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Reviewed by: Männliche Hauptfiguren im ‘Tristan’ Gottfrieds von Strassburg. Charakterisierung, Konstellation und Rede by Anna Karin Charles Taggart anna karin, Männliche Hauptfiguren im ‘Tristan’ Gottfrieds von Strassburg. Charakterisierung, Konstellation und Rede. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2019. Pp. 388. isbn: 978–3–11–057225–4. €99.95. In the published version of her dissertation, Anna Karin provides a series of close readings centered on verbal and non-verbal communication in the thirteenth-century Tristan by Gottfried von Strassburg. The ‘primary male figures’ [männliche Hauptfiguren] referred to in the monograph’s title are Tristan, a knight, courtier, and minstrel, and King Marke, Tristan’s uncle, sovereign, and husband of their shared love interest, Isolde. Karin presents these two figures as polar opposites in how, what, and why they communicate. Tristan is ‘the director, who calls the shots’ [der Regisseur, der die Anweisungen gibt] (p. 260), exploiting courtly discourse and conventions as he assumes myriad different roles. Marke, by contrast, remains ‘trapped in the courtly code of behavior’ [Verhaftetsein im höfischen Verhaltenskodex] (p. 300) and adheres to this code long after his nephew and disreputable courtiers have undermined its ideals. Karin’s sharp focus on communication in Gottfried’s text demonstrates ‘just how sophisticated individual figures’ speech [...] can be even in the Middle High German epic despite being strongly shaped by rhyme and meter’ [wie differenziert [End Page 173] die individuelle Figurensprache bereits in der mittelhochdeutschen Epik trotz ihrer Überformung durch Reim und Metrik sein kann] (p. 363). This study devotes great attention to detail, and the arguments are clear and cogent. However, Karin is swimming with the tide. Much attention has already been paid to mimetic and diegetic language as well as the resulting slipperiness of meaning and interpretation in Tristan, as Karin’s own bibliography and use of secondary sources demonstrate. More fruitful is Karin’s decision to treat Tristan’s linguistic cunning as an integral part of his heroic status, calling him ‘a hero—and a linguistic hero’ [ein Held–und ein Sprachheld] (p. 260). Gottfried endows his primary figure with boundless linguistic prowess, and his Tristan impeccably mimics courtly behavior and discourse. At the same time, Tristan is unrepentantly savage toward his adversaries, plays fast and loose with the truth by taking on new identities, and shows little remorse for his transgressions. Rather than trying to reconcile Tristan’s courtliness with his lies and savagery, Karin allows these characteristics to exist side by side in the figure of the ‘linguistic hero.’ Karin builds on her lengthy analysis of the figure of Tristan and contrasts him with Marke, persuasively arguing that each figure represents competing communicative trends in Gottfried’s text: ‘Linguistically, the two male figures come across differently, as downright complete opposites: Where what Tristan says seems atypical, innovative, manipulative and proactive, Marke’s language comes across as restrictive, conventional and reactive’ [Die beiden Männerfiguren werden sprachlich als different wahrgenommen, regelrecht als Gegenpole: Da, wo Tristans Sprechen als außergewöhnlich, innovativ, manipulativ und aktiv erscheint, wirkt Markes Sprache begrenzt, konventionell und reaktiv] (p. 5). Tristan is a radical who ‘repeatedly creates new identities’ [immer wieder neue Identitäten konstruiert] (p. 50) through his words and actions, while Marke embodies a stable code of linguistic norms and behaviors as an ‘agent of courtly values’ [Vermittler höfischer Werte] (p. 285). There has been a tendency in the abundant research on Tristan to either condemn or exonerate the figure of Tristan based on a broad conception of courtliness. In much the same vein, Marke’s stringent adherence to courtly values, even when upended by his court and nephew, has frequently been interpreted as a sign of the king’s weakness. But Karin refuses to square the circle in either case. In her analysis, the figure of Tristan is cloaked in and employs the language of courtly literature, and he sets himself apart because of ‘his charming and, at the same time, horrifying nature’ [sein einnehmendes und gleichermaßen erschreckendes Wesen] (p. 261). Marke is confronted with the unenviable task of attempting to harmonize his nephew’s deviancy with a grossly inadequate courtly code. Gottfried endows each figure with a particular approach to language, and it...
It is obvious that the ordering distribution of temporal adverbial clauses in advanced Chinese EFL learners writing corpus (ACEFL) and English differs greatly. Based on the theory of dependency grammar, this paper builds two dependency treebanks and uses mean dependency distance (MDD) as an index to measure syntactic difficulty of prepositional and postpositional temporal adverbial clauses by advanced Chinese EFL learners. It is found that: 1) temporal adverbial clauses in Chinese show obvious tendency of preposition, while in English they can be preposed or postposed to the main clauses, but postposition is the dominant order. In contrast, advanced Chinese EFL learners tend to prepose temporal adverbial clauses which is similar to the ordering distribution of their mother tongue; 2) syntactic difficulty of prepositional temporal adverbial clauses in ACEFL is smaller than that of postpositional ones; 3) the main motivation of preposition of temporal adverbial clauses in ACEFL are dual influence of mother tongue and minimization tendency of MDD.
Limited work has been done on several Indian Languages related to Syntax and Semantic Parsing by adopting recent Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. In this paper we present a framework for statistical Syntax Parser developed on Kannada language which is one of the south Indian languages. As a preliminary step, we generated Kannada Treebank dataset from 1000 annotated sentences (tagged with Parts of Speech labels) by applying Cocke-Younger-Kasami (CYK) parsing algorithm. CYK algorithm works only if the input grammar is specified in CNF (Chomsky Normal form). Hence in our proposed method, the Context Free Grammar (CFG) written for Kannada language is transformed into a CNF grammar. Basically Treebank dataset is a collection of parsed or syntactically structured texts. The Treebank dataset which is generated in the preliminary step contains 1000 syntactically structured sentences and it is given as a training data to build syntax parser model. The size of the dataset which we have taken for testing the model is 150 unannotated sentences. While training the parser and extracting grammar from a Treebank dataset, PCFG (Probabilistic Context Free Grammar) is also incorporated. The developed syntax parser model takes Kannada raw sentences as input, makes use of CNF grammar which is derived from the training Treebank dataset, applies CYK parsing algorithm on input texts and finally produces the most probable parse tree for every sentence as the output. The model has been tested and evaluated with golden Treebank dataset. We obtained considerable and encouraging results from the prepared parser model. The overall precision, recall and F1-score achieved are 74.2%, 79.4% and 75.3% respectively.
AbstractIntroductionBOLT Chinese Co-reference -- Discussion Forum, SMS/Chat, and Conversational Telephone Speech was developed by Raytheon BBN Technologies and consists of co-reference annotation on Chinese discussion forum (DF), SMS/Chat and conversational telephone speech (CTS). The DARPA BOLT (Broad Operational Language Translation) program developed machine translation and information retrieval for less formal genres, focusing particularly on user-generated content. The Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC) supported the BOLT program by collecting informal data sources -- discussion forums, text messaging and chat -- in Chinese, Egyptian Arabic and English. The collected data was translated and annotated for various tasks including word alignment, treebanking, propbanking and co-reference.DataDF data was collected from the web using a combination of manual and automatic processes. SMS/Chat material was donated or collected via live platforms. CTS data was taken from LDC's Chinese CALLHOME and CALLFRIEND telephone collections. Co-reference annotation aims to fill in all of the connections between specific mentions in the text that refer to the same entities and events in the discourse context. BOLT co-reference annotation was performed on BOLT treebank annotation. It covers noun phrases (including proper nouns, nominals, pronouns and null arguments), possessives, proper noun pre-modifiers and verbs. Annotation files are presented in UTF-8 encoded XML format.
The treatment of large corpora and large dictionaries implies the necessity of a good database systems able to store, organize, manage and access very large quantities of data. The integration, or at least partial overlapping of the two areas means that the two approaches will be interacting more and more, and possibly merging with an exchange of methods and results. An Lexical Databases can be used, among others, as a powerful tool to investigate the organization of the lexical structure of a language. The general framework in which the are presently working in designing and building this Lexicographic Workstation is therefore based on the concept of a very modular system, where all the pieces can be easily integrated, each piece in its turn composed of a set of basic functions that can also be called up easily from other modules.
The aim of this article is to generate knowledge about language ideologies in teacher education in Sweden from a critical perspective. In order to achieve an equal education, we argue that it is important that teachers are able to develop an approach and pedagogy that can support all pupils despite their linguistic background to achieve the goals in school. The focus of this article is on language ideologies in teacher education for preschool teachers and how ideological and implementational spaces for language diversity is constructed and negotiated in the education. The empirical material was produced during four years through observations, individual interviews and focus group interviews with educators in the teacher education and a group of ten students in the preschool teacher program, who were admitted to the program based on their migration background. The analysis shows that there is a monolingual standardized norm for Swedish both prevailing in the teacher education and pointing towards their future jobs as preschool teachers. In order to become legitimate members in the group of preschool teacher students and a future community of practice of preschool teachers, the students adjusted to this norm. We identified ideological spaces for multilingualism in the education but the possibilities to implement them were few. Thus, there was a tension between pluralism and diversity on the one side and a strong demand for adjustment to a monolingual standardized language norm for minority students on the other side. As teacher educators we realize the value and necessity of a common language norm, and we are as scholars reproducing such norms of academic language through the writing of this article. At the same time, we argue that it is important to include a multilingual pedagogy in the teacher education that can i) include and support the linguistic repertoires of students in the program and ii) prepare students for their future work in language heterogenous preschools and schools
УДК 81’ 233 ( - 053. 2: - 053. 4): 37. 091. 33 – 049. 3 https://doi.org/10.32405/2308-8885-2021-1(99)-34-39 У статті на основі теоретичного аналізу психолого-педагогічних досліджень розкрито особливості становлення й розвитку мовленнєвотворчої діяльності дітей на етапі дошкільного дитинства, представлено інноваційну технологію стимулювання й підтримки мовленнєвотворчих проявів, пов’язану з розвитком художньо-естетичного сприйняття й уяви, збагаченням життєвого досвіду та літературознавчої обізнаності. Обґрунтовано загальний алгоритм, послідовні етапи впровадження технології стимулювання і підтримки мовленнєвої творчості в закладах дошкільної освіти, розкрито специфічні для кожного з етапів засоби і способи цілеспрямованої роботи з дошкільниками. Ключові слова: мовленнєвотворча діяльність на етапі дошкільного дитинства, словесна творчість, художньо-естетичне сприйняття, творча уява, технологія стимулювання і підтримки мовленнєвої творчості дітей. Natalia Vasylivna Havrysh, Doctor of Sciences in Education, Professor of the Department of Psychology and Pedagogy of Preschool Education of Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky Hrihoriy Skovoroda State Pedagogical University, Pereiaslav-Khmelnitskyi, Ukraine n.rodinaga@ukr.net; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9254-558 Speech creative activity of children at the stage of preschool childhood: Support technologies The article is devoted to the topical problem of development of speech creativity of children at the stage of preschool childhood. The peculiarities of formation and development of children’s speech creative activity are revealed, innovative technology of stimulation and support of speech creativity of preschool children is presented. It is shown that creativity is manifested in an independently born original idea, selection of original means of its implementation and creation of a new unique creative product. There is a close connection of speech creative activity and development of all mental processes. The author uses the terms speech creative activity and verbal creativity, compares these two concepts, shows their importance for development of children’s creative abilities, enrichment of different types of children’s activities. Verbal creativity is defined as the primary form of literary creativity, specially organized, motivated process of creating work by a child in any form of speech in accordance with literary and linguistic norms. Speech creative activity is natural for the child, an important means of self-expression, self-realization, which is manifested in various types of children’s activities: role-play; cognitive activity; visual, musical, constructive, theatrical activities; communication with peers and adults; artistic and speech activity. The study of the nature and peculiarities of the speech creativity of senior preschoolers in the conditions of learning the native language and in free activities allowed the author to identify the main types of speech creativity of senior preschoolers based on such markers as: the conditions and methods of organization. The general algorithm, stages of introduction of technology of stimulation and support of speech creativity are substantiated, the means and ways of the purposeful work specific for each of stages are defined. Key words: speech creative activity at the stage of preschool childhood, verbal creativity, artistic and aesthetic perception, creative imagination, technology of stimulation and support of children’s speech creativity. СПИСОК ДЖЕРЕЛ: Богуш А., Гавриш Н., Котик Т. Методика організації художньо-мовленнєвої діяльності у дошкільних навчальних закладах. Підручник для студентів ВНЗ факультетів дошкільної освіти. Київ, ВД «Слово», 2010. 304 с. Волощук І. Науково-педагогічні основи формування творчої особистості. Київ: Педагогічна думка, 1998. 156 с. Виготський Л. Воображение и творчество в детском возрасте: психологический очерк: Кн. для учителя. Москва: Просвещение, 1991. 94 с. Гавриш Н. Розвиток мовленнєвої творчості в дошкільному віц: монографія. Донецьк: Лебідь, 2001. 217 с. Гавриш Н. В. Технологія літературного проєкту: як допомогти дитині відкрити важливі смисли за допомогою художнього твору? Мистецтво та освіта. 2018. № 3. С. 19 – 26. Дьяченко О. Развитие воображения дошкольника: дисс. … д-ра психол. наук: 19.00.07. Москва: РАО, 1996. 431с. Запорожец А. Психология восприятия ребенком-дошкольником литературного произведения: Избранные психологические произведения: в 2-х т.. Москва. Педагогика, 1986. Т. 1. С. 68–76. Захарченко В. Формування зв’язного мовлення дітей старшого дошкільного віку засобами сюжетно-рольової гри: дис. … канд. пед. наук: 13.00.01. Київ, 1997. 186 с. Карпинская Н. Художественное слово в воспитании детей. Москва, Педагогика, 1972. 150 с. Косенко Ю. Формирование творческой активности старших дошкольников в играх по сюжетам литературных произведений: дисс. …канд. пед. наук: 13.00.01. Бердянск, 1990. 149 с. Костюк Г. Здібності і їх розвиток у дітей. Київ: Знання, 1963. 80 с. Кудина Г., Мелик-Пашаев А., Новлянская З. Как развивать художенное восприятие у школьников. Москва: Знание, 1988. 80 с. Орланова Н. Обучение дошкольников творческому рассказыванию: дисс. … канд. пед. наук: 13.00.01. Киев, 1967. 223 с. Пироженко Т. Развитие коммуникативно-речевых способностей детей старшего дошкольного возраста: дисс. … канд. психол. наук.: 19.00.07. Киев, 1995. 213 с. Пищухина О. Н. Влияние волшебной сказки на словесное творчество детей седьмого года жизни: автореф. дисс. … канд. пед. наук.: 13.00.07. Москва, 2000. 16 с. Поддьяков Н. Творчество и саморазвитие детей дошкольного возраста: концептуальный аспект. Волгоград: Перемена, 1995. 48 с. Рыбакова М. Начальные формы творческого воображения детей дошкольного возраста на основе изучения детского словесного творчества: дисс. … канд. психол. наук. Москва, 1952. 191 с. Семенов О. С. Педагогічна підтримка творчої особистості дитини дошкільного віку. Актуальні проблеми педагогічної освіти: європейський і національний вимір : Матеріали ІІІ Всеукр. наук.-практ. конф. (28–29 травня 2019 р.). Луцьк: ФОП Покора І. О., 2019. С. 219–222. Сухомлинський В. Сердце віддаю дітям: Вибрані твори: у 5 т. Київ: Рад. школа, 1977. Т. 3. С. 105; 201–205. Чуковский К. От двух до пяти: книга для родителей: Малое собрание сочинений. Москва, Азбука, 2019. 640 с. References: Bohush, A., Havrysh, N., & Kotyk, T. (2010). Metodyka orhanizatsii khudozhno-movlennievoi diialnosti u doshkilnykh navchalnykh zakladakh [Methods of organizing artistic and speech activities in preschool educational institutions]. Kyiv, VD «Slovo». Voloshchuk, I. (1998). Naukovo-pedahohichni osnovy formuvannia tvorchoi osobystosti [Scientific and pedagogical foundations of creative personality formation]. Kyiv: Pedahohichna dumka. Vygotskii, L. (1991). Voobrazhenie i tvorchestvo v detskom vozraste: psikhologicheskii ocherk [Imagination and creativity in childhood: a psychological essay]. Moscow: Prosveshchenie. Havrysh, N. (2001). Rozvytok movlennievoi tvorchosti v doshkilnomu vitsi [Development of speech creativity in preschool age]. Donetsk: Lebid. Havrysh, N. V. (2018). Tekhnolohiia literaturnoho proiektu: yak dopomohty dytyni vidkryty vazhlyvi smysly za dopomohoiu khudozhnoho tvoru? [Technology of a literary project: how to help a child discover important meanings through a work of art?]. Mystetstvo ta Osvita, 3, 19–26. Diachenko O. (1996). Razvitie voobrazheniia doshkolnika [Development of imagination of the pre-schooler]. (Doctoral dissertation, Moscow). Zaporozhets A. (1986). Psikhologiia vospriiatiia rebenkom-doshkolnikom literaturnogo proizvedeniia [Psychology of perception by a preschool child of a literary work]. In Izbrannye psikhologicheskie proizvedeniia: Vol. 1. Moscow: Pedagogika. Zakharchenko, V. (1997). Formuvannia zviaznoho movlennia ditei starshoho doshkilnoho viku zasobamy siuzhetno-rolovoi hry [Formation of coherent speech of children of senior preschool age by means of role game]. (PhD dissertation, Kyiv). Karpinskaia, N. (1972). Khudozhestvennoe slovo v vospitanii detei [The artistic word in children’s education]. Moscow: Pedagogika. Kosenko, Yu. (1990). Formirovanie tvorcheskoi aktivnosti starshykh doshkolnikov v igrakh po siuzhetam literaturnykh proizvedenii [Formation of creative activity of senior preschoolers in games on plots of literary works]. (PhD dissertation, Berdiansk). Kostiuk, H. (1963). Zdibnosti i ikh rozvytok u ditei [The abilities and their development in children]. Kyiv: Znannia. Kudina, G., Melik-Pashaev, A., & Novlianskaia, Z. (1988). Kak razvivat khudozhennoe vospriiatie u shkolnikov [How to develop schoolchildren’s artistic perception]. Moscow: Znanie. Orlanova, N. (1967). Obuchenie doshkolnikov tvorcheskomu rasskazyvaniiu [Teaching preschoolers creative storytelling]. (PhD dissertation, Kyiv). Pirozhenko, T. (1995). Razvitie kommunikativno-rechevykh sposobnostei detei starshego doshkolnogo vozrasta [Development of communicative and speech abilities of children of senior preschool age]. (PhD dissertation, Kyiv). Pishchukhina, O. N. (2000). Vliianie volshebnoi skazki na slovesnoe tvorchestvo detei sedmogo goda zhizni [Influence of a magic fairy tale on verbal creativity of children of the seventh year of life]. (Dissertation Abstract, Moscow). Poddiakov, N. (1995). Tvorchestvo i samorazvitie detei doshkolnogo vozrasta: kontseptualnyi aspect [Creativity and self-development of preschool children: Conceptual aspect]. Volgograd: Peremena. Rybakova, M. (1952). Nachalnye formy tvorcheskogo voobrazheniia detei doshkolnogo vozrasta na osnove izucheniia detskogo slovesnogo tvorchestva [Initial forms of creative imagination of preschool children based on the study of children’s verbal creativity] (PhD dissertation, Moscow). Semenov, O. S. (2019). Pedahohichna pidtrymka tvorchoi osobystosti dytyny doshkilnoho viku [Pedagogical support of the creative personality of a preschool child]. In Aktualni problemy pedahohichnoi osvity: evropeiskyi i natsionalnyi vymir: Conference Proceedings, May 28–29, (pp. 219–222). Lutsk: FOP Pokora I. O. Sukhomlynskyi, V. (1977). Serdtse viddaiu ditiam: Vybrani tvory: Vol. 3 [I give my heart to children: Selected works]. Kyiv: Radianska shkola. Chukovskii, K. (2019). Ot dvukh do piati: knyha dlia roditelei: Maloe sobranie sochinenii [From two to five: a book for parents: A small collection of works]. Moscow: Azbuka. Стаття надійшла до редакції 10.01.2021 р.
Jack Rueter, Marília Fernanda Pereira de Freitas, Sidney Da Silva Facundes, Mika Hämäläinen, Niko Partanen. Proceedings of the First Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Indigenous Languages of the Americas. 2021.
Abstract While databases of taboo language word norms exist, none focus specifically on slurs as a category of taboo language. Furthermore, no existing databases include measures of linguistic reclamation, a phenomenon which may specifically affect the processing of slurs. I produced a database in which 155 native or near-native speakers of British English rated 41 LGBTQ+ slurs for a number of word properties and measures of linguistic reclamation. I then ran correlation and demographic group comparison analyses on the resulting database. I found a clear correlation pattern between properties and reclamation behaviours. I also found that there were age-related differences in age of acquisition and familiarity ratings; that gender identity and sexual identity differences were affected by being the target of slurs; and that sexual identity particularly affected differences in reclamation ratings.
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) has been widely studied in laboratory settings due to its clinical implications, primarily as a potential biomarker of emotion regulation (ER). Studies have reported that individuals with higher resting HRV show more distinct startle reflexes to negative stimuli as compared to those with lower HRV. These responses have been associated with better defense system function when managing the context demands. There is, however, a lack of empirical evidence on the association between resting HRV and eyeblinks during laboratory tasks using instructed ER. This study explored the influence of tonic HRV on voluntary cognitive reappraisal through subjective and startle responses measured during an independent ER task. In total, 122 healthy participants completed a task consisting of attempts to upregulate, downregulate, or react naturally to emotions prompted by unpleasant pictures. Tonic HRV was measured for 5 minutes before the experiment began. Current results did not support the idea that self-reported and eyeblink responses were influenced by resting HRV. These findings suggest that, irrespective of resting HRV, individuals may benefit from strategies such as reappraisal that are useful for managing negative emotions. Experimental studies should further explore the role of individual differences when using ER strategies during laboratory tasks.
We aim to increase user engagement in unfamiliar music. We investigated listening duration for 100 unfamiliar art music items from the Australian Music Centre (AMC) library, presented under four different exposure conditions: a continuous affect response task, text/photographic information, text only, and no information. Participants could skip each item, and provided post-excerpt liking or familiarity ratings. Time-series analysis models of listening duration, liking, and familiarity, showed no increase in successive item liking or familiarity, although user liking and familiarity, positively predicted listening duration. The data confirm that directing listeners’ attention to discerning affect can enhance their engagement with unfamiliar music.
The paper is an attempt to compare Hyderabad Telugu Treebank (HTTB) and HCU-IIIT-H Telugu Treebank from a statisticalpoint of view. HTTB has 2,715 annotated sentences and HCU-IIIT-H TTB has 3,222 annotated sentences. Both the Treebanks were annotated by following Paninian Grammar Formalism proposed by Bharati, A.; Sharma, D.M.; Husain, S.; Bai, L.; Begam, R. and Sangal, R.(2009).HTTB is an inter-chunk-based treebank data. HCU-IIIT-H TTB is an intra-chunk-based treebankdata. Both the treebanks’ data size is random. Later, the paper discusses the Telugu Treebanks in detail. The paper focuses on statistical frequencies viz. POS, Chunk and Syntactic labels. VM (3807 times) and NN (5486 times) are the frequent POS labels inHTTB and HCU-IIIT-H TTB respectively. NP (7954 and 6223 times) is the frequent phrasal category in both the treebanks. The most frequent k-labels are kartā(k1) (2375-2381 times) and karma(k2) (1408-1437 times) and non-frequent label is karaṇa(k3) (17-39 times) in both the treebanks. The most frequent non-k-labels are verb modifier (vmod) (949 times) and noun modifier (nmod) (1033 times) in both the treebanks. The statistical distribution mentions the coverage of the labels (kāraka, non-kāraka) of both theTelugu treebanks. Later it discusses the comparison of both the treebanks and tries to provide the reasons for the highest and lowest frequencies in both the treebanks. k1 and k2 have 60% of the coverage in karaka labels, vmod, nmod, adv, ccof, pof also has 60% of the coverage in non-karaka labels. This kind of statistical study can help to boost the accuracy of the parser.
Abstract This paper reports on the developments in three interrelated linguistic resources for Polish. The first is Świgra 2—a rule based constituency parser for Polish. The second is Składnica—a treebank built using Świgra 2. The third resource is valency dictionary Walenty, which became available when the work on the first two was already advanced. However, since the dictionary is much more comprehensive than the ad-hoc dictionary used previously with Świgra, a decision was made to switch the parser and the treebank to the new dictionary. The switch required several modifications to the Świgra 2 parser, including implementation of unlike coordination, introducing semantically motivated phrases, and non-standard case values. A semi-automated procedure to upgrade previously disambiguated trees in Składnica was required as well. Modifications introduced in the treebank during the upgrade included systematic changes of notation and resolving newly introduced ambiguities resulting from the use of the more detailed distinctions made in the dictionary. The procedure for confronting Składnica with the trees generated with the new version of the Świgra 2 parser using the Walenty dictionary allowed us to check all of these resources for consistency. This resulted in several corrections being introduced in both the treebank and the valency dictionary.
This study extends our initial efforts in building an English-Turkish parallel treebank corpus for statistical machine translation tasks. We manually generated parallel trees for about 17K sentences selected from the Penn Treebank corpus. English sentences vary in length: 15 to 50 tokens including punctuation. We constrained the translation of trees by (i) reordering of leaf nodes based on suffixation rules in Turkish, and (ii) gloss replacement. We aim to mimic human annotator?s behavior in real translation task. In order to fill the morphological and syntactic gap between languages, we do morphological annotation and disambiguation. We also apply our heuristics by creating Nokia English-Turkish Treebank (NTB) to address technical document translation tasks. NTB also includes 8.3K sentences in varying lengths. We validate the corpus both extrinsically and intrinsically, and report our evaluation results regarding perplexity analysis and translation task results. Results prove that our heuristics yield promising results in terms of perplexity and are suitable for translation tasks in terms of BLEU scores.
The development of modern knowledge-intensive areas of human activity in the world is determined by the growing role of computer tech-nology. Today, the flow of information is growing significantly, and there is a need to find new ways of storing, presenting, formalizing, organizing it as well as automatic processing. Therefore, there is a growing interest in a comprehensive knowledge base that can be used for various practical pur-poses. There is a great need for systems based on neural networks that ex-tract any information from the text without the human factor. In the middle of the twentieth century, along with the World Wide Web, Semantic Web started to appear, which provided additional tags that carried information about the semantics of elements in hypertext pages. An integral part of the semantic web is the concept of ontology, which is a lexical database con-sisting of a network of words.This article analyzes the origin of the term ontology, the ontological views of philosophers, the thesaurus and the concepts of ontology. Factors of creating the thesaurus of information retrieval systems are covered.
Although social media appear to be welcoming spaces that enable easy access to target-language communities, second language (L2) participation is not necessarily full and equitable. Drawing on computer-mediated discourse analysis (Herring, 2007) and critical discourse analysis (Wodak & Meyer, 2009), this analysis of a discussion forum on the social media platform Reddit uses social positioning theory (Harre, 2012; see also Debray & Spencer-Oatey, 2019) to show how L2 errors are construed as obstacles to full participation. I argue that linguistic gatekeeping is linked to community norms that reproduce language ideologies, affirm the authority of the idealized native speaker, and position L2 participants as L2 learners rather than L2 users. When L2 users cannot participate fully in what seem to be welcoming spaces they may exclude themselves. At the same time, the data also provide compelling evidence that Reddit offers a new mode of inclusion for L2 users.
Among all the fields that are developing in the age of technology, automatic translation of languages (machine translation) is also developing. Automatic translation requires the translation of compound words, phrases, and separate coding and classification of words. Translation of stable compounds in Uzbek and Turkish is easier than in Uzbek-English.
Abstract Universal dependencies (UD) is a framework for morphosyntactic annotation of human language, which to date has been used to create treebanks for more than 100 languages. In this article, we outline the linguistic theory of the UD framework, which draws on a long tradition of typologically oriented grammatical theories. Grammatical relations between words are centrally used to explain how predicate–argument structures are encoded morphosyntactically in different languages while morphological features and part-of-speech classes give the properties of words. We argue that this theory is a good basis for crosslinguistically consistent annotation of typologically diverse languages in a way that supports computational natural language understanding as well as broader linguistic studies.
Introduction<br><br> BOLT English Treebank - SMS/Chat was developed by LDC and consists of English SMS and text chat data with part-of-speech and syntactic structure annotations.<br><br> The DARPA BOLT (Broad Operational Language Translation) program developed machine translation and information retrieval for less formal genres, focusing particularly on user-generated content. LDC supported the BOLT program by collecting informal data sources -- discussion forums, text messaging and chat -- in Chinese, Egyptian Arabic and English. The collected data was translated and annotated for various tasks including word alignment, treebanking, propbanking and co-reference.<br><br> The unannotated English source data is released as BOLT English SMS/Chat (LDC2018T19).<br><br> Part-of-speech and treebank annotation conformed to Penn Treebank II style, incorporating changes to those guidelines that were developed under the GALE (Global Autonomous Language Exploitation) program. Those changes primarily concerned the tokenization of hyphenated words, part-of-speech and tree changes necessitated by the tokenization changes, and updates to the syntactic annotation to comply with updated annotation guidelines. Supplementary guidelines for English treebanks and web text are included with this release. Data<br><br> The source data consists of 115,667 tokens/words in 484 files of English SMS and text chat collected by LDC using two methods: new collection via LDC's collection platform and donation of SMS or chat archives from BOLT collection participants. All of the data was annotated for word-level tokenization, part-of-speech, and syntactic structure.<br><br> Data is presented in a a variety of UTF-8 encoded text formats, specifically, plain text, XML, and Penn Treebank. See the included documentation for more information about specific formats. Acknowledgement<br><br> This material is based upon work supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) under Contract No. HR0011-11-C-0145. The content does not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the Government, and no official endorsement should be inferred. Samples<br><br> Please view these samples:<br><br> Source (TXT) Penn Treebank (TXT) AG XML<br><br> Updates<br><br> None at this time. Copyright Portions © 2012-2021 Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania
Immersive virtual reality (VR) enables naturalistic neuroscientific studies while maintaining experimental control, but dynamic and interactive stimuli pose methodological challenges. We here probed the link between emotional arousal, a fundamental property of affective experience, and parieto-occipital alpha power under naturalistic stimulation: 37 young healthy adults completed an immersive VR experience, which included rollercoaster rides, while their EEG was recorded. They then continuously rated their subjective emotional arousal while viewing a replay of their experience. The association between emotional arousal and parieto-occipital alpha power was tested and confirmed by (1) decomposing the continuous EEG signal while maximizing the comodulation between alpha power and arousal ratings and by (2) decoding periods of high and low arousal with discriminative common spatial patterns and a long short-term memory recurrent neural network. We successfully combine EEG and a naturalistic immersive VR experience to extend previous findings on the neurophysiology of emotional arousal towards real-world neuroscience.
Cognitive reappraisal is an emotion regulation strategy to reduce the impact of affective stimuli. This regulation could be incomplete in patients with functional neurologic disorder (FND) resulting in an overflowing emotional stimulation perpetuating symptoms in FND patients. Here we employed functional MRI to study cognitive reappraisal in FND. A total of 24 FND patients and 24 healthy controls employed cognitive reappraisal while seeing emotional visual stimuli in the scanner. The Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) was used to evaluate concomitant psychopathologies of the patients. During cognitive reappraisal of negative IAPS images FND patients show an increased activation of the right amygdala compared to normal controls. We found no evidence of downregulation in the amygdala during reappraisal neither in the patients nor in the control group. The valence and arousal ratings of the IAPS images were similar across groups. However, a subgroup of patients showed a significant higher account of extreme low ratings for arousal for negative images. These low ratings correlated inversely with the item "anxiety" of the SCL-90-R. The increased activation of the amygdala during cognitive reappraisal suggests altered processing of emotional stimuli in this region in FND patients.
Most of the existing sentiment classification models use Word2Vec, GloVe, etc. to obtain the word vector representation of the text. But these methods ignore the context of words. In response to this problem, a neural network model based on the combination of BERT (bidirectional encoder representations from transformers) pre-trained language model and BLSTM (bidirectional long short-term memory network) and attention mechanism is proposed for text sentiment analysis in this paper. First, the word vector which including contextual semantic information is obtained through the BERT pre-training model. Then this paper uses the two-way long and short-term memory network to extract context-related features for deep learning. Finally, the attention mechanism is introduced to assign weights to the extracted information, highlight the important information, and perform text sentiment classification. The test accuracy rate can reach 89.17% on the SST (stanford sentiment treebank) data set, which shows that this method has a certain degree of improvement in this type of accuracy compared with other methods.
Unbalanced bilinguals react differently to emotional stimuli in their first (L1) and second (L2) language. However, the size and direction of the emotion difference varies across emotions and tasks, so that its causes are controversial. Therefore, we investigated if the attentional resources bilinguals allocate to emotion processing moderate their language-dependent emotions. In two experiments, we crossed language and emotion regulation. Study 1 compared effects of distraction and concentration on bilingual emotion-word valence ratings. Study 2 induced positive emotion-focused rumination (or not) prior to a simulated, video-based online-dating activity. It measured emotional attraction to dating candidates speaking the participant's L1 or L2 in pupillary, eye-fixation and self-report responses. The studies found reduced L2 emotions when emotion processing was distracted or when its level was low to start with. Yet, if bilinguals concentrated or had ruminated on their emotions, their self-reported and physiological emotionality was comparable or even stronger in L2, relative to L1. The findings suggest that bilinguals' language-dependent emotions vary with differential language-processing automaticity. We propose that the observed emotion-regulation moderation generates further testable predictions about where and when language choice is relevant for bilinguals' emotions.
Abstract This paper presents an open source and extendable Morphological Analyser cum Generator (MAG) for Tamil named Thamizhi Morph. Tamil is a low-resource language in terms of NLP processing tools and applications. In addition, most of the available tools are neither open nor extendable. A morphological analyser is a key resource for the storage and retrieval of morphophonological and morphosyntactic information, especially for morphologically rich languages, and is also useful for developing applications within Machine Translation. This paper describes how Thamizhi Morph is designed using a Finite-State Transducer (FST) and implemented using Foma. We discuss our design decisions based on the peculiarities of Tamil and its nominal and verbal paradigms. We specify a high-level meta-language to efficiently characterise the language’s inflectional morphology. We evaluate Thamizhi Morph using text from a Tamil textbook and the Tamil Universal Dependency treebank version 2.5. The evaluation and error analysis attest a very high performance level, with the identified errors being mostly due to out-of-vocabulary items, which are easily fixable. In order to foster further development, we have made our scripts, the FST models, lexicons, Meta-Morphological rules, lists of generated verbs and nouns, and test data sets freely available for others to use and extend upon.
Heightened responding to uncertain threat is considered a hallmark of anxiety disorder pathology. We sought to determine whether individual differences in self-reported intolerance of uncertainty (IU), a key transdiagnostic dimension in anxiety-related pathology, underlies differential recruitment of neural circuitry during cue-signalled uncertainty of threat (n = 42). In an instructed threat of shock task, cues signalled uncertain threat of shock (50%) or certain safety from shock. Ratings of arousal and valence, skin conductance response (SCR), and functional magnetic resonance imaging were acquired. Overall, participants displayed greater ratings of arousal and negative valence, SCR, and amygdala activation to uncertain threat versus safe cues. IU was not associated with greater arousal ratings, SCR, or amygdala activation to uncertain threat versus safe cues. However, we found that high IU was associated with greater ratings of negative valence and greater activity in the medial prefrontal cortex and dorsomedial rostral prefrontal cortex to uncertain threat versus safe cues. These findings suggest that during cue-signalled uncertainty of threat, individuals high in IU rate uncertain threat as aversive and engage prefrontal cortical regions known to be involved in safety-signalling and conscious threat appraisal. Taken together, these findings highlight the potential of IU in modulating safety-signalling and conscious appraisal mechanisms in situations with cue-signalled uncertainty of threat, which may be relevant to models of anxiety-related pathology.
The Menzerath law is considered to show an aspect of the complexity underlying natural language. This law suggests that, for a linguistic unit, the size (y) of a linguistic construct decreases as the number (x) of constructs in the unit increases. This article investigates this property syntactically, with x as the number of constituents modifying the main predicate of a sentence and y as the size of those constituents in terms of the number of words. Following previous articles that demonstrated that the Menzerath property held for dependency corpora, such as in Czech and Ukrainian, this article first examines how well the property applies across languages by using the entire Universal Dependency dataset ver. 2.3, including 76 languages over 129 corpora and the Penn Treebank (PTB). The results show that the law holds reasonably well for x>2. Then, for comparison, the property is investigated with syntactically randomized sentences generated from the PTB. These results show that the property is almost reproducible even from simple random data. Further analysis of the property highlights more detailed characteristics of natural language.
BACKGROUND: The strong and long lockdown adopted by the Italian government to limit COVID-19 spreading represents the first threat-related mass isolation in history that can be studied in depth by scientists to understand individuals' emotional response to a pandemic. METHODS: We investigated the effects on individuals' mental wellbeing of this long-term isolation by means of an online survey on 71 Italian volunteers. They completed the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and Fear of COVID-19 Scale and judged valence, arousal, and dominance of words either related or unrelated to COVID-19, as identified by Google search trends. RESULTS: Emotional judgments changes from normative data varied depending on word type and individuals' emotional state, revealing early signals of individuals' mental distress to COVID-19 confinement. All individuals judged COVID-19-related words to be less positive and dominant. However, individuals with more negative feelings and COVID-19 fear also judged COVID-19-unrelated words to be less positive and dominant. Moreover, arousal ratings increased for all words among individuals with more negative feelings and COVID-19 fear but decreased among individuals with less negative feelings and COVID-19 fear. DISCUSSION: Our results show a rich picture of emotional reactions of Italians to tight and 2-month long confinement, identifying early signals of mental health distress. They are an alert to the need for intervention strategies and psychological assessment of individuals potentially needing mental health support following the COVID-19 situation.
The categorization of dominant facial features, such as sex, is a highly relevant function for social interaction. It has been found that attributes of the perceiver, such as their biological sex, influence the perception of sexually dimorphic facial features with women showing higher recognition performance for female faces than men. However, evidence on how aspects closely related to biological sex influence face sex categorization are scarce. Using a previously validated set of sex-morphed facial images (morphed from male to female and vice versa), we aimed to investigate the influence of the participant’s gender role identification and sexual orientation on face sex categorization, besides their biological sex. Image ratings, questionnaire data on gender role identification and sexual orientation were collected from 67 adults (34 females). Contrary to previous literature, biological sex per se was not significantly associated with image ratings. However, an influence of participant sexual attraction and gender role identity became apparent: participants identifying with male gender attributes and showing attraction toward females perceived masculinized female faces as more male and femininized male faces as more female when compared to participants identifying with female gender attributes and attraction toward males. Considering that we found these effects in a predominantly cisgender and heterosexual sample, investigation of face sex perception in individuals identifying with a gender different from their assigned sex (i.e., transgender people) might provide further insights into how assigned sex and gender identity are related.
We propose a transition-based bubble parser to perform coordination structure identification and dependency-based syntactic analysis simultaneously. Bubble representations were proposed in the formal linguistics literature decades ago; they enhance dependency trees by encoding coordination boundaries and internal relationships within coordination structures explicitly. In this paper, we introduce a transition system and neural models for parsing these bubble-enhanced structures. Experimental results on the English Penn Treebank and the English GENIA corpus show that our parsers beat previous state-of-the-art approaches on the task of coordination structure prediction, especially for the subset of sentences with complex coordination structures.
Learning hierarchical structures in sequential data -- from simple algorithmic patterns to natural language -- in a reliable, generalizable way remains a challenging problem for neural language models. Past work has shown that recurrent neural networks (RNNs) struggle to generalize on held-out algorithmic or syntactic patterns without supervision or some inductive bias. To remedy this, many papers have explored augmenting RNNs with various differentiable stacks, by analogy with finite automata and pushdown automata (PDAs). In this paper, we improve the performance of our recently proposed Nondeterministic Stack RNN (NS-RNN), which uses a differentiable data structure that simulates a nondeterministic PDA, with two important changes. First, the model now assigns unnormalized positive weights instead of probabilities to stack actions, and we provide an analysis of why this improves training. Second, the model can directly observe the state of the underlying PDA. Our model achieves lower cross-entropy than all previous stack RNNs on five context-free language modeling tasks (within 0.05 nats of the information-theoretic lower bound), including a task on which the NS-RNN previously failed to outperform a deterministic stack RNN baseline. Finally, we propose a restricted version of the NS-RNN that incrementally processes infinitely long sequences, and we present language modeling results on the Penn Treebank.
Literary Works byAkaki Tsereteli are considered as versatile and diverse. In his works he touches upon almost everything by his poetry, prose, journalism or public work. It is obvious that he established "a type of versatile writer who is equally engaged in prose, poetry, journalism, dramaturgy, translations, children's literature and fables”. He was an extremely optimistic person who deeply believed in the future. The following words from one of his works seem amazingly and expressive: “Even if you kill a swallow, Spring will definitely come”. Connection between the old and the new forms, that is clearly shown within this emotionally colored expression, has become the goal of the research. We tried to find an answer to the question- what is the role of using old Georgian forms in Akaki's work?! Given paper analyses the samples such as: 1. Using proper name by its stem form in nominative case; 2. Ending words by - მან [-man] in the ergative form; 3. Full stems of demonstrative pronouns - ‘ამ’ [am], ‘ეგ’ [eg] (=this, that); 4. Using postposition – ‘ზე’ [ze] (=on), along with the forms - ზედ [-zed] and -ზედა [-zeda] (=on, over); 5. instrumental case forms formed by a suffix - ით [-it] (=with) (without postpositions); 6. Postposition and full agreement of attribute and antecedent 7. Characteristics of using inflection as a reflection of Old Georgian (გწყალობდესთ [gtskalobdet]...; გამოვჰკითხავ [gamovhkitkhav]...; ჰსვამ [hvsvam]...; ჰნიშნავს [hnishnavs]...; წარმოსთქვა [tsarmostkva]...; გასტეხე [gastekhe]...); 8. Using conjunction - ვით [vit] (=as/like) for comparison and so on. If we ask questions concerning the function of old Georgian forms in Akaki Tsereteli’s works, it becomes clear that they can be used for: 1. rhythm, emotiveness and expressiveness; 2. Preserving traditional forms, to maintain the connection between old and new Georgian. It should be mentioned that similar forms are equally reflected in Akaki’s prose and poetry which further reinforces the idea in favor of showing the connection between the old and the new and the desire to maintain this connection and always remember where we come from and who we are....This fact does not completely contradict the idea that Akaki is a representative of the generation that courageously rejected the old linguistic norms and contributed to the democratization (rapprochement process with the spoken language) of the literary language.
Cloud-based enterprise search services (e.g., AWS Kendra) have been\nentrancing big data owners by offering convenient and real-time search\nsolutions to them. However, the problem is that individuals and organizations\npossessing confidential big data are hesitant to embrace such services due to\nvalid data privacy concerns. In addition, to offer an intelligent search, these\nservices access the user search history that further jeopardizes his/her\nprivacy. To overcome the privacy problem, the main idea of this research is to\nseparate the intelligence aspect of the search from its pattern matching\naspect. According to this idea, the search intelligence is provided by an\non-premises edge tier and the shared cloud tier only serves as an exhaustive\npattern matching search utility. We propose Smartness At Edge (SAED mechanism\nthat offers intelligence in the form of semantic and personalized search at the\nedge tier while maintaining privacy of the search on the cloud tier. At the\nedge tier, SAED uses a knowledge-based lexical database to expand the query and\ncover its semantics. SAED personalizes the search via an RNN model that can\nlearn the user interest. A word embedding model is used to retrieve documents\nbased on their semantic relevance to the search query. SAED is generic and can\nbe plugged into existing enterprise search systems and enable them to offer\nintelligent and privacy-preserving search without enforcing any change on them.\nEvaluation results on two enterprise search systems under real settings and\nverified by human users demonstrate that SAED can improve the relevancy of the\nretrieved results by on average 24% for plain-text and 75% for encrypted\ngeneric datasets.\n
In this paper, we propose a method for learning representations in the space of Gaussian-like distribution defined on a novel geometrical space called Kinematic space. The utility of non-Euclidean geometry for deep representation learning has recently been in vogue, specifically models of hyperbolic geometry such as Poincaré and Lorentz models have proven useful for learning hierarchical representations. Going beyond manifolds with constant curvature, albeit has better representation capacity might lead to unhanding of computationally tractable tools like Riemannian optimization methods. Here, we explore a pseudo-Riemannian auxiliary Lorentzian space called Kinematic space and provide a principled approach for constructing a Gaussian-like distribution, which is compatible with gradient-based learning methods, to formulate a probabilistic word embedding framework. Contrary to, mapping lexically distributed representations to a single point vector in Euclidean space, we advocate for mapping entities to density-based representations, as it provides explicit control over the uncertainty in representations. We test our framework by embedding WordNet-Noun hierarchy, a large lexical database, our experiments report strong consistent improvements in Mean Rank and Mean Average Precision (MAP) values compared to probabilistic word embedding frameworks defined on Euclidean and hyperbolic spaces. We show an average improvement of 72.68% in MAP and 82.60% in Rank compared to the hyperbolic version. Our work serves as evidence for the utility of novel geometrical spaces for learning hierarchical representations.
The main motivation behind this exam document is to look at the extent to which EWOM among customers can affect the brand image and the intent of buying the consumer in the clothing industry. A key condition display process is linked to the E-WOM impacts survey on brand image and buyer's purchase target. The exploration program was tested using an example of 385 respondents who included information within online purchasing groups and examined buyers of Pakistan's textile industry at the time of the investigation. The document recalls the methodologies to help a brand profitably through client-based social networking on the web, as well as typical suggestions for delegated websites and dialogues to enhance this note on a major path with people in their online dating. This explorative document extends the winning image rating to another set, in particular e-WOM. This document provides profitable knowledge on e-WOM estimation, brand image and purchasing expectations of the purchaser in the clothing industry and provides a facility for future search for tagging items.
State-of-the-art neural language models represented by Transformers are becoming increasingly complex and expensive for practical applications. Low-bit deep neural network quantization techniques provides a powerful solution to dramatically reduce their model size. Current low-bit quantization methods are based on uniform precision and fail to account for the varying performance sensitivity at different parts of the system to quantization errors. To this end, novel mixed precision DNN quantization methods are proposed in this paper. The optimal local precision settings are automatically learned using two techniques. The first is based on a quantization sensitivity metric in the form of Hessian trace weighted quantization perturbation. The second is based on mixed precision Transformer architecture search. Alternating direction methods of multipliers (ADMM) are used to efficiently train mixed precision quantized DNN systems. Experiments conducted on Penn Treebank (PTB) and a Switchboard corpus trained LF-MMI TDNN system suggest the proposed mixed precision Transformer quantization techniques achieved model size compression ratios of up to 16 times over the full precision baseline with no recognition performance degradation. When being used to compress a larger full precision Transformer LM with more layers, overall word error rate (WER) reductions up to 1.7% absolute (18% relative) were obtained.
One of the key communicative competencies is the ability to maintain fluency in monologic speech and the ability to produce sophisticated language to argue a position convincingly. In this paper we aim to predict TED talk-style affective ratings in a crowdsourced dataset of argumentative speech consisting of 7 hours of speech from 110 individuals. The speech samples were elicited through task prompts relating to three debating topics. The samples received a total of 2211 ratings from 737 human raters pertaining to 14 affective categories. We present an effective approach to the classification task of predicting these categories through fine-tuning a model pre-trained on a large dataset of TED talks public speeches. We use a combination of fluency features derived from a state-of-the-art automatic speech recognition system and a large set of human-interpretable linguistic features obtained from an automatic text analysis system. Classification accuracy was greater than 60% for all 14 rating categories, with a peak performance of 72% for the rating category 'informative'. In a secondary experiment, we determined the relative importance of features from different groups using SP-LIME.
The purpose of this study is to examine the orthographic and phonological characteristics of the Yeongsan Sillok(the biography of Yeongsan), published in Jeollabuk-do in the early 20th century. The author of this book is considered to be Jang Bong-seon, an educator from Jeongeup city in Jeollabuk-do. Accordingly, it is expected that this book contains the orthographic characteristics and attitudes toward the language of young intellectuals in Jeollabuk-do in the early 20th century. In Chapter 3, we looked at the orthographic characteristics of this book. The writing characteristics of this book largely follow the characteristics of the 19th century Jeollabuk-do dialect based on the tradition of modern Korean. However, a transitional characteristic of the language transforming into present-day Korean was also present. Although only a few examples have been confirmed, the writing of double consonant letters for tense consonant are gradually similar to the notation method of modern Korean. This can be understood as a dissolution process. At the same time, with the exception of some circumstances of verbs, the tendency to split consonants is widely confirmed, and the modern Korean notation for the /ㄹㄹ/ chain (ㄹㄴ, ​​ㄹㅇ) is gradually changing to ㄹㄹ. Above all, the fact that the notation of ․ or diphthong after sibilants no longer appears in this book is a characteristic feature that differs from data from the Jeollabuk-do region of the same period. This writing trend seems to be related to a set of linguistic norms compiled in the first half of the 20th century. Recalling that the author of this book established a private school in the 1920s and 1930s and devoted himself to educational activities, this assumption is somewhat probable. In Chapter 4, we looked at the phonological characteristics of the Yeongsan Sillok(the biography of Yeongsan). Front-vowelization was very active inside the morpheme, but at the morpheme boundary, it appeared only in the environment behind c. The simple vowelization of jə>e is confirmed throughout the interior and boundary of the morpheme, and it must have been a productive phonological phenomenon in the Jeollabuk-do dialect in the early 20th century, as hypercorrection types also appeared. Regarding the alternation of the ending ‘-a/ə’, when the stem vowel is ‘ø’, there is a high tendency to combine these to ‘-ə’. This is different from the 19th century and modern Jeollabuk-do dialects. In the case of umlauts, only very limited examples were shown. And although t-palatalization is quite actively realized, only a few examples of k-palatalization were shown. Through this realization of phonological phenomena, we were able to confirm whether the young intellectuals in the Jeollabuk-do region in the early 20th century had linguistic attitudes toward the Jeollabuk-do dialect. In this book, the typical phonological phenomenon of the Jeollabuk-do dialect was confirmed only to a very limited extent due to its negative evaluation by the author.
The current research surveys scenic spot introduction texts and summarizes the genre’s linguistic norms, which provide guiding principles for similar style’s Chinese-English translation. By adopting the set of translation and linguistic norms in the re-translation work of a local park in the City of Yantai, the translators attempt to prove that domestication could be a proper strategy when translating scenic spot introduction discourse.
Neural networks are often over-parameterized and hence benefit from aggressive regularization. Conventional regularization methods, such as dropout or weight decay, do not leverage the structures of the network's inputs and hidden states. As a result, these conventional methods are less effective than methods that leverage the structures, such as SpatialDropout and DropBlock, which randomly drop the values at certain contiguous areas in the hidden states and setting them to zero. Although the locations of dropping areas random, the patterns of SpatialDropout and DropBlock are manually designed and fixed. Here we propose to learn the dropping patterns. In our method, a controller learns to generate a dropping pattern at every channel and layer of a target network, such as a ConvNet or a Transformer. The target network is then trained with the dropping pattern, and its resulting validation performance is used as a signal for the controller to learn from. We show that this method works well for both image recognition on CIFAR-10 and ImageNet, as well as language modeling on Penn Treebank and WikiText-2. The learned dropping patterns also transfers to different tasks and datasets, such as from language model on Penn Treebank to Engligh-French translation on WMT 2014. Our code will be available at: https://github.com/googleresearch/google-research/tree/master/auto_dropout.
In this paper, we address the representation of coordinate constructions in\nEnhanced Universal Dependencies (UD), where relevant dependency links are\npropagated from conjunction heads to other conjuncts. English treebanks for\nenhanced UD have been created from gold basic dependencies using a heuristic\nrule-based converter, which propagates only core arguments. With the aim of\ndetermining which set of links should be propagated from a semantic\nperspective, we create a large-scale dataset of manually edited syntax graphs.\nWe identify several systematic errors in the original data, and propose to also\npropagate adjuncts. We observe high inter-annotator agreement for this semantic\nannotation task. Using our new manually verified dataset, we perform the first\nprincipled comparison of rule-based and (partially novel) machine-learning\nbased methods for conjunction propagation for English. We show that learning\npropagation rules is more effective than hand-designing heuristic rules. When\nusing automatic parses, our neural graph-parser based edge predictor\noutperforms the currently predominant pipelinesusing a basic-layer tree parser\nplus converters.\n
Machine learning training methods depend plentifully and intricately on hyperparameters, motivating automated strategies for their optimisation. Many existing algorithms restart training for each new hyperparameter choice, at considerable computational cost. Some hypergradient-based one-pass methods exist, but these either cannot be applied to arbitrary optimiser hyperparameters (such as learning rates and momenta) or take several times longer to train than their base models. We extend these existing methods to develop an approximate hypergradient-based hyperparameter optimiser which is applicable to any continuous hyperparameter appearing in a differentiable model weight update, yet requires only one training episode, with no restarts. We also provide a motivating argument for convergence to the true hypergradient, and perform tractable gradient-based optimisation of independent learning rates for each model parameter. Our method performs competitively from varied random hyperparameter initialisations on several UCI datasets and Fashion-MNIST (using a one-layer MLP), Penn Treebank (using an LSTM) and CIFAR-10 (using a ResNet-18), in time only 2-3x greater than vanilla training.
Constructive interactions through discussion forums allow students to open their horizons and thought processes to acquire more knowledge and develop skills. Thus, discussion forums play an important role in supporting learning. Additionally, the discussion forum provides the content for creating a knowledge repository. It contains discussion threads related to key course topics that are debated by the students. One approach to understanding the student learning experience is through the analysis of the discussion threads. This research proposes the application of discourse analysis and collaborative learning frameworks to discussion forums to gain further insights into the student's learning in a classroom. It is a foray into discourse analysis using in-class discussions. It demonstrates the application of Soller's framework and Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB) to understand interactions at the discourse and semantic level. It also shows the use of unsupervised automated techniques to diagnose interactions in textual data. In this paper, we present an Integrated Discourse Analysis and Collaborative Learning Skills (IDALS) framework based on in-class discussions. We describe our experiences of applying IDALS framework and evaluating the solution model in a graduate in-class discussion forum. We also highlight the benefits of using visualizations to present the insights to the instructors.
Recent advancements in language models based on recurrent neural networks and transformers architecture have achieved state-of-the-art results on a wide range of natural language processing tasks such as pos tagging, named entity recognition, and text classification. However, most of these language models are pre-trained in high resource languages like English, German, Spanish. Multi-lingual language models include Indian languages like Hindi, Telugu, Bengali in their training corpus, but they often fail to represent the linguistic features of these languages as they are not the primary language of the study. We introduce HinFlair, which is a language representation model (contextual string embeddings) pre-trained on a large monolingual Hindi corpus. Experiments were conducted on 6 text classification datasets and a Hindi dependency treebank to analyze the performance of these contextualized string embeddings for the Hindi language. Results show that HinFlair outperforms previous state-of-the-art publicly available pre-trained embeddings for downstream tasks like text classification and pos tagging. Also, HinFlair when combined with FastText embeddings outperforms many transformers-based language models trained particularly for the Hindi language.
The article analyzes transformation of forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives in live television broadcasting. Particular attention is paid to the specific properties of different forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives. To analyze the peculiarities of their use for errors in speech of television journalists, associated with non-compliance with linguistic norms on ways to avoid these errors, to make appropriate recommendations to television journalists. The main method we use is to observe the speech of live TV journalist, we used during the study methods of comparative analysis of comparison of theoretical positions from the work of individual linguists and journalism sat down as well as texts that sounded in the speech of journalists. Our objective is to trace these transformations and develop a certain attitude towards them in our researches of the language of the media and practicing journalists to support positive trends in the development of the broadcasting on TV and give recommendations for overcoming certain negative trends. Improving the live broadcasting of television journalists, in particular the work on deepening the language skills will contribute to the modernization of some trends in the reasonable expediency of the transformation of certain phenomena, modernization of some tendencies concerning the reasonable expedient transformation of separate grammatical phenomena and categories and at braking and in general stopping of processes of transformation of negative unreasonable not expedient. This fully applies primarily to attempts to transform the forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives and this explains importance of the results achieved in these study.
S{\\o}gaard (2020) obtained results suggesting the fraction of trees occurring\nin the test data isomorphic to trees in the training set accounts for a\nnon-trivial variation in parser performance. Similar to other statistical\nanalyses in NLP, the results were based on evaluating linear regressions.\nHowever, the study had methodological issues and was undertaken using a small\nsample size leading to unreliable results. We present a replication study in\nwhich we also bin sentences by length and find that only a small subset of\nsentences vary in performance with respect to graph isomorphism. Further, the\ncorrelation observed between parser performance and graph isomorphism in the\nwild disappears when controlling for covariants. However, in a controlled\nexperiment, where covariants are kept fixed, we do observe a strong\ncorrelation. We suggest that conclusions drawn from statistical analyses like\nthis need to be tempered and that controlled experiments can complement them by\nmore readily teasing factors apart.\n