This study examines the historical, structural, and sociolinguistic aspects of lexical borrowing in theAzerbaijani language, emphasizing its complex and non-linear nature. In contrast to traditional views that interpret borrowing as a purely natural and progressive process, the paper argues that lexical assimilation reflects the interaction between internal linguistic mechanisms and external socio-political factors. The aim of the article is to analyze how borrowings from Persian, Arabic, and Turkic languages have entered Azerbaijani through both direct and mediated channels, as well as how these processes have been shaped by historical conditions such as imperial dominance, trade relations, and globalization. The research methodology is based on descriptive, comparative, and typological analysis, incorporating phonological, morphological, and semantic perspectives. The findings demonstrate that borrowed lexical units undergo systematic adaptation to the phonetic and grammatical norms of Azerbaijani while preserving traces of their source or intermediary languages. Particular attention is paid to layered borrowing, in which lexical items are transmitted through intermediary systems, especially Persian, resulting in hybrid forms and complex etymological structures. The study also highlights the role of socio-political factors: prestige-driven borrowing facilitates the integration of vocabulary related to administration, religion, and culture, while globalization introduces new phenomena such as pseudo-Anglicisms and semantic shifts. The results confirm that lexical assimilation is a multidimensional process involving both borrowing and substitution, reflecting the adaptability of the language and the influence of external factors.