l’aéroport et qui découvre qu’elle est amnésique) met en question la liberté et le choix individuel dont le personnage se croit doté. University of Portland (OR) Khadija Khalifé Linguistics edited by Bryan Donaldson Bertucci, Marie-Madeleine, éd. Les français régionaux dans l’espace francophone. Berne: Peter Lang, 2016. ISBN 978-3-631-64650-2. Pp. 251. The fourteen articles in this volume address the question of the linguistic status of les français régionaux. The varieties discussed are found in Europe (le cauchois, le parler du Nord-Pas-de-Calais, French in la Belgique francophone) and beyond (le créole d’Haïti, le français acadien, le français calédonien, le français louisianais). I will highlight two issues. The first is how to define the term français régional. The traditional dialectological definition—a regionally or geographically delimited variety, sometimes called français dialectal, patoisé or d’usance—evolved, by the 1980s, to a variety that is in some way “subordinate to a norm” usually referred to as français standard, français de Paris, or français “des Français.” As researchers studied varieties located in language contact situations where French coexists with endogenous languages, regional varieties were situated along axes related to endogenous and exogenous norms. In this volume, the authors adopt various approaches, such as glottonomic, phenomenologicalhermeneutic, and critical sociolinguistic, in defining their work. They show, convincingly, that regional varieties are characterized by complex arrays of features, but the reader is left with no clear definition of the term français régional. I would point out one simple criterion that is mentioned in several articles: the importance of naming. The name of a variety defines a social space in which speakers are allowed to use linguistic variants that do not always correspond to the variants of the dominant norm; that is, naming gives a variety an existence and a life. The second issue of interest is the linguistic description of regional varieties. In many articles, the emphasis is on cataloging specific lexical items that are unique to a particular variety. However, a sociolinguist reading these lists would like to see some quantitative information about the usage of these variants in different contexts. Furthermore, descriptions of usage in nonlexical areas (phonetics, morphosyntax, discourse) would greatly add to our understanding of variation in these varieties. This information would also inform the question of what is to be taught in schools. There is a general consensus among the authors that schools play an important role in validating endogenous norms and in transmitting culturally relevant values. However, it is not clear that these endogenous 270 FRENCH REVIEW 91.2 Reviews 271 norms have been well described. To conclude, there is no clear synthesis of what has been found in this wide-ranging collection of articles, even though the editor’s overview identifies some important linkages among the approaches and observations. That said, this volume’s original contribution is the fascinating and well-documented information that it presents about different regions of the Francophone world. Its main usefulness as a reference book lies in the glimpses that the individual authors offer into the varieties that they are working on. University of New Brunswick Wladyslaw Cichocki Brunet, Roger. Trésor du terroir: les noms de lieux de la France. Paris: CNRS, 2016. ISBN 978-2-271-08816-1. Pp. 655. Here, at first glance, is an incontournable new compendium of French toponymy covering 25,000 noms de lieux (NL) and lexical families. Brunet’s pioneering onomasiological approach to toponymy asks: Which concepts serve to name the environments (friendly or hostile terrain, dangers, curiosities, etc.) we inhabit? After a short introduction, chapters one through six cover a range of descriptive categories: “Habiter et s’abriter,”“Pays et chemins: le territoire et ses réseaux,”“La vie sociale et ses distinctions,” “Terrains de jeu,” “Eaux, bords d’eaux et météores,” and “Paysages, ressources et travaux.”The next two chapters chronicle the evolution of NLs. Chapter seven,“La vie des noms de lieux,”moves through language change, politics, innovation, and more. Continuing this primarily linguistic analysis, chapter eight, “À distance: pièges...