Dependency parsing is an essential component of several NLP applications owing its ability to capture complex relational information in a sentence. Due to the wider availability of dependency treebanks, most dependency parsing systems are built using supervised learning techniques. These systems require a significant amount of annotated data and are thus targeted toward specific languages for which this type of data are available. Unfortunately, producing sufficient annotated data for low-resource languages is time- and resource-consuming. To address the aforementioned issue, the present study investigates three bootstrapping methods, namely, (1) multi-lingual transfer learning, (2) deep contextualized embedding, and (3) Co-training. Multi-lingual transfer learning is a typical supervised learning approach that can transfer dependency knowledge using multi-lingual training data based on multi-lingual lexical representations. Deep contextualized embedding maximizes the use of lexical features during supervised learning based on enhanced sub-word representations and language model (LM). Lastly, co-training is a semi-supervised learning method that leverages parsing accuracies using unlabeled data. Our approaches have the advantage of requiring only a small bilingual dictionary or easily obtainable unlabeled resources (e.g., Wikipedia) to improve parsing accuracy in low-resource conditions. We evaluated our parser on 57 official CoNLL shared task languages as well as on Komi, which is a language we developed as a training and evaluation corpora for low-resource scenarios. The evaluation results demonstrated outstanding performances of our approaches in both low- and high-resource dependency parsing in the 2017 and 2018 CoNLL shared tasks. A survey of both model transfer learning and semi-supervised methods for low-resource dependency parsing was conducted, where the effect of each method under different conditions was extensively investigated.