Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
A key method for understanding the evolution of languages is to look for words which share etymological roots across languages. These words, called lexical cognates, allow historical linguists to group languages into families and study their structural history. Existing research on cognate clustering is chiefly based on analyses performed on lexical databases which limits the scope for exploring new cognates. Additionally, while the Indo-European family is a transcontinental one, its cognate analyses are largely limited to a number of European languages. In this research work we build a new dataset using word embeddings to search for cognates using phonetic matching between translations of words in different languages across the Indo-European family. The context-dependent positioning of words in word embeddings allows for comparisons with contextually similar words and hence clustering using unsupervised learning algorithms. We successfully find significant distinctions between these “contextually close clusters of cognates” among languages across the Indo-Iranian, Romance, and Germanic families. We release this novel method to demonstrate which words a language is more likely to lend to another.
Gender can be considered an embodied social concept encompassing biological as well as cultural components. In this paper, we explored whether the concept of gender varies as a function of different cultural and linguistic norms by comparing communities that vary in their social treatment of gender-related issues and linguistic encoding of gender. In Study 1, Italian, Dutch, and English-speaking participants completed a free-listing task which showed Italians and Dutch were the most distinct in their conceptualization of gender: Italian participants focused more on sociocultural features (e.g., discrimination, politics, power), whereas Dutch participants focused more on the corporeal sphere (e.g., hormones, breasts, genitals). Study 2 replicated this finding focusing on Italian and Dutch and using a typicality rating task: sociocultural and abstract features were considered as more typical of “gender” by Italian than Dutch participants. Study 3 addressed Italian and Dutch participants’ explicit beliefs about gender with a questionnaire measuring essentialism and constructivism, and consolidated results from Study 1 and 2 showing that Dutch participants endorsed more essentialist beliefs about gender compared to Italian participants. Consistent with sociocultural constructivist accounts, our results provide evidence that gender is conceptualized differently by diverse groups and is adapted to specific cultural and linguistic environments.
Gender can be considered an embodied social concept encompassing biological as well as cultural components. In this paper, we explored whether the concept of gender varies as a function of different cultural and linguistic norms by comparing communities that vary in their social treatment of gender-related issues and linguistic encoding of gender. In Study 1, Italian, Dutch, and English-speaking participants completed a free-listing task which showed Italians and Dutch were the most distinct in their conceptualization of gender: Italian participants focused more on sociocultural features (e.g., discrimination, politics, power), whereas Dutch participants focused more on the corporeal sphere (e.g., hormones, breasts, genitals). Study 2 replicated this finding focusing on Italian and Dutch and using a typicality rating task: sociocultural and abstract features were considered as more typical of “gender” by Italian than Dutch participants. Study 3 addressed Italian and Dutch participants’ explicit beliefs about gender with a questionnaire measuring essentialism and constructivism, and consolidated results from Study 1 and 2 showing that Dutch participants endorsed more essentialist beliefs about gender compared to Italian participants. Consistent with sociocultural constructivist accounts, our results provide evidence that gender is conceptualized differently by diverse groups and is adapted to specific cultural and linguistic environments.
Abstract In this chapter, we describe how we incorporate the Prosodic Model ( Brentari 1998 ), especially the concept of a hierarchy of nodes with features, into a template for feature coding of sign entries in a lexical database, and how we make use of the features to organize learner’s dictionaries of the respective signed languages. Besides coding prosodic features, other information recorded includes sign category (monomorphemic or polymorphemic), sign type (whether the sign is one-handed or two-handed), the country of origin, gloss and grammatical category. Beginning with Hong Kong Sign Language, Asia SignBank has archived signs from Indonesian Sign Languages, Sri Lanka Sign Languages, Japanese Sign Languages, Ho Chi Ming Sign Languages, and Myanmar Sign Languages. Data input and feature coding were done by Deaf signers trained in sign language analysis and dictionary compilation. Archiving phonological features of individual sign entries also facilitates identification and comparison of phonological and morphological features of signs.
Discourse parsing aims to construct a discourse structure tree to reflect the internal structure of a document. Most existing work only considers parsing documents from the paragraph-level or sentence-level granularity, ignoring the inter-action of different levels of granularity. Therefore, we propose a Multi-Granularity Interaction Method (MGIM) that facilitates discourse parsing through bidirectional information interaction at multi-granularity. We first introduce the structural information at the sentence level to boost paragraph-level parsing, and then use the functional pragmatics information at the paragraph level to guide sentence-level parsing. Moreover, we introduce an auxiliary task, discourse functional pragmatics recognition, to improve sentence-level parsing, which can guide sentence-level discourse tree construction from a macro perspective. Meanwhile, since the research field still lacks data for studying unified Chi-nese discourse parsing, we construct a Unified Chinese Discourse TreeBank UCDTB. Experimental results on both the Chinese UCDTB and the English RST-DT demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.
Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as expressões que contêm numerais em textos de narrativas clínicas a fim de identificar os potenciais desafios para o seu processamento computacional e de elaborar diretrizes para sua anotação de acordo com o projeto Universal Dependencies (UD). Utilizando um corpus de 1.000 narrativas clínicas, os tokens compostos por pelo menos um numeral em formato de algarismo foram selecionados e classificados de acordo com o formato de sua apresentação e sua eventual anotação seguindo as diretrizes das UD. Ocorrências de tokens pertencentes às dez classes mais frequentes no corpus foram estudadas e orientações para a anotação dessas classes foram elaboradas. Essas orientações foram registradas e posteriormente serão utilizadas para a compilação de um guia de anotação para projetos de treebanks de narrativas clínicas.
Heavily codified by societal norms, women’s language is obliged in most situations to follow strict patterns. These features limit a woman’s freedom of expression and submerge her personal identity. In the name of preserving social propriety, women are consistently denigrated in their own language use as well as in others’ discourse about them. This article seeks to locate these strategies of linguistic subjugation in women’s relative economic position through close reference to two texts from different periods, namely, A Doll’s House (1879) by Norwegian dramatist Henrik Ibsen, and Top Girls (1982) by British playwright Caryl Churchill. The speech and mannerisms of the various characters in different circumstances in the text are analysed from relevant theoretical perspectives to identify the intricate relationship between women’s language and their economic status. The article then attempts to prove that women speak and are spoken of in an inferior language precisely because they are economically deprived of privileges and rights. The oppression is systemically perpetuated by a number of social institutions like marriage, motherhood, religion and education. On the other hand, if a woman breaks free of these set roles, and acquires financial autonomy, then, no matter what her class in the societal hierarchy might be, her language changes significantly. It deviates from the linguistic norms imposed on her by patriarchal culture and becomes ungendered. The article thus concludes with this need for women’s financial empowerment to liberate women’s language.
A method for predicting adversarial instances in a language includes producing graphs for each sentence that capture the structure. The graph comprises nodes and edges, a node label represents a perturbed word, and the edge labeled notes possible typos of perturbations. Language labels are predicted for the unlabeled movie review which involves propagating labels through the graph. The adversarial instances appear nearly identical to the given input, but their equivalent prediction can be misinterpreted. In the past few years, assessing adversarial instances has become a decorum to estimate the robustness of deep learning models. While most of the literature emphasizes continuous features (i.e., image). However, some deep learning models also became successful on discrete features, and thus demand a model to understand underlying vulnerability and robustness. In this study, all the one-edit perturbations of a specific word in a review sentence of the Stanford Sentiment Treebank textual dataset which swaps the sentiment from positive to negative are analysed. Classifier's accuracy is also observed by inducing different typos and validated results indicate that graph structure alone is sufficient to predict whether an instance can fool the classifier or not.
Among the goals of digital transformation, there is a transformation of the model from a traditional one into a model of continuing education, and under these circumstances, school becomes the stage where, among others, the basic skill of a modern person is formed — the ability to learn. Teaching to learn is one of the most important ideas of current federal state educational standards. The authors propose to consider a modern foreign language lesson in the unity of aspects-components: communicative-interactive, logistical, procedural, instrumental. Each of the conditional components, representing an independent whole, is determined by and determines itself the normal functioning of content and activity, internal and external entities, as regards the lesson as a form of organization of the educational process at school. It is suggested that the complete replacement of teaching tools and means with digital analogues is impractical, due to the need to take into account certain patterns of mastering linguistic norms, a foreign language communication, as well as compliance with the health care rules for children and adolescents – students of educational organizations implementing general education programs in the country. The purpose of the study is to reveal the prospects of digitalization within the framework of the modification of components-aspects of a foreign language lesson, as well as to analyze the basic principles and conditions required for the transition to one of the levels of digital transformation of education as proposed by modern researchers. The authors come to conclusion about the need of a multi-level approach to change, to digitalization of each of the components-aspects of the lesson, about the potential choice of the desired depth and intensity of digital transformations in each case.
On the Book Language and Lexis of the Holy Bishop St. Nikolai Velimirovich (A Differential Approach). Institute for the Serbian Language of SASA Monographs 34. Belgrade: Institute for the Serbian Language of SASA, 2022. 507 pp. ISBN 978–86–82873–86–0. Writing about the language of such a great author as the Saint Nicholai (Velimirovich) can be considered both daring and a gift. The courage to tackle the description of the language of such an extensive creative oeuvre grew and matured over the years in the associate of the Institute of the Serbian Language, SANU, today a scientific advisor — Dr. Vladan Jovanović. The monograph is the result of the author’s many years of reflection on the language of Saint Nicholai. As it is impossible to encompass the incomprehensible, it is understandable that a differential approach was applied, “which means that the linguistic material is viewed in relation to the state of the contemporary Serbian literary language — its literary-linguistic norms and use in the system of functional styles.” This means that the language in Bishop Nicholai’s works is viewed in a triangle: the language of the writer (parole), the language of the national community (langue), and the language of theological style. In other words, we got only a part and the beginning, we hope, of new challenges over the description of the language of this great All-Orthodox Saint. All those new, future researches will start on these foundations, from the views of the author who received the gift of being the first to monographically describe the language of the Serbian Chrysostom.
The greatest soviet Slavic linguist made a revolutionary discovery in linguistics, especially in Indo-European linguistics, proving the distant kinship of the more explored macro-families of languages at that time. The merit of V.M. Illich-Svitych is that he gave the scientific form to the Nostratic hypothesis, i.e. he established systemic patterns between reconstructions. Further research in Nostratic linguistics should lead linguists to prove the theory of language monogenesis. Many linguists have not accepted this hypothesis, including most of the Western scholars. The main burden of proving the distant relationship of macro-families falls on the shoulders of the Moscow School of Comparative Studies and the like-minded collegues of V.M. Illich-Svitych. Today, when the Moscow School of Comparative Studies created several Internet projects and websites to expand etymological and linguistic databases, everything is in favor of the monogenesis hypothesis.
The portrayal of men in print advertisements has been less attentive subject in comparison to woman depiction analysis, even though research on gender advertising has increased over the last decades. This paper examines the effectiveness of print advertisements in which the visual ad register was developed at the level of the “iconogram” of a muscular mesomorph. Comparing the findings of numerous studies which indicate less affective response towards the images of nudity of the same gender, a hypothesis was proposed: the effectiveness mediator of advertisements is the verbal cue of the advertisement when a universal quantifier of muscular mesomorph is being used. In the first study, we conducted the content analysis to target the most frequent representation of a man in advertisements for health and beauty products. The second study was designed to test the proposed hypothesis using photographs from International Affective Picture System database. The stimuli were in a form of advertisements designed for the purpose of research combining IAPS images and the verbal cue. The experiment included 100 male students aged 20 to 31. Overall, our findings confirm negative response to male pictures (ads without verbal cue) when the figure is not fully dressed. However, we discover that visual register significantly affects the increase self-reported positive valence ratings, in health and beauty ads for men when they are depicted as iconogram of muscular mesomorph. This study contributes to our understanding of how male consumers respond to same-sex imagery in print advertisements when there is not fully dressed muscular mesomorph depicted
Affective experiences are critical components of human behavior, guiding our thoughts, feelings, and actions. Prior research has largely focused on dimensional theories of emotions, such as valence and arousal, which rely on self-reported sentiments and behavioral tasks using unimodal stimuli like pictures and faces. However, obtaining continuous measures of affective experience in naturalistic environments presents significant challenges due to the complexity and dynamics of the real-world context. In this study, we explore the feasibility of predicting individuals' dynamic affective experience during naturalistic viewing using semantic information extracted from annotated descriptions of the movie, as well as brain functional connectivity. By applying fine-grained sentiment analysis, we derive a continuous representation of the movie's sentiment during the movie-viewing experience. We then correlate these sentiments with behavioral valence and arousal ratings from an independent group of 60 participants and previously collected fMRI data from 17 participants who watched a TV show episode in the scanner (Chen et al., 2017). Our results suggest that automated sentiment analysis can effectively predict subjective valence on an event-level basis, even though it may not be a reliable predictor of affective experience at the sentence level. Meanwhile, we developed a more flexible approach to clustering sentiment scores based on meaningful shifts in the narrative such as topic, time, location, which provides a more accurate and contextualized analysis of sentiment. These findings provide new insights into how individuals' dynamic feelings of valence during movie-watching can be measured and predicted, contributing to the growing body of literature and methods in natural language processing, affective computing, emotion processing, and whole-brain functional connectivity.
The greatest soviet Slavic linguist made a revolutionary discovery in linguistics, especially in Indo-European linguistics, proving the distant kinship of the more explored macro-families of languages at that time. The merit of V.M. Illich-Svitych is that he gave the scientific form to the Nostratic hypothesis, i.e. he established systemic patterns between reconstructions. Further research in Nostratic linguistics should lead linguists to prove the theory of language monogenesis. Many linguists have not accepted this hypothesis, including most of the Western scholars. The main burden of proving the distant relationship of macro-families falls on the shoulders of the Moscow School of Comparative Studies and the like-minded collegues of V.M. Illich-Svitych. Today, when the Moscow School of Comparative Studies created several Internet projects and websites to expand etymological and linguistic databases, everything is in favor of the monogenesis hypothesis.
The sense of agency varies as a function of arousal and valence in negative emotional contexts. As yet, it is unknown whether the same is true for positive affect, and how inter-individual characteristics might predict these effects. Temporal binding, an implicit measure of the sense of agency, was measured in 59 participants before and after watching either an emotionally neutral film clip or a positive film clip with high or low arousal. Analyses included participants’ subjective affective ratings, physiological arousal (pupillometry, skin conductance, heart rate), and individual differences (arousal reactivity via psychopathy, eye blink rates). Linear mixed models showed that low arousal reactivity reduced the effect of high arousal on binding towards actions. Low arousal reactivity reversed the effects of high arousal on binding towards outcomes. These results provide evidence that individual differences influence the extent to which the sense of agency is affected by positive emotional states.
The usability of a lexical database of a natural language on an online platform is in great demand in this new era of online language education. An interface of this kind can primarily serve three different purposes: first, it plays an operational role in new frame of multimodal education system; second, it partly fulfills the necessity of online lexical resources which are in increasing need in research and application in the field of language technology; and third, it becomes a useful and omnipresent resource for native and foreign language users who want to learn meanings and usages of words of a natural language for different personal, academic, philanthropic and commercial purposes. Keeping these applications in view, in this paper, we describe the process that we apply to develop an online platform for the Bengali WordNet, which offers a unique opportunity for multimodal lexical learning to the Bengali learners. The proposed work, that we want to present in this paper, has the potentials to fulfill all the three needs stated above. While the WordNet provides different kinds of information directly associated with words, the digital platform has a very sensitive user-friendly interface for the access of the lexical resources stored in the WordNet.
This paper introduces CORAE, a novel web-based open-source tool for COntinuous Retrospective Affect Evaluation, designed to capture continuous affect data about interpersonal perceptions in dyadic interactions. Grounded in behavioral ecology perspectives of emotion, this approach replaces valence as the relevant rating dimension with approach and withdrawal, reflecting the degree to which behavior is perceived as increasing or decreasing social distance. We conducted a study to experimentally validate the efficacy of our platform with 24 participants. The tool's effectiveness was tested in the context of dyadic negotiation, revealing insights about how interpersonal dynamics evolve over time. We find that the continuous affect rating method is consistent with individuals' perception of the overall interaction. This paper contributes to the growing body of research on affective computing and offers a valuable tool for researchers interested in investigating the temporal dynamics of affect and emotion in social interactions.
We propose a method for the classification of objects that are structured as random trees. Our aim is to model a distribution over the node label assignments in settings where the tree data structure is associated with node attributes (typically high dimensional embeddings). The tree topology is not predetermined and none of the label assignments are present during inference. Other methods that produce a distribution over node label assignment in trees (or more generally in graphs) either assume conditional independence of the label assignment, operate on a fixed graph topology, or require part of the node labels to be observed. Our method defines a Markov Network with the corresponding topology of the random tree and an associated Gibbs distribution. We parameterize the Gibbs distribution with a Graph Neural Network that operates on the random tree and the node embeddings. This allows us to estimate the likelihood of node assignments for a given random tree and use MCMC to sample from the distribution of node assignments. We evaluate our method on the tasks of node classification in trees on the Stanford Sentiment Treebank dataset. Our method outperforms the baselines on this dataset, demonstrating its effectiveness for modeling joint distributions of node labels in random trees.
Тhis study covers the techniques and tools suitable for creating a natural language interface (NLI) of a system for dynamic quality monitoring in education. The main objective is to automatize the generation of values of quantitative indicators based on raw data of the assessed objects. The implementation of such a NLI requires the creation of: a) a model of the domain area (in this case - the context is the educational area); b) a model of a quality assessment system (including a hierarchical system of standards, criteria, qualitative and quantitative indicators, etc.); c) linguistic database and procedures ensuring the processing of texts written in natural language; d) methods and tools for automated data extraction from various information systems in order to form values of quantitative indicators, etc.) Models, methodology, and tools for creating a NLI for a specific digital environment for the evaluation and accreditation of Bulgarian higher education are developed. Experiments with the evaluation of quantitative indicators (formulated in natural language) used in monitoring professional fields in Bulgarian higher education are provided.
ABSTRACT A core function of the olfactory system is to determine an odor’s valence. The central processing of odor valence is initiated in the olfactory bulb, but the neural mechanisms by which this important information is communicated to, and from, the olfactory cortex (piriform cortex) in humans are not known. To assess communication between the two nodes, we simultaneously measured odor-dependent neural activity in the olfactory bulb and piriform cortex from human participants while obtaining trial-by-trial valence ratings. We determined when valence information was communicated, what kind of information was transferred, and how the information was transferred (i.e., in which frequency band). Support vector machine learning on the coherence spectrum and frequency-resolved Granger causality were used to identify valence-dependent differences in functional and effective connectivity between the olfactory bulb and piriform cortex. We found that the olfactory bulb communicates odor valence to the piriform cortex in the gamma band shortly after odor onset, while the piriform cortex subsequently feeds valence-related information back to the olfactory bulb in the beta band. Decoding accuracy was better for negative than positive valence, suggesting negative valence superiority. Critically, we replicated these findings in an independent dataset using other odors across a larger perceived valence range. Combined, these results demonstrate that the olfactory bulb and piriform cortex communicate levels of odor pleasantness across multiple frequencies, at specific time-points and in a direction-dependent pattern in accordance with the two-stage model of odor processing. It also provides further evidence that odor valence should be viewed as two perceptual dimensions and not one continuous.
The article deals with the specificity of associations to nouns with a high degree of abstractness and concreteness.Nouns were selected from the created database of abstractness/concreteness ratings of the Russian language; associations were selected from the Russian associative dictionary of Yu.N.Karaulov.The research shows that firstly, verbal associations are one of the main mechanisms involved in language processing, and secondly, abstractness/concreteness plays a key role in generating associations.The paper provides a statistical analysis of 20-25 associations to 50 abstract and 50 concrete nouns, 10 most frequent associations to each word were analyzed in detail and classified into groups according to the type of relations with stimulus words, also each of the selected associations was analyzed for abstractness/concreteness degree using the created database, which allowed making important conclusions about the nature of the context in which the abstract and concrete lexemes occur.The analysis performed in the work allows to reveal the specificity of abstract and concrete nouns in terms of semantic structure of words, to reveal the facts of intersection of concrete and abstract meanings in the structure of the studied lexemes.Moreover, the study makes it possible to test the psycholinguistic theory of context availability on the material of the Russian language by statistical methods.The conclusions presented in the work, based on the linguistic material, correlate with the studies, in which neurobiological mechanisms of perception of concrete and abstract words are studied.
In this study, we attempt to identify the emotion levels, such as positive, negative, & neutral feelings, from postings and comments on social networking sites on depression.Social media sites like Facebook and Twitter are becoming effective for helping those in need who require extra care or attention in terms of mental support.They are also utilized for communication and network development among relationships.There are several depressive support groups on Facebook, and they are quite helpful in giving the sufferers mental assistance.In this study, we attempt to formalize the posts and comments on depression into a succinct lexical database and identify the emotion levels from each occurrence.The complete amount of work has been divided into two sections: sentiment analysis and the use of machine learning techniques to examine the capability of extracting sentiment from such a unique category of texts.To determine the sentiment levels, we used the Python textblob module and typical machine learning techniques on the linguistic characteristics.For each of the classifiers, we have calculated the precision, recall, F-measure, accuracy, and ROC values.Random Forest outperformed the other classifiers, successfully classifying 60.54% of the instances.We think that conducting sentiment analysis on a particular class of texts may inspire additional research into how natural language is understood.
The relevance of the present research is determined by the ambiguity of understanding the issue of “one's own-another's” in relation to the boundaries of the world defined by the native language. Suppose that “any language can be learned in such a way” that we will not need translation and will be able to “think in this language” [7, p. 448]. However, will it be the same as in Russian? Is it possible to master a foreign language by making it your own? The paper suggests looking at the “wars of languages” as the idea of Noomachia (deep “war of minds”) and tries to find its traces. The author discovers the grammatical features of the Russian and English languages and interprets them as their own logos structures of languages. They manifest themselves in syntax (chaos vs order), in the way a person speaks the world (statement vs sentence), in the difference between the philosophical limit of possessiveness (“linguistic property vs obedience”) and “grammatical centers” (verb vs noun). They express ontological and philosophical-anthropological and socio-cultural aspects of mental linguistic differences and metaphysically conflicting combinations of Logos of Noomachia. Russian is dominated by Dionysian and Apollonian, in English — Apollonian and Cybelic, which is reflected in the psycho-emotional constitution of Russians and Englishmen and cultural and linguistic norms. English is the “language of time”, Russian is the “language of space”. Russian language and mentality are qualitative, English is quantitative. Language “carries” some, others are its “carriers”. English reduces being to existing material things, Russian — breaks through to the being. The scale of these differences is so great that it allows their interpretation in terms of the speculative hypothesis of Noomachia in relation to the sphere of language.
Vision-Language Pre-training (VLP) has advanced the performance of many vision-language tasks, such as image-text retrieval, visual entailment, and visual reasoning. The pre-training mostly utilizes lexical databases and image queries in English. Previous work has demonstrated that the pre-training in English does not transfer well to other languages in a zero-shot setting. However, multilingual pre-trained language models (MPLM) have excelled at a variety of single-modal language tasks. In this paper, we propose a simple yet efficient approach to adapt VLP to unseen languages using MPLM. We utilize a cross-lingual contextualized token embeddings alignment approach to train text encoders for non-English languages. Our approach does not require image input and primarily uses machine translation, eliminating the need for target language data. Our evaluation across three distinct tasks (image-text retrieval, visual entailment, and natural language visual reasoning) demonstrates that this approach outperforms the state-of-the-art multilingual vision-language models without requiring large parallel corpora. Our code is available at https://github.com/Yasminekaroui/CliCoTea.
I delivered (24.03.2026) a seminar to over 100 teachers from Greece’s Model–Experimental Schools, introducing Helex Kids 2 alongside the Word Tool a structured lexical database I developed to support learners with reading and spelling difficulties. The session focused on translating research into classroom practice, equipping educators with evidence-informed strategies and practical digital resources to enhance literacy instruction. The strong engagement and discussion that followed highlighted both the demand for targeted literacy support tools and the value of bridging innovation with everyday teaching practice.<br/><br/>Feedback received: Participant feedback highlighted the clarity and accessibility of the seminar, with teachers noting the use of simple, comprehensible language, concise and well-structured delivery, and clear explanations of complex concepts such as neuronal processes in spelling and the involvement of multiple brain centres in reading and writing; they particularly valued how the session illuminated the difficulties faced by children while addressing a wide range of issues in a focused and highly effective way.<br/>Professor Anthi Revithiadou (Linguistics, Aristotle University of Thessalonica) and event coordinator described the seminar as “outstanding,” adding, “I truly have no words to thank you, excellent in every respect. I say this with complete sincerity. Thank you once again.”<br/>
This study utilized 25 treebanks of 16 agglutinative languages spanning nine language families to investigate the correlation between morphological richness and word order flexibility. Morphological richness was measured at moving average morphological richness and moving average size of paradigms. Ordering flexibility was measured via cosine similarity and entropy. Statistical analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between morphological richness and word order flexibility, supporting the complexity trade-off hypothesis. Among the nine language families, it was found that Austronesian, Afro-Asiatic, and Dravidian languages exhibited lower diversity in both morphology and word order compared to Altaic, Indo-Aryan, and Uralic languages. Turkish, Uighur, Basque, and Northern Sami demonstrated the most balanced proportions of S, V, and O combinations. Within the same language family, a separation of morphology and word order was observed: the Finnic branch of the Uralic family displayed greater flexibility than the Finno-Ugric branch, and the Mongolic branch of the Altaic family exhibited stricter ordering compared to the Turkic branch. Further, by investigating the impact of language distance between L1 and L3 on language acquisition, the study concluded that languages characterized by increased word order flexibility in target languages are correlated with elevated levels of morphological richness in their native languages.
Purpose. The purpose of this article is to explore the naming system of Baunt Evenks – local group of Evenks in Buryatia. For centuries, each nation has developed its own anthroponymicon – a register of personal names, which had its own characteristics in each historical period. Results. We examined this process using the example of the personal names of the Baunt Evenks – a local group of the indigenous people of the Republic of Buryatia, currently living in the Bauntovsky Evenk district. Name played a very important role in an Evenk’s life. It was individual, rarely repeated and perceived as something alive. In the process of research, the original Evenk names of the 17t h – 21 st centuries, unknown to modern Evenks, have been revealed. It was established that the most common male names among the Baunt Evenks were formed with the suffix -wul. The next in the frequency of use were names ending in -cha, -nay, -nei, -ni, -tu / -ltu, -kta / -to, -no, -nya, -chan, -ko. Most female names were formed with the suffix -k. We have recorded Russian and Buryat names that appeared in the Evenks anthroponymicon as a result of the establishment of cultural relations between peoples. The frequency of their use has been also determined. It has been found that since the end of the 19 th century, the Evenks have mainly been using three-word names: first name, patronymic, surname. Conclusion. In the naming system of the Evenks, there were a number of conventions and prohibitions. Firstly, a person could not exist without a name. Secondly, the Evenks treated personal names as something intimate. Thirdly, the naming process was not instantaneous. Fourth, the name of the Evenks was a new word. And fifth, the formation of personal names among the Evenks was subject to certain linguistic norms.
The article focuses on the analysis of anglicisms in the professional speech of language teachers on the basis of educational and methodological materials posted on the popular educational platforms “Vseosvita” and “Na urok”. The main focus is on the compounds with the element “бук”, as the number of such titles has increased significantly in recent years. The speech of teachers of language and literature abounds in the following anglicisms: буктрейлер, буккросинг, артбук, воркбук, лепбук, скрапбук. It is noteworthy that most of these new words are recorded only in the Dictionary of Modern Anglicisms, which was published in 2022. Other lexicographical sources do not list them, and also do not contain the component “бук” either as part of other compounds or as an independent word. Anglosurzhyk words appear in teachers’ speech due to various factors: learning from the professional experience of fellow teachers from English-speaking countries, using working methods from such fields as economics, business and management in the educational process, translation difficulties, the desire to make it concise, the desire to embellish their speech with unusual words and evoke interest of the students. Functioning in speech, these new words play the role of professionalisms. The latter are known for their stylistically colouring, they exist beyond the linguistic norm and may disappear over time. However, the widespread usage of these names in educational and methodological works indicates the desire to make these words normative terms. Compound words of English origin with the component “бук” used by teachers of language and literature do not denote new concepts, and therefore need to be replaced by those with more transparent semantics. The teachers frequently use foreign words to denote concepts that already have or may have Ukrainian names. Transliteration of English words does not enrich our language, but contaminates it and leads to the formation of another type of language mix – anglosurzhyk.
Abstract Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) is a task in NLP that compares two sentences in a sentence-pair and scores the relationship between them using the degree of semantic equivalence. It has wide applicability in various fields. Consequently, the research around the task is constantly evolving. The demand for new as well as improved methods is endless. Numerous methods have been proposed that largely belong to either unsupervised or supervised learning approaches. The model proposed here is fairly simple and provides a fresh take on this classification problem using spectral learning. The model does not engage a large labeled corpus or lexical database like most STS supervised and unsupervised methods. Although, supervised STS methods achieve an accuracy that outperforms humans in some cases, but are often held back due to a lack of interpretation of the features instrumental in molding the decision-making process. The proposed model on the other hand generates features (latent knowledge) that are easy to ascertain and have a mathematical foundation. Given a sentence pair, the work focuses on finding latent states and variables from each sentence and performs classification by generating a similarity score. The latent variables are a result of projections learned by performing Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) amongst the sentence pair. To perform matching and determine the similarity score, Cosine similarity and Word Mover’s Distance (WMD) are employed. The performance of the proposed model does exhibit an improvement over various sophisticated supervised techniques such as LSTM and BiLSTM.
The relationship of a complex sentence refers to the logical connection and semantic relationship between clauses in the sentence. Implicit complex sentences have certain relationships between clauses, but lack obvious conjunctions, requiring inference and identification through retrieval of other semantic information between the clauses. Therefore, the identification of complex sentence relationships is a challenging problem in the field of natural language processing. This paper proposes a model based on deep enhanced representation for recognizing the relationships between implicit binary clauses. The model utilizes the BERT model to transform the input sequence into word vectors, which are then fed into a multi-layer encoder module to capture the contextual features between sentences. This module is composed of stacked Bi-LSTM layers, with residual connections between each layer. In addition to being fed into the next layer encoder, the output of each layer also enters an interaction attention layer, aiming to better capture the relevance between two arguments. The outputs of the interaction attention layers are concatenated and then passed through a fully connected layer and softmax layer to perform the task of identifying implicit complex sentence relationships. The model was tested on a dataset extracted from the Chinese Complex Sentence Corpus (CCCS) and the Chinese Discourse Treebank (CDTB), achieving a highest accuracy of 79.34% and a highest macro-average F1 value of 78.77%, indicating the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper.
MOBA as one of the many popular subgenres today, Mobile Legend, Arena of Valor, League of Legend and Lokapala based on the large number of downloads can be mentioned as popular MOBA games, but the rating of these four applications is below 4.0 on the Google Play platform Store, this happens because some users may think that this mobile MOBA game has several advantages, but also some disadvantages that affect ratings. This study aims to determine the results of sentiment analysis on mobile MOBA games using Google Play Store reviews. Then it is processed using Python programming to create a model with the linear kernel Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm to classify the dataset. From the results of the classification model test using 19,579 data, where there were 10,017 positive sentiment data and 9,562 negative sentiment data and the distribution of train data and test data was 70%: 30%, obtained an accuracy of 82.64% and then re-evaluated using the Cross Validation method using 5 times so that an accuracy of 83.38% is obtained Keywords: MOBA, Sentiment Analysis, Machine Learning, SVM, Cross Validation
Goal pursuits have long been associated with how good or bad people feel. The exact affective influence of approaching the end of a deadline-bound task, however, remains unclear. People's effort level usually increases as they approach a deadline, yet while some theories predict this pattern will correspond to an increase in positive affective state, others may suggest that affective state will follow an opposite trend. Here, participants (n = 22; 14 women) performed a deadline-bound spaceship game paradigm designed to measure U-shape patterns in effort allocation by the frequency of keypresses. Participants vocally rated how they feel on a scale ranging from -5 ("very bad") to +5 (very good) every 30 seconds through the game. We found that both effort level and affective ratings followed a U-shape pattern through the task. This result supports an opportunity cost model of goal gradients which suggests that people postpone competing activities in favor of performing a focal task when approaching a deadline.
The aim of this article is to complete and systematize affixal meaning definitions by examining the Old English derived nominal and adjectival lexicon from a structural-functional framework. The main dictionaries of reference in this language have proven to contribute limited affixal information; besides, one and the same dictionary organizes its affixal entries quite dissimilarly both formally and content-wise. Given this background, the present work offers an insight into the derived lexicon and suggests more accurate definitions based on an approach that explains form and meaning associations in terms of lexical functions and macrofunctions. The data of analysis have been retrieved from the lexical database of Old English Nerthus, which has supplied the inventory of affixes and of affixed nouns and adjectives performing a lexical function belonging to the semantic categories quantity, size or rank, which apply whenever an entity or a property experience an increase or a decrease in quantity, quality or status respectively. Each affix is defined conforming to the different meanings it conveys, the source and target categories involved in the derivation process and the predicates that fit the rule in each case. An approach based on form and meaning associations in the definition of affixal meaning has demonstrated to have major implications not only in the field of lexicology but also of lexicography inasmuch as it permits to revise, complete and enhance dictionary entries and gain systematicity in the manner the information is rendered.
Objective: The current study investigated whether older adults’ cognitive test scores at the time of long-term care nursing home admission are associated with psychological well-being over the first six months. We analyzed the link between Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS-2) subscale scores and anxiety, depression, quality of life, and positive/negative affect. Participants and Methods: Participants were recently admitted long-term care residents from 13 nursing homes in the Louisville, KY area. Sixty-two older adults were administered the DRS-2 shortly after nursing home admission. Using a cutoff of less than 6 scaled score on the DRS-2, 52% of participants scored as cognitively impaired. Self-report measures of anxiety (RAID), depression (PHQ9), quality of life (QoL-AD), and positive/negative affect (Philadelphia Geriatric Center Affect Rating Scale) were collected at time of admission, and 3 and 6 months later. Results: The DRS-2 attention subscale significantly correlated with baseline depression symptoms. No other DRS-2 subscale or the DRS-2 total score correlated with anxiety, depression, quality of life, or affect ratings at admission. Baseline DRS-2 attention, initiation/perseveration, and memory had significant correlations with self-report measures at 3 and 6 months; these DRS-2 scores were selected for further analysis. Mixed ANOVAs found a significant main effect of group (impaired vs. not-impaired) for the initiation/perseveration subscale, memory subscale, and DRS-2 total score on negative affect; impairment in any of these domains was associated with lower reported negative affect at all three time points. There was no significant effect of cognitive scores on any other self-report measure. There was a significant, positive linear trend in quality of life over time. There was a significant quadratic trend in depression symptoms, with decreased depression reported at 3 months and increase at 6 months. Conclusions: Impaired performance on the DRS-2 was associated with lower negative affect over time. Cognitive impairment was not associated with anxiety, depression, quality of life, or positive affect. There appear to be reliable trends in some psychological factors regardless of cognitive scores, with an increase in quality of life over time and a temporary decrease in reported depression captured at 3 months. The relationship between cognitive impairment and negative affect should be interpreted with caution, as only 22 residents completed the affect self-report at all three time points. Overall, we found limited evidence of an association between cognitive scores at time of admission and self-reported psychological factors at 3 and 6 months.
35 male and 32 female gymnasts participated in this study to evaluate Epstein's theory of the inhibition of an- xiety.Variables considered were level of experience, level of success and time until competition.20 males and 20 fe- males completed adjective checklists (ACL) and had their pulse rates recorded by hand one week, the day before, the day of, just before and after a meet.30 males and 30 fe- males rated their approach and avoidance tendencies retro- spectively immediately after the meet.Results on the ap- proach and avoidance questionnaires indicated that approach increases, and avoidance first increases, then decreases, as a function of time until the meet.Experience did not signi- ficantly affect ratings of either approach or avoidance.Ss of low success reported greater absolute levels of fear and anxiety on the ACL measures than Ss of high success.Ss of high success demonstrated steeper gradients of fear and an- xiety than Ss of low success.This latter finding was con- tradictory to Epstein's theory.It was suggested that gym- nastics unlike the parachuting studied by Epstein is not a highly stressful, life or death, situation, and therefore the development of an inhibition of anxiety occurs very early or not at all for the gymnast.
The approach presented in this study is about the calculation of the similarities among languages by using the new feature template to be obtained from the syntactic analysis phase. Studies were conducted on 6 different language sets from two different language families in order to show the calculability of similarity of languages with the help of the recommended new feature template. In the first study, triplet-pattern template which is obtained from the syntactic analysis of Turkey, Kazakh, and Uyghur Turkish languages from Turkic languages families belonging to the Ural-Altaic linguistic family, could be formed automatically through developed software, and also similarity analysis of the desired languages could be made thanks to a different module developed within the same software. Consequently, not only similar structural relations of the languages from the same language family but also structural differences among the languages can also be revealed. Even if the first aim is to determine the similarities among languages when developing an approach, the real aim of the desired structure is to form a system independent from the language. In order to show that the formed system has a structure independent from the language, another study was carried out. In the second study, the similarities among the languages were determined by using treebanks of English, Swedish and Norwegian from the Germen language family. When the language family is Turkic and the metrics are Jaccard, Dice, and Similarity Matching, the highest similarity is Turkish-Uyghur, and the values of the metrics are 25.21%, 40.27%, and 50.42%, respectively. When the language family is Germen, the highest similarity is Norwegian-Swedish, and the values of the metrics are 37.15%, 54.17%, and 74.3, respectively.
Con car?cter general, las estructuras comparativas establecen la posici?n de una entidad (primer t?rmino o comparado) con respecto a otra (segundo t?rmino o est?ndar) en una escala graduable (cuantificador o marcador de grado) establecida sobre un determinado criterio (base o propiedad de comparaci?n). Sin embargo, no siempre estos elementos aparecen expl?citamente ni tampoco se desarrollan a trav?s de t?rminos independientes, sino que algunos de ellos pueden estar elididos por diversos motivos o estar integrados bajo un mismo t?rmino. Desde esta perspectiva, el tratamiento de este tipo de estructuras supone un reto para la anotaci?n ling??stica de cualquier corpus. Prueba de ello, es el diverso an?lisis que se hace de estructuras comparativas en apariencia diferentes?o incluso similares? desde treebanks con anotaci?n sem?ntica y sint?ctica, dedicados espec?ficamente a las lenguas cl?sicas. As? pues, el objetivo de esta contribuci?n es dar cuenta de la soluci?n adoptada por el sistema de anotaci?n ling??stica de COMREGLA a esta problem?tica.
Educators, politicians, and scholars have been interested in English language education for many years. Despite the rising significance of English as a global language, there still needs to be agreement on the most effective techniques for teaching English language skills. Understanding the opinions and attitudes of English instructors towards language instruction might assist in shaping educational practises and initiatives. This research sought to evaluate English instructors' perspectives on English language education using the Q approach. Q methodology is a research strategy that enables people to rank and prioritise their ideas on an issue, allowing for a more nuanced understanding of people’s viewpoints. The research included 40 English language instructors from various areas of Turkey who were asked to rate 20 English language education statements based on their degree of agreement. A survey of the literature and conversations with instructors and students were used to construct the assertions. The study’s findings indicated three unique points of view among English language instructors, which the researchers named "Traditionalists," "Idealists," and "Realists." Traditionalists felt that language learning should be based on knowledge of linguistic norms and emphasised the significance of grammar and translation abilities. The Idealists felt that language study should strengthen students’ abilities to communicate and comprehend diverse cultures and that communication and critical thinking skills should be prioritised. Realists emphasised practical abilities and tactics that can be used in everyday life, and they felt that language instruction should be relevant to students personal and professional aspirations. The research finds that varied opinions and attitudes towards English language education among English instructors might impact their teaching practises and tactics. The research also emphasises the necessity of knowing teachers’ opinions on language instruction and the possible advantages of investigating instructors’ perceptions using the Q technique. This research has practical consequences for language education policy and teacher education programmes.
Reviewed by: La norme du français et sa diffusion dans l’histoire ed. by Dorothée Aquino-Weber, Sara Cotelli Kureth and Carine Skupien Dekens Bryan Donaldson Aquino-Weber, Dorothée, Sara Cotelli Kureth, and Carine Skupien Dekens, eds. La norme du français et sa diffusion dans l’histoire. Honoré Champion, 2021. ISBN 978-2-7453-5626-0. Pp. 250. Linguistic norms, a perennial topic in French, receive a historical perspective in this edited volume. Aquino-Weber and Cotelli Kureth’s introduction reminds readers of Haugen’s seminal model and the distinction between linguistic norms (actual usage) and prescriptive norms (desired usage). Skupien Dekens traces the diffusion of prescriptive norms in the teaching of French as a foreign language. Kristol discusses François Bonivard, a 16th-century Swiss polyglot whose remarques prioritize objective norms over prescriptive norms, more reminiscent of a linguist than a grammarian. Amatuzzi examines how three 17th-century grammarians (Du Val, Chiflet, De Courtin) view variation and changing norms. All three have a globally negative view of variation, but Chiflet appears tolerant of stylistic variation that characterizes familiar speech. Grosse discusses the 18th-century educator (translator, historian, literary critic...) Eléazar de Mauvillon; this émigré from Provence gave French lessons in Dresden, where his pupils’ interlanguage (“vitement”, “il est vingt ans”) still resonates today. Cotelli Kureth and Nissille examine the teaching of (standard) French in Switzerland in the 18th and 19th centuries, when the home language was often a patois or regional French. Interestingly, some prescriptive manuals defended regional variants (gringe “grumpy”), either on account of their meritorious etymology or the génie of the local variety. Surcouf addresses the challenges of describing spoken language through writing and asks if (educated, professional) linguists can accurately and objectively describe the speech of less educated speakers. Surcouf notes the implicit comparison to the (conservative) written norm when we describe, for example, ne “deletion” in spoken French. He proposes, instead, that we speak of adding ne for negation in writing. Glikman and Bouard research the conjunctive phrase pour que, which, despite widespread normative reprobation (e.g., by Vaugelas), replaced afin que as the dominant expression of purpose. Capin examines historical metalinguistic commentary on subject pronoun expression. Caron focuses on the choice between passé simple ~ passé composé and social factors like the “crushing” of the linguistically conservative Parlement de Paris that may have favored the rise of the latter. Laferrière examines tensions between prescriptive norms and usage of incises de citation; after early condemnation of examples like reconnus-je, decried by grammarians as “horreurs” or “infamies,” Laferrière documents evolutions to the norm that encourage variety beyond the [End Page 257] “lassant” and formulaic dit-il. Sthioul examines treatments of the elusive passé surcomposé, identified as early as Meigret (1550) but often marginalized, stigmatized, or simply ignored; Sthioul’s hope is that the current openness to variation leads to more acceptance and understanding of this form. This volume contributes valuable scholarship on norms in French, despite its heterogeneity and occasional unevenness. Strengths include the inclusion of figures who observed and commented on French, beyond the usual suspects like Vaugelas or Bouhours and the emphasis on regional Frenches (especially in Switzerland), including local norms. The contributors consistently highlight the subjectivity of prescriptive norms and the shifting rationales for them (usage, raison, Dieu...) and, chemin faisant, unearth historical sociolinguistic morsels. Surcouf’s chapter, in particular, should be required reading for any linguist, en herbe or otherwise, working on spoken French. [End Page 258] Bryan Donaldson University of California, Santa Cruz Copyright © 2023 American Association of Teachers of French
In contrast to objectively measurable aspects (such as accuracy, reading speed, or memorability), the subjective experience of visualizations has only recently gained importance, and we have less experience how to measure it. We explore how subjective experience is affected by chart design using multiple experimental methods. We measure the effects of changes in color, orientation, and source annotation on the perceived readability and trustworthiness of simple bar charts. Three different experimental designs (single image rating, forced choice comparison, and semi-structured interviews) provide similar but different results. We find that these subjective experiences are different from what prior work on objective dimensions would predict. Seemingly inconsequential choices, like orientation, have large effects for some methods, indicating that study design alters decision-making strategies. Next to insights into the effect of chart design, we provide methodological insights, such as a suggested need to carefully isolate individual elements in charts to study subjective experiences.
The article is devoted to researching computer lexicography and aims at regarding basic concepts of the applied scientific discipline in linguistics.Such tasks of computer lexicography, as parsing, creating a lexical database, lexical analysis of electronic dictionaries, estimation of the number of multi-valued-single-valued words, automatic extraction of hyponym-hypernym relationships, displaying values when extracting from several dictionaries at once, defining a value within a single dictionary and extracting information using a set of monolingual and translation dictionaries are discussed.The major principles of a computer dictionary compiling and an example of a dictionary entry are provided.Such terms as lexeme, lemma and lemmatization are explained.Corpus lexicography as a relatively new branch of computer lexicography is overviewed.The authors also note that computational linguistics is closely related to the central problem of artificial intelligence.It is emphasized that although the aims of traditional and computer lexicography are mainly the same, their methods, tools and approaches differ significantly.It is shown that such features of electronic dictionaries as multifunctionality, the use of multimedia, possibility of updating, convenient search and many others provide considerable advantages over conventional paper dictionaries.Practical lexicography is defined as the process of compiling dictionaries of various types on the basis of theoretical developments.The process of creating electronic dictionaries is discussed.Depending on the purpose of the dictionary, its volume, the order of the words in it, the object of description and other criteria, dictionaries can be divided into various types.Such dictionary types as explanatory, translation, etymological, frequency etc. are described.It is concluded that for researchers working in the sphere of computer lexicography and other fields of applied linguistics, understanding of the basic principles, tasks and functionality of computer-based dictionaries is vital.
<sec> <title>BACKGROUND</title> The use of mobile devices to continuously monitor objectively extracted parameters of depressive symptomatology is seen as an important step in the understanding and prevention of upcoming depressive episodes. Speech features such as pitch variability, speech pauses, and speech rate are promising indicators, but empirical evidence is limited, given the variability of study designs. </sec> <sec> <title>OBJECTIVE</title> Previous research studies have found different speech patterns when comparing single speech recordings between patients and healthy controls, but only a few studies have used repeated assessments to compare depressive and nondepressive episodes within the same patient. To our knowledge, no study has used a series of measurements within patients with depression (eg, intensive longitudinal data) to model the dynamic ebb and flow of subjectively reported depression and concomitant speech samples. However, such data are indispensable for detecting and ultimately preventing upcoming episodes. </sec> <sec> <title>METHODS</title> In this study, we captured voice samples and momentary affect ratings over the course of 3 weeks in a sample of patients (N=30) with an acute depressive episode receiving stationary care. Patients underwent sleep deprivation therapy, a chronotherapeutic intervention that can rapidly improve depression symptomatology. We hypothesized that within-person variability in depressive and affective momentary states would be reflected in the following 3 speech features: pitch variability, speech pauses, and speech rate. We parametrized them using the extended Geneva Minimalistic Acoustic Parameter Set (eGeMAPS) from open-source Speech and Music Interpretation by Large-Space Extraction (openSMILE; audEERING GmbH) and extracted them from a transcript. We analyzed the speech features along with self-reported momentary affect ratings, using multilevel linear regression analysis. We analyzed an average of 32 (SD 19.83) assessments per patient. </sec> <sec> <title>RESULTS</title> Analyses revealed that pitch variability, speech pauses, and speech rate were associated with depression severity, positive affect, valence, and energetic arousal; furthermore, speech pauses and speech rate were associated with negative affect, and speech pauses were additionally associated with calmness. Specifically, pitch variability was negatively associated with improved momentary states (ie, lower pitch variability was linked to lower depression severity as well as higher positive affect, valence, and energetic arousal). Speech pauses were negatively associated with improved momentary states, whereas speech rate was positively associated with improved momentary states. </sec> <sec> <title>CONCLUSIONS</title> Pitch variability, speech pauses, and speech rate are promising features for the development of clinical prediction technologies to improve patient care as well as timely diagnosis and monitoring of treatment response. Our research is a step forward on the path to developing an automated depression monitoring system, facilitating individually tailored treatments and increased patient empowerment. </sec>
The subject of the study is information about the servants of the Muslim cult of the Tobolsk province in the late 90s of the XIX century - the 20s of the XX century, contained in various archival sources: Muslim metric books in the Old Tatar language, the First general census of the Russian Empire in 1897, documents (charter, protocols of the founders, lists of members and inventory of property Mohammedan religious communities, an agreement on the use of a Mohammedan liturgical building, minutes of general meetings, lists of parishioners, etc.) of Mohammedan religious communities for the 20s (Ishtama yurts, Komarov yurts, Medyan yurts, Mirim Yurts, Sabanak yurts, Sauskansky yurts, Suklem yurts, Escalba yurts). The purpose of the research is to study the composition of the Islamic clergy by introducing little-studied sources into scientific circulation. When studying the composition of the servants of the Muslim cult of the Tobolsk province in the late 1890s - 1920s, such scientific methods as historiographical analysis, comparative historical method, and source analysis were used. The novelty of the research is seen in the involvement of poorly studied sources in Russian and Tatar languages and in the systematization of disparate materials about Muslim clerics according to the chronological principle. An analysis of archival documents on the servants of the Muslim cult of the Tobolsk province in the late 1890s - 1920s showed that priests previously approved in the spiritual rank continued to serve in the Mohammedan religious communities organized in the early 1920s. Moreover, in the early years of Soviet power (up to 1925), new persons were appointed to various positions – imam, imam-khatib, mugallim, mullah, muezzin. It has been established that in the Soviet period, continuity in the service of a religious cult by blood relationship continues to be traced. Some ministers of the cult did not cease to indicate their ethnic origin, namely Bukhara. The author has revealed variability in the spelling of personal names of priests, which is associated with the formation of linguistic norms concerning the spelling of anthroponyms of the Tatar population: fused, separate, semi-alphabetic (hyphenated).
Japanese society’s traditional gender norms are reflected by sentence-final particles (SFPs) in daily conversation. However, recently, Japanese young people have started to use gendered SFPs in “unclassical” ways. This study mainly examines the usage of the so-called “female” SFPs wa and no by male speakers. In total, 68 cases of wa (43 by male speakers and 25 by female speakers) and 84 cases of no (47 by male speakers and 37 by female speakers) usage were collected from casual conversations of Japanese college students in TalkBank, a public linguistic database. This study demonstrates that the “female” SFPs wa and no are used more frequently by male speakers than by female speakers. Different from the female speakers’ usage to soften the utterances and enhance conversational rapport, wa and no used by male speakers perform other functions. In particular, wa directly indexes self-centeredness, serving the speaker to express emotion, share personal ideas, or perform speech acts such as teasing or amae in a self-focused way, while no directly indexes truthfulness, which allows the speaker to share a story in a vivid tone, reconfirm the speaker’s prior statement, or provide the speaker’s explanation/reasoning in an assertive tone. This study suggests that the new, unconventional gender-based usages of SFPs reveal the social changes in gender dynamics in modern Japanese society, which should not be overlooked in language education.
The review is devoted to the analysis of the new lexicographic work of the Bulgarian dialectologists of the Prof. L. Andreichin Institute of the Bulgarian Language. BAN, ―a dictionary of one archaic dialect of the Ropka region in the Western Rhodope Mountains. The book is a logical continuation of S. Keremedchieva’s 1993 monograph, which describes the grammar of this dialect. The dictionary significantly complements the understanding of it, which makes it the first comprehensive study of the Rhodope dialect at several linguistic levels: phonological, morphological and lexical. Due to its basic linguistic features, this dialect became a link between the Thracian and central Rhodope dialects, whose speakers, due to a number of geopolitical reasons and events, found themselves outside the borders of modern Bulgaria, in Greece and Turkey. The local Bulgarian population was mostly Islamized in the XVII century, and after the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1879–1882 and 1912, part of the families of Bulgarian Muslims from the villages of Pavelsko, Orekhovo and Studenets were resettled to Asia Minor, Turkey. According to one of the etymological versions of the origin of the name of the village Pavelsko, the fact of the existence here in the past of adherents of the Pavlikian heresy, whose center was the village of Pavelsko, is likely. This hypothesis is supported by numerous linguistic links between the Ropkа dialect and the Pavlikian dialect in Bulgaria. The Ropka dialect has accumulated features of a certain stage in the development of the Bulgarian language, preserving a number of its archaic features, including vocabulary and morphology. Despite the modern intensive changes taking place in everyday life, culture and language, the inhabitants of the Ropka region have preserved their ancestral memory and customs, songs and legends, melodious Rhodope dialect with its ancient features and inimitable architectonics. Rich authentic dialect material is a serious lexical database and a source for scientific research in various fields, including ethnolinguistics.
There is mounting evidence suggesting that the effectiveness of positive psychological interventions can be influenced by a variety of factors, including one’s cultural context. Identifying target variables that can effectively serve to improve individual well-being under these boundary conditions is a crucial step when developing viable interventions. To this end, we examined how gratitude disposition, self-esteem, and optimism relate to the subjective (SWB) and psychological well-being (PWB) of Japanese individuals. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that while self-esteem was predominantly more strongly associated with SWB compared to gratitude disposition, the latter was more strongly associated with the PWB dimensions, particularly personal growth, positive relations with others and purpose in life. These results were largely corroborated by a second expanded dataset. In addition, we used experience sampling over a four-week period to examine how momentary affect ratings related to overall daily evaluations. We found that both gratitude disposition and self-esteem moderated the association between momentary positive affect and “good day” evaluations but in opposite ways; increasing gratitude disposition strengthened the association, while increasing self-esteem weakened it. All in all, the current results suggest that while gratitude, self-esteem, and optimism influence individual well-being as a whole, they each likely play distinct roles as enablers of SWB and PWB in the examined cohort.
Multicultural education focuses on the educational experience of diverse children who attend the nation's public schools.Statistics show that the majority of teachers in American schools are White, middle class women.Previous research has raised the question of whether this population of teachers can be trained to effectively teach students of color, or can utilize strategies that engage non-traditional learners, children of the poor, special needs and linguistic minority students.The purpose of this qualitative study of ten White, middle-class public school teachers was to discover how members of the dominant culture understand the concept of multicultural education, where they learned this interpretation of the concept and how they apply their insights to their pedagogy.The study looked for significant connections between teachers' personal and professional lives, and their understanding of diverse populations.By viewing teachers as people involved in a lifelong process of becoming multicultural, the study looks for insight from classroom teachers themselves.Recent studies demonstrate positive connections when participants are not only involved in the vn research question, but locate the source of information and interpretation among the teachers themselves.The methodology was phenomenological interviewing: three ninety-minute interviews with each participant.The first interview asked participants to reconstruct their personal background, issues related to diversity as well as events affecting their decision to become a teacher.The second interview focused on the details of curriculum, daily schedule, goals and pedagogy.The third interview included reflections on individual understanding of multicultural education, connecting methodological decisions with diversity in their classrooms.The major finding is that teachers have individual socially-constructed ideas about what multicultural education means, based on both professional and personal exposure to people and perspectives from different cultural backgrounds.Other findings include the importance of experiential education, particularly extended immersion incommunities requiring participants adapt to different cultural and linguistic norms.Friendships with people of different cultural backgrounds, and experience standing up to issues of injustice were also significant.Community and professional education factors are discussed.The final chapter summarizes participant ideas about support and training for teachers in the lifelong process of becoming multicultural.