Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
Background. The spread of cross-media in today’s society creates serious responsibility for journalists working in multimedia as the number of readers of their material have increased significantly. Such changes in the information space require a high professional competence from the authors, including linguistic ones. However, the analysis of recent publications shows an opposite tendency: the number of violations of the literary norm have significantly increased at different levels of language.Purpose of our article is to identify typical errors in cross-media and the reasons for their occurrence to avoid their appearance in future texts.Methods. For objective research, the following methods have been used: continuous sampling, analysis and synthesis, and a descriptive method.Results. The research has shown that the authors of informative texts often neglect the rules of speech euphony, which are not well-versed in spelling rules. For example, the problem is made up of the rules of writing doubling consonant letters, derivative adverbs, complex words, service parts of speech, etc. From the lexical point of view, there are too many non-normative calks from the Russian language, a mistaken use of paronyms, and examples of the use of words in wrong meanings. The authors also abused a vernacular and jargon vocabulary; thus, the language has been mixed.Discussion. Considering the results of the study, we believe that the state of the culture of language in cross-media needs to improve the knowledge of journalists, as well as enhancing the role of editor in preparing materials for publication. After all, mass media are a distributor of information and knowledge among readers; they are ways of expressing opinions and language literacy. The fragmentation of this study, which covered the semi-annual period, allows for extending its time frame in the future, as well as analyzing other types of abnormalities (word-formation, grammar, punctuation, and stylistics).
Discourse includes both structural and conceptual patterns. Most of these patterns are different in various languages. A conceptual pattern in source language can be realized in different ways in a target language. Therefore, the translator should be aware of this kind of differences between SL and TL conceptual patterns, because rendering these patterns from the source text into the target one can be problematic and their inaccurate transfer may lead to a flawed translation. This descriptive study aimed to investigate the conceptual discourse patterns and related ideologies in a novel entitled Animal Farm and as the same realizing the conceptual patterns in its translation into Azeri-Turkish. Accordingly, the researchers selected and analyzed the samples based on Fairclough’s approach (2001) to CDA. The findings indicated that the translators’ ideological and socio-cultural norms affect their translation strategies and lexical and grammatical choices and this in turn influences their success to recognize and transmit the ST implicit ideologies into TT. Keywords: Conceptual Discourse Patterns, English, Azeri-Turkish
The article explores the name and content of the cognitive concept SCARCITY in the English economic discourse. \nThe content of the concept is based on the following set of semantic features of its terminized name – the lexeme “scarcity” (n.): “want of provisions for the support of life”, “lack”, “hunger”, “high cost”, “need”, “rarity”, “insufficiency of supply” and is motivated by the basic feature “an inadequate amount” with a negatively evaluated property “less than the norm”. The name of the concept is viewed as the centre of its conceptual network. Its semantic properties are profiled in the domains ECONOMY and MATHEMATICS which determine the terminized nature of the concept and motivate its corresponding cognitive features and its conceptual relations with other concepts in the discourse according to the propositional schema of causation “CR-SCARCITY has FT-negative effects». \nThis concept performs a discourse forming function in the segment ECONOMY of the English language picture of the world as one of the key factor of the economic development of the society. \nFurther perspectives in the study of SCARCITY should be development and construction of its lexical-semantic field as well as conceptual network, building up metaphorical models, synchronic and diachronic analysis of its metaphoric potential.
The Czech adaptation of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories: Words and Sentences, standardized on a sample of 493 Czech children. The lexical inventory includes 564 words, parents mark which words their child uses. The resulting score can be compared with norming tables showing the percentile corresponding to each value. In addition to the lexical inventory, the method contains five shorter sections mapping various aspects of grammatical and combinatorial language development.
Cet article traite de la mise en place du contenu lexical des manuels d’enseignement de l’arabe, langue étrangère, à l’Institut supérieur des langues de l’université de Damas (ISLUD). Bien que ce contenu ne s’éloigne pas des normes habituelles de création des manuels d’enseignement (centrés sur l’adaptation d’un lexique arabe littéraire classique ou moderne), il se rapproche autant que possible de la pratique quotidienne du langage, très riche en lexique dialectal. C’est donc la problématique de la polyglossie de l’arabe qui est ici abordée. Par l’analyse didactique et linguistique d’un corpus télévisuel syrien (Marāyā 2013), on propose un lexique plus adapté au besoin des apprenants, dans le sens où il ne permettrait pas seulement de comprendre les ressources textuelles de l’arabe, mais aussi de renforcer la capacité de comprendre et d’échanger dans des situations de communication quotidiennes.
Vavák’s Memoirs, written in 1770–1816, can serve by dint of their significance and their scope to describe the development of Czech at that time. The article evaluates the content and language modifications in their modern edition and follows and suggests the use of their language material in grammar books, dictionaries, lexical databases and text corpuses.
The article reviews English words and expressions recorded in Word Spy online dictionary of neologisms within the last three decades and conceptualized around the notion of social capital viewed as a civil society attribute and a valuable resource for the sustainable economic development. The meaning of the newly coined words gets the onomasiological coverage within the framework of neology and the social capital theory. The lexical units are analyzed through extra- and intralinguistic motivators of their emergence in the language inventory as well as the formal and semantic composition. The study reveals that the connotatively marked transnominations used to indicate the internal corporate communications outnumber the proper neologisms that refer to new policies and practices developed by a company to operate in its business environment. As the majority of neologisms possess the metaphorical potential, their intensive use in modern business communication results in violating its traditional norms. Thus, English professional discourse tends to experience the loss of its conventionality in favour of increased efficiency of every single communicative act.
The present article considers poem as a narrative of language and, based on the ideas of Russian formalists (literary highlighting and linguistic norm-evasion), analyzes the lexical and semantic level of female poets’ poems in pre-contemporary periods (Parvin Etesami), contemporary (Forough Farrokhzad) and the revolutionary period (Fatemeh Rake'i), then examines the gender variable in the vocabulary choice and the meaning of their poems. The results are as follows: the vocabulary used in Parvin’s poems refers directly to her feminine viewpoint generally, although her maternal poems both in terms of words and meaning imply her womanhood and her motherhood. Forough uses words which are sexual meaning laden, and man-woman dichotomy analysis is prevalent semantically in her poems. The femininity of Rakei’s poems is evident in feminine vocabularies and feminine names she has employed in her poems. Semantically, motherhood is the dominant aspect of her poems. She has developed this dimension and has universalized motherhood sense in her poetries. The research method of this paper is a qualitative of the content analysis kind. It has been shown that femininity has been influential not only in standard language, but also in literary language.
Proof theory began in the 1920's as a part of Hilbert's program, which aimed to secure the foundations of mathematics by modeling infinitary mathematics with formal axiomatic systems and proving those systems consistent using restricted, finitary means. The program thus viewed mathematics as a system of reasoning with precise linguistic norms, governed by rules that can be described and studied in concrete terms. Today such a viewpoint has applications in mathematics, computer science, and the philosophy of mathematics.
In modern-day Europe, standard languages are undergoing changes (see e.g.Deumert & Vandenbussche, 2003), and Flanders constitutes no exception.Often, both linguists and laymen refer to the language use of Flemish teen-agers and adolescents, supposedly full of lexical borrowings and linguistic "mistakes", to proclaim that the end of Standard Dutch is near.However, in recent studies, Flemish teenagers and adolescents were observed to play around with linguistic varieties -including the standard (see e.g.Jaspers, 2006) -and norms in an innovative and creative manner (Jaspers & Vandekerckhove, 2009), which suggests that the standard is still present and vital.While existing studies mainly focus on groups of immigrant, low-achieving and working class youth, the spoken language of high-achieving, middle class and mono-ethnically white teen-agers still remains unknown.Nevertheless, these teen-agers are relevant subjects in the research on standard languages, given that they can be considered precursors of standard language change (Van Lancker, 2016 (in press)).That is why a sociolinguistic ethnography was executed at a Flemish secondary school, mapping out the spoken language use in educational contexts of specifically that kind of pupils.The questions discussed are (a) how standard the default school language of these pupils is, (b) whether this proportion of "standardness" meets the expectations of the school staff, and (c) how important the pupils find Standard Dutch inside and outside school.A quantitative and qualitative analysis of different types of data -observations with field notes, audio recordings of spontaneous speech, Facebook posts, written documents and audio-recorded interviews -does not point in the direction of the end of Standard Dutch.The study namely demonstrates that the majority of the pupils underline the importance of the existence and maintenance of Standard Dutch in school settings and beyond.Furthermore, the pupils are willing (and able) to use the standard in specific contexts such as apologies to teachers, oral presentations, reading tasks, but also job interviews and encounters with strangers.However, instances of the standard are fairly exceptional in the recorded language of the pupils.Yet, one might wonder whether this has ever been any different (see e.g.Van de Craen & Willemyns, 1985 for similar observations more than 30 years ago).Moreover, the oral language proficiency of the pupils seems to meet the teachers' expectations.The pupils' use of Dutch with a few regional elements and some infringements of the strict norm is evaluated by the teachers as suitable in school contexts, which indicates that the norm itself is being modified.Thus, all aspects considered, the language use and perceptions of these pupils seem to suggest that the changes of the Flemish standard language might merely result in a transformation of its suitability and form, instead of in its complete redundancy.
A large data set of L1 psycholinguistic norms (Balota et al. 2007) was used to assess spoken L2 English lexical proficiency in cross-sectional and longitudinal learner corpora. Behavioral norms included lexical decision and word naming latencies (i.e. reaction times) and accuracies for 40,481 English words. A frequency measure was included to compare the relative strength of the norms to a traditional lexical measure when explaining proficiency and growth. The cross-sectional study revealed that learners identified as more lexically proficient by human raters produced words that were recognized more slowly and named more slowly and less accurately in L1 experimental settings. Moreover, lexical decision latencies explained more variance in ratings than frequency, while frequency and word naming latencies were comparable. The longitudinal study indicated that words produced by L2 speakers over time were recognized less accurately and named more slowly and less accurately by L1 subjects, while the frequency of those words decreased over time. Together, results demonstrate that L1 psycholinguistic information can index L2 lexical proficiency and growth across corpora while adding unique information to our understanding of L2 lexical knowledge.
The development of a normalized morpho-syntactic Arabic lexicon is not an easy task. In fact, many norms allow the structuration and representation of lexical data. The adoption of a stable standard will guarantee the interoperability and interchangeability of lexical resources. Still, research work that deals with normalization for Arabic lexical resources is not well developed yet, especially for some standards such as the TEI (Text Encoding Initiative). In this context, we aim at creating an Arabic lexicon editor with a constraint checker based on both the ISO standard LMF (Lexical Markup Framework) and the TEI guidelines. To develop this editor, we use a linguistic approach composed of several steps. The editor's prototype named ALIF can guarantee the construction of two types of output lexicon files: one in LMF and the other in TEI. The evaluation of this system is based upon a lexical database that contains all the derived and inflected forms generated from a lexicon of 10 000 canonical verbs. The results obtained were encouraging despite some flaws related to exceptional cases of difficult words.
In patients with low-grade glioma (LGG), language deficits are usually only found and investigated after surgery. Deficits may be present before surgery but to date, studies have yielded varying results regarding the extent of this problem and in what language domains deficits may occur. This study therefore aims to explore the language ability of patients who have recently received a presumptive diagnosis of low-grade glioma, and also to see whether they reported any changes in their language ability before receiving treatment. Twenty-three patients were tested using a comprehensive test battery that consisted of standard aphasia tests and tests of lexical retrieval and high-level language functions. The patients were also asked whether they had noticed any change in their use of language or ability to communicate. The test scores were compared to a matched reference group and to clinical norms. The presumed LGG group performed significantly worse than the reference group on two tests of lexical retrieval. Since five patients after surgery were discovered to have a high-grade glioma, a separate analysis excluding them were performed. These analyses revealed comparable results; however one test of word fluency was no longer significant. Individually, the majority exhibited normal or nearly normal language ability and only a few reported subjective changes in language or ability to communicate. This study shows that patients who have been diagnosed with LGG generally show mild or no language deficits on either objective or subjective assessment.
In this paper, based on the research of paronym use, we discuss the relationship between the norm and usage, and the challenges of researching norm and usage. Paronyms, as words that look similar but have a different meaning are an interesting standard language issue – and a linguistic issue as well because paronymy is a type of lexical relationship. When researching paronyms as a standard language issue we are faced with the challenge of researching norm and usage; therefore, we think about the normative sources in the Croatian language, about what the norm should be based on, and about the possible ways researching usage. The research was carried out on the sample of 296 participants via an anonymous questionnaire that comprised a sentence completion task. The results of the research show that there are paronym pairs which a quite high percentage of participants uses in a meaning that is different from what is prescribed by the norm; the results also show that the norm itself does not always treat certain pairs as paronyms, but rather as synonyms.
Research shows that the complexity approach to phonological treatment has a stronger evidence-base than other treatment options yet implementation in clinical practice has been missing, most likely due to a lack of familiarity with this approach. This session provided a tutorial on the main sound (accuracy, implicational universals, developmental norms, stimulability, sonority sequencing principle for clusters) and word characteristics (frequency, density, age-of-acquisition, lexicality) that guide treatment planning in the complexity approach. Case studies were used to provide practice selecting sounds and words within a complexity approach for a variety of different cases. Practical issues in using this approach (i.e., how to actually teach complex sounds and words) along with clinical materials were shared to support greater implementation of this evidence-based approach in attendee’s clinical practice.
A controlled natural language (CNL) is based on a natural language but includes restrictions on vocabulary, grammar, and/or semantics, in order to reduce or eliminate ambiguity and complexity.
Today, German language islands in Russia and Brazil are on the way to language shift. On this way, the varieties of these communities display certain features of decomposition and simplification in terms of morphology. Regular and irregular morphology, however, are developing differently: while case reduction is the main characteristic of regular noun inflection, in personal pronouns case distinctions are maintained. Results are presented from a research project about language change in case morphology of German language islands with 125 speakers living in close contact to the majority populations in Brazil and Ruguage obsolescence as from language emergence which has been the subject of linguistic research in the past. Through its comparative perspective, it seems possible to accoussia. The core idea of the project is the assumption that we can learn as well from lannt for internally or externally induced linguistic change. Language decay is apparently not just disorder, not amorphous, but somehow structured. Certain lexical classes are more subject to reduction than others, and some residual features retain morphological “core” functions (in terms of case semantics). Language change is accelerated in times of blurring sociolinguistic differences and fading linguistic norms as an implication of losing ethnic boundaries. The recent co-officialization of minority languages in Brazil might slow down these processes. In a transcultural approach, teaching of Pomeranian as minority language (alongside the national language) could stabilize the local linguistic community, building a bridge to the High German standard language, and even to English as a lingua franca of international communication.
New technologies like large-scale social media sites (e.g., Facebook and Twitter) and crowdsourcing services (e.g., Amazon Mechanical Turk, Crowdflower, Clickworker) are impacting social science research and providing many new and interesting avenues for research. The use of these new technologies for research has not been without challenges, and a recently published psychological study on Facebook has led to a widespread discussion of the ethics of conducting large-scale experiments online. Surprisingly little has been said about the ethics of conducting research using commercial crowdsourcing marketplaces. In this article, I focus on the question of which ethical questions are raised by data collection with crowdsourcing tools. I briefly draw on the implications of Internet research more generally, and then focus on the specific challenges that research with crowdsourcing tools faces. I identify fair pay and the related issue of respect for autonomy, as well as problems with the power dynamic between researcher and participant, which has implications for withdrawal without prejudice, as the major ethical challenges of crowdsourced data. Furthermore, I wish to draw attention to how we can develop a “best practice” for researchers using crowdsourcing tools.
Teesid: Artiklis uuritakse Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumis asuvat mahukat, ligi 800 lk tõlkekäsikirja „Norem Robinson“, mida võib pidada esimeseks eesti kirjanduse täiemahuliseks robinsonaadiks. Selle valmistas Pärnu koolmeister Heinrich Gottlieb Lorenzsonn saksa pedagoogi ja koolikirjaniku Joachim Heinrich Campe menukast noorsooromaanist „Robinson der Jüngere“ (1779–1780). Tõlge valmis 1822.–1823. aastal, kuid jõudis trükki alles 1842. aastal tugevasti kärbitud ja mugandatud kujul. Toetudes deskriptiivse tõlkeuurimuse analüüsikategooriatele, vaadeldakse artiklis, millised tegurid tõlkeprotsessi suunasid ja milline oli kultuuriruum, kuhu tõlge omal ajal paigutus.SU M M A R YThis article discusses a voluminous manuscript translation of almost 800 pages entitled Norem Robinson (Engl. Robinson the Younger), from the collections of the Estonian Literary Museum. This manuscript can be considered as the first complete Robinsonade in Estonian literature. Its author is a schoolteacher from Pärnu, Heinrich Gottlieb Lorenzsonn (1803–1847), who translated it from the youth novel Robinson der Jüngere(1779–1780, Engl. Robinson the Younger), a bestseller by the educator, writer and a major representative of German Enlightenment, Heinrich Joachim Campe. Lorenzsonn’s translation was completed in 1822–1823, but not printed until 1842 in a strongly adapted version titled Norema Robinsoni ello ja juhtumised ühhe tühja sare peäl (Engl. The Life and Adventures of Robinson the Younger on a deserted island). The print version of the Robinsonade lacks a pedagogical frame story, where the father tells children about the adventures of Robinson and takes the opportunity to discuss and imitate with children all the actions taken by Robinson the Younger. Due to this and other extirpated parts, the possible target audience was enlarged – besides children and youth, the text was now addressed to adults as well.In accordance with the Descriptive Translation Studies, this article focused on the one hand on the Lorenzsonn's Campe-translation, and on the other hand, on the context of the target culture, arriving at conclusions concerning the factors influencing the translation process. The article uses Gideon Toury’s treatment of translation norms to discuss ideosyncrasies of the participants of the translation process (translator, mentor, censor), as well as the relevance of other norms. First preliminary norms regarding translation policy are analysed. Secondly, initial norms determine whether the translation is oriented to the source text and culture (the goal is adequacy) or to the target text and culture (the goal is acceptance). Thirdly, operational norms direct particular translation decisions. Operational translation norms can be divided further into matricial norms that concern the fullness of the translated text and textual-linguistic norms that concern the questions of grammar, syntax, style etc.The article focuses on the presumed decisions of Heinrich Gottlieb Lorenzsonn and his teacher and mentor, well-known Baltic German Estophile Johann Heinrich Rosenplänter, in the translation process. In addition, the article discusses the educational circumstances in primary schools for peasants in Estonia in the first half of the 19th century and the reading skills of potential Estonian-speaking readers at that time. Clearly, at the beginning of the 19th century, the Estonian-speaking audience was too small and not yet ready for such voluminous, demanding aesthetic and scientific reading materials. The comparative analysis of the translation manuscript and the printed text focuses on the lexical, semantic and grammatical levels, concluding that the manuscript aspires to adequacy with respect to Campe’s Robinsonade, but the printed version appeals to the Estonian-speaking reader and the Estonian cultural context. This can be explained by the fact that the aim of the manuscript was language study, while with the printed book Lorenzsonn wanted to bring the huge translation work from his early years to the literary market.Although both texts are linguistically clumsy, and the printed text has lost value because of the extirpations, it is still a translation gem dating from the very beginnings of Estonian literature, one that has not received sufficient recognition in Estonian literary history. The translation work of Heinrich Gottlieb Lorenzsonn, carried out at a time when the Estonian language was not yet fully developed is also a fact that has not been acknowledged as it well deserves to be. Further, this article undertakes to rectify two misunderstandings of Estonian literary history. First, Lorenzsonn’s Campe-translation is not a chapbook, although Estonian literary history has always defined it as such. It is demanding reading material which aims to enlarge the horizon of the Estonian-speaking reader in fields such as exotic flora and fauna, morals and ethics, and different methods of work, while simultaneously entertaining the reader and offering aesthetic pleasure. The second misunderstanding concerns the fact that the first Robinsonade of Estonian literature is considered to be Weikisi Hanso luggu tühja sare peal, (1839, Engl. A Story of the Little Hans on an deserted island) an adaptation by Johann Thomasson from Gottfried der Einsiedler (1829, Engl. Gottfried, the hermit), a youth story by German Pietist and children’s and youth writer Christoph von Schmid. Even though Thomasson’s Robinsonade, which can without hesitation be defined as a chapbook, was printed a few years earlier than Lorenzsonn’s Campe adaptation, Lorenzsonn accomplished his translation twenty years earlier. Also, in terms of artistic quality and translation techniques, Lorenzsonn’s huge work is on a much higher level than Thomasson’s adaptation.
Mapping functional requirements first to specifications and then to code is one of the most challenging tasks in software development. Since requirements are commonly written in natural language, they can be prone to ambiguity, incompleteness and inconsistency. Structured semantic representations allow requirements to be translated to formal models, which can be used to detect problems at an early stage of the development process through validation. Storing and querying such models can also facilitate software reuse. Several approaches constrain the input format of requirements to produce specifications, however they usually require considerable human effort in order to adopt domain-specific heuristics and/or controlled languages. We propose a mechanism that automates the mapping of requirements to formal representations using semantic role labeling. We describe the first publicly available dataset for this task, employ a hierarchical framework that allows requirements concepts to be annotated, and discuss how semantic role labeling can be adapted for parsing software requirements.
Berkeley FrameNet is a lexico-semantic resource for English based on the theory of frame semantics. It has been exploited in a range of natural language processing applications and has inspired the development of framenets for many languages. We present a methodological approach to the extraction and generation of a computational multilingual FrameNet-based grammar and lexicon. The approach leverages FrameNet-annotated corpora to automatically extract a set of cross-lingual semantico-syntactic valence patterns. Based on data from Berkeley FrameNet and Swedish FrameNet, the proposed approach has been implemented in Grammatical Framework (GF), a categorial grammar formalism specialized for multilingual grammars. The implementation of the grammar and lexicon is supported by the design of FrameNet, providing a frame semantic abstraction layer, an interlingual semantic application programming interface (API), over the interlingual syntactic API already provided by GF Resource Grammar Library. The evaluation of the acquired grammar and lexicon shows the feasibility of the approach. Additionally, we illustrate how the FrameNet-based grammar and lexicon are exploited in two distinct multilingual controlled natural language applications. The produced resources are available under an open source license.
Stabilometry is a technique that aims to study the body sway of human subjects, employing a force platform. The signal obtained from this technique refers to the position of the foot base ground-reaction vector, known as the center of pressure (CoP). The parameters calculated from the signal are used to quantify the displacement of the CoP over time; there is a large variability, both between and within subjects, which prevents the definition of normative values. The intersubject variability is related to differences between subjects in terms of their anthropometry, in conjunction with their muscle activation patterns (biomechanics); and the intrasubject variability can be caused by a learning effect or fatigue. Age and foot placement on the platform are also known to influence variability. Normalization is the main method used to decrease this variability and to bring distributions of adjusted values into alignment. In 1996, O’Malley proposed three normalization techniques to eliminate the effect of age and anthropometric factors from temporal-distance parameters of gait. These techniques were adopted to normalize the stabilometric signal by some authors. This paper proposes a new method of normalization of stabilometric signals to be applied in balance studies. The method was applied to a data set collected in a previous study, and the results of normalized and nonnormalized signals were compared. The results showed that the new method, if used in a well-designed experiment, can eliminate undesirable correlations between the analyzed parameters and the subjects’ characteristics and show only the experimental conditions’ effects.
Valence ratings. (DOCX 27Â kb)
Technological advancements in combination with significant reductions in price have made it practically feasible to run experiments with multiple eye trackers. This enables new types of experiments with simultaneous recordings of eye movement data from several participants, which is of interest for researchers in, e.g., social and educational psychology. The Lund University Humanities Laboratory recently acquired 25 remote eye trackers, which are connected over a local wireless network. As a first step toward running experiments with this setup, demanding situations with real time sharing of gaze data were investigated in terms of network performance as well as clock and screen synchronization. Results show that data can be shared with a sufficiently low packet loss (0.1 %) and latency (M = 3 ms, M A D = 2 ms) across 8 eye trackers at a rate of 60 Hz. For a similar performance using 24 computers, the send rate needs to be reduced to 20 Hz. To help researchers conduct similar measurements on their own multi-eye-tracker setup, open source software written in Python and PsychoPy are provided. Part of the software contains a minimal working example to help researchers kick-start experiments with two or more eye trackers.
This article discusses linguistic purism of totalitarian Soviet period. Linguistic purism is the practice of defining one variety of a language as being purer or intrinsically higher than other varieties. It attempts to purify a language from foreign words as well as lexical and grammatical elements of territorial and social dialects. In totalitarian states usually appeared a clear binary approach to everything, including language. In addition, totalitarianism as a political religion formed an official ritual language which did not allow any deviation from the standard. Thus under the totalitarian regime purism became an ideology protecting the legitimacy of a unified, elaborated official language and absoluteness of the norms.
This paper presents our submissions for the CoNLL 2017 UD Shared Task. Our parser, called UParse, is based on a neural network graph-based dependency parser. The parser uses features from a bidirectional LSTM to produce a distribution over possible heads for each word in the sentence. To allow transfer learning for lowresource treebanks and surprise languages, we train several multilingual models for related languages, grouped by their genus and language families. Out of 33 participants, our system achieves rank 9th in the main results, with 75.49 UAS and 68.87 LAS F-1 scores (average across 81 treebanks).
Sleep consolidates memory for emotional events. Whether it likewise preserves or, to the contrary, depotentiates emotional responses associated with such events is unclear, as there is evidence to support both cases. Conflicting findings may be partially due to differences in the way emotional reactivity is measured. Thus, the goal of the current project is to investigate the influence of sleep on emotional reactivity using multiple simultaneous measures. Young adults (18–30 years) viewed 45 negative and 45 neutral pictures before a period containing either a nap measured with polysomnography (n=33) or wake (n=25). Following the nap or wake period, they viewed the same pictures intermixed with novel ones and indicated whether they remembered each picture. Emotional response to each picture was measured at both time points with valence and arousal ratings, skin conductance response, heart rate deceleration, and corrugator supercilii electromyography (corrugator EMG). Across the sessions, both valence ratings (t=2.043, p=0.046) and skin conductance response (t=-4.052, p<0.001) were preserved for negative pictures in the nap group relative to the wake group. Arousal ratings, heart rate deceleration, and corrugator EMG response declined non-significantly more in the wake group than the nap group. Participants in the nap group remembered non-significantly more pictures than those in the wake group (M+/-SD: 85.25+/-10.14% vs. 80.83+/-10.56%). Polysomnography data will be analyzed to investigate the relationship between specific features of sleep and change in reactivity measures. These data suggest that sleep consolidates reactivity associated with emotional experiences whether it is measured with subjective rating scales or objective physiological responses. This work was funded by NIH R01 AG040133 (PI: Spencer).
Proof theory began in the 1920's as a part of Hilbert's program, which aimed to secure the foundations of mathematics by modeling infinitary mathematics with formal axiomatic systems and proving those systems consistent using restricted, finitary means. The program thus viewed mathematics as a system of reasoning with precise linguistic norms, governed by rules that can be described and studied in concrete terms. Today such a viewpoint has applications in mathematics, computer science, and the philosophy of mathematics.
This work explores the feasibility of a crowd-based pair-wise comparison evaluation to get feedback on machine translation progress for under-resourced languages. Specifically, we propose a task based on simple work units to compare the outputs of five English-to-Basque systems, which we implement in a web application. In our design, we put forward two key aspects that we believe community collaboration initiatives should consider in order to attract and maintain participants, that is, providing both a community challenge and a personal challenge. We describe how these aspects can comply with a strict methodology to ensure research validity. In particular, we consider the evaluation set size and the characteristics of the test sentences, the number of evaluators per comparison pair, and a mechanism to identify dishonest participation (or participants with insufficient linguistic knowledge). We also describe our dissemination effort, which targeted both general users and interest groups. Over 500 people participated actively in the Ebaluatoia campaign and we were able to collect over 35,000 evaluations in a short period of 10 days. From the results, we complete the ranking of the systems under evaluation and establish whether the difference in quality between the systems is significant.
A set of Python scripts that convert function-head style encodings in dependency treebanks in a content-head style encoding (as used in the UD treebanks) and vice versa (for adpositions, copula and coordination). For more information, see (Rehbein, Steen, Do & Frank 2017).
The means of verbalization of the concept of CHALLENGE and the functioning of its lexical representatives in the texts of glossy magazines are considered. The conceptual, axiological and figurative components of the concept are studied by the method of conceptual analysis. It is noted that the concept under study has a large number of verbal representatives, characterized by the originality of the semantic and structural peculiarities in texts about fashion. A comprehensive study of the concept of CHALLENGE is necessary in order to ensure the effectiveness of the impact on potential buyers - recipients of “fashionable” product. The analysis of lexical means and ways of presentation of this concept in the fashion discourse creates the basis to explore means of speech manipulation by the consciousness of the target audience to change and correct beliefs and attitudes of its representatives. Axiological component of the studied concept is commented. The author argues that the main structural elements of the conceptual component of the concept of CHALLENGE in texts of glossy magazines are “a challenge to the norms of behavior in society,” “challenge to the fashion,” “challenge to myself.” These data make a presentation about one of the most popular concepts prevalent in the minds of readers of glossy magazines.
Previous articleNext article FreeBook ReviewsDisagreements of the Jurists: A Manual of Islamic Legal Theory. By Al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān. Edited and translated by Devin J. Stewart. New York: New York University Press, 2015. Pp. xxxviii + 408. $40 (cloth).Rodrigo AdemRodrigo AdemUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailQR Code SectionsMoreThose well-acquainted with early Ismāʿīlism can observe that it was distinguished by two dynamic and concomitant features: the prominent role which zealous converts took in shaping its doctrinal development on the one hand, and its ability to practice one-upmanship in every aspect of Islamic thought on the other. Al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān (d. ad 974), a convert to the daʿwa from an originally Sunnī scholarly family during the rise of the Fatimid dawla in north Africa, clearly found that his passion lay in the law, and his Ikhtilāf uṣūl al-madhāhib, translated into English for the first time by Devin Stewart, bears witness to his monumental efforts in establishing the classical bases of Fatimid judicial authority.The Library of Arabic Literature’s decision to publish this text after previous editions by S. T. Lokhandwalla (Simla, 1972) and Mustafa Ghalib (Beirut, 1973, 1983), now in a format accessible to readers of English, poses the question anew of how we are to assess the Qadi’s scholarly legacy. It has been proposed that, from the perspective of the daʿwa’s early history, his legal codification project for the Fatimids fulfilled two primary functions: first, a means of neutralizing the liability of chiliastic antinomianism so central to the early spread of the movement, and second, a means of consolidating a viable nomocratic order for the Fatimid dawla’s ambitiously growing empire.1 Such assessments, however, are based primarily on an appraisal of the Daʿāʾim al-Islām and other works dedicated to the details of Islamic positive law; the Ikhtilāf, in contrast, dedicated to matters of jurisprudential theory, has received comparatively less attention.Stewart takes a different approach, putting the Ikhtilāf in conversation with the influential studies of George Makdisi and Christopher Melchert on Sunnī madhhab formation. He explains its composition as a response to the “pressure” of Sunnī domination that created the “necessity for legal schools to have a manual of uṣūl al-fiqh” or “legal hermeneutics;” as such, the Ikhtilāf falls within al-Nuʿmān’s “overall project … to establish Ismāʿīlī law on a par with the legal schools of the Sunnis.”2 Accordingly, Stewart’s analysis presupposes the social normativity of the Sunnī madhhab and a specific function accorded to uṣūl al-fiqh for its discursive normalization, on the basis of which the Ikhtilāf pursues a foothold for a minority Shīʿite discourse in Islamic jurisprudence.3However, this characterization of the Ikhtilāf has the inadvertent effect of attenuating the specifically Shīʿite premises informing the work. Far from a juristic manual or treatise on hermeneutics, the Ikhtilāf is intended as a polemic against the very tenability of those endeavors, and precisely on account of the centrality of the Shīʿite imamate in its Fatimid iteration.4 Such polemics, as is known, find their origin in a classical topos of Imāmī ḥadīth arguing for the scriptural basis of the imam’s absolute jurisdiction, and warning against raʾy and qiyās as an affront to the revelatory authority of the imamate. The Ikhtilāf falls squarely within that polemical tradition, as is evident from chapters 1 through 6; its chief novelty consists primarily in being the earliest extant example to move beyond the scripturally inscribed ad hominem argumentation typical of that early polemical form towards an epistemologically attuned critique commensurate in its complexity with subsequent developments in jurisprudential methodology—that is, the concepts and terms of what came to be called uṣūl al-fiqh (forming the subject matter of chapters 7 to 12).Yet the conceptual shift documented by the Ikhtilāf is not simply a refutation of the latest methods “to which the Sunnīs resort.”5 The work’s wholesale rejection of legal hermeneutics likewise went against the grain of an increasing historical trend among other Shīʿites, Twelver Imamīs included. Though a kindred spirit is certainly to be found in the Qadi’s younger contemporary, the influential Twelver scholar Ibn Bābūya, the concurrently incipient (and subsequently normative) uṣūl tradition adopted by the Twelver mutakallimūn of the Baghdad tradition embraced precisely those methods which the Qāḍī declared anathema in the Ikhtilāf (with the notable exception of ijtihād/qiyās). There is a historical reason for this divergence: at its inception, the Fatimid state was attached to the sole Shīʿite sect claiming immediate access to an infallible imam; only such a claim could obviate the need for a (fallible) scholarly interpretive tradition. From this perspective, the Ikhtilāf represents a departure from a growing norm in Islamic legal thought inasmuch as it also represents a holdover of traditional Imami polemic at a time when the Fatimid imamate was uniquely situated to do so.Amplifying these increasingly archaic Imami talking points in light of the epistemological considerations of uṣūl al-fiqh only accentuated the pretheoretical underpinnings of the imam’s religious authority: for this reason the Qadi shored up Fatimid religious authority as based on unmitigated revelation or “Qurʾān and sunna.” Sunna is no less revelatory than the Qurʾān; the Prophet and imams do not have interpretations or opinions of their own.6 The ideal of unmediated religious authority thus forms the basis for critiquing all forms of human subjectivity (knowledge derived from “dhāt [al-]anfus”7) necessarily implicated in an interpretive process by outsider groups.The majority of the critique naturally focuses on ijtihād and qiyās (chapters 9 and 12), treated identically in their function as principles that allow scholars to extend the injunctions of revelatory statements beyond their basic lexical form. The second-most belabored point of criticism is consensus (ijmāʿ, chapter 7), a guarantor of interpretive normativity which likewise extends most conspicuously beyond the confines of scripture. Contentions on these two topics were nothing new in uṣūl; but where the Qadi breaks most clearly with the dominant uṣūl tradition is his explanation of revelation’s authority in terms of its self-sufficiency: “God did not omit anything that worshippers need without providing them an explicit injunction (naṣṣ) concerning it and an explanation regarding it.”8 The degree to which revelation is described as self-sufficient makes it all the more conspicuous that comparatively fewer pages are dedicated to refuting kalām-based epistemology and scriptural hermeneutics, (naẓar, chapter 8 and istidlāl, chapter 11, respectively), the tools by which Muslim scholars most explicity articulated the unavoidable contingencies underlying God’s operative modes of communication. These are, despite their discursive significance, routinely dismissed by the Qadi among other methods due to their underlying subjectivity. Neither revelation’s underlying theological premises nor linguistic character are to be theorized9—rather, the media of God’s command remain willfully unmediated. Even the Qadi’s arguments for the acceptance of sunna break with those of al-Shāfiʿī,10 precisely since the latter explicitly attempted to mediate uncertain or probabilistic knowledge in the sharīʿa in a way that the Qadi was loathe to do.In light of these conceptual breaks with al-Shāfiʿī and indeed all predominant forms of uṣūl, Stewart’s groundbreaking demonstration of the Qadi’s reliance on Ẓāhirī uṣūl argumentation holds all the more significance. 11 The paradoxical adoption of this form of reasoning by a highly esoteric form of Shīʿism not only underscores the necessity of appreciating the ẓāhir’s revamped role in the elaboration of Fatimid ideology;12 by the same token, we are also reminded of the perennial appeal of Ẓāhirī thought in “theorizing” the minimization of Muslim religious subjectivity, in classical and modern times. Ultimately, however, the Ikhtilāf’s revelational maximalism exceeds that of the Ẓāhirīya; in its refusal to endorse any interpretive method whatsoever, Ismāʿīlī substantive law as conceived by the Qadi was destined to be unconditionally exoteric.As rhetorically efficacious as elements of the Qadi’s strategy are, the student of Ismāʿīlism cannot help but detect an incongruity with other prevalent modes of Ismāʿīlī proselytization: elsewhere the daʿwa argued for the indispensability of a rational dimension for sharīʿa to remedy fideist “exotericism,” challenging Muslims to find a rational meaning to all aspects of the law. In contrast, the Qadi here excoriated jurisprudents who made any attempt to interpret the law or find rational coherence in it (see especially his rejection of ḥusn ʿaqlī or “rational sense”13). Nevertheless, a practical synergy can also be found in the de facto catch-22 that emerges: the ẓāhir is only problematized in order to introduce the need for symbolic reinterpretation of the law as a parable of the Shīʿite imamate (cf. the Taʾwīl al-daʿāʾim), but not for scholars to independently develop “legal sciences”—lest that constitute an affront to Ismāʿīlī religious authority. The radical restriction of scholarly agency is resolved here, from an Ismāʿīlī perspective, in that all “rational” knowledge which forms the basis of esoteric truth is nothing other than divine inspiration (taʾyīd) mediated by the imams. As a case in point, we find the Qadi’s contemporary, the prominent Ismāʿīlī and Neoplatonic philosopher Abū Yaʿqūb al-Sijistānī juxtaposing the role of pious Fatimid caliphs in properly “establishing God’s religion” (iqāmat dīn Allāh) with the Abbasid caliph al-Maʾmūn who had seemingly misspent “Muslim wealth” to translate the books of godless Greek philosophy.14 That the well-read philosopher could do so unironically depended on his embrace of Ismāʿīlism’s pretensions to uncompromising traditional purity from a revelatory source, even in the “rational” sciences.The uncompromising emphasis on purity of doctrine, particularly in light of the utilization of “Qurʾān and sunna” as metonym of the same, brings us to another reason why the contextualization of the Ikhtilāf within the history of madhhab formation is inadequate; it also sidesteps the intensely polemical theme of “innovation” (bidʿa), which is a constant refrain of the work. The Qadi repeatedly portrays the entire Muslim umma as guilty of failing to “establish the religion” (iqāmat al-dīn) due to the widespread “innovation” of following fallible religious scholarship. The origin of the resulting fallen state of “polytheism” (shirk), according to the Qadi, is attributable to the diabolical machination of the Umayyads and Abbasids, who, after usurping political authority from the imams, undermined God’s rule by establishing a scholarly class that has justified its use of fallible methodologies ever since. This panoramic vision of “innovation” in the Muslim community expands considerably on a theme found in the introduction to the Daʿāʾim,15 and in the Taʾwīl al-daʿāʾim we also learn that this same contravention justifies jihād against other Muslims who “reject the sharīʿa.”16 While the ḥadīth that states, “Islam began as a stranger,” justified the chiliastic antinomianism a generation earlier at the beginning of the daʿwa,17 for the Qadi, the same narration is utilized in the Ikhtilāf to underscore the role of the Fatimid state as the sole protector of the sharīʿa from human contamination. 18 Fatimid Shīʿism thus being conceived as embodying the sole uncompromised model of an absolutist theocratic order legislated by God, the Ikhtilāf serves as a valuable document for the repurposing of classical Imamite anti-innovation polemic in the service of Fatimid counterclaims against the Sunnī and Abbasid model of religio-political authority.Stewart’s edition is to be highly commended. The Arabic text is generally reliable, and Stewart’s translation is both accurate and eminently readable; the (very few) erroneous readings I believe to have detected are of the minutest significance. There remains just one minor objection to be made about two interrelated terms in translation: the first of these is Stewart’s translation of ijtihād as “legal interpretation.” Although this term would seem a convenient catch-all phrase for the independent interpretation of texts often cited in classical and modern discussions, it seems fairly certain that the author’s usage of it is closer to that of earlier scholars such as Shāfiʿī, al-Jaṣṣāṣ, al-Mufīd, and al-Murtaḍā, in that it essentially refers to qiyās, which is also why it is grouped with raʾy, both referring to the hypothetical prerogative of the scholar to adduce rulings on matters concerning which scripture is silent. The word “interpretation” used here obscures the fact that ijithād is not concerned with the meaning of a particular text (see istidlāl), but rather with what to do in the absence of a text. By the same token, Stewart’s translation of istidlāl as “inference” also has its shortcomings, since istidlāl refers more broadly to the hermeneutic procedures for determining the semantic range of a given text. Perhaps “hermeneutics,” “linguistic analysis,” or even “legal interpretation” would have been more fitting for istidlāl, while ijtihād in turn might more aptly be translated as “ruling-based inference.” Notes 1. See Heinz Halm, The Empire of the Mahdi, trans. Michael Bonner (Leiden, 1996), 370–74; Michael Brett, The Rise of the Fatimids (Leiden, 2001), 186–95.2. Ikhtilāf, introduction, xx–xxiii.3. Ikhtilāf, introduction, xiv, xvi.4. The interested reader would be well advised to consult the following article, an unfortunate omission from Stewart’s bibliography: Husain K. B. Qutbuddin, “Fāṭimid Legal Exegesis of the Qur’an: The Interpretive Strategies Used by al-Qāḍī Al-Nuʿmān (d. 363/974) in His Daʿāʾim Al-Islām,” Journal of Qur’anic Studies 12 (2010): 109–46.5. See Ikhtilāf, introduction, xxiv.6. Contra to what Stewart’s expressions might otherwise suggest (cf. Ikhtilāf, introduction, xix, xxvii). Whether or not prophetic injunctions were strictly considered revelation (as opposed to ijtihād) was a subject of uṣūl as far back as al-Shāfiʿī.7. Ikhtilāf, 268–69.8. Ikhtilāf, 312–13.9. The assumption of apathy or agreement on “linguistic principles” (Ikhtilāf, introduction, xxvii–xxviii) in Stewart’s work is inadequate. Cf. Qutbuddin above.10. Contra Stewart; see Ikhtilāf, introduction, xvii.11. See Ikhtilāf, introduction, xxv–xxvi.12. Sumaiya A. Hamdani, Between Revolution and State: The Path to Fatimid Statehood (New York, 2007).13. Ikhtilāf, 274–81.14. Abū Yaʿqūb al-Sijistānī, Kitāb al-Iftikhār, ed. Ismail K. Poonawala (Beirut, 2000), 175.15. Al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān, Daʿāʾim al-Islām, ed. Asaf Ali Asghar Fyzee (Cairo, 1963), 1:1–2.16. Al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān, Taʾwīl al-Daʿāʾim, ed. Muḥammad Ḥasan al-Aʿẓāmī (Cairo, 1967), 49–52.17. Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥasan b. Mūsā al-Nawbakhtī, Firaq alshīʿa, ed. Hellmuth Ritter (Istanbul, 1931), 62–63.18. Cf. similar observations by Wilferd Madelung, “Das Imamat in der frühen ismailistischen Lehre,” Der Islam 37 (1961): 83–84. Previous articleNext article DetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Near Eastern Studies Volume 76, Number 1April 2017 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/690770 © 2017 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. For permission to reuse a book review in this section, please contact [email protected]PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.
The International Affective Picture System (IAPS; Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 2008) is a stimulus database that is frequently used to investigate various aspects of emotional processing. Despite its extensive use, selecting IAPS stimuli for a research project is not usually done according to an established strategy, but rather is tailored to individual studies. Here we propose a standard, replicable method for stimulus selection based on cluster analysis, which re-creates the group structure that is most likely to have produced the valence arousal, and dominance norms associated with the IAPS images. Our method includes screening the database for outliers, identifying a suitable clustering solution, and then extracting the desired number of stimuli on the basis of their level of certainty of belonging to the cluster they were assigned to. Our method preserves statistical power in studies by maximizing the likelihood that the stimuli belong to the cluster structure fitted to them, and by filtering stimuli according to their certainty of cluster membership. In addition, although our cluster-based method is illustrated using the IAPS, it can be extended to other stimulus databases.
Quantifying how patterns of behavior relate across multiple levels of measurement typically requires long time series for reliable parameter estimation. We describe a novel analysis that estimates patterns of variability across multiple scales of analysis suitable for time series of short duration. The multiscale coefficient of variation (MSCV) measures the distance between local coefficient of variation estimates within particular time windows and the overall coefficient of variation across all time samples. We first describe the MSCV analysis and provide an example analytical protocol with corresponding MATLAB implementation and code. Next, we present a simulation study testing the new analysis using time series generated by ARFIMA models that span white noise, short-term and long-term correlations. The MSCV analysis was observed to be sensitive to specific parameters of ARFIMA models varying in the type of temporal structure and time series length. We then apply the MSCV analysis to short time series of speech phrases and musical themes to show commonalities in multiscale structure. The simulation and application studies provide evidence that the MSCV analysis can discriminate between time series varying in multiscale structure and length.
We used Sharable Knowledge Objects (SKOs) to create an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) grounded in Fuzzy-Trace Theory to teach women about obesity prevention: GistFit, getting the gist of healthy eating and exercise. The theory predicts that reliance on gist mental representations (as opposed to verbatim) is more effective in reducing health risks and improving decision making. Technical information was translated into decision-relevant gist representations and gist principles (i.e., healthy values). The SKO was hypothesized to facilitate extracting these gist representations and principles by engaging women in dialogue, “understanding” their responses, and replying appropriately to prompt additional engagement. Participants were randomly assigned to either the obesity prevention tutorial (GistFit) or a control tutorial containing different content using the same technology. Participants were administered assessments of knowledge about nutrition and exercise, gist comprehension, gist principles, behavioral intentions and self-reported behavior. An analysis of engagement in tutorial dialogues and responses to multiple-choice questions to check understanding throughout the tutorial revealed significant correlations between these conversations and scores on subsequent knowledge tests and gist comprehension. Knowledge and comprehension measures correlated with healthier behavior and greater intentions to perform healthy behavior. Differences between GistFit and control tutorials were greater for participants who engaged more fully. Thus, results are consistent with the hypothesis that active engagement with a new gist-based ITS, rather than a passive memorization of verbatim details, was associated with an array of known psychosocial mediators of preventive health decisions, such as knowledge acquisition, and gist comprehension.
The history of the Kazakh language reflects the entire history of the people. All actions, events and wise thoughts about the khans and biys that lived in different epochs, poets, speakers, heroes, all the wealth of people were preserved in the language of the nation. Wise words, the source of national wealth, from ancient times to modern poets and writers, reached the people through the national language. Creativity, reflecting the spiritual wealth of people, history and traditions, the language and life of the masters of words, are popular among people. eativity, reflecting the spiritual wealth of people, history and traditions, the language and life of the masters of words, are popular among people. In Asankaya's works we know deeply the riches of the people and the land, various aspects of the government and politics of the rulers, the value of the Motherland and family. In the works of Bukhara and Kaztugan, Dulat and Abay, Magzhan and Mukagali, who live in the following centuries, all the possibilities and artistic aspirations of people are revealed. Sources of the national language are widely reflected in traditional genres, poetry, prose and drama, various artistic methods, fiction, satire, etc. In this respect, in poems and words of Abai's comprehension, highly artistic and aesthetically valuable lyrics of Magzhan, Kasim's spiritual lyrics, the life truth and the spirit of the times in Mukagali's texts reflect the possibilities of the national language. Verbal art is the basis of all kinds of art, therefore, from Abai to Musrepov, from Baytursynov to A. Kaidari, he studied the wealth, its content, both quality and development trends. or example, in the scientific works of A. Baytersunov in the methodical works of F. Orazbaev, the grammatical and lexical foundations of the language are systematized. In our time, the main task of society is the introduction into science of a widespread national language. The scientific text, the system of words, the problems of thinking fully reflect the national language. The verbal composition and grammatical structure, methodologies and methods in the use of individual words express the possibilities of a scientific language. Kazakh educators left a lot of work on the national language and its application in life. Namely in his scientific works A.Baytursynov's " Тіл құрал", K.Kemengerov's "Oқу құралы", H.Dosmukhamedov "Қазақ-қырғыз тілдеріндегі сингармонизм заңы" the spheres of language application, signs of linguistic meaning, peculiarities of sound consonance are considered. E.Omarov's article analyzes language systems and language norms. E.Omarov's article analyzes language systems and language norms. In the book "Specificity of word-terms" K. Zhubanov wrote about the concepts of words of terms, defines the basis of terminology and forms theoretical rules of terminology, and also considers the comparison of Kazakh and international terms. Formation and development of the national language covers all spheres of life. Language and people's history develops in unity and reflects the socio-historical, political and social level of nations
Speech act studies are increasingly likely to use retrospective verbal protocols to record the thoughts of participants who produced targeted speech acts (e.g., Cohen & Olshtain, 1993). However, although communication is always a two-way street, little is known about the recipients’ perceptions of speech acts. In academic communication at universities, it is critical for students to gain awareness of the socio-cultural norms as well as knowledge of appropriate linguistic forms in interacting with instructors. Therefore, gathering perceptual information from instructors, the recipients of many speech acts such as apologies, serves an important role in realizing successful student-instructor communication. Targeting instructors’ perceptions, two forms of an online survey were created via surveygizmo.com, with one including 12 spoken apologies and the other including 12 emailed apologies. An equal number of native (NS) and nonnative English speaking (NNS) students produced these apologies. The 150 instructors who responded to the survey gave significantly higher ratings to apologies made by NS students than to those made by NNS students. An analysis of instructors’ explanations after the ratings showed that both sociopragmatic and pragmalinguistic knowledge (Thomas, 1983) were valued in the successful realization of apologies, with the majority of instructor explanations addressing the sociopragmatic aspects of apology productions. In their comments on highly-rated student apologies, instructors appreciated the fact that students took responsibility in apologizing, offered worthy explanations, and delivered the messages with minimum grammatical mistakes. Poorly rated apology messages did not contain sufficient or valid evidence, inconvenienced the instructors through inappropriate requests, and usually had multiple grammatical mistakes. This study provides useful source of information to be used in university classrooms that can orientate novice learners towards socio-cultural expectations and appropriate lexical markers to be employed in making successful apologies in academic settings.
nodeGame is a free, open-source JavaScript/ HTML5 framework for conducting synchronous experiments online and in the lab directly in the browser window. It is specifically designed to support behavioral research along three dimensions: (i) larger group sizes, (ii) real-time (but also discrete time) experiments, and (iii) batches of simultaneous experiments. nodeGame has a modular source code, and defines an API (application programming interface) through which experimenters can create new strategic environments and configure the platform. With zero-install, nodeGame can run on a great variety of devices, from desktop computers to laptops, smartphones, and tablets. The current version of the software is 3.0, and extensive documentation is available on the wiki pages at http://nodegame.org.
The Macedonian Recension of the Church Slavonic language from its gradual beginning during the 11th century, especially in the second half, reaches its full development in the 12th century, when there is a consolidation of the basic norms of the Macedonian Church Slavonic literacy. The consolidation of these norms is connected and in continuity with the Old Slavonic Glagolitic period in the work of the Ohrid literary center. The paper presents representative examples that characterize the language of the Macedonian Old Church Slavonic literacy on orthographic, phonological, morpho-syntactic and lexical level.
This article traces conceptual metaphors of anger in George Eliot’s ‘Middlemarch’ and argues for the importance of their role in narrative realism. It does so by showing that the figurative language of the novel is both embodied (i.e., arises in direct analogy with the bodily experience of anger) and culturally embedded. Notwithstanding the physiological and cultural conventionality of these expressions, Eliot employs a high degree of conceptual and linguistic management in her novels. This article suggests the need to broaden theories of narrative realism to take account of the network of metaphoric expressions that contribute to the form of narrative representation designated here distinctly by the term ‘embodied realism’. This discursive technique is understood to have evolved mimetically to enhance a reality effect that captures emotional recognition and authenticity, and to rely on entrenched and lexicalized mental models of anger shared by both author and reader. It is argued here that the strategy of metaphorically representing anger is most likely sub-consciously adopted yet consistently applied by Eliot. The result is a familiar sensation encoded in experientially-motivated language which prompts the reader to construe meanings that are both experientially logical and also narratively relevant. The involvement of readers in pre-existing anger schemas that are encapsulated within fairly stable metaphorical patterns and activated in the course of reading thus provides a highly reliable roadmap for interpretation, whilst also lending linguistic validity to the capability of the realist novel to elicit emotional engagement and to enforce behavioural norms.
The purpose of this paper is to conduct word level and key word analysis of the dialogue in Korean textbooks using WordSmith tools. For this study, we compiled 12 Korean textbooks used in two major Korean language institutes(i.e. Yonsei and Korea). We measure the frequency of token and type of words found in the texts using the WordList function. We also use the KeyWords function for extracting the lexical saliency of texts. Key words are those whose frequency is unusually high in comparison with some norm. We extend the keyness concept to clusters which are found repeatedly near each other. Finding these key words and key clusters could help to verify the comparison of dialogues in Korean textbooks.