Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
18265 papers
This paper describes the development of the first syntactically-annotated corpus of Breton. The corpus is part of the Universal Dependencies project. In the paper we describe how the corpus was prepared, some Breton-specific constructions that required special treatment, and in addition we give results for parsing Breton using a number of off-the-shelf data-driven parsers.
The English language has evolved dramatically throughout its lifespan, to the extent that a modern speaker of Old English would be incomprehensible without translation. One concrete indicator of this process is the movement from irregular to regular (-ed) forms for the past tense of verbs. In this study we quantify the extent of verb regularization using two vastly disparate datasets: (1) Six years of published books scanned by Google (2003–2008), and (2) A decade of social media messages posted to Twitter (2008–2017). We find that the extent of verb regularization is greater on Twitter, taken as a whole, than in English Fiction books. Regularization is also greater for tweets geotagged in the United States relative to American English books, but the opposite is true for tweets geotagged in the United Kingdom relative to British English books. We also find interesting regional variations in regularization across counties in the United States. However, once differences in population ar)
Sentiment analysis involves classifying text into positive, negative and neutral classes according to the emotions expressed in the text. Extensive study has been carried out in performing sentiment analysis using the traditional ‘bag of words’ approach which involves feature selection, where the input is given to classifiers such as Naive Bayes and SVMs. A relatively new approach to sentiment analysis involves using a deep learning model. In this approach, a recently discovered technique called word embedding is used, following which the input is fed into a deep neural network architecture. As sentiment analysis using deep learning is a relatively unexplored domain, we plan to perform in-depth analysis into this field and implement a state of the art model which will achieve optimal accuracy. The proposed methodology will use a hybrid architecture, which consists of CNNs (Convolutional Neural Networks) and RNNs (Recurrent Neural Networks), to implement the deep learning model on the SAR14 and Stanford Sentiment Treebank data sets.
Studies of human social perception become more persuasive when the behavior of raters can be separated from the variability of the stimuli they are rating. We prototype such a rigorous analysis for a set of five social ratings of faces varying by body fat percentage (BFP). 274 raters of both sexes in three age groups (adolescent, young adult, senior) rated five morphs of the same averaged facial image warped to the positions of 72 landmarks and semilandmarks predicted by linear regression on BFP at five different levels (the average, ±2 SD, ±5 SD). Each subject rated all five morphs for maturity, dominance, masculinity, attractiveness, and health. The patterns of dependence of ratings on the BFP calibration differ for the different ratings, but not substantially across the six groups of raters. This has implications for theories of social perception, specifically, the relevance of individual rater scale anchoring. The method is also highly relevant for other studies on how biological facial variation affects ratings.
John Fryer was one of the most important foreign translators in China after the Opium Wars. The work that is the final result of his experience at the Jiangnan Arsenal is The Translator’s Vade-mecum. Among the preparatory manuscripts of the glossaries that were published in the Vade-mecum, the author has identified the “Vocabulary of Terms in Naval Architecture.” The purpose of this article is to examine the main features of the Vocabulary, its sources and the peculiarities of the manuscript. In the first and second sections, the Vade-mecum is concisely analysed; providing numerous references and simultaneously sketching an outlook of the production and circulation of knowledge in the period considered, the author presents theoretical discussions concerning the norms of translation applied in the Vade-mecum, its purpose and the patronage of the translation activity. In the third and main section, studying the historical significance and linguistic quality of some of the translated terms annotated in the “Vocabulary,” the author compares its terminology with the concurrent Japanese one and with other Chinese relevant nomenclatures, demonstrating the complicate interaction in the “Vocabulary” between lexical innovation and recovery of existing terms.
It has been quite a challenge to diagnose Mild Cognitive Impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease (MCI) and Alzheimer-type dementia (AD-type dementia) using the currently available clinical diagnostic criteria and neuropsychological examinations. As such we propose an automated diagnostic technique using a variant of deep neural networks language models (DNNLM) on the verbal utterances of affected individuals. Motivated by the success of DNNLM on natural language tasks, we propose a combination of deep neural network and deep language models (D2NNLM) for classifying the disease. Results on the DementiaBank language transcript clinical dataset show that D2NNLM sufficiently learned several linguistic biomarkers in the form of higher order n-grams to distinguish the affected group from the healthy group with reasonable accuracy on very sparse clinical datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR], Copyright of PLoS ONE is the property of Public Library of Science and its content may not be copied or ema)
Difficulties in the regulation of emotion are hypothesized to play a key role in the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess neural activity during task preparation and image presentation during different emotion regulation strategies, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, in PTSD. Patients with combat-related PTSD (n = 18) and combat-exposed controls (n = 27) were instructed to feel, reappraise or suppress their emotional response prior to viewing combat-related images during fMRI, while also providing arousal ratings. In the reappraise condition, patients showed lower medial prefrontal neural activity during task preparation and higher prefrontal neural activity during image presentation, compared with controls. No difference in neural activity was observed between the groups during the feel or suppress conditions, although patients rated images as more arousing than controls across all three conditions. By distinguishing between preparation and active regulation, and between reappraisal and suppression, the current findings reveal greater complexity regarding the dynamics of emotion regulation in PTSD and have implications for our understanding of the etiology and treatment of PTSD.
Abstract In this paper, we show how three often used and seemingly different discourse annotation frameworks – Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB), Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST), and Segmented Discourse Representation Theory – can be related by using a set of unifying dimensions. These dimensions are taken from the Cognitive approach to Coherence Relations and combined with more fine-grained additional features from the frameworks themselves to yield a posited set of dimensions that can successfully map three frameworks. The resulting interface will allow researchers to find identical or at least closely related relations within sets of annotated corpora, even if they are annotated within different frameworks. Furthermore, we tested our unified dimension (UniDim) approach by comparing PDTB and RST annotations of identical newspaper texts and converting their original end label annotations of relations into the accompanying values per dimension. Subsequently, rates of overlap in the attributed values per dimension were analyzed. Results indicate that the proposed dimensions indeed create an interface that makes existing annotation systems “talk to each other.”
L’objectif principal de cette recherche est de relever le rôle des ambiguïtés dans la traduction. L’identité formelle des homonymes et la quasi-identité formelle des paronymes peuvent générer plus d’interprétations. Ce phénomène met en évidence la corrélation entre le plan des formes et le plan des significations. Le locuteur doit choisir le mot en fonction du contexte. Toute forme à laquelle on peut associer plusieurs significations est virtuellement ambigüe, et certains homonymes et paronymes conservent leur ambiguïté même dans le contexte. L’ambiguïté interlinguistique est conditionnée par les normes subjectives de l’imaginaire linguistique, qui se manifestent par l’association de deux homonymes ou paronymes interlinguaux, et par la formation d’alliances homonymiques et paronymiques au niveau interlinguistique. Un aspect caractéristique de l’ambiguïté est celui de l’alternative dans la langue, qui vise à mettre l’émetteur et le récepteur dans la situation de choisir. Nous nous sommes également proposé d’analyser ce phénomène à partir d’une expérience avec les étudiants. Par conséquent, dans la présente étude, nous avons essayé de démontrer que la manipulation d’un mot est un art plutôt difficile qui nécessite une formation tout au long de la vie. La nécessité d’une telle culture doit être ressentie par chaque locuteur, s’il veut être compris avec précision dans n’importe quelle situation de communication et par n’importe quel interlocuteur. <strong>AMBIGUITĂȚILE LEXICALE ÎN TRADUCEREA ROMANULUI <em>ET SI C’ÉTAIT VRAI </em>DE MARC LEVY</strong> Obiectivul principal al acestui studiu constă în a aborda rolul ambiguităților în traducere. Identitatea și cvasiidentitatea formală a termenilor omonimi și paronimi poate genera mai multe interpretări. Acest fenomen reliefează coraportul dintre planul formelor şi planul sensurilor. Locutorul este pus în situaţia de a alege cuvântul potrivit contextului. Orice formă căreia i se pot asocia mai multe semnificaţii este virtual ambiguă, iar unele omonime și paronime îşi păstrează ambiguitatea chiar şi în context.<strong> </strong>Ambiguitatea interlinguală este condiţionată de normele subiective ale Imaginarului Lingvistic ce se manifestă prin asocierea a două omonime sau paronime interlinguale şi prin formarea alianţelor omonimice și paronimice la nivel interlingual. Cunoaşterea conţinutului semantic al fiecărui cuvânt din întregul sistem lexical al limbii, utilizarea lui în deplină corespundere cu noţiunea dată constituie condiţia primordială pentru exprimarea precisă a ideilor în actul comunicării concrete. Un cuvânt folosit inadecvat conform sensului pe care-l exprimă poate duce la o gravă denaturare a ideii exprimate. Un aspect caracteristic ambiguităţii este acel al alternativei în limbă, ce are ca scop de a-l pune pe emiţător şi receptor în situaţia de a alege. În multe cazuri, problema alegerii nu se pune în faţa locutorului, deoarece contextul lingvistic selectează din semnificaţiile formelor identice sau cvasiidentice sensul potrivit contextului. Fie că e vorba de omonimie, paronimie sau polisemie, fie că e vorba de o unitate lexicală sau o structură sintactică, orice formă căreia i se pot asocia mai multe semnificaţii este virtual ambiguă şi poate fi examinată izolat, în afară de orice context de utilizare. De asemenea, ne-am propus să analizăm acest fenomen în baza unui experiment realizat cu studenții. Prin urmare, în prezentul studiu am încercat să demonstrăm că mânuirea unui cuvânt este o artă destul de dificilă care presupune o perfecţionare pe parcursul întregii vieţi. Necesitatea unei astfel de cultivări trebuie s-o simtă fiecare vorbitor, dacă vrea să fie înţeles cu precizie în orice situaţie comunicativă şi de către orice interlocutor. <strong>THE LEXICAL AMBIGUITIES IN THE TRANSLATION OF THE NOVEL</strong> <strong><em>AND IF THAT WAS TRUE</em></strong><strong> BY MARC LEVY </strong> The main aim of this study is to address the role of ambiguity in translation. The formal identity and quasi-identity of homonymous and paronymous terms may generate more interpretations. This phenomenon highlights the relation between form and meaning. The speaker has to choose the word according to the context. Any form that can be associated with several meanings is virtually ambiguous, and some homonyms and paronyms retain their ambiguity even within a specific context. The interlingual ambiguity is conditioned by the subjective norms of the Linguistic Imaginary which is expressed through the association of two interlingual homonyms or paronyms and through the formation of homonymic and paronymic alliances at the interlingual level. An aspect of ambiguity is the alternative in language, which aims at creating a situation where the sender and receiver have to choose. We have also set out to analyze this phenomenon based on an experiment with the students. Therefore, in the present study we have attempted to prove that the usage of a word is a rather difficult art that involves a lifelong improvement. The need of such cultivation should be felt by every speaker if they want to be understood with precision in any communicative situation and by any interlocutor.
The translation of certain toponyms that had not yet been assimilated to the Romanian language at the beginning of the 19th century represented a real challenge for translators at that time. A first aspect to be considered here is the linguistic status as proper names and the possible translation options that could not be correlated to any tradition. A second aspect is the precarious stage of Romanian geographical terminology, reflected by the terminological variation for the same concept and the lack of semantic affinity, either real or related to the actual terminology. This article addresses mainly the first aspect mentioned above. The issues addressed are as follows: a concise presentation of the concept of proper names translation, the distinction between untranslatable and translatable or partially translatable proper names, the factors motivating the option of translating or not the translatable terms from a toponymic collocation. Our corpus reflects the incipient stage of the translation of translatable or partially translatable toponyms in Romanian, a stage in which the translator is free to decide upon translatability. Compared to the actual norm, the different choices from one translator to another or even those opted for by the same translator—especially the option of not translating toponyms that are nowadays translated in most languages—reveal the lack of importance of linguistic meaning (that is the lexical meaning of the etymon) of the proper name as far as its functioning was concerned, as well as the role of this non-functionality in identifying the linguistic status of a proper name.
<p><em>Abstrak</em><em> - </em><strong>Penelitian ini berjudul Metonimia dan Metafora dalam Norma dan Eksploitasi Tipe Semantis Adjektiva <em>Value</em> Frasa Nomina <em>Eye</em> Pada COCA ‘Penelitian ini mengkaji kolokasi terdekat dengan kata <em>eye</em> untuk mendapatkan makna prototipe dalam norma dan makna eksploitasi norma. Analisis kajian bertumpu pada <em>The Theory of Norms and Exploitations,</em> TNE karya Hanks (2013), sebuah teori bahasa yang berfokus pada kajian leksikal, berbasis kelola korpus dan teori bawah atas. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah metode pendekatan gabungan antara kualitatif sebagai pendekatan yang utama dan kuantitatif berdasarkan frekuensi kata dalam korpus. Lima puluh frasa nomina tertinggi dan lima puluh frasa nomin terendah dari 500 frekuensi di seleksi dan dipilah berdasarkan kategori tipe semantis ajektiva dengan fokus pada tipe semantis <em>value</em>. Jenis makna dalam norma dan eksploitasi bervariasi dengan inti perluasan makna literal terhadap metonimia dan metafora. Metonimia konseptual dan metafora konseptual di tingkat dasar yang diterapkan untuk frasa nomina <em>eye</em> adalah organ perseptual bersanding sebagai persepsi dan metafora konseptual melihat adalah menyentuh. Pada tingkat abstrak metafora konseptual menjadi berpikir, mengetahui atau mengerti adalah melihat.</strong></p><p> </p><p><strong><em>Kata Kunci</em></strong><em> – Norma dan Eksploitasi, Jenis dari Nilai Semantik, metonymy, metaphor, Frase kata benda “ eye” </em></p><p> </p><p><em>Abstract</em> - <strong>This reseach entitled ‘Metonymy and Metaphor in Norm and Exploitation Semantic Types Adjective Value of Noun Phrase Eye in COCA’. This research analyse adjacent collocation the noun eye in oder to identify the prototype meaning of norms and extention meaning of the exploitations. The research is based on The Theory of Norms and Exploitations, TNE by Hanks (2013), a lexical and bottom-up theory, based on corpus data. The methodology used is a mixed-method of qualitative and quantitative of frequency of word in corpus. 50 highest frequency of noun phrase eye and 50 lowest frequency noun phrase from 500 frequncy are selected and sorted out within the semantic type of the adjectives and focus on the semantic types of value. Type of meaning in norms and exploitations are varied with the core literal meaning extension towards metonymy and metaphor. The basic conceptual Metonymy and the conceptual of metaphor for eye is perceptual organ stands for perception and for metaphor seeing is touching.In the abstract level of conceptual metaphor is describes as thimking, knowing aand understanding is seeing.</strong></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><em>-</em><strong><em> </em></strong><em>N</em><em>orms and </em><em>E</em><em>xploitations, </em><em>S</em><em>emantic </em><em>T</em><em>ype of </em><em>V</em><em>alue, </em><em>M</em><em>etonymy, </em><em>M</em><em>etaphor, </em><em>E</em><em>ye noun phrase.</em><em></em></p>
Under creative speaking grammatical and extra-linguistic factors are interplaying. Therefor classification of such processes is still relevant. Potential words as the system determined type of ad-hock creativity can be classified according to the grade of deviation, concerning as derivation model components, as non-linguistic factors action, influence of social context. Each model has more or less strict components parameters: formant meaning and definite part of speech for stem. During communication speaker can actualize any of the forms, which one lexical group paradigms have. Created form can appear despite the model maturity and this is the way of its occasionality rising. If there is no lacuna in a model paradigm so some form, duplicating another one, reveals special pragmatic need of the speaker. Considering distance between system norms and real speech circumstances, we are able to fix difference among potential words as more or less occasional. So we get a scale with conventional numerical indication of the occasionality growth – from zero to one with a half index for cases of incomplete characteristic. The last one means light deviation of the model: formant meaning variation or part of speech shifting for stem, or weak perlocution in the structure of intention. Zero index marks model safety, available system gap for the potential form and absence in the speech act any perlocution or social ranging. The index “one” fixes opposite characteristic: a deep model deviation (e.g. stem structure breach), system gap absence for the potential form or duplicating paradigm fragment and explicit under the speech act perlocution or social ranging. The scale can be used as the base for forecasting of the usage “future” for each potential word, if the absolute zero and absolute one will be considered as the indexes of system integration and social demand.
What happens when a new social convention replaces an old one? While the possible forces favoring norm change-such as institutions or committed activists-have been identified for a long time, little is known about how a population adopts a new convention, due to the difficulties of finding representative data. Here, we address this issue by looking at changes that occurred to 2,541 orthographic and lexical norms in English and Spanish through the analysis of a large corpora of books published between the years 1800 and 2008. We detect three markedly distinct patterns in the data, depending on whether the behavioral change results from the action of a formal institution, an informal authority, or a spontaneous process of unregulated evolution. We propose a simple evolutionary model able to capture all of the observed behaviors, and we show that it reproduces quantitatively the empirical data. This work identifies general mechanisms of norm change, and we anticipate that it will be of interest to researchers investigating the cultural evolution of language and, more broadly, human collective behavior.
Рецензируемые научные журналы МГОУ. Журналы МГОУ входящие в перечень ВАК: География, История, Международные отношения, Политология, Лингвистика, Педагогика, Психология, Филология, Физика-математика, Философия, Экономика, Юриспруденция
This paper tests the new-dialect formation model of Peter Trudgill (1986 et seq) by examining several phonological features of Tibetan as spoken in the diaspora community of Kathmandu, Nepal. Established by an influx of migrants from many dialect regions beginning in 1959, this presents a unique opportunity to study koinéization, new dialect formation, in progress. Trudgill’s model predicts that a new dialect should largely emerge in the second generation born in the new region, exhibiting both simplification, the failure of marked variants to transmit across generations, and focusing, the selection of particular variants as a new norm for the community's new variety.Data from seventy-three sociolinguistic interviews was coded for phonological and lexical variables known to differ across Tibetan-speaking regions, and NeighborNets were constructed in SplitsTree. Results indicate that regionally marked variables were not transmitted into the first or second generation of Diaspora-raised speakers, but Diaspora speakers exhibited a high degree of variation comparable to that of speakers from the numerically- and socially-dominant U-Tsang region. That younger speakers have not yet converged on a single new variety suggests a role for additional factors to affect the rate of koinéization.
Language development in the years of preschool education is the dimension of the cognitive sphere. As the development of many particles, the language skills of preschool children have passed the trials by creating a stable language base. Phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax and pragmatics of a language are taught and embedded in a continuous interaction. Using in a correct way the grammatical and syntax language, the discovery of some basic rules of grammar, the correct use of words with regular language skills, indicates that the child is advancing in the use of language by norms, easily passing the message to the listener. The intellectual advancement of the child is limited if he is unable to read. The reading habits are attained using different methods, such as like: The method of the alphabet; Syringe method; Method of speech; The phrase method; Sentence method; The narrative method; The method of phonology. The expansion of phonological and lexical inventories will have an impact on the child's future, so it is important that he be helped to own the language and vocabulary introduced through the books. The language has a social use that includes not only words as separate choices but also the message to be sent. Consequently, when children hear a new word they are first interested in discovering what this means in the mind of the speaker, thus narrowing the possible meanings of the word used. The linguistic development of the preschool is a very complicated and multifaceted process through which the mind turns the spoken language into a concrete sense.
Stylometric analysis in text classification is most often used in authorship attribution studies. This thesis used a machine learning algorithm, the Naive Bayes Classifier, in a text classification task comparing stylometric and lexical features. The texts were extracted from the Project Gutenberg website and were comprised of three genres: detective fiction, fantasy, and science fiction. The aim was to see how well the classifier performed in a supervised learning task when it came to discerning genres from one another. R was used to extract the texts from Project Gutenberg and Python script was used to run the experiment. Approximately 1978 texts were extracted and preprocessed before univariate filtering and tf-idf weighting was used as the lexical feature while average sentence length, average word length, number of characters, number of punctuation marks, number of uppercase words, number of title case words, and parts-of-speech tags for nouns, verbs, and adjectives were generated as the feature sets for the topic independent stylometric features. Normalization was performed using the ℓ² norm for the tf-idf weighting, with the ℓ² norm and z-score standardization for the stylometric features. Multinomial Naive Bayes was performed on the lexical feature set and Gaussian Naive Bayeson the stylometric set, both with 10-fold cross-validation. Precision was used as the measure by which to assess the performance of the classifier. The classifier performed better in the lexical features experiment than the stylometric features experiment, suggesting that downsampling, more stylometric features, as well as more classes would have been beneficial.
У статті висвітлено важливі етапи оцінювання студентів-чужоземців технічних вишів з української мови як іноземної. Зосереджено увагу на правильно розрахованих та дотриманих часових нормах при написанні екзаменаційного контролю та оцінюванні мовної компетенції відповідно до вимог рівня C1. Скеровано погляд на чіткість і послідовність методики щодо проведення іспиту з української мови як іноземної у НУ «Львівська політехніка». Представлені зразки завдань до кожного із видів мовної компетенції та описано іспит, який складається з двох частин – письмової та усної. У письмовій частині виділені окремі блоки для перевірки різних типів мовної компетенції. Насамперед перевіряють навички аудіювання. Студентам пропонують прослухати аудіозапис або подивитися відео фрагмент. Наступний блок завдань – це лексико-граматичні тести. Тут перевіряються, зокрема, розрізнення значень паронімів, використання синонімів, вміння здійснювати синтаксичну трансформацію речень, знання граматичних форм різних частин мови, розуміння значення поширених фразеологізмів тощо. Наступний етап – «Читання». Студенти отримують текст обсягом 300-350 слів (зазвичай для читання використовують тексти з науково-популярних журналів). Далі студентам пропонують письмо, оскільки воно є одним із видів мовної діяльності, яке перевіряють у ході іспиту. Вміння письмово розкрити запропоновану тему показує цілий спектр супутніх умінь і навичок. Заключний елемент іспиту – презентація за спеціальністю. Студенти готують її заздалегідь, при цьому можуть використовувати допоміжні ресурси – створити презентацію в PowerPoint або на аналогічних платформах. У статті показано важливість продумування кожного завдання і націленості на якнайкраще висвітлення знань студента у час проведення іспиту. Описано чіткість дотримання такої системи оцінювання, яка дає можливість викладачам НУ «Львівська політехніка» отримати достовірні результати залишкових знань студентів-іноземців після закінчення вишу. (The article highlights the important stages of the assessment of foreign students of technical higher education in the Ukrainian language as a foreign language. Focused attention is paid to correctly calculated and adhered time norms when writing examination examinations and assessing language competences in accordance with C1 requirements. A view is made on the clarity and consistency of the methodology of conducting an examination in the Ukrainian language as a foreign language at the Lviv Polytechnic National University. Examples of tasks for each type of linguistic competence are presented and the exam is described, which consists of two parts – written and oral. In the written part there are separate blocks for checking different types of language competence. First of all check the listening skills. Students are offered to listen to an audio recording or watch a video clip. The next block of tasks is lexical-grammatical tests. Here, checks are made, in particular, to distinguish between values of paronyms, the use of synonyms, the ability to perform syntactic transformation of sentences, knowledge of grammatical forms of different parts of the language, understanding the meaning of common phraseology, etc. The next stage is «Reading». Students receive a text of 300-350 words (usually used for reading texts from popular science magazines). Then the students are offered a letter, because it is one of the types of language activities that are checked during the exam. The ability to describe in writing the proposed topic shows a range of related skills and abilities. The fi nal exam is a presentation on the specialty. Students prepare it in advance, while they can use auxiliary resources – create a presentation in PowerPoint or on similar platforms. The article shows the importance of thinking each task and aiming at the best possible coverage of the student’s knowledge at the time of the exam. The clarity of adherence to such a system of assessment is described, which enables teachers of Lviv Polytechnic National University to obtain reliable results of residual knowledge of foreign students after graduation.)
Rumour is an old social phenomenon used in politics and other public spaces. It has been studied for only hundred years by sociologists and psychologists by qualitative means. Social media platforms open new opportunities to improve quantitative analyses. We scanned all scientific literature to find relevant features. We made a quantitative screening of some specific rumours (in French and in English). Firstly, we identified some sources of information to find them. Secondly, we compiled different reference, rumouring and event datasets. Thirdly, we considered two facets of a rumour: the way it can spread to other users, and the syntagmatic content that may or may not be specific for a rumour. We found 53 features, clustered into six categories, which are able to describe a rumour message. The spread of a rumour is multi-harmonic having different frequencies and spikes, and can survive several years. Combinations of words (n-grams and skip-grams) are not typical of expressivity betwee)
The article considers criterion-parametrical aspects of formedness of students-philologists’ cross-cultural competence. There four criteria of formedness of students-philologists’ cross-cultural competence are established as: motivational and axiological, cognitive, operational, behavioural and activity. The main parameters of motivational and axiological criterion are: formedness of cognitive, professional and social motives, according to which one becomes aware of the significance of the material studied and possible ways of its application; positive / neutral / negative attitude to cultural discrepancies; estimation of other culture (following / ignoring stereotypes or prejudices). Cognitive criterion involves: knowledge of phonetic, lexical, grammar material, culture-specific units of native and foreign languages; formedness of monological and dialogical skills on definite topics; sociocultural material acquisition. The key parameters of operational criterion are: ability to use culture-specific units and units of non-verbal communication, which comply with communicative situation; skillful use of lexical units and grammatical structures pursuant to context; ability to organize dialogue / monologue in alignment with the norms of everyday, learning, professional activities. In terms of behavioral and activity criterion such parameters are considered as: restraint in judgements; ability to control one’s behavior; ability to analyze divergent positions before making a final decision. In conformance with the criteria and parameters determined there are four levels of cross-cultural competence specified: elementary, intermediate, upper-intermediate, advanced.
The verbal imitations of mental processes are successfully attempted by James Joyce in his three novels, namely, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Ulysses, and Finnegans Wake. Joyce’s experiment with English language structures and vocabulary to capture the ceaseless flow of thought process is strikingly noticeable. His use of the literary technique “stream of consciousness” delineates the flow of expressions, associations, hesitations, impulses, and rational thoughts of his characters. Joyce’s verbatim reproductions of the workings of the mind have caught the reader’s attention owing to his startling experiments with the traditionally accepted norms of word formation. Joyce coins innumerable lexical items through strange combinations of letters, compounding, suffixation, conversions, and many such devices. This paper attempts to highlight some of the structures of his coinages as it might interest those readers who intend to understand the logic behind such word formation strategies.
Understanding the determinants of syntactic choice in sentence production is a salient topic in psycholinguistics. Existing evidence suggests that syntactic choice results from an interplay between linguistic and non-linguistic factors, and a speaker’s attention to the elements of a described event represents one such factor. Whereas multimodal accounts of attention suggest a role for different modalities in this process, existing studies examining attention effects in syntactic choice are primarily based on visual cueing paradigms. Hence, it remains unclear whether attentional effects on syntactic choice are limited to the visual modality or are indeed more general. This issue is addressed by the current study. Native English participants viewed and described line drawings of simple transitive events while their attention was directed to the location of the agent or the patient of the depicted event by means of either an auditory (monaural beep) or a motor (unilateral key press) late)
Linguistic stylistics explores the linguistic features of a text; it is primarily concerned with the use of language and its effect in a text. This study is aimed at analyzing the language structure/system of Wole Soyinka’s ‘Night’ and ‘Death in the Dawn’ to render a linguistic description, that is, identifying the linguistic deviant features of Soyinka’s poems and describing how they deviated from the known rules to create effect. Some aspects of Niazi & Gautam’s (2010) framework, as well as Onwukwe’s (2012) concept of foregrounded irregularities at the lexical, syntactic and semantic levels were adopted in the analysis of the data collected from a selection of deviant words and structures in the poems. Findings reveal that the syntactic level has the most deviant structures while the lexical level has the least deviant lexemes and that the language system of Wole Soyinka’s poems deviated in ways that make words: violate the class to which they originally belong, inflect words which do not require inflections, create compounds not seen in the lexicon of the language, make structures violate the selectional restriction and category rule and give rise to figurative language. In conclusion, the choice of words in a literary work is very important as it creates certain effects on the readers of that work which is what Soyinka accomplished by deviating from the known linguistic norms. This research hopes to contribute to the understanding of Soyinka’s poems and serve as a reference point for scholars who wish to carry out a similar research.
The author attempts to identify the place for the language norms in the modern library verbal communications. The relevancy of this study is determined by the crisis of verbal communications in the society (overuse of slang, frivolous borrowings from foreign languages, decay of the language culture, using gadgets in interpersonal and business communications). The author concludes that verbal communication skills are needed to harmonize all communicative components, including language norms and speech culture. The findings of the monitoring survey of library verbal communications are presented. The level of command of the modern Russian language norms is identified for library and information specialists. It was found that the largest part of respondents had insufficient knowledge of language norms which affects their professional activity. The author analyzes orthoepical (pronouncing and articulatory) errors, violation of lexical, grammar (word-formation, morphological and syntactic) and stylistic norms of the Russian language, observance of orthographic and punctuation rules in the written speech. She argues that revealing the gaps helps to define the problems of librarians’ speech culture and to increase the efficiency of verbal communications in the professional library environment, in particular within the system of advanced training.
National audience
The problem of interference is one of the most complex issues related to language interaction, so it is especially important to investigate its workings on the example of the language of Russian Germans in the Kirov region. The article realises the historical and linguocultural approaches to the study of the interrelationship between folk-colloquial speech and the traditional culture of Russian Germans, residing on the territory of the Kirov region. The authors present the results of an in-depth analysis of interference features in the Russian speech of German bilinguals under the influence of the German language and its dialects, namely, the phonetic, lexical and grammatical features that occur under the influence of interference with the German language. The Russian speech of German bilinguals is heterogeneous and varies from "virtually without an accent" to "unnatural" for Russian monolingual hearing. The interaction of the Russian and German languages in the speech of German bilinguals resulted in the increased invasion of the norms of one language system into the framework of another language. This leads to the so-called levelling of the interacting languages. In other words, we see the emergence of a third–intermediate system that does not coincide either with the German or Russian languages and performs in the bilingual consciousness an adaptive function to the environment language. This study contributes to German dialectology, enriching both the theory and typology of island dialects, which retain archaic features and the theory and practice of scientifically grounded language policy and language preservation.
In the second half of the nineteenth century, the Romanian literary language lexicon, illustrated by literary and scientific texts, periodicals, manuals, underwent a process of renewal through an extensive acceptance of neologisms, in the awaited correlation with the overall modernization of culture. Dicţionarul limbei române, an academic project, printed between 1871 and 1877, tries to impose an ideal norm, that aimed, consistent with a certain linguistic conception, at preserving and enriching the native Latin vocabulary, by selecting certain loans and lexical creations, concurrently with the exclusion of variants (phonetic, morphological or lexical variants) that conflicted with the „spirit” of the Romanian language.
The N400 waveform carries new insight into the nature of linguistic processing and may shed light into the automaticity of priming word relationships. We investigated semantic and associative word pairs in classic lexical decision and letter search tasks to examine their differences in cognitive processing. Normed database information was used to create orthogonal semantic and associative word relationships to clearly define N400 waveforms and priming for these pairs. Participants showed N400 reduction for related word pairs, both semantic and associative, in comparison to unrelated word pairs for the lexical decision task, indicating automatic access for both types of relatedness. For a letter search task, the N400 showed differences between nonwords and other stimuli but no attenuation for related pairs. Response latency data indicated associative priming in both tasks with semantic priming also found in the letter search task. These results help discern possible automatic and controlled processes occurring during these tasks, as the N400 may show automatic processing during the lexical decision task, while the response latency data may provide evidence for controlled processing during the letter search task.
The article deals with the evaluative vocabulary used in modern German language criticism. The author gives examples of adjectives and other parts of speech from the texts relating to different directions of language criticism, within the framework of which either words that are politically incorrect or words and expressions that do not correspond to the grammatical and lexical norms of the German language are the object of criticism. Some characteristic features of language criticism in earlier periods, namely during National Socialism, are also described. At the same time, the paper notes that it is possible to implement language criticism through the text of a work of fiction. The use of a metaphor as a means of assessing criticized phenomena is analyzed.
The article presents translation analysis of the texts within tourism discourse. According to the authors, the Internet is the most popular source of information and thus tourist websites are aimed at forming tourism attractiveness of a certain region as well as promoting regional branding. As illustrated by examples of multilingual hotel websites, the language component of website content is an essential factor for translation. As a result, the analysis of data shows that in many translations various errors are made, which are characterized by a violation of stylistic, lexical, grammatical, spelling and punctuation norms or rules, consequently, translated texts do not correspond to their original communicative and pragmatic function. Having studied the original examples, the authors prove that the translated text in the tourism discourse performs its main function, i.e. attracts a large number of potential customers only when a professional translator while translating generates a new text, taking into account grammatical and linguistic norms of the language of translation, as well as maintaining stylistic imagery and colour in accordance with a specific lingua-culture of a foreign recipient.
One of the relatively recent trends in learner corpora research is building and exploiting learner translator corpora. Within corpus-based translation studies (CTS) translations are approached as a special variety of the target language. They are usually represented by texts produced by professional translators and are studied as manifestations of the current translational norm. Learner translations can be seen as a more specific variant of the said variety, which is likely to deviate from the accepted translational norm. As of now, typical linguistic features of learner translations as opposed to professional ones are only tentatively described. We hypothesize that these texts should demonstrate heavier translationese features due to the lack of professional translational skills, comparatively poor source language processing competence and target language production skills. The aim of this research is to compare learner and professional Russian translations of English mass-media texts with the reference Russian corpus of non-translations to reveal lexical differences between the three. We found that learner translations consistently showed more distance from non-translations than their professional counterparts, while both learner and professional translations undoubtedly had discursive features which made them linguistically different from naturally occurring language. These findings might help define (non)professionalism in translation and shed light on correlation between the linguistic features of a given text and translation quality, as well as contribute to pedagogical approaches to translator education.
The paper studies the issue of the concept of a norm in the literary Azerbaijani language. The definition of language norm is given, and its leading role in speech culture is deduced. The author identifies the specifics of literary language and pays attention to the language ability to change in the process of evolution of the society and a human. The influence of dialects and borrowings on the formation of linguistic norms is indicated. Three types of norms of literary language are considered in detail: phonetic, lexical, and grammatical. Within the phonetic norm, the norms of pronunciation and spelling norms are considered, the causes of variability arising within the speech process are indicated. The author analyzes the examples of lexical norm violations and their consequences for the language and considers the significant aspects of the grammatical norm, in which the morphological and syntactic norms are distinguished as well. The aspect is taken into account that the syntactic norms regulate the formation of word-combinations and sentences, and that, within the word-combinations format, this norm is divided into three parts: concord, adjunction, and government. The author studies the issue of proper arrangement of words in a sentence, gives various examples where the words take intentionally the incorrect place in its structure in order to perform a certain function. The role of classification of norms of literary language for understanding the processes of change taking place in it is determined. From the above materials, the author concludes that due to the norm, the language becomes clear and the most effective tool for communication since the norm, keeping the speech traditions, meets the actual needs of public speech.
The cognitive nature of Ukrainian nickname constructionThis article is devoted to the study of the cognitive nature of the informal anthroponym creation mechanisms in the everyday communication of Ukrainian speakers. The article traces the role of the associative factors, nominational motives, and cultural, historical and social circumstances that play a direct role in the emergence of informal naming. The article also examines the wide variations in unofficial anthroponyms in spoken Ukrainian, their uniqueness, and their temporal and local character. On one hand, nicknames are not codified. They are prone to variation and susceptible to temporality. On the other hand, they are regulated by certain lexical and word-building norms, as well as custom. It is observed that nicknames reveal both a direct and an indirect (metaphorical) nomination. The article emphasises the cognitive nature of informal names, which is based on a direct or metaphorical resemblance to well-known public figures from the past or present: politicians, actors, artists, musicians, athletes, artists, writers, television characters, etc. Occupations and professions are also analysed as sources of semantic associations which give rise to informal names. It has been revealed that there is a large number of teacher nicknames based on internal associative connections, in which sarcasm is especially expressive. The article also examines the cognitive-axiological mechanisms of nicknames, the emergence of which is associated with an unusual event or a special situation in the life of the named individual. Poznawcza natura tworzenia przezwisk w języku ukraińskimNiniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest badaniu poznawczej natury mechanizmów tworzenia potocznych antroponimów w codziennej komunikacji Ukraińców. Autorzy przedstawiają rolę czynników asocjacyjnych, przyczyny nominacji, uwarunkowania kulturalno-historyczne i społeczne, które bezpośrednio wpływają na pojawienie się potocznego nazewnictwa. Autorzy wskazują również na szeroką różnorodność nieoficjalnych antroponimów w ukraińskim języku mówionym, ich szczególny koloryt, charakter okolicznościowy i lokalny. Z jednej strony przezwiska nie są skodyfikowane, nie podlegają zmianom, nie są podatne na upływ czasu, z drugiej strony są regulowane przez pewne normy leksykalne i słowotwórcze, prawo zwyczajowe. Należy zauważyć, że przezwiska wykazują zarówno bezpośrednią, jak i pośrednią (metaforyczną) nominację. Autorzy podkreślają poznawczą naturę nieoficjalnych nazw, które powstały w oparciu o bezpośrednie lub metaforyczne podobieństwo do innych znanych osób w życiu publicznym kiedyś i obecnie: polityków, aktorów, artystów, muzyków, sportowców, artystów, pisarzy, bohaterów telewizyjnych itp. Przeanalizowano również korzenie i związki semantyczne w nieoficjalnym nazewnictwie, motywowane zajęciem lub profesją ludzi. Stwierdzono, że istnieje duża liczba przydomków nauczycieli, które pojawiły się poprzez wewnętrzną asocjację, w której delikatna natura i sarkazm są szczególnie wyraziste. Zwrócono również uwagę na poznawczo-aksjologiczne mechanizmy pseudonimów, których pojawienie się wiąże się z nietypowym zdarzeniem lub szczególnym przypadkiem w życiu osoby go noszącej.
Linguistic register reflects changes in speech that depend on the situation, especially the status of listeners and listener-speaker relationships. Following the sociolinguistic rules of register is essential in establishing and maintaining social interactions. Recent research suggests that children over 3 years of age can understand appropriate register-listener relationships as well as the fact that people change register depending on their listeners. However, given previous findings that infants under 2 years of age have already formed both social and speech categories, it may be possible that even younger children can also understand appropriate register-listener relationships. The present study used Infant-Directed Speech (IDS) and formal Adult-Directed Speech (ADS) to examine whether 20-month-old toddlers can understand register-listener relationships. In Experiment 1, we used a violation-of-expectation method to examine whether 20-month-olds understand the individual associatio)
The divergence of actual spoken usage from the prescriptive Croatian accentual norm has been widely noted, but such observations are largely impressionistic. Relatively little acoustic data is available for the realization of lexical prosodic features specifically in Croatian, as opposed to other closely related varieties, and previous studies have focused mainly on measurements of isolated forms produced by "model" speakers, chosen specifically for their ability to reproduce the standard accentuation. The current study analyzes samples of connected speech taken from recordings of the program <i>Govorimo hrvatski</i> on Croatian Radio 1, comparing the results to those in previous acoustic studies of Croatian or Serbian accentuation. The implications of these findings for the viability of the current prescriptive norm are considered within the Croatian sociolinguistic context.
Education norms have been altered over the years; however, marginalization problems in linguistic education have not changed. A contemporary approach to linguistic education is taken in which individuals with brain injury or dysfunction are not observed isolatedly from the operations that structure them. This chapter is a study on the signification processes that are constituted during enunciation by subjects who, due to brain dysfunction, appropriate reality and produce conscience of themselves in a particular fashion. Linguistic monitoring articulated with neurolinguistics is suggested in order to promote rhythmic, lexical, and syntactic modifications in such subjects' discourse so as to place the significant chain in order as regards its oral or written production. Hence, subjects with brain dysfunction can develop authorship characteristics as concerns both language appropriation and the subjective aspect, thus showing unicity under the form of coherence: such subjects' creative imagination is imposed, ordinating and coordinating the content expressed.
A novel method for the maximum likelihood estimation of structural equation models (SEM) with both ordinal and continuous indicators is introduced using a flexible multivariate probit model for the ordinal indicators. A full information approach ensures unbiased estimates for data missing at random. Exceeding the capability of prior methods, up to 13 ordinal variables can be included before integration time increases beyond 1 s per row. The method relies on the axiom of conditional probability to split apart the distribution of continuous and ordinal variables. Due to the symmetry of the axiom, two similar methods are available. A simulation study provides evidence that the two similar approaches offer equal accuracy. A further simulation is used to develop a heuristic to automatically select the most computationally efficient approach. Joint ordinal continuous SEM is implemented in OpenMx, free and open-source software.
Abstract The present paper presents the findings from the analysis of the Greek corpus of European Union directives spanning the years 1999–2008 (corpus A) and the corpus of the legal instruments used to transpose them into Greek law (corpus B). The aim of the analysis is to verify the existence of a Greek Eurolect, born through translation, and to highlight the differences between this new legal variety and the corresponding Greek legal variety. The findings of the study are particularly interesting as they point to the existence of a Greek Eurolect characterised by Europeisms on a lexical level; morphosyntactic preferences which do not conform to the Greek legal language conventions and norms; an extensive use of the future tense as a result of translating English shall into Greek; and an oscillation between the use of Κatharevousa and Demotiki, that is an H-variety and an L-variety of the Greek language.
The research is based on the documents of 1735-1755 from the State Archive of the Volgograd Region and is aimed at revealing pragmatic features of alterations and corrections that are preserved in the drafts of administrative correspondence and texts. Linguistic interpretation of reasons for corrections and selection of a certain variant of the utterance for the written text drafts resulted in distinguishing three types of corrections: factual, stylistic, and communicatively pragmatic. Factual corrections touch upon the content of the document and are explained by necessity to depict the past, present or future events in accordance with the relevance of situation. That is determined by exactness as a major feature of the document. These corrections appear to be text cut-ins of various length which help to clarify or confirm information presented in the document. Stylistic corrections are aimed at improving the style of information delivery and language performance at the lexical, grammatical, textual levels of the document. They are alterations that help to bring the text into compliance with the norms of officialese, exactness, logical and textual coherence; the corrections are provided by lexical insertions or alterations, removing dialectal and common words, restoring direct word order, changing verbal forms, adding discourse units that are to explicate logical relations between syntactic parts when the transformation of oral speech into written is required. Stylistic improvements are presented as the ones that demonstrate intentions of the writer to develop varieties in the genre. Pragmatic alterations communicate the intention to orient the text towards its addressee, to follow the norms of speech etiquette, to simplify the content and its perception, besides, in case of word order correction due to etiquette norms, pruning complicated speech units, adding etiquette clichés and emotionally colored phrases, they contribute to the impact the text is supposed to produce. In conclusion it is stated that reconstruction of the human language history may be viewed through reconstruction of mental-and-speech activity of officialese writers, in particular by discovering such features as language and professional competences, choice of language style, knowledge on correctness and speech norms, that all together reflect the direction in the development of the Russian literary language in the 18 th century.
The study of translation norms is one of the areas in translation studies which identify regularities of behavior (i.e. trends of relationships and correspondences between ST and TT segments) by comparing source texts and their translations. Norms of translation are mostly done in areas other than religious texts. Therefore, it seems necessary to do a research on religious texts. Textual–linguistic norms govern the selection of TT linguistic material: lexical items, phrases, and stylistic features. To do so, translation strategies adopted by translators were identified through comparing translations and source texts. Translation strategies proposed by Chesterman (1997) are investigated in samples of texts translated by World Ahlubayt assembly, an organization in charge of religious translation in Iran. The texts included seven books from seven translators in World Ahlulbayt Assembly. The strategies investigated in corpus dealt with three linguistic levels: semantic, syntactic and pragmatic strategies and changes done at these three levels. The results showed that syntactic changes were of the highest frequency in all texts. At semantic level, synonymy was the most frequent translation strategy. At syntactic level, clause structure changes and at pragmatic level and explicitness change were the most frequent changes.
The primary aim of this paper is to present the main lexical, stylistic, morphological and syntactic characteristics of the language used in football match reports of the media in Spanish. Due to the fact that football is the sport with the most followers around the world, in recent years we have witnessed the increase of consumption of relevant texts, especially with the emergence of the specialized media on the Internet.The paper first addresses the issue of defining the genre of la crónica futbolística and its formal aspects, and then we proceed with the presentation of the most prominent linguistic features. Being a specialized genre, it is based on a specific terminology, so we further present the main characteristics of some of the terms from the morphological, lexical and phraseological points of view, based on recent corpus research. Finally, some relevant syntactic phenomena of the genre are mentioned, with emphasis on the most frequent deviations from the standard norm, as it’s demonstrated in the literature.Additionally, the secondary aim of this article is to present the findings of some exhaustive new studies that address different aspects of football slang, as we are convinced that they can be very useful as a basis for future empirical research.In conclusion, it is evident that the texts on football in general and especially the field of football slang are extremely suitable for any type of linguistic research. The prolific production of media texts helps establishing a broader authentic corpus, and thus facilitates any study of the real language use in this specific domain.Key words: specific language, style, terminology, match report, football.
The article is devoted to a modern problems research of television titles editing of the media addressee by the media addressor. The objectives of work are achieved by application of methods of deductive and inductive logical analysis, descriptive method, content analysis, lexical and semantic, lexical and grammatical, and stylistic analysis, comparative analysis, deep interview and poll of informants. Titles as fragments of media texts of the television program “Time Will Show” act as material of the research. In the article, attention is paid to a problem of television titles editing of the mediaaddressee in which editorial work of the media addressor is often limited to an inscription: “The spelling and a punctuation of the author are kept”. Authors in details analyze television titles of the mass media addressee of the “Time Will Show” program broadcast on Channel 1 of the Russian television; sort a number of examples from other elements of media system subject to influence of the research object and from fiction with justified violation of language norms. Authors offer the answer to a question how the editor has to work with text elements on the screen, support the position with opinions of scientists and results of the comparative analysis of the actual material, deep interview and poll of social networks users. The received results are significant for development of psycholinguistics, pragmalinguistics, cognitive linguistics, linguosemiotics, cultural linguistics, discursive linguistics, in particular, of media discourse theory, influence theory. This is because the peculiarities of verbal self-presentation of the media addressee in television titles characterizing the language personality of the media addressee as the media addressor producing the media message as reaction to a television message of the media addressor, and making influence on the mass addressee – television audience are revealed. The article will be useful to philologists, editors, journalists not only in the theoretical plan, but also in practical work.
Abstract \nA tourism website is essentially an important domain in realizing the tourism products. Indeed, official tourism websites can be very powerful tool in representing the norms and values, which travelers should purportedly observe. However, there is only limited research on the constructions of tourism destination images and in particular on how official tourism websites promote products. Therefore, this study aimed at examining how the effective use of language and visual elements in realizing the Indonesian culinary on the official tourism website of Indonesia (OTWI). Implementing a discourse approach, the analysis was conducted on both language and visual elements. Discourse analysis, text and visual imaginary of the official tourism websites were selected for investigation. The use of lexical and syntactical aspects in the official tourism website of Indonesia are the focus of textual analysis. Furthermore, visual elements such as modality and salience are also looked over. The findings revels that both, textual and visual elements, types complement each other as tourism discourse resources in realizing Indonesian culinary as the tourist attraction on OTWI.
<p>Gender identity, one of the most important social categories in people’s lives, is socially constructed and language is claimed to have a significant role in constructing the gender identity. This paper studies the construction of Sundanese women through five Sundanese nouns referring to women found in the corpus of <em>Manglè </em>magazine, published between 1958–2013. The research employs a mixed-method design in which quantitative analysis is combined with qualitative analysis to investigate how the nouns referring to women are used to construct Sundanese women from the periods of Guided Democracy (1958–1965) to Reformation (2004–2013). The quantitative analysis is used to examine the frequency of word occurrence diachronically. The frequency of word accurrence is subsequently interpreted qualitatively by considering social and cultural contexts, such as the norms of speech levels in Sundanese, Sundanese belief about marriage, and gender issues. The result of analysis shows that women are constructed in various identities by every noun referring to them. The lexical choices used to contruct women are greatly influenced by the social and cultural contexts. </p>
The article deals with the advisability of using Russian slang units in the speech of native speakers with the aim of realizing successful interpersonal and social communication with native language persons. A full understanding and mastering of the lingo stratum of the language is necessary for entry into the Russian youth communicative space and for the implementation of the strategy of linguistic self-identification and adaptation in foreign-language space with active interaction with native speakers of language and culture, especially young ones. Jargonisms are defined as nonliterary lexical units with significant functional potential realized in the course of independent attempts to interpret their semantics by secondary linguistic personalities in the context of their existing background linguocultural information, as well as in situations related to the use of jargon in their own speech in the process of interaction with Russians carriers. The creation of background information is facilitated by the regular demonstration of videos from various Russian youth shows and television series on Chinese websites. Acquaintance with these video materials determines the penetration of Chinese carriers of Russian jargon, especially those used by young people. The factors that determine the cases of inadequate interpretation by foreigners of the semantics of Russian jargon and the features of their functioning in everyday communication are analyzed. Among them are the following: differences in the culture and mentality of the Russian and Chinese peoples, the inadequacy of the lexicographic base, and a small number of actual educational materials that meet the modern educational requirements, and the lack of systematic knowledge of the specifics of the slang stratum among most inophones and its place in the structure of the national language. Emphasizes the idea of the need for the formation of foreigners’ notions about the criteria for the admissibility of the use of jargon in a speech, taking into account the moral and ethical norms existing in the society, which are actualized within the framework of intercultural communication.
One of the activities of the members of Ukrainian human rights and national liberation movement in the 1960– 1970s was the protection of the rights of Ukrainian language for free development and functioning expansion as counteraction to the strengthening of Russification strategy in the USSR. In his journalistic and linguistic works, the human rights activist, dissident, and pedagogue Oleksa Tykhyi raised the problems of preserving and developing Ukrainian language as a major factor of national self-identification. He expressed concern about its status in Ukraine, clearly identified the reasons for this and seeked the ways to improve the situation. The goal of the paper is an attempt to comprehend and illuminate the vocabulary activity of O. Tykhyi, which was closely related to his teaching activity and active civil and ideological position as a defender of Ukrainian language. The paper uses the following methods: descriptive method, contextual analysis and structural analysis of linguistic units. The material of this study was the “Dictionary of Words Inappropriate to the Norms of Ukrainian Literary Language» by Oleksa Tykhyi. It is found out that the words, not compliant with the norms of Ukrainian language and recorded in the vocabulary, include lexical and morphological Russianisms, adoptions from other languages through the Russian language as well as word-forms copied from the Russian language. In general, the vocabulary contains about one and a half thousand lexical units that are not specific to the Ukrainian language, each one is presented with a synonymic number of Ukrainian equivalents. Most of them are lexical Russianisms, i. e. words directly transposed from the Russian language without phonetic adaptation that substituted specific Ukrainian words. Some of them functioned only in spoken language, while others were codified in lexicographic works. A number of Ukrainian synonyms provided to each of the analyzed tokens demonstrates the artificiality and unnecessity of such adoptions. Analysis of the material of the vocabulary of Oleksa Tykhyi shows the negative consequences of Russification for the lexical composition of Ukrainian language and for the level of the language culture of population.
The article is devoted to the study of lexical and structural characteristics of medical terminology in the English language instructions of medicines certified in Ukraine, and the means of its reproduction in the Ukrainian language translation. The analysis of the texts of English-language medical instructions shows that the medical terminology of the instructions relates to the medical condition. The problem of adequate and equivalent translation and instruction relates to the reproduction of a terminological pharmaceutical dictionary, cliche, formulas, abbreviations, and the like. The problem is illustrated by examples of grammatical, lexical, syntactic transformations in translations into Ukrainian (on the material of the preparation Panadol), where the calcula- tion makes up a third of the means. Prefixes have certain semantic functions; Productive for medical terminology of medical instructions are also suffixes. The translation of English-language instructions requires sufficient knowledge of translators in the relevant field and strict adherence to the norms of the Ukrainian language. English-language medical terminology in the text of the instructions for medical products has lexical, structural and other features that are reproduced in the relevant Ukrainian translations of the instructions of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. Traces of the formation of medical terminology of pharmaceutical texts, means of reproduction for an adequate equivalent translation are traced. The process of development of medical products, their discussion at international conferences and further implementation takes place, mainly in English. Thus, among the less well-researched and actual ones, there is the problem of adequate translation of the medical terminology vocabulary of the English language instructions of medical devices certified by Ukraine.
[full article and abstract in Russian; abstract in English]
 This article investigates the informal verbalizations of urban place names; it also questions the hypothesis of their potential untranslatability. The concept of slang is based on the assumption that slang acts as a linguistic channel for liberating carnivalesque laughter. The most numerous lexical fields (presumably most important for the carnivalesque worldview) are those denoting entertainment establishments (brothels, night clubs, cafes), prisons and hospitals. Humankind resorts to substandard communication to state the predominance of primeval instincts, a negative relation to the dominant value system with its restrictions. Mocking values and norms, physiological deficiency, gender or racial peculiarities is the essence of slang as a constituent of humour culture. Slang is a revolt against hierarchy. It relieves tension without endangering the stability of the society. Lexical semantic analysis of slang toponyms shows the potential possibility of adequate comparing and translating of place names in both directions.
In this article there are given some data about a brief observation of studying lexical system of the Uzbek language, the names of scientists, whose efforts have helped arouse opportunities of the language.This article thoroughly highlights several studies done in the field of lexical system, especially semantic features of terms relating to food, clothes and architecture. The author of this article states that ornithological terms which are considered as a part of zoonims, can be the subject of special investigation for linguists. And also author studied the some birds’ names are not included in literary language or their literary norms are not assigned clearly for not having been studied thoroughly.