This paper reports the results of perception tests administered to speakers of Japanese as part of a cross-language investigation of how voice quality and f 0 combine in the signalling of affect. Three types of synthesised stimuli were presented: (1) 'VQ only' involving variations in voice quality and a neutral f 0; (2) 'f 0 only', with different f 0 contours and modal voice; and (3) combined 'VQ + f 0 ' stimuli, where combinations of (1) and (2) were employed. Overall, stimuli involving voice quality variation (1 and 3) proved to be most consistently associated with affect. In series (2) only stimuli with very high f 0 yielded high affective ratings. Some striking differences emerge in the ratings obtained for Japanese subjects compared to those obtained for speakers of Hiberno-English [7], suggesting that the generation of expressive speech synthesis will need to be sensitive to language specific uses of the voice.