"Harry Porter and Sorcerer's Stone" as the problem of style and translationThe topicality of the paper consists in the fact the books under consideration are full of various lexical problems for a translator.Consequently, it creates a broad field for linguistics researches.The theoretical significance of the paper lies in the fact that there has been given the overview of different types of successful and unsuccessful translations of puns; the attitude to this matter of several researchers; and the main features of compensation have been given. Translational transformation -the notionTranslation has been typically defined as the process of transferring words or text from one language into another.The aim of translation is to communicate the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text.But sometimes the difference between an SL and a TL and the variation in their cultures can challenge the process of translation.Among the problematic factors involved in translation there is form, meaning, style, proverbs, idioms, etc.Translation is a means of intralinguistic communication, a transfer across culture or cultures.More specifically, translation is the process and result of creating in a target language (TL) a text which has approximately the same communicative value as the corresponding text in a source language (SL).Transformation is any change of the source text at any level (syntactic, semantic, and lexical) of the language during translation.Transformations can be lexical, grammatical and lexico-grammatical.Concretization () is used in translating words with wide and non-differentiated meaning.The essence of this transformation lies in translating such words of SL by words with specified concrete meaning in TL.When translating from English into Ukrainian they use it especially often in the sphere of verbs.If English verbs mostly denote actions in rather a vague general way, Ukrainian verbs are very concrete in denoting not only the action itself but also the manner of performing this action as well: EDUCATION, PHILOLOGY, LITERATURE: THE MAIN FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE OUTLOOK OF A CHILD AND AN ADULT 115"to go (on foot, by train, by plane, etc.)" -" ", " ", " ", etc.The choice of a particular Ukrainian verb depends on the context.It does not mean, of course, that the verb "to go" changes its meaning under the influence of the context.The meaning of "to go" is the same, it always approximately corresponds to the Ukrainian "", but the norms of the Ukrainian language demand a more specified nomination of the action.The same can be illustrated with the verb "to be": "The clock is on the wall", "The apple is on the plate and the plate is on the table" -" ", ", ", though in all those cases "to be" preserves its general meaning "".The sentence "He's in Hollywood" in J.D. Salinger's "The Catcher in the Rye" should be translated as " ", but if "Oxford" were substituted for "Hollywood" the translation would rather be "".This transformation is applicable not only to verbs but to all words of wide semantic volume, no matter to what part of speech they belong: adverbs, adjectives, nouns, etc.The English pronoun "you" deserves special attention.It can be translated only with the help of differentiation, i.e. either "" or "".The choice depends on the character, age, the social position of the characters, their relations, and the situation in which they speak.One should remember that the wrong choice can ruin the whole atmosphere of the text.Generalization () -is quite opposite in its character.In many cases the norms of TL make it unnecessary or even undesirable to translate all the particulars expressed in SL.Englishmen usually name the exact height of a person:"He is six foot three tall".In Ukrainian it would hardly seem natural to introduce a character saying " "; substituting centimeters for feet and inches wouldn't make it much better: " 190,5 ".The best variant is to say: " ".Generalization is also used in those cases when a SL a word with differentiated meaning corresponds to a word with non-differentiated meaning in TL ("a hand" -EDUCATION, PHILOLOGY, LITERATURE: THE MAIN FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE OUTLOOK OF A CHILD AND AN ADULT 116"", "an arm" -"", etc.).Sense development/ extension ( )is based upon logical connection between two phenomena (usually it is a cause-and-effect type of connection), one of which is named in the original text and the other used as its translated version.This transformation presupposes semantic and logical analysis of the situation described in the text and consists in semantic development of this situation.If the situation is developed correctly, that is if the original and translated utterances are semantically connected as cause and effect, the transformation helps to render the sense and to observe the norms of TL: "Mr.Kelada's brushes... would have been all the better for a scrub" (S.Maugham) -" ".It may seem that the translation " " somewhat deviates from the original "would have been all the better for a scrub".However, the literal translation " " is clumsy while " " is quite acceptable stylistically and renders the idea quite correctly: why would they have been all the better for a scrub?-because they " ".Another example: "When I went on board I found Mr. Kelada's luggage already below" (S.Maugham) "... " is notUkrainian.The verb do not render the situation adequately.It is much better to translate it as "... ", which describes the situation quite correctly: why did I find his luggage below?-because " ".These two examples illustrate substitution of the cause for the effect: the English sentence names the effect while the Ukrainian variant names its cause.There may occur the opposite situation -substitution of the effect for the cause: "I not only shared a cabin with him and ate three meals a day at the same table..." (S.Maugham) -" "; "Three long years had passed... since I had tasted ale..." (Mark Twain) -"..." In these examples the English sentences name the cause while the Ukrainian versions contain the effect (I ate three meals a day at the same table with him, so EDUCATION, PHILOLOGY, LITERATURE: THE MAIN FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE OUTLOOK OF A CHILD AND AN ADULT 117; three long years had passed since I tasted ale, so ).Antonymic translationis based on antonymy.It means that a certain word is translated not by the corresponding word of TL but by its antonym and at the same time negation is added (or, if there is negation in the original sentence, it is omitted in translation): "It wasn't too far."-" " ("far" is translated as "" and negation in the predicate is omitted).Not far =."I don't think you are right".-", ".The necessity for this transformation rises due to several reasons: 1) peculiarities of the systems of SL and TL, 2) contextual requirements, 3) traditional norms of TL.Compensation involves adding to or reinforcing a target text in place one to compensate for something that hasn't been translated in different place in the source text.To be exact, it is not so much a transformation but rather a general principle of rendering stylistic peculiarities of a literary text when there is no direct correspondence between stylistic means of SL and TL.This transformation is widely used to render speech peculiarities of characters, to translate puns, rhyming words, etc.The essence of it is as follows: it is not always possible to find stylistic equivalents to every stylistically marked word of the original text or to every phonetic and grammatical irregularity purposefully used by the author.That is why there should be kept a general stylistic balance based on compensating some inevitable stylistic losses by introducing stylistically similar elements in some other utterances or by employing different linguistic means playing a similar role in TL.Suppose a character uses the word "foolproof" which is certainly a sign of the colloquial register.Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, terms compensation, compensatory and compensate for were used loosely as semi-technical terms in the literature.Nida and Taber, for example, advocate the introduction of idioms into a target text as an ad hoc response to translation loss.In a footnote, they suggest that 'what one must give up to communicate effectively can, however, be compensated for, at least in part, by the introduction of fitting idioms'.They make no attempt, however, to relate a specific instance of loss with an opportunity for compensation, nor to consider the modalities EDUCATION, PHILOLOGY, LITERATURE: THE MAIN FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE OUTLOOK OF A CHILD AND AN ADULT 118 of such a technique.Wilss uses the term sporadically to refer to techniques for dealing with 'structural divergences on the intra-and extralinguistic level'.The latter include the kind of cultural untranslatability which occurs 'when sociocultural factors cover a different range of experience' in the source and target languages.Later, he mentions instances where 'a lexical by-pass strategy such as paraphrasing or explanatory translation' is 'the only compensatory way out open to the translator'.Few writers today would include paraphrasing or explanatory translation as compensatory techniques.They would also be less likely to include mismatches between source and target cultures within the range of translation problems that compensation is able to deal with.Since the late 1980s, translation scholars have attempted to define compensation more rigorously.Notable among these are Hervey and Higgins and Harvey [140].Hervey and Higgins distinguish four categories: compensation in kind, where different linguistic devices are employed in the target text in order to re-create an effect in the source text; compensation in place, where the effect in the target text is at a different place from that in the source; compensation b