Papers reviewed and determined not to be word norm studies. Use the flag icon to report errors or suggest re-inclusion.
16504 papers
Videotapes were made of male actors playing the roles of interviewers and job applicants in an interview for the position of research assistant. During the four-minute interview, interviewers either touched or did not touch the job applicants, they either used or did not use the applicants' first names, and they were presented as being in an ingratiating or a non-ingratiating position with regard to the job applicants. The videotapes were shown to introductory psychology students ( n = 90) for affective ratings of the interviewers and job applicants. Name-using interviewers were characterized most significantly as being friendly, warm, and polite. Interviewer touching did not influence ratings of interviewers, but did have a significant effect on evaluations of job applicants. When an inter-viewer who was initially described as uninterested in a job applicant shook the applicant's hand, the applicant was evaluated as more sincere and as liking the interviewer more, but also as less intelligent and somewhat less polite. It was concluded that behaviors of interviewers can influence perceptions of job applicants as well as perceptions of interviewers. The attempt to manipulate interviewer ingratiation was not successful and a more effective treatment for ingratiation was suggested.
Abstract Investigated the effects of fear arousal and sidedness variables on compliance with a dietary regimen. Experiments involved 202 women volunteers who were 10 per cent or more overweight, and aged 20‐60 years. Experiment 1 involved a 3 (low, medium, high fear) × 2 (single, multiple exposure to fear message) × 2 (one‐, two‐sided communication) design. The fear levels involved discussing the health hazards of obesity. Experiment 2 manipulated the fear‐message position relative to the recommendations (fear‐recommendations, recommendations‐fear, fear‐delay‐recommendations). Persuasive impact was measured via follow‐up weight checks at 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks. Results indicate nonsignificant effects from sidedness and pre‐standardised fear levels. Using subjects' fear arousal ratings medium fear is significantly better (p <.025), supporting Janis's curvilinear hypothesis. A single exposure to the fear message is superior (p <.025) to multiple exposures, the interaction with time being highly significant (p <.001). Experiment 2 results indicate the optimum position for the fear message as immediately prior to recommendations (p <.025). Results support both cognitive and fear‐reduction hypotheses, but the latter is favoured.
Two specific instances of data collection under field observation conditions are noted: (1) the sampling of police activities and interactions, and (2) the influence of proximity and similarity on informal group formation. Coding and recording of behaviors are described and the management of data detailed.
Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) ratings were used to examine whether groups of 21 younger (M age = 20.02 years, SD = 2.28) and 21 older (M age = 66.26 years, SD = 5.64) adults had similar affective experiences to pictures from the International Affective Picture System (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1997). The psychometrics of the SAM valence and arousal scales were also compared across age groups. Internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) was similar for younger and older adults, where both groups made less consistent valence ratings than arousal ratings. Both groups differed from the norms for valence for pleasant pictures, but were no more different from each other than they were from the norms. Age group differences were most evident in the pleasant region of the bivariate valence by arousal affective space, where younger adults found pleasant-aroused pictures to be more pleasant and arousing than older adults did. We suggest that this age group difference could be explained by greater affect intensity and surgency for the younger group and greater emotional control and leveling of positive affect for the older group.
The development of an on-line MMPI interpretative program is outlined. Profiles interpreted by this program are first examined to determine whether a standard or locally known profile type fits. If so, an appropriate narrative report is printed. If there is no match with a known profile type, statements from several scale-by-scale interpretative sources are organized into a logical report. Methods have been developed to eliminate duplication and contradiction from different sources of information. Examples of output from this program are presented and advantages of the program are discussed.
The advantages of using computerized procedures to replace human experimenters are examined. An experiment comparing two methods of presenting personality inventories indicated that participating in a computerized experiment increases response variance in a subsequent testing situation. Some possible negative consequences of using the computer to replace the human researcher are also discussed.
Antisocial behaviours such as injuring opposing players are common in sport. This project aims to examine whether: frequency of antisocial sport behaviours is associated with players' emotional reactions to sport images; moral identity influences these emotional reactions; and moral identity moderates the effects of moral disengagement,which refers to psychological justifications of antisocial conduct, on athletes' emotional reactions. Adult team sport players who report high (N = 48) and low (N = 48) frequency of antisocial sport behaviours will be recruited. In one group of players, moral identity will be primed by getting them to write stories about moral traits. A control group will perform a writing task that will not prime their moral identity. Moral disengagement will be measured via a questionnaire. All players will view pleasant and unpleasant sport images on a computer screen. During image viewing, small electrical shocks will be delivered that will produce two physiological responses measured by the electrical activity of a muscle that closes the eyelid and the electrical activity of the brain. Players will also rate the images for unpleasantness. The two physiological responses and the image ratings will be used as measures of emotional reactions.
The focus of this paper will be in two areas: methodology and data analysis. Briefly, a meth odology was sought which would provide the greatest amount of empirical, quantifiable data on the features of Chicano Spanish as represented by the speech of a Mexican American wo man originally from Texas. The type of data collected was in terms of acceptability judgments and so qualifies what can be said about the actual linguistic features of the spoken language. But the patterns that the judgments reveal are valuable insights to norms of Spanish usage for the three groups sampled.
This work is a preliminary study of methods to quantify alliteration. Ten pieces made up of poetry and prose (literary and non-literary) were used to create test sets. Three forms of each test set were examined: texts transcribed in IPA notational equivalent, in Chomsky and Halle features, and in Fromkin and Rodman features. Tests included the deletion of vowels, the weighting of the initial sounds, and the weighting of types according to their frequency in the population of the set. The various configurations were analyzed using a gap-recurrence method. Rankings were obtained by combining measures both of high frequency and of clustering properties. The resulting rankings compare not unfavorably with an intuitive ranking.
A software system for the administration of six different strategies of adaptive ability tests in a variety of formats was developed both on a large-scale time-sharing system and on a real-time minicomputer system. Factors influencing both hardware selection and software design are discussed.
This paper describes the rationale, design, cost, and extensions related to an automated test battery. Increased manpower, speed of service, lower cost, accuracy, and quality of reporting support the use of the system. The liability of failure to maintain and update the system is noted. Design considerations concerning mode of testing, tests included, and method of programming are discussed. The relative cost of automated and conventional testing is examined. Future extensions to the system are reviewed.
The PDP-8, -11, and -12 Psychology Users’ Groups met jointly to discuss two topics. First, future computer applications were considered in terms of both hardware and software needs. Psychology users specified their needs and DEC representatives described the directions their R&D program is currently taking, and how it will meet many of those needs. Second, the group discussed communication problems among the users, and between the users and DEC. Suggestions were made for improved information exchange. With this goal, a new PDP-11 Users Group was formed and Jerry C. Forshee, Indiana University, was elected Chairman.
Four new interface modules, a new input module, a duration measuring module, an omnibus module, and a high-speed reader module, have been developed for the SKED interface to further optimize the use of the small computer in the laboratory.
A computer system for generation of auditory stimuli is described. The system produces natural-speech or software-generated stimuli for monaural, binaural, or dichotic presentation. Stimuli have been generated for experiments run both on-line and off-line.
While numerous tentative conclusions might be drawn from the data presented here, the following generalizations are consistently supported by the results of the Phonological Frames Program:
The concept of standards lacks clarity because it is applied both to concrete specifications and to the assessment of quality. Confusion is reduced by introducing the notion of interchange expectancy. distinguishing transfer, coupling, and market success as components. Transfer expectancy depends upon the products to be transported or exchanged, but when there is a need to estimate transfer expectancy, a combination of technical standards and performance standards must be applied. Though performance standards are intended to produce quality, the quality of the instrumentation to measure performance standards is often neglected. The development of high-quality performance standards first requires the delineation of the relevant dimensions of performance quality. The process of giving precision to performance standards may lead to the emergence of more acceptable technical standards. To illustrate some of these points, data is presented from the CONDUIT system for quality evaluation of computer-based curriculum materials. The performance quality of these products includes the dimension of transfer expectancy, as well as educational and scientific merit. Increased specification and impact of technical standards may provide greater incentives to authors and hence lead to the invention of products which have higher educational and scientific quality.
Studies of frequency and duration of exposure of stimuli, e.g., Chinese characters, Turkish words, faces, paintings, have traditionally been factorial, resulting in confounding among the parameters of frequency, duration of study trial, and total duration of exposure. This study attempted to separate the effects of these variables on affective ratings. 60 male and female introductory psychology students served as subjects. The stimuli were slides of female nudes. There were three comparison conditions, each of which was itself a within-subjects design in which two levels of two variables were established and repeated measures made for a given subject. Subjects viewed the slides and then rated them on attractiveness. Results indicate that, if total duration of exposure is held constant, no changes in judgments of attractiveness occur whereas, if total duration increases and duration of study trial or frequency increases concurrently, increases in ratings of attractiveness, or affect, will occur.
A PL/I program for constructing and processing acyclic digraphs is described. As an aid to exposition, an application of the program to the study of epistomological structure in human memory is discussed.
Summary This report describes two American studies in which 48 male college students and 144 male high school students, respectively, were assigned to high or low spatial density conditions and instructed to construct, as a team, an erector set model within a 40-minute period. High school students were assigned to high, middle, and low attraction groups on the basis of their ratings of their fellow classmates. The results indicated that subjects in both studies did not find those crowded conditions to be aversive or stressful or to influence their affective ratings of their fellow subjects. In the second study, while density had no main effects on task performance, under middle attraction conditions performance was impaired as a function of density. These findings suggest that while crowding did not necessarily result in a stressful experience, both social and spatial elements were important in obtaining optimal group productivity. Overall, negative, and neutral verbal behavior increased as a function of density. Neutral verbal behavior increased in high and middle attraction groups, while it slightly decreased in low attraction groups as a function of density. There were no effects of density and attraction on positive verbal behavior. It appears that crowding intensified social interaction in a negative manner, supporting the contention that crowding can have detrimental effects on human behavior. Crowding should be dealt with as a multidimensional concept that interacts with different settings, individuals, and activities.
A group of overweight persons who achieved a substantial weight loss over a 6-month period were compared with a group of overweight persons who showed an unsubstantial weight change and a normal weight control group. All groups were evaluated before the weight program began and at a 6-month follow-up. The substantial weight loss group showed a number of significant changes after weight reduction. Body image rating shifted in the direction of evaluating onself as less heavy, eating was rated as less good and more heavy, and a greater feeling of self-control was indicated. Over time, the change group learned to limit the number of emotional and environmental cues that were discriminative stimuli for eating behavior. There also were more frequent reports of eating in response to cues of hunger after substantial weight loss.