative analyses of students’ responses indicate that sociocultural, socio-psychological and socio-affective aspects of the discourse situations influenced both their pragmalinguistic and sociolinguistic choices and negotiation of lexical and grammatical choices in planning the speech acts of requests and apologies. Apparently, the degree of sociocultural accommodation to the L2 pragmatic norms may be a matter of choice as of ability.
The Danish term Eventyr derives from the Latin adventura and the French aventure. The Latin verb is advenire, meaning “to happen” or “occur.” The lexical meaning in Danish refers to an event or incident which to a significant degree is accidental or remarkable, especially one that is strange, surprising, or exciting. When used in the plural, the Danish may refer to erotic experiences or tales of love. Eventyr may also suggest a daring or even dangerous undertaking. In a third meaning, Eventyr refers to a story or tale about strange or marvelous events. These are usually fantastical stories, something that lies out of the norm. Eventyr may also refer to an implausible or untruthful story.1
Images: EEG montage used, beside international type; experiment overview; waveforms; difference topographies. For a more detailed view of the waveforms per group and electrode, visit: <b>https://pablobernabeu.shinyapps.io/export_files/</b><b>Abstract. </b>The engagement of sensory systems during word comprehension has been extensively documented; yet, the precise relevance of those remains unclear. We probed into this with an event-related potential (ERP) experiment which implemented the conceptual modality switch. This paradigm works as follows. In each trial, participants judge whether a property word can describe a concept word. However, the critical manipulation is the conceptual modality of the trials—e.g., haptic or visual—, as enabled by modality-normed stimuli. Switching across trials in different modalities, compared to maintaining a modality, incurs a switching cost. So far, experiments have measured this either on-line, from ERPs time-locked to the second word of the target trials, or off-line, from response times at the end of those trials. Problematically, both measurements fail to control a possible switch at the first word, as well as the semantic relation between the first and second words. In tackling the actual time frame of lexical and semantic access, we time-locked ERPs to the first word of target trials. Then, the experiment included different types of switch—from auditory to visual, and from haptic to visual—, which were compared to the non-switch—visual to visual. Further, we had a quick response group (<i>n</i> = 21), and a self-paced group (<i>n</i> = 21), alongside a few participants with no speed instructions (<i>n</i> = 5). The results, analyzed with mixed effects models, reveal ERP effects of modality-switching in four typical time windows between 160 and 750 ms after word onset. The effects are generally characterized by a more negative amplitude for modality-switching than not switching, and they arise with both types of switch, in both groups, and in anterior as well as posterior brain regions. In sum, the early start and broad scope of this effect suggest that perceptual simulation contributes fundamentally to word comprehension.
The tempo of modern living picks up day by day and the representatives of various professions should learn new information coming in various languages, including rare languages, from different parts of the world. Translators find themselves in the conditions of the necessity of more quick and qualitative translation what is not always possible when translating the rare language pair. The paper covers special aspects of appropriate translation using the intermediate language, which is required to increase the speed and the quality of translation from rare languages. Usually, the official international language (English) acts as the intermediate language, but other variants are possible as well. The paper describes as an example the experience of translation from Chinese to Russian using English as the intermediate language. The authors distinguished some special aspects of such translation. The experience of translation of Chinese novels from English (intermediate language) into Russian allowed the authors to find out that when working with the intermediate language, it is necessary to follow not only the general norms and rules of translation but some identified special aspects as well. The authors noted that while working with the intermediate language, a translator should take into account three cultural patterns (including various historical allusions) performed in three languages involved in the translation; select an appropriate translation strategy for appropriate translation of units of measure; take into account the specifics of proper names, which have not got any analogues in the intermediate and translating languages; give special attention to the use of both lexical and grammatical transformations.
A sentence is the natural unit of language. Patterns embedded in series of sentences can be used to model the formation and evolution of languages, and to solve practical problems such as evaluating linguistic ability. In this paper, we apply de-trended fluctuation analysis to detect long-range correlations embedded in sentence series from A Story of the Stone, one of the greatest masterpieces of Chinese literature. We identified a weak long-range correlation, with a Hurst exponent of 0.575±0.002 up to a scale of 104. We used the structural stability to confirm the behavior of the long-range correlation, and found that different parts of the series had almost identical Hurst exponents. We found that noisy records can lead to false results and conclusions, even if the noise covers a limited proportion of the total records (e.g., less than 1%). Thus, the structural stability test is an essential procedure for confirming the existence of long-range correlations, which has been widely neg)
The speech of Bandurovo village (Hayvoron district, Kyrovograd region) belongs to the south-west dialect of Ukrainian language. The author aimed to describe village dialect and to characterize it on different levels of Ukrainian language. Phonetic, morphologic and lexical-semantic dialect peculiarities, which distinguish it from the norms of modern Ukrainian language are also described. Phonetic and morphologic features in general inherent to the dialects of Eastern Podillya are supplemented by those which have not get occurred by researches and which are characterizing dialects of Eastern Podillya. Special attention is paid to the lexical-semantic level of the dialect. Lexical tokens, which are specific for investigated dialect, are represented. Peculiarities of the village dialect are demonstrated as exemplified by agricultural vocabulary. Some names related to gardening are considered. Found out which sorts have and which parts consist of potatoes, cucumbers, tomatoes, beets, radishes, carrot, garlic, pumpkins, watermelons and cantaloupes. These garden plants are extremely common in the village and in neighbouring residential places. Variety of sorts of these plants are mainly devided by color, shape, time of sowing and geographical origin. In the village dialect existing nomens indicating garden plants which are peculiar for Ukrainian literary language and those which are different from the norm. Some of these words are coincided with vocabulary of other dialects.
Стаття присвячена дослідженню особливостей вимовних норм у сучасному британському та американському кiнематографi, специфiки використання нацiональних стандартiв вимови в англомовному кінематографі, особливостей вживання рiзновидiв американського та британського варiантiв англiйської вимови у дослiджуваних фiльмах i серiалах. (The article deals with the study of pronunciation norms actualization in modern British and American cinematography, the specifics of national pronunciation standards use in English cinematography, the peculiarities of American and British pronunciation variants in the analyzed films and serials. The study of British and American pronunciation norms peculiarities allows us to make some conclusions. Their systemic, structural, and lexico-distributional differences are based on the phonological level. These differences arise from the quantity, combination, and lexical phoneme distribution. Realizational and systemic parameters occupy a prominent place in the hierarchy of diphthongal differences on the phonetic and phonological levels. Research results display a tendency for GA to be monophthongised. This permanent feature was frequently observed in the history of the English language and is characteristic of Germanic languages. The analysis results of British and American films allow us to state that in both variants of the English language there are many words of identical spelling but different pronunciation. These words confirm the difference in syllabification and the pronunciation of affixes. They enrich both pronunciation standards and make them truly unique. However, it is necessary to bear in mind that these words do not conform to any rules but are connected with their historical changes.)
Study 3 Image Rating Support for Welfare
У статті проаналізовано мову блогу в аспекті дотримання літературних норм на різних мовних рівнях. Приділено також увагу варваризмам як одному з найпоказовіших явищ в інтернет-комунікації. Ключові слова: інтернет-комунікація, блог, культура мови, норми літературної мови, варваризм. В статье анализируется язык блога в аспекте соблюдения литературных норм на разных языковых уровнях. Особое внимание уделено варваризмам как одному из наиболее показательных явлений в интернет-коммуникации. Ключев ые слова: интернет-коммуникация, блог, культура речи, нормы литературного языка, варваризм. The widest spectrum of lexical, stylistic and word-formative devices is represented in the blog as one of the most popular media. Both traditional devices and devices of virtual communication are actualized here. The article deals with the analysis of blog language in the aspect of adherence of literary norms on different language levels. The attention is also paid to barbarisms as one of the most significant phenomena in the internet communication. The peculiarity of lexical structure of blog language in Ukrainian part of the Internet is the large quantity of units used for representing the events of the social and political life, the processes connected with computer and network technologies. The large quantity of borrowings, most of those are barbarisms, and the obscene lexis are analyzed in the article. Despite the fact that multidimensional nature connected with the internet-communication study, the ortological component of Ukrainian-speaking blog characterization is insufficiently researched today. The relevance of our research is in the analysis of the language of Ukrainian blogosphere from this point of view. The subject of consideration in the presented article is the violation of language norms and barbarisms in blog texts. The task of our research is to evaluate the phenomena that characterize the up-to-date communication in the aspect of language culture. The actual material is picked up from the text resources of the blogs set on the blog-platforms ( LiveJournal, I. ua та ін.), journalistic websites and independent blogs. The prospects for further research of the language of Ukrainian blogosphere are in future analysis of lexical and stylistic peculiarities of this genre in the structure of mass media devices, in identification of word-formation dynamic processes which are in the Ukrainian-speaking blogs. Key words: Internet communication, blog, language culture, norms of the literary language, barbarism.
This paper combines an empirical argument about the lexical semantics of might with a preliminary description and theoretical account of a novel variety of implicatures. Empirically, I introduce the DISMISSIVE AGREEMENT paradigm, which shows that might semantically encodes nothing stronger than nonzero probability. Theoretically, I derive the fact that might often seems to suggest something stronger from the pragmatic norm that cooperative speakers will make claims that are strong enough to be relevant to the Question Under Discussion, which gives rise to LOWER BOUND IMPLICATURES.
The measure of sentence similarity is useful in various research fields, such as artificial intelligence, knowledge management, and information retrieval. Several methods have been proposed to measure the sentence similarity based on syntactic and/or semantic knowledge. Most proposals are evaluated on English sentences where the accuracy can decrease when these proposals are applied to other languages. Moreover, the results of these methods are unsatisfactory, as much relevant semantic knowledge, such as semantic class, thematic role and syntactico-semantic knowledge like the semantic predicates, are not taken into account. We must acknowledge that this kind of knowledge is rare in most of the lexical resources. Recently, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has published the Lexical Markup Framework (LMF) ISO-24613 norm for the development of lexical resources. This norm provides, for each meaning of a lexical entry, all the semantic and syntactico-semantic knowledge in a fine structure. Profiting from the availability of LMF-standardized dictionaries, we propose, in this paper, a generic method that enhances the measure of sentence similarity by applying semantic and syntactico-semantic knowledge. An experiment was carried out on Arabic, as this language is processed within our research team and an LMF-standardized Arabic dictionary is at hand where the semantic and the syntactico-semantic knowledge are accessible and well structured. Moreover, the experiments yielded better results, showing a high correlation with human ratings.
We compared the quality of prediction of word variables based on a Dutch word association and text corpus. Wederived estimates for: valence, arousal, dominance, concreteness and age of acquisition (AoA) for 2831 words. Based on thesimilarity between words we: (1) used projections on a dimension identified as the variable in question in a multidimensionalrepresentation, (2) used the k-nearest neighbors values, weighted according to their proximity. Estimates prevailed when basedon word associations. Differences between the predictions of the two methods were small. Based on the word association corpusit yielded correlations of.92,.85, and.85, for valence, arousal, and dominance, respectively. Its corresponding correlationsbased on the text corpus were.80,.74, and.67. For concreteness and AoA, both the association and the text corpus yieldedcorrelations of.88 and.73, respectively. This suggests word associations are better at capturing human ratings of affective wordvariables.
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Images play an important role in the representation and acquisition of specialized knowledge. Not surprisingly, terminological knowledge bases (TKBs) often include images as a way to enhance the information in concept entries. However, the selection of these images should not be random, but rather based on specific guidelines that take into account the type and nature of the concept being described. This paper presents a proposal on how to combine the features of images with the conceptual propositions in EcoLexicon, a multilingual TKB on the environment. This proposal is based on the following: (1) the combinatory possibilities of concept types; (2) image types, such as photographs, drawings and flow charts; (3) morphological features or visual knowledge patterns (VKPs), such as labels, colours, arrows, and their effect on the functional nature of each image type. Currently, images are stored in association with concept entries according to the semantic content of their definitions, but they are not described or annotated according to the parameters that guided their selection, which would undoubtedly contribute to the systematization and automatization of the process. First, the images included in EcoLexicon were analyzed in terms of their adequateness, the semantic relations expressed, the concept types and their VKPs. Then, with these data, guidelines for image selection and annotation were created. The final aim is twofold: (1) to systematize the selection of images and (2) to start annotating old and new images so that the system can automatically allocate them in different concept entries based on shared conceptual propositions.
Stemming is a process of reducing a derivational or inflectional word to its root or stem by stripping all its affixes. It is been used in applications such as information retrieval, machine translation, and text summarization, as their pre-processing step to increase efficiency. Currently, there are a few stemming algorithms which have been developed for languages such as English, Arabic, Turkish, Malay and Amharic. Unfortunately, no algorithm has been used to stem text in Hausa, a Chadic language spoken in West Africa. To address this need, we propose stemming Hausa text using affix-stripping rules and reference lookup. We stemmed Hausa text, using 78 affix stripping rules applied in 4 steps and a reference look-up consisting of 1500 Hausa root words. The over-stemming index, under-stemming index, stemmer weight, word stemmed factor, correctly stemmed words factor and average words conflation factor were calculated to determine the effect of reference look-up on the strength and accuracy of the stemmer. It was observed that reference look-up aided in reducing both over-stemming and under-stemming errors, increased accuracy and has a tendency to reduce the strength of an affix stripping stemmer. The rationality behind the approach used is discussed and directions for future research are identified.
Participant attentiveness is a concern for many researchers using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Although studies comparing the attentiveness of participants on MTurk versus traditional subject pool samples have provided mixed support for this concern, attention check questions and other methods of ensuring participant attention have become prolific in MTurk studies. Because MTurk is a population that learns, we hypothesized that MTurkers would be more attentive to instructions than are traditional subject pool samples. In three online studies, participants from MTurk and collegiate populations participated in a task that included a measure of attentiveness to instructions (an instructional manipulation check: IMC). In all studies, MTurkers were more attentive to the instructions than were college students, even on novel IMCs (Studies 2 and 3), and MTurkers showed larger effects in response to a minute text manipulation. These results have implications for the sustainable use of MTurk samples for social science research and for the conclusions drawn from research with MTurk and college subject pool samples.
The access of women in all fields of activity has provoked fierce linguistic polemics on feminisation of names of professions which has represented a wide range of linguistic investigations in France and in many French-speaking countries such as Canada, Belgium and Switzerland.This paper aims to examine the manifestation of the process of feminisation of names of professions in the French press, in other words, to observe how feminisation of names of professions in the French written media discourse is applied, knowing the fact that the press represents a favourable environment in which two areas conjugate, namely, society and linguistics. Therefore, this study is part of a sociolinguistic framework and will follow two approaches, one regulatory, related to linguistic habits and the other, innovative, revealed by the actual language-based practices that concern the visibility of women on the linguistic level.This micro research is justified by the assumption already advanced that the media has a very important role in the enrichment of languages, accompanying the evolution of the society by familiarizing the readers with new forms denoting new realities, thereby facilitating their further use.The objectives of this study are the study in the French press of the feminine forms used to designate women, comparing these forms to those indicated in the feminization guides and the Dictionary of the French Academy, which is the linguistic norm. The second part of the study is dedicated to analysing the procedures used to create the feminine form, in case of finding a lexical variation, but also explaining the factors favouring the option of using a form or another.Keywords: French, sociolinguistics, feminisation, names of profession.
Lexical units with reduplication of word-forming affixes in the texts of the 11-14th centuries reflect the specificity of stylistic features of the Old Russian literature. They also serve as the means of promotion and fixation of important structural and semantic tendencies in the history of Russian. The reduplication of the affixes reflects peculiarity of literary speech, based on the intersection of the Church Slavonic and the original Russian linguistic traditions. It represents different genre-related norms of Old Russian, or norms with variation of expressive means as an inherent feature. Accordingly, the most active models of suffixal reduplication include genetically heterogeneous (Russian and Church Slavonic) synonymic affixes. The contamination of original Russian suffixes with their south Slavonic synonyms is considered to be an instrument of genre and stylistic adaptation of the derivatives to the specifics of a text. The semantic redundancy of words, being the result of the affixal reduplication, corresponds, first of all, to the general stylistic peculiarities of literary speech, and, secondly, is viewed as the basis of semantic development of some lexical and grammatical word classes: in the class of nomina abstracta the reduplication of suffixes contributs to concretization of the meanings of abstract names; in the sphere of verbal prefixation, the "threading" of synonymous affixes became the basis of development of new modifying meanings – the modes of verbal action.
Translating from English into American Sign Language holds a number of challenges, particularly when the English source text is a formal, high profile, scripted speech. This study examined perspectives of Deaf bilinguals on translating President Obama’s 2009 inaugural address into American Sign Language. We conducted a microanalysis of translations of the opening line – ‘my fellow citizens’ – to investigate the product and processes employed by Deaf translators. Five Deaf ASL-English bilinguals who are ASL teachers or interpreters/translators were asked to translate the opening paragraph of the address and were interviewed about the processes they used to render their translations. Findings revealed a lack of standard translations for the phrase among the participants, but with some overlap in lexical terms. The Deaf translators discussed the challenges in creating the translation, including how to meet the needs of a national, but unknown, Deaf audience; the lack of standard ASL correspondents for English lexical items; incorporating cultural and sociolinguistic norms of ASL; and conveying semantic intent and register. The findings provide insights into the processes of the Deaf translators, which may be helpful to both Deaf and hearing individuals when rendering interpretations and translations.
The aim of this study is to explore vocabulary used by representatives of different social classes. This objective involves the following tasks: consideration of the concepts of norm and social class; consideration functions of various layers of language used in different situations; identification the types of word's connotation in the speech of main characters; analysis of selection of language means in the speech of people who belong to different social classes. The level of scientific development is formed by the theoretical basis of scientific papers, giving a broad concept of class rules, and what they include, as well as involving consideration of lexical units of the language and stylistic means of expressiveness. The object of this study is the image of various social classes of the British society. The subject of the research are lexical stylistic means of creating this image in the cinema. The purpose of the study is to highlight the lexical-stylistic means, which are used to create the image of the representatives of the various classes of society on the material selected four films of different years of release and see how linguistic patterns have been changing over time.
Стаття присвячена дослідженню англо-американських запозичень-термінів сучасної німецької мови, а також дослідженню особливостей їх функціонування в мові та проблем, які вони створюють при перекладі. Звертається увага на сучасні підходи до дослідження прагматичного потенціалу як самого політичного тексту так і використання запозичень англо-американського походження. (This article deals with the Anglo-american loan words, the terms in the modern german language and scientific researches of their functioning and the problems by their translate. Terminus is the lexical unit, it plays special functions. For analysis of termini are used semiotical/ terminological methods. All components of structure must be studied. The study of terms, the formation of which is attributed as extralinguistics factors and structural-linguistic norms assumes the duties of the structural-semantic analysis of these unit. To research the content structure of the term important all the elements of this scheme. You should start with a consideration of the meaning of the term, that is, the value of the lexical units serving in the term, if it has such a function. It can be argued that in this case the lexical unit has the nomìnativne value, it directly calls a special concept, which corresponds to the term. Complex terms form the main arsenal of the nominative means terminology elektrovimìrûval′noï technique. The model of complex terms shall be constructive function plays the ratio between turns.)
It is a well-accepted view that the prior semantic (general) knowledge that readers possess plays a central role in reading comprehension. Nevertheless, computational models of reading comprehension have not integrated the simulation of semantic knowledge and online comprehension processes under a unified mathematical algorithm. The present article introduces a computational model that integrates the landscape model of comprehension processes with latent semantic analysis representation of semantic knowledge. In three sets of simulations of previous behavioral findings, the integrated model successfully simulated the activation and attenuation of predictive and bridging inferences during reading, as well as centrality estimations and recall of textual information after reading. Analyses of the computational results revealed new theoretical insights regarding the underlying mechanisms of the various comprehension phenomena.
Previous research (e.g., cultural consensus theory (Romney, Weller, & Batchelder, American Anthropologist, 88, 313–338, 1986); cultural mixture modeling (Mueller & Veinott, 2008)) has used overt response patterns (i.e., responses to questionnaires and surveys) to identify whether a group shares a single coherent attitude or belief set. Yet many domains in social science have focused on implicit attitudes that are not apparent in overt responses but still may be detected via response time patterns. We propose a method for modeling response times as a mixture of Gaussians, adapting the strong-consensus model of cultural mixture modeling to model this implicit measure of knowledge strength. We report the results of two behavioral experiments and one simulation experiment that establish the usefulness of the approach, as well as some of the boundary conditions under which distinct groups of shared agreement might be recovered, even when the group identity is not known. The results reveal that the ability to recover and identify shared-belief groups depends on (1) the level of noise in the measurement, (2) the differential signals for strong versus weak attitudes, and (3) the similarity between group attitudes. Consequently, the method shows promise for identifying latent groups among a population whose overt attitudes do not differ, but whose implicit or covert attitudes or knowledge may differ.
Tiedemann K. Linguistic norms in mathematics lessons. In: Krainer K, Vondrová N, eds. <em>Proceedings of the Ninth Congress of the European Society for Research in Mathematics Education</em>. 2016: 1503-1509.
Kelong is a kind of genre belongs to society in Maccasarese (Bantaeng) which is popular in Maccasarese culture and language background. Kelong is used as a kind of tool intended for increasing teaching and education social norms and values effectively in this writing, the writer will describe concerning expression of sense that expressed from ”Kelongs” that is still in use by the people of Bantaeng in wedding ceremony. Several of Kelong terms of wedding ceremony belonged to Bantaeng society are the any uttered at lekok caddi and marrital contract. In order to describe the sense contained in those Kelongs, lexical and gramatical senses analysis should be used.
We adapted the adult French version of the Basic Empathy Scale to French children aged 6–11 years, in order to probe the factorial structure underlying empathy. A total of 410 children (189 girls and 221 boys) were instructed to fill out the resulting Basic Empathy Scale in Children (BES-C). Results showed that, as in adulthood, the three-factor model of empathy (i.e., emotional contagion, cognitive empathy, and emotional disconnection) was more relevant than the one- and two-factor ones. This means that as early as 6 years of age, children’s responses should reflect the same organization of the three components of empathy as those of adults. In line with the literature, cognitive empathy increased and emotional disconnection decreased in middle childhood, while emotional contagion remained stable. Moreover, girls exhibited greater emotional contagion than boys, with the reverse pattern being observed for emotional disconnection. No sex difference was found regarding cognitive empathy.
The speech portrait of the linguistic identity of the Dota 2 player (“doter”) is considered. Special attention is paid to the communicative features of the player’s verbal behaviour, in particular, to the desire to make the speech concise, emotional and successful. The influence of American norms of communicative behaviour is noted, such as aggressive self-presentation, self-centeredness, demonstration of the feelings of superiority over others, which is reflected in the use of lexical units with negative evaluative connotation, and the use of obscene lexis. From the standpoint of word formation the prevalence of compound words and contractions is marked as a consequence of the general trend of speech efforts economy, as well as orientation of all communication mainly to a written format. The author emphasizes that Dota 2 players’ speech contains slang, which is relatively close and cryptographic, so it is hard to other people to master it, because the lexical units most often verbalize directly in-game phenomena. Besides, the subculture reflects the processes of globalization in modern society, making all communication based on English as Lingua Franca. The relevance of this study is explained by the small familiarization of gamers language in general, although their subculture is a direct part of the modern society.
Poetry defines and records the poet's views, opinions, and society to whom he/she addresses (Biclar, 2014). The study was conducted to stylistically analyze E.E. Cummings', Your Little Voice. Specifically, it answered the questions: what are the foregrounded parts in the poem of E.E. Cummings' your little voice? At what linguistic levels do they occur? How do the foregrounded portions of the text relate together and contribute to the interpretation of the poem? Through the descriptive-qualitative research, employing the Practical Stylistic Analysis, the findings and interpretations revealed that E.E. Cummings' your little voice is wholly foregrounded as a result of his choice to deviate from the linguistic norms and normal conventions of language. All the poetic lines in the poem exhibit absurdity and irregularity which made them difficult to understand. The linguistic deviations occur at graphological, lexical, grammatical, and semantic levels. There is a cohesion of foregrounding that contributes to the interpretation of the poem. By acting as links between themselves, all the items conferred a cohesive strength on the poem and make it functioned as a unified whole. The poem explains the persistent and strong desire of the poet for the addressee not within his immediate reach.
The proposed paper details a contrastive interlanguage analysis (i.e. Granger, 1996) of metalinguistic features of certainty and doubt including 'hedges' and 'boosters' (following Hyland, 2000) and 'epistemic stance nouns' (Jiang, 2015) in a 350,000 word corpus of L2 written essays and reports collected at three data points (pre-training, post-training and final assessment) during a 6-credit mandatory freshmen English for academic purposes (EAP) course. The paper explores to what extent freshman undergraduate students are more or less certain in their treatment of theirs' or others' claims via the linguistic devices used prior to their EAP training, and what happens to their use of these linguistic devices as a result of their EAP training. Data was collected from 87 participants spread across five classes with the same participants submitting data at each data point. The results suggest significant impacts of time and task-type on the normalised frequencies and individual wordings of hedging and boosting devices, with pre-training data suggesting significantly more overt hedging and boosting devices used than in the final assessment data and with more epistemic nouns used post-training, and with differences in frequencies and wordings of individual devices across essay and report task types. The longitudinal trend in particular is characterised by a reduction in the use of modals for hedging (‘May’, ‘Would’ etc.) and an increase in lexical means, and a drop in categorical/assumption based statements (‘Undeniably’, ‘Obviously’) to a more academic tone. These findings suggest a positive effect of EAP training on L2 writer’s presentation of their stance on their own or others’ claims, towards the linguistic norms of an academic register.
Abstract Over the decades there have been discussions regarding the ownership and definition of texts written for children. The paper discusses the term "childlike language" as the one distinguished from other types of language through its connection to the image of a child and children's culture, but generated by adults. Accordingly, childlike language is marked by a distinct deviation/aberration from the norm and is produced by adult authors who often engage in literary experimentation and exhibit a propensity for identifying with their child audience. In their strong association with the "semiotic", as defined by Julia Kristeva, denoting the prosody and sound of language, such literary works for children exhibit deviant nature linguistically/lexically, phonetically, semantically, orthographically, and grammatically through their use of neologisms, word play, sound patterns, hyperbole, nonsense, and other stylistic and structural elements. Therefore, authors for children express their childlike nature by means of language which defies common rules, challenges status quo, and which results in playfulness, humor, subversiveness and grotesque. For this purpose, the research focuses on the examples of popular works by children's authors belonging to the English-speaking literary tradition, such as Roald Dahl, Dr. Seuss, A. A. Milne, J. R. R. Tolkien, J. K. Rowling, Edward Lear, Lewis Carroll, J. M. Barrie and others, in order to detect and illustrate the categories of childlike language. However, though the analysis will stick to its designated focus, the childlike expression is universal regardless of age and location. It is a source of freedom and divergent thinking, it makes us want to read, and it lets us grow up to be very powerful people. Key words: children's culture and literature; humor; nonsense; the semiotic; word play.---Sažetak O definiciji i autorstvu tekstova pisanih za djecu raspravlja se već desetljećima. U izlaganju će se govoriti o pojmu "djecolikoga jezika" kao jezika koji se razlikuje od ostalih vrsta izričaja svojom povezanošću s pojmom djeteta i dječjom kulturom, no čiji su izvor odrasli. U skladu s tim djecoliki se jezik odlikuje izrazitim odstupanjem/zastranjivanjem od norme, a stvaraju ga odrasli autori koji pokazuju naklonost prema književnom eksperimentiranju te se često poistovjećuju sa svojom dječjom publikom. Povezanošću sa "semiotičkim" oblikom jezika kako ga definira Julia Kristeva, a koji se odnosi na prozodiju, zvuk i melodiju jezika, takva djela dječje književnosti ukazuju na devijantnost lingvističkih/leksičkih, fonetičkih, semantičkih, pravopisnih, gramatičkih i ostalih stilskih i strukturnih elemenata, specifičnu uporabu neologizama, igru riječi, glasovne figure, hiperbole, nonsense. Na taj način autori tekstova za djecu stvaraju posebnu vrstu izričaja jezikom koji se opire standardnim pravilima i ne trpi status quo, a čiji su rezultat zaigranost, humor, subverzivnost i groteska. Sa svrhom određivanja i opisivanja kategorija djecolikoga jezika ovo se istraživanje bavi primjerima popularne dječje književnosti autora engleskoga govornog područja kao što su Roald Dahl, Dr. Seuss, A. A. Milne, J. R. R. Tolkien, J. K. Rowling, Edward Lear, Lewis Carroll, J. M. Barrie i drugi. Iako analiza primarno obraća pozornost na primjere specifičnoga govornog područja, djecoliki je jezik univerzalan bez obzira na dob ili područje. On je izvor slobode i divergentnoga mišljenja, potiče nas da čitamo i omogućava nam da izrastemo u vrlo moćne ljude. Ključne riječi: dječja kultura; humor; igra riječima; neologizam; nonsens; semiotičko.
The article considers commercial urbanonyms, that is, the names of cafйs, restaurants, shops, residential complexes and other urban facilities, which may give rise to conflict situations in the society, cause a negative reaction of some citizens or a particular social group, as well as provoke a clash of interests of the rights holders. The article reveals the capabilities of naming examination (a new kind of forensic linguistic examination a new kind of forensic linguistic expertise arising at the intersection of linguistics, law, onomastics and forensic expertology) in identifying factors of urbanonyms’ conflictogenity, negative semantics of names, semantic and lexical ambiguity of urbanonyms, violation of the spelling or grammatical norm in the title, the use the vernacular language, jargon, slang expressions, professionalisms, borrowings (including barbarisms), incorrect use of precedent names.
The article presents the analysis of peculiar features of religious lexis usage in T. Shevchenko’s<br> Diary. The topicality of the article is predetermined by the fact that in T. Shevchenko’s language<br> mapping of the world the concept sphere RELIGION plays an important role, and his use of lexeme-<br> verbalizers of various religious concepts unveils him as lingual personality, makes it possible<br> to identify T. Shevchenko’s input in the broadening of the lexical level of the Ukrainian language<br> and in revealing the pragmatic potential of religious lexemes. The aim of the research is to study<br> the specificity of religious lexis functioning in T. Shevchenko’s Diaries. The analysis has proved<br> that not only Christian religious names are used in the diary but also lexemes naming notions from<br> other religions. Using these lexemes, T. Shevchenko facilitates their fixing in the lexical funds of<br> Ukrainian and Russian languages as far as elite lingual personalities’ speech greatly influences the<br> formation and reformation of language norms, in particular it allows changes in the lexis.<br> In his diary T. Shevchenko uses proper names connected with religion, especially with Ancient<br> Greek Mythology, that have the status of precedent proper names, creatively implementing<br> the nation-based principle in this way.<br> Much attention is paid to the widening of semantics of religious lexemes that happens due<br> to the actualization of peripheral senses. The author of the diary uses a range of religious names<br> metaphorically, namely those that compose various lexical semantic groups ( LSGs) of religious<br> lexis – “the names of representatives of different religions” and “the names of religious buildings”.
We address in this paper some theoretical and practical issues relating to generation, processing, and management of Parallel Translation Corpus (PTC) in Indian languages, which is under development in a consortium-mode project (ILCI-II) 1 under the aegis of DeitY, Govt. of India. These issues are discussed here for the first time keeping in mind the ready application of PTC in various domains of linguistics including computational linguistics, Natural Language Processing, applied linguistics, lexicography, translation, language description, etc. In a normative manner, we define what is a PTC; describe the process of its construction; identify its features; exemplify the processes of text alignment in PTC; discuss the methods of text analysis; propose for restructuring of translational units; define the process of extraction of translational equivalents; propose for generation of bilingual lexical database and Term Bank from a structured PTC; and finally identify the areas where a PTC and information extracted from it may be utilized. Since construction of PTC in Indian languages is full of hurdles, we try to construct a roadmap with a focus on techniques and methodologies that may be applied for achieving the task. The issues are brought under focus to justify the present work that is trying to construct PTC for some Indian languages for future reference and application.
TreeBank is a crucial resource for syntactic parsing. But syntactic labeling and error checking for treebank is time and energy consuming. To improve the efficiency in constructing treebanks, we have designed and realized a treebank editing system based on a graphical interface. And this graphical treebank editing system is proved to be 5 times faster than error checking on bracket marked syntactic treebank. As such it provides a technical support for building a large-scale syntactically annotated corpus.
Purpose: This study was intended to evaluate a series of algorithms developed to perform automatic classification of paraphasic errors (formal, semantic, mixed, neologistic, and unrelated errors). Method: We analyzed 7,111 paraphasias from the Moss Aphasia Psycholinguistics Project Database (Mirman et al., 2010) and evaluated the classification accuracy of 3 automated tools. First, we used frequency norms from the SUBTLEXus database (Brysbaert & New, 2009) to differentiate nonword errors and real-word productions. Then we implemented a phonological-similarity algorithm to identify phonologically related real-word errors. Last, we assessed the performance of a semantic-similarity criterion that was based on word2vec (Mikolov, Yih, & Zweig, 2013). Results: Overall, the algorithmic classification replicated human scoring for the major categories of paraphasias studied with high accuracy. The tool that was based on the SUBTLEXus frequency norms was more than 97% accurate in making lexicality judgments. The phonological-similarity criterion was approximately 91% accurate, and the overall classification accuracy of the semantic classifier ranged from 86% to 90%. Conclusion: Overall, the results highlight the potential of tools from the field of natural language processing for the development of highly reliable, cost-effective diagnostic tools suitable for collecting high-quality measurement data for research and clinical purposes.
FrameNet is a semi-formal lexical database. There are various attempts to formalize this database. This paper presents a partial formalization of FrameNet in situation theory. This mathematical theory of information may provide a fruitful basis for making FrameNet accessible to other fields such as natural language processing, computational linguistics and informational retrieval.
In the field of translation theory, owing to the new functional paradigm with its antropocentrism in the investigations, not only the approaches to the translation per se have changed, but also the scope of issues concerned with researches of this multidimensional and multifaceted phenomenon within the multicultural spaces through the prism of cognition has expanded. Subject. The cognitive aspects of translation and cognitive aspects of strategies in translation continue to give rise to new debates and, at this point, there is an inevitable necessity to apply the interdisciplinary approach within the framework of semiotics, pragmatics, semantics, sociolinguistics, etc. in the research of the central categories of translation theory, such as equivalence, in the light of modern cognitive paradigm. Since it is widely accepted that cognitive spaces are marked by cultural-specific differences, a comparative analysis of Spanish and Russian lexicological data can reveal and demonstrate two-dimensional national specificity of Spanish language which is manifested in non-equivalent and background lexical units and which imposes international and intervariant pragmatic restrictions on their choice and use in different types of communicative and pragmatic situations in accordance with communicative and pragmatic norms of the Spanish language and its variants. The objective of this article is to consider the functioning of non-equivalent lexical units in the cognitive space of translation, making a special reference to the Spanish-Russian language combination. Results. This article suggests strategies of conveying the precise meaning of these units at the moment of transferring and adequately restoring the sense as a fundamental condition of efficient communication. Methods of semantic and comparative analysis are used in this study. The practical value of the research is to use the results for fundamental studies within the field of translation theory and translation teaching.
The word-level sentiment analysis is an essential issue in opinion mining. One challenge in this field is that not so many lexical items as expected have been labeled with sentimental opinions, especially in Chinese. There are two ways of rating words: one is manual marking which costs lots of resources, energy and time; the other is machine marking which is efficient, convenient and time-saving. There are a few machine rating approaches such as linear regression, support vector regression and weighted graph method. This paper compares the three approaches of linear regression, vector regression and kernel models based on valence-arousal (VA) space in order to study an effective and accurate machine learning algorithm for increasing more Chinese affective words on the existing affective lexicon.